Part Two Report of the Walkerton Inquiry 547...Part Two Report of the Walkerton Inquiry 547 Index abatement, 17, 68-69, 409, 412, 449 current regime for, 60, 439-443 defined, 60 and

Part Two Report of the Walkerton Inquiry 547

Index

abatement, 17, 68-69, 409, 412, 449current regime for, 60, 439-443defined, 60and Drinking Water Branch, 415, 418recommendations on, 443-444voluntary vs. mandatory, 438-444, 450see also compliance; corrective action;

enforcement; Operations Divisionabatement officers see environmental officersABC (Association of Boards of Certification),

381, 382, 387aboriginal Ontarians see First Nations; First

Nations water systemsAboriginal Water Works Association (AWWAO),

157, 496abuse of administrative discretion, 450abuse of process, 449access to information see information/

information management; public access toinformation; public (consumer) reporting;transparency

accountability, 6, 75and drinking water policy, 400and external operating agencies, 327-328, 347and inspections, 429-430and laboratories, 271and MOE structure, 414, 415and monitoring/measurement, 261, 262and municipal water systems, 277, 278n2,

279, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 296, 322,323, 325, 326

and source protection, 130Accountability Project, 47accounting methods

full-cost, 299, 300-302, 306future, 310

accreditation, 343cost of, 305, 353defined, 225, 267and inspections, 435, 436of laboratories, 225, 266-268, 269, 270-271,

272, 273, 274and MOE, 352-353, 416of operating agencies, 12, 14, 281, 346-354, 415purpose of, 269, 339, 454and quality management, 12, 14, 281,

338-339, 343, 346-354vs. regulation, 454-455and SDWA, 353, 407and small water systems, 15, 349-350, 351,

354accrediting bodies, certified, 347acid(s)

fulvic, 198haloacetic, 170, 198, 244

see also disinfection by-products

humic, 189, 198hypochlorus, 196nitriloacetic, 189

acid addition, 190acidification, 257acidity, 172, 236, 249

see also pHActinomytes, 207n47, 208action levels, 239action plan, 436activated alumina, 190activated carbon

granular (GAC), 189, 190, 193, 244, 481powdered (PAC), 189, 190, 204

activated silica, 191activated sludge process, 212acute risks/threats, 158, 159-160adaptive management, 88adaptive model, 105adhesion, 243administrative actions/penalties, 442-443, 444administrative costs, 304-305administrative deference, 116administrative discretion, abuse of, 450administrative orders, 439, 444administrative unfairness, 449adsorption, 199, 257adverse conditions, response to see responseadverse effects, as defined in EPA, 134-135adverse water quality, indicators of, 50, 222,

227, 228, 229, 231adverse water quality results, 59, 221, 227-228,

264, 269, 270, 420n28, 457, 459, 460, 462advisories see boil water advisories/ordersAdvisory Committee on Environmental

Standards, 157Advisory Committee, Federal (U.S.), 202-203, 204Advisory Committee, Pesticides, 47Advisory Council, National Drinking Water

(U.S.), 180Advisory Council on Standards, 11-12, 157-158,

172, 198, 200, 408aeration, 190, 214aerobic bacteria, 211, 212aesthetic quality

and distribution system, 241, 242, 244and monitoring/measurement, 249seasonal problems with, 207, 208standards for, 159, 172, 173n76and treatment, 184see also colour; odour; taste

affordability, 312, 316age

of distribution system, 244of pipes, 236-237, 241, 243of water in distribution system see residence

time(s)agricultural operations

as defined by FFPPA, 128n67

548 Index

prosecution of, under EPA, 133-135see also agriculture/agricultural activities;

farm(s)agriculture/agricultural activities

and Certificates of Approval, 125, 126and chemical contaminants, 165and Environmental Protection Act, 133-135, 411and European Union, 127n66and inspections, 127jurisdiction over, 37, 38legislative changes needed, 411and MOE, 130-132, 402and nitrates, 127, 127n66, 168-169regulatory floor for, 132and risk-based approach, 141runoff from, 127, 141, 168and source protection, 10, 94, 121, 127-145,

398, 411see also Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada;

biosolids; farm(s); Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Rural Affairs; septage

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 108, 129Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs see Ministry

of Agriculture, Food and Rural AffairsAgriculture and Resource Management Council

of Australia and New Zealand, 182, 344air, dispersed/dissolved, 192air-deposited contaminants, 237air relief valves, 240air scouring, 193air stripping, 189, 190air temperature, 86, 255alarms/warning devices, 74, 229, 250-251, 260,

262, 482, 483Alberta, 204, 288, 373-374ALERT/Sierra Club Coalition, 507algae, 165, 172, 174, 184, 187, 198, 241, 242

blue-green, 165, 207n47, 208treatment for, 190, 192, 207, 208

algicides, 190alkalinity, 172, 249

see also pHALPHA see Association of Local Public Health

Agenciesalum, 190, 213alumina, activated, 190aluminium sulphate, 170aluminum, 171aluminum salts, 191aluminum smelting, 169amalgamations, municipal, 286n17, 290-292American Water Works Association (AWWA),

92, 184n1, 342-343, 347-348American Water Works Association Research

Foundation (AWWARF), 203, 219, 342n11ammonia, 189, 196ammonia nitrogen, 212AMO see Association of Municipalities of

Ontario

AMWA (Association of Metropolitan WaterAgencies), 342n11

An Act to Amend the Food and Drugs Act (CleanDrinking Water) (Bill S-18), 157

An Act Respecting the Accountability of PublicSector Organizations (Bill 46), 325

anaerobic bacteria, 211anaerobic groundwater, 242analysis

DNA, 251economic, 180and laboratory accreditation, 271and ODWS, 222and O. Reg. 459/00, 225-226, 229protocols for, 258-259timeliness/timing of, 255time series, 260trend, 74, 258, 260, 261see also analysts; Hazard Analysis and Critical

Control Point (HACCP) system;laboratories; testing

analystsaccredited laboratory, 266water quality, 226, 274

animal waste(s), 42, 51, 133-135see also fecal contamination; manure

anthracite, ground, 213antibiotic resistance factors, 243antibiotics, 175, 215-216appeals, 47, 115-116Approval Process and Drinking Water Sampling

and Monitoring, 420approvals

under current regulatory scheme, 57-59and Drinking Water Branch, 14, 217, 415,

418and EBR, 43and economic viability of water systems, 16and Environmental Protection Act, 410of farm water protection plan(s), 128, 142,

143and information management, 468MOE’s role in, 41, 42, 48, 359-360, 419-422

see also Environmental Assessment andApprovals Branch; Operations Division

of municipal water systems, 280-281, 300and ODWS, 222and owner’s licence, 423and OWRA, 57-59, 223-224, 419and regional offices, 421and SDWA, 407of source protection plans, 90, 101, 102, 109,

110-111, 114, 115, 417and treatment technologies, 219, 220see also Certificate(s) of Approval;

Environmental Assessment and ApprovalsBranch; Operations Division; owner’slicence(s); Permit(s) to Take Water(PTTW)


Approvals Branch see Environmental Assessmentand Approvals Branch

Aqualta, 373aquatic fauna, 213aquifers

confined, 83-84defined and discussed, 83-84groundwater, 94, 95, 107mapping of, 94, 107and source protection, 95

aquitards, 83archiving, data, 235, 249, 261area offices, MOE, 48, 412“area schemes,” 290arsenic, 166-167, 204, 219

see also chemical contaminantsasbestos, 190assessment(s)

asset, 300n58outside, and quality management, 342risk see risk assessment/managementvulnerability, 367-368see also self-assessment

asset management, 13, 235, 281, 306-310,411-412

see also sustainable asset managementassets, value of, 310assimilative capacity, 105, 106assistance see financial assistance; technical

assistanceAssistant Deputy Minister’s Office (Operations

Division), 447Association of Boards of Certification (ABC),

381, 382, 387Association of Local Public Health Agencies

(ALPHA), 157, 458, 507Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies

(AMWA), 342n11Association of Municipalities of Ontario

(AMO), 283, 402, 507Association of State Drinking Water

Administrators, 342n11atomic absorption spectrophotometry, 253atrazine, 166, 175-176Attorney General, Ministry of the, 447audit(s)

and laboratory accreditation, 266-267,271n26

and operating agencies, 296, 347-348,352-353, 354, 363, 407, 409, 435

and quality management, 343reporting to public on, 470see also deficiencies

Auditor, Provincial, 421, 424, 426, 441Aurora, 307n68Austin, 484Australia

and quality management, 337n5, 343-344,349n35

and source protection, 92and standards setting, 179, 181, 182and treatment problems, 190n11water-borne disease outbreaks in, 164, 200,

373and water recycling, 210

Australian Productivity Commission, 179authorizing documents, 440automated control systems/sequences, 260automated data transfer (telemetry), 260automatic monitoring/measurement, 73, 74,

250-251, 259-261, 262see also continuous (inline) monitoring/

measurement; SCADA systemsawareness, public, 261n25AWWA see American Water Works AssociationAWWAO (Aboriginal Water Works Association),

496AWWARF see American Water Works

Association Research FoundationAzurix North America (Canada) Corp., 507

B13-3 see “Procedure B13-3”backflow preventers, 235, 237, 240backwashing, 193bacteria

aerobic, 211, 212anaerobic, 211as contaminants, 184and corrosion, 241and current standards, 159, 161-163described, 161and distribution system, 242-243endemic levels of exposure to, 160and filtration, 482gastrointestinal, 162in groundwater, 188and monitoring/measurement, 257, 258, 259and nutrient management planning, 136regrowth of, 196-197, 243and sewage treatment, 211size of, 161, 163, 204sources of, 161, 163treatments for see disinfectionand water-borne disease outbreaks, 252n5see also biofilm; Campylobacter; coliforms; E.

coli; microbes; micro-organisms;pathogens; Salmonella; Shigella

baffled channels, 191Baldwin Act, 278n4Bangladesh–West Bengal, 167barriers to contamination, multiple see

distribution/distribution systems;monitoring/measurement; multiple-barrierapproach; response; source protection;treatment

base addition, 190bath water see grey water“beaver fever” see Giardia

550 Index

benchmarking, 343, 363-364benefits, economic, 116benzene, 165best management practices, 132, 144best practices, 218, 336, 343

see also Gibbons Reportbias, 449bidding, 322-323, 324Bill 46 (An Act Respecting the Accountability of

Public Sector Organizations), 325Bill 107 (Water and Sewage Services Improvement

Act), 55, 280n8, 290n30, 329Bill 148 (Emergency Readiness Act), 366, 371Bill 155 see Sustainable Water and Sewage Systems

Act, 2001Bill C-76/C-14 (Drinking Water Materials Safety

Act), 238Bill S-18 (An Act to Amend the Food and Drugs

Act (Clean Drinking Water)), 157biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 212biofilm, 197, 236, 238, 240, 242-243biological filtration, 244

see also filtrationbiological growth, as threat to distribution

system integrity, 242-243biological precursor removal, 189biological processes

and sewage treatment, 211and water treatment, 189, 190

biomass, microbial, 244biosolids, 124-126, 141, 214-215

see also waste(s)/waste materialsbirds, 159, 237black water, 209, 210, 484blow-off valves, 240“blue baby syndrome,” 169blue-green algae, 165, 207n47, 208

see also algaeboard of directors, conservation authority, 100board of health, 50, 456, 457, 458-462boil water advisories/orders, 50, 74, 371-374,

457, 458bone density, 169bonuses/penalties, safety, 326boreal source waters, 220boron, 167borrowing, municipal, 302, 305-306, 308, 313,

315Bramham (U.K.) outbreak, 78-79brass, 238breakpoint chlorination, 189breakthrough, filter, 482break-up, 255Britain see United KingdomBritish Columbia, 271n25, 484British Water Act, 321n99bromate, 167, 171, 199, 200, 206-207bromides, 198, 199, 206-207bronze, 238

Bruce-Grey-Owen Sound Health Unit, 507budget, water, 104budget considerations, 154-155

see also cost(s)budget cuts/reductions, within MOE, 15, 425,

438, 464-465building code, 123, 238, 239, 483Building Code Act, 1992, 123n53building inspectors, 236building permits, 124bulk chemicals, standards for, 237bulk delivery, 483bulk water, 89n10bulk water reactions, 244-245bylaws

and First Nations water systems, 40municipal see municipal bylawsand regionalization, 294n45

by-productscorrosion, 241, 244disinfection see disinfection by-products

Cabinet Committee on Privatization andSuperBuild, 56

cadmium, 165CAEAL (Canadian Association for

Environmental Analytical Laboratories),221, 267, 271n26

calcium, 190calcium hypochlorite, 196California, 206-207, 209, 262n26, 400n6Campylobacter, 161n31, 162n36, 204, 252n5

see also bacteriaCanada Labour Code, 155-156Canada Water Act, 38n14Canadian Association for Environmental

Analytical Laboratories (CAEAL), 221, 267,271n26

Canadian CAO Benchmarking Initiative,363n55

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 450Canadian Commission on Construction

Materials Evaluation, 218-219Canadian Construction Materials Centre, 218Canadian Environmental Defence Fund

(CEDF), 507Canadian Environmental Law Association

(CELA), 507Canadian Infrastructure Technology Assessment

Centre (CITAC), 219Canadian Network of Centres of Excellence in

Toxicology, 165-166, 218Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 348n33,

482-483Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE),

402n8, 507Canadian Water Resources Association, 86capacity

assimilative, 105, 106


distribution system, 240, 241, 242capacity-building, and conservation authorities,

102capital costs, 298, 304, 305-306, 307, 308, 481

future, 302, 308-310, 313-315capital investment(s), 236, 246Capital Investment Plan Act, 55n58, 294, 328capital maintenance, 74, 235, 246capital replacement, 260carbon

granular activated (GAC), 189, 190, 193, 244,481

powdered activated (PAC), 189, 190, 204total organic (TOC), 189, 198, 207, 243, 244,

245carbonate precipitation, 242carcinogenic chemicals, 166, 168, 170, 177

see also disinfection by-productscartridge filters, 482car washes, 236cast iron, 238, 241catchment (river basin) management authorities,

101cationic organic polyelectrolytes, 191cationic (positively charged) metals, 191CCL (Contaminant Candidate List), National

Drinking Water, 179-180Centre for Groundwater Research, 218Centre for Land and Water Stewardship, 218CEOH (Federal–Provincial–Territorial

Committee on Environmental andOccupational Health), 151, 153-154

Certificate(s) of Approvaland agricultural activities, 125, 126conditions for/on, 45, 58, 120, 122, 126, 358,

419-421, 423current regulations/practices involving, 58-59,

419-421and distribution system, 238and enforcement, 419and inspections, 426and monitoring/measurement, 258and municipal water systems, 280-281and the ODWO, 156and operational plan(s)/planning, 357n49,

358-359, 358n9and Operations Division, 48and O. Reg. 459/00, 58, 222, 228, 230, 421and owner’s licence, 406, 422, 423and radiological sampling, 227and SDWA, 406, 407and source protection, 10, 90, 97, 105-106,

112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 122see also approvals

certificationfor accredited laboratory analysts, 266and provincial standards, 41for water operators, 12, 27, 378-381, 382-385,

407-408

see also operator’s licences; trainingcertified accrediting bodies, 347cfu (colony forming units), 252chain of custody, 255, 256, 258, 261, 269, 271challenging conditions, 253, 254, 255-256channels, baffled, 191“charge back,” 304-305Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Canadian, 450Chatham-Kent, 290-292, 307n68chemical cleaning, and distribution system, 235chemical contaminants

and agriculture, 165distribution systems as source of, 168and laboratory accreditation, 268and monitoring/measurement, 248, 251, 253and multiple-barrier approach, 74and source protection, 122of special concern in Ontario, 215standards for, 158-159, 165-170, 175-178see also arsenic; bromate; carcinogenic

chemicals; disinfection by-products;endocrine-disrupting substances;fertilizer(s); fluoride(s); inorganicchemicals/particles; landfills; lead; manure;nitrates; nitrites; pesticides; pharma-ceuticals; solutes; treatment chemicals

chemical contamination incidents, 170, 177chemical disinfectants/disinfection see

disinfectionchemical leaching, 238chemically assisted filtration

and wastewater treatment, 213and water treatment, 165, 189, 190, 200, 208,

221, 224see also filtration

chemical reactions, and distribution system, 244chemicals

bulk, 237and standard setting, 165-170, 175-178see also chemical contaminants; endocrine-

disrupting substances; herbicides;pesticides; treatment chemicals

chemistry, cold-water, 220Chief Coroner of the Province of Ontario, 508Chief Inspector – Drinking Water Systems, 14,

409, 431-432Chief Medical Officer of Health, 456Chiefs of Ontario, 486, 488, 492-493, 508children

and lead exposure, 168, 238, 239and nitrate exposure, 169

chloramines, 189, 196, 197, 199, 201, 243, 245see also chlorine residual

chlorate, 196, 199chloride

ferric, 213vinyl, 165

Chlorinated Disinfection By-products TaskGroup, 198n27

552 Index

chlorinationbreakpoint, 189and DBPs, 170-171, 198, 199, 200, 208,

244-245and multiple-barrier approach, 73and nitrites, 190and O. Reg. 459/00, 224-225problems treated by, 189, 190, 194, 252as treatment technique, 160, 161, 189, 190,

194-197, 200, 221, 249n1and wastewater treatment, 213and water-borne disease outbreaks, 78-79see also “Chlorination of Potable Water

Supplies” (Chlorination Bulletin);“Chlorination of Potable Water Supplies inOntario” (Procedure B13-3); chlorine;chlorine dioxide; chlorine residual;dechlorination; disinfection; rechlorination

“Chlorination of Potable Water Supplies”(Chlorination Bulletin), 44n32, 45, 222,230-231

“Chlorination of Potable Water Supplies inOntario” (Procedure B13-3), 222n73, 224,426

chlorineand distribution system, 243, 244-245and suspended particles/turbidity, 172taste/odour of, 197n25and THMs, 189see also chlorination; chlorine dioxide; chlorine

gas; chlorine residual; chlorine-resistantmicro-organisms; disinfection; freechlorine

chlorine dioxideand DBPs, 199, 201, 244and disinfection, 189, 195, 196, 201

chlorine gas, 195chlorine monitoring, continuous, 225, 231,

250-251chlorine residual

defined, 250European practice regarding, 197n25as indicator of adverse water quality, 227maintaining, 196-197

as part of treatment, 196-197, 201and model conditions for Certificate(s) of

Approval, 420n28and monitoring/measurement, 250, 336and multiple-barrier approach, 73, 74and O. Reg. 459/00, 227, 228and Procedure B-13-3, 224and temperature, 249see also chloramines; free chlorine residual

chlorine-resistant micro-organismstreatments for, 200-206see also Cryptosporidium; Giardia

chlorite, 196, 199chloroform, 173, 198

see also trihalomethanes

cholera, 161, 170, 199, 252n5Christian Farmers Federation of Ontario, 507chromatography, gas, 253chromium, 165, 167chronic risks/threats, 158-159, 165-172, 253circuit riders, 254, 444, 496cisterns, 236, 237CITAC (Canadian Infrastructure Technology

Assessment Centre), 219citizen (public) enforcement rights, 453-454civil action/civil court, 52, 135-136, 453, 454clarification see sedimentationclarity, 184classification

of hazards, 158-159, 215n63of membranes, 204of waterworks facilities, 379

clay fines (colloids), 184, 191cleaning of distribution system, 235climate, 255

see also precipitation (atmospheric); rainfallclimate change, 84, 86-88clinical laboratories, 266, 267clinics, 236coagulation

and algae, 190and DBPs, 191, 199and disinfection, 191and filtration, 193, 204and flow rates, 250n2and mercury, 190and total organic carbon, 189, 207as treatment process, 191, 192-193and wastewater treatment, 213

codebuilding, 123, 238, 239of ethics (CAEAL), 267, 271n26labour, 155-156plumbing, 238

codification of policy, 399-400cold-water chemistry, 220coliforms

and chloramines, 197and distribution system, 243and monitoring/measurement, 163, 252, 256,

259and O. Reg. 459/00, 161testing for, 162-163, 243, 252, 259, 261, 274

colloids, clay, 184, 191colony forming units (cfu), 252colour

aesthetic standards for, 159, 172and DBPs, 198and flotation, 192of Northern Ontario water, 198and treatment, 184, 208treatment technologies for, 190, 191and UV radiation, 206see also aesthetic quality


combined-sewer effluents, 114, 122-123, 211combustible liquids, 122commercial privacy, 328commission, drinking water, 413-414, 415Commission on Construction Materials

Evaluation, Canadian, 218-219commissioned papers (issue papers), 17,

509-511Commission on Planning and Development

Reform in Ontario (Sewell Commission),123

commissions, public utilities, 55, 284, 285,286-287

communal water program (MOE), 48communal water systems

municipal see municipal water systemsnon-municipal, 279n7, 335n1, 362-363

see also private water systems/wellsownership of, 11, 277n1, 278-279, 278n4,

279n7, 280, 317, 323small see small water systems

communicationsand emergency planning, 74, 372, 373,

374-375see also notification

community colleges, 390-391Community Reinvestment Fund, 283competence

and laboratory accreditation, 266, 267, 269,271

and municipal water systems, 12, 277, 298of water operators, 378-391

competition, and joint provincial–municipalresponsibility for water, 280n9

competition in/for the market, 323competitive bidding, 322-323compliance

cost(s) of, 15-16, 473-476and current regulatory scheme, 59-60dual, 140n78and EBR, 43and economic incentives, 144and education programs, 144and farm water protection plan(s), 128and inspections, 425, 426mandatory, 425and Operations Division, 48-49and septic systems, 123and sewage treatment plants, 122voluntary, 120, 121, 144-145, 425see also abatement; compliance activities;

Compliance Guideline; enforcement;inspections; investigations; non-compliance

compliance activities, defined, 60Compliance Guideline, 439-440, 441, 445, 447compliance monitoring, 337n5, 339composting, 483, 484comprehensive water strategy, 96

see also drinking water policy, source-to-tap

computer models, of distribution system, 235,246

Concerned Walkerton Citizens, 507conditional licence, 380conditions

and Certificates of Approval, 45, 58, 120, 122,126, 358, 419-421, 423

challenging, 253, 254, 255-256hydraulic, 240-241low-water, 96model, 419-420operating, 58, 358, 419-421, 423and owner’s licences, 14sampling, 253, 254, 255, 256-259for transfer of deed, 123-124

conductivity, 187, 249confidence level

public, 6, 74-75, 248for test interpretation, 253, 257

confidentiality, 271, 363confined aquifers, 83-84conflict of interest

and inspections/enforcement, 430, 448-449and laboratories, 273-274

conflict, jurisdictional, 39conformance, 425, 426conservation, 49, 119, 316conservation authorities

and capacity-building, 102and drinking water policy, 402and information management, 468and inspections, 433jurisdiction of, 95, 99map of, 99and MNR, 49, 100, 464and MOE, 100, 102-103, 110, 464and municipalities, 57, 102, 114representation on boards of directors of, 100role/duties of, 3n4, 49-50, 57, 98, 100and source protection/source protection

plan(s), 9, 90, 95, 98-103, 118, 123n53,131, 141, 143

and surface water(s), 49and variances from municipal plans, 114and watershed management, 101n32and Watershed Management Branch, 417and watershed management plan(s), 100and watershed planning, 91, 95, 101

Conservation Authorities Act, 49-50, 57n64, 98Conservation Ontario, 107, 402, 507consistency

and drinking water policy, 399and inspections/enforcement, 437-438, 449,

451, 452and source protection planning, 95, 97, 100,

110, 112, 113-115, 122, 139-140, 411consolidation

and municipal water systems, 280, 282, 290,292-294

554 Index

see also intermunicipal agreements;regionalization

constitutional jurisdiction/responsibility, 35-41,108

construction materials, 218-219consultation(s)

in Part 2 of Inquiry, 512-514and source protection, 107-109, 126

Consumer and Business Services (formerlyConsumer and Commercial Relations),Ministry of see Ministry of Consumer andBusiness Services

consumer confidence reports see public(consumer) reporting

Consumers Gas, 321n101Consumer Utilities, 321n101consumption see water usecontacts, electrical, 260contact time, 208, 241, 250, 336containment, 137contaminant release allocation, 105-106contaminants

air-deposited, 237categories of, 184and current standards, 158-174non<->point sources of, 93, 93n21, 121, 144organic, 165, 178, 184, 189, 242, 253point sources of, 93n21, 104, 121trace, 204, 208, 253see also bacteria; chemical contaminants;

hazardous wastes; hazards; metals; micro-organisms; parasites; particles; pathogens;physical contaminants; pollution; protozoa;radionuclides/radiological hazards; viruses

contaminationbarriers to see multiple-barrier approachsee also contaminants; cross-contamination;

fecal contamination; water-borne diseaseoutbreaks

content and scope of inspections, 424, 432-434,438

continuing education see trainingcontinuous improvement

and quality management, 336, 337, 364and source protection, 126, 129, 142

continuous (inline) monitoring/measurement,188, 225, 231, 235, 249, 250-251, 254-255,336, 421

“Contract with Consumers,” 129-130contracts, 327-328, 407

bidding for, 322-323operating, 294n46

see also external operating agencies; operatingagreements

control(s)corrosion, 207, 208land use, 94treatment process, 248, 249, 260, 336

control documents, 440

see also orderscontrol group, 369, 374Control of Infectious Disease Program, 457control orders, 42, 60n73, 440n54control points, critical, 356, 358control systems/sequences, automated, 260coordination, intergovernmental, 108, 131copper plumbing, 238, 239Cornwall (U.K.), 170Corporate Management Division, 47, 49corporate management (of operating agency),

338, 339corporate model, 287-289corrective action

and abatement/enforcement, 440-441and laboratory accreditation, 267and monitoring/measurement, 262and O. Reg. 459/00, 221, 228-230, 231

corrosionand bacteria, 241and chloramines, 197and distribution system, 236, 238, 239, 240,

241, 243and monitoring/measurement, 249and operational standards, 172and scale, 242and temperature, 249and treatment processes, 207-208

corrosion by-products, 241, 244cost(s)

and accreditation, 305, 353administrative, 304-305capital see capital costsof compliance, 15-16, 473-476and disinfection, 202, 203, 207and distribution system, 238, 245environmental, 306“externalized” vs. “internalized,” 306n65future, 31, 311-316future capital, 302, 308-310, 313-315of implementing Inquiry’s recommendations,

6, 7of laboratory services, 274, 305and monitoring/measurement, 260-261, 305operating, 298, 304-305, 481of operational plan(s)/planning, 305overhead, 304-305and risk reduction, 6, 78and small water systems, 480-481of source protection planning, 117and standard setting, 150of steps taken by provincial government since

Walkerton tragedy, 7and treatment technologies, 216, 481-482of Walkerton tragedy, 7and wastewater treatment, 214and water management approach, 94-95of water services, 311, 327-328see also budget considerations; cost recovery;


economies of scale; full-cost accounting;full-cost recovery; full-cost report; funding;life-cycle costing; resources; water rates

cost-cutting, 464-465cost recovery, 13, 54, 294, 295, 316-317,

411-412, 497see also full-cost recovery

cost-recovery plan, 299, 302-303, 311, 411-412cost-share incentives see incentivescriminal law, 38critical control points, 356, 358cross-connections, 210, 235, 237, 237n8, 256cross-contamination, 236cross-subsidization, 285, 287, 304-305

see also subsidiesCryptosporidium

detecting, 164, 165and disinfection, 195, 196, 197, 200, 252endemic levels of exposure to, 159fecal contamination as source of, 162n36and filtration, 165, 165n47, 194n19in groundwater, 187, 188and immunocompromised people, 151outbreaks involving, 164-165, 181, 193n18,

200and ozonation, 197and public reporting, 261standard for, 165and treatment technologies, 193n17U.K. legislation on, 181and UV radiation, 202-204, 206see also parasites; protozoa

Cryptosporidium parva, 163CT approach, 194, 195cultures, 251CUPE (Canadian Union of Public Employees),

402n8, 507current regulatory scheme, 33-69curves (in distribution system), 240custody, chain of, 255, 256, 258, 261, 269, 271cuts/cutbacks see budget cutscyanide, 167, 190cyanobacterial toxins, 174cyanotoxin, 165cysts, 163, 482

Dairy Farmers of Ontario, 508data archiving, 235, 249, 261

see also data collection/managementdata collection/management

and automation, 260and monitoring/measurement, 253-254,

261-262and provincial government oversight, 467-468and quality management, 342and source protection, 115and source protection planning, 110see also information/information management;

SCADA systems

data transfer, automated, 260DBPs see disinfection by-productsdead ends, 234, 235, 240, 243, 245, 258dead water, 235debt see municipal borrowingdechlorination, 213, 257decision-making processes, public involvement

in, 75-76decision models, 260decisions

resourcing see resource(s)zoning, 10, 53, 91, 106, 108

decision support tools, 110decommissioning wells, 104, 145, 479deed transfer, 123-124deficiencies

as capital costs, 308n71, 309, 316found in inspections/audits, 409, 425, 426,

434, 435, 436, 442, 443, 450in the ODWO, 230-231

deficit, infrastructure, 309delivery

bulk, 483consolidated see consolidationshared service, 292-294see also “Do/Deliver” function, MOE

demand, fluctuating, 234, 240, 241, 246,368n69

denitrification, 484Denmark, 127n66Department of the Environment, Transport and

the Regions (DETR), 321n99Department of Indian Affairs and Northern

Development (DIAND) see Indian andNorthern Affairs Canada (INAC)

departmentsfederal government see specific department name

(e.g., Health Canada)municipal, as water operators, 284, 285-286,

287depreciation, 310design

of distribution system, 45, 239-241sampling, 254

developed and developing worlds, water-bornedisease outbreaks in, 252n5

Development Charges Act, 298n54devolution, 69diameter, pipe, 239-240DIAND (Department of Indian Affairs and

Northern Development) see Indian andNorthern Affairs Canada (INAC)

diatomaceous earth, 194digested biosolids, 125digestion, 211, 483direct influence of surface water

defining, 186-187, 188groundwater under the, 186-188, 224-225,

256

556 Index

directorsof conservation authority, 100of municipally owned corporations, 288

Director’s Orders, 228, 258, 440, 441direct recycling, 209-210disaster hazards, and emergency planning, 367discharge rates, 257dish water see grey waterdisinfectant residuals, 201, 208, 243, 244, 246,

250-251see also chlorine residual

disinfectionand bacteria, 161, 194and California, 206-207and chlorine dioxide, 189, 195, 196, 201and coagulation, 191cost(s) of, 202, 203, 207and Cryptosporidium, 195, 196, 197, 200, 252and distribution system, 241, 244-245and E. coli, 252effectiveness of, 194elimination of, 189Europe and, 195vs. filtration, 195Florida and, 197n26and flow/flow rates, 250n2and Germany, 203and Giardia, 195, 196, 252and groundwater, 221, 224innovative technologies for, 200-207and monitoring/measurement, 249, 250, 252and multiple-barrier approach, 73, 74, 75objective of, 208optimizing, 200, 208-209and O. Reg. 459/00, 221oxidants and, 195, 200, 201problems caused by see disinfection by-

productsand small/private water systems, 481, 482and surface water(s), 201, 221, 224and total organics, 196as treatment process, 194-196and turbidity, 208, 209and U.S., 195, 201, 202-203, 204and Vancouver, 197n26and viruses, 194, 252and wastewater treatment, 213, 484and water-borne disease outbreaks, 78see also chlorination; disinfectant residuals;

disinfection by-products; filtration;ozonation; treatment; ultraviolet (UV)radiation

disinfection by-products (DBPs), 74, 166, 198,199

and chlorination, 170-171, 198, 199, 200,208, 244-245

defined, 198and distribution system, 244, 246and Quebec, 199

and residence time, 244standards for, 170-171, 200and treatment technologies, 172, 192, 195,

196, 197, 201, 203, 244see also carcinogenic chemicals; haloacetic

acids; trihalomethanesdispersed air, 192dissolved air flotation, 192dissolved isotopes, 253dissolved organic halogens, 244dissolved solids, 190, 249distillation, flash, 206distribution/distribution systems, 233-246

age of, 244and bacteria, 242-243and building code, 238, 239capacity of, 240and Certificate(s) of Approval, 238and chemical cleaning, 235and chemical reactions, 244computer models of, 235, 246constitutional responsibility for, 36and cost(s), 238, 245and DBPs, 244, 246design of, 239-241, 245and disinfection, 241, 244-245and Drinking Water Branch, 14and drinking water policy, 399and emergency procedures, 235extensions of, 235and federal government, 237, 238financing of, 234-235and fire protection, 234, 240, 245and flow/flow rates, 234, 240, 242, 246, 250good practices in, 245-246and hard water, 237, 241and Health Canada, 238high-quality, 234-235hydraulic conditions in, 240-241infrastructure of, 234, 236-245and inspections, 235, 237and iron, 238, 241, 242, 243and maintenance, 234, 235, 240, 243,

245-246materials used in, 237-239, 243and monitoring/measurement, 237, 240, 243,

246, 248, 250-251, 253, 256in multiple-barrier approach, 73, 74and odour, 242and Ontario Water Resources Act (OWRA), 43and operating procedures, 236and O. Reg. 459/00, 239overbuilding, 245and owner’s licence, 422and OWRA, 43and pH, 246and physical contaminants, 251, 253precipitation in, 242pressure in, 234, 237, 240-241, 249-250


recommendations on, 23and rehabilitation, 237, 246and repairs, 234, 237, 246and replacement, 235, 237, 239, 246and research, 238samples from see distribution system samplessanitary practices and, 246and SDWA, 237, 408-409sediment/sedimentation in, 242, 243, 244size of, 240, 245as source of chemical contaminants, 168and standard(s)/standard setting, 172,

237-239and storage, 234, 241, 242, 248and temperature, 243, 249threats to integrity of, 236-245and total coliform test, 163and treatment, 236, 243, 244, 245, 246and turbidity, 234, 240, 245and U.S., 239and water-borne disease outbreaks, 78, 237and water flow, 234, 240, 242, 246see also Drinking Water Branch

distribution system samples, 257locations of, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258and O. Reg. 459/00, 231, 259see also sampling

district offices, MOE, 48, 412, 424-426,445n65, 447

disturbance, as defined in FFPPA, 136division of powers see constitutional jurisdiction/

responsibilityDNA analysis, 251doctrine of paramountcy, 39documentation

of chain of custody, 255, 261and quality management, 340

documents, authorizing vs. control, 400“Do/Deliver” function, MOE, 412, 418

see also Operations Divisiondose-response issues, 173Drainage Act, 43drilling, 246drinking, as non-consumptive water use, 85Drinking Water Branch, 14, 417, 418

and abatement, 415, 418and accreditation, 352-353annual report from, 470and approvals, 14, 217, 415, 418and education, 415and emergency response, 415and Environment Canada, 217and inspections, 217, 415, 418, 434and quality management, 348, 360recommendations on, 414-416and standard(s)/standard setting, 217-220,

415and treatment, 14, 216, 217-220and Watershed Management Branch, 217

see also Chief Inspector – Drinking WaterSystems

drinking water commission, 413-414, 415Drinking Water Coordination Committee

(DWCC), 46, 48Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC, 181Drinking Water Inspectorate, 164-165, 181,

321n99, 430Drinking Water Materials Safety Act (Bill C-76/

C-14), 238drinking water policy, source-to-tap, 13, 395,

397-410, 411drinking water process, main elements of, 399“Drinking Water Protection–Larger Water

Works” see Ontario Regulation 459/00(Drinking Water Protection Regulation)

drinking water protection plan(s) see farm waterprotection plan(s); source protection plan(s)

“Drinking Water Protection: Smaller WaterWorks Serving Designated Facilities” seeOntario Regulation 505/01

drinking water quality management see qualitymanagement

drinking water quality management standard seequality management standards

drinking water standards see “Ontario DrinkingWater Standards” (ODWS); standard(s)/standard setting

drinking water strategy see drinking water policy,source-to-tap

Drinking Water Surveillance Program (DWSP),48, 59, 174

drycleaning, 176dry streams, 212dual compliance, 140n78dual water supply systems, 209-210Ducks Unlimited Canada, 508ductile iron, 238, 241due diligence, 280, 327, 330, 339, 447, 448DVGW guidelines (Germany), 203DWI (Drinking Water Inspectorate), 164-165,

181, 321n99, 430dyes, 122

EA (Environment Agency), 321n99earth, diatomaceous, 194earth tremors, 236EBR see Environmental Bill of Rights, 1993E. coli (Escherichia coli)

and chlorine disinfection, 252current standards for, 161, 213, 228enteropathogenic, 252n5fecal contamination as source of, 162n36, 252and membrane filtration, 204and public reporting, 261size of, 204testing for, 162-163, 252, 259and water-borne disease outbreaks, 252n5see also bacteria

558 Index

E. coli O157:H7, 161n31, 174ecological monitoring/modelling, 110ecological value of water resources, 96economic analysis, 180economic benefits, 116economic impact see cost(s)economic incentives see incentiveseconomic viability, and small water systems, 16,

475-476economies of scale, 260, 285, 293, 330, 481n10Edmonton, 204, 288, 373-374education

continuing see trainingand Drinking Water Branch, 415and drinking water policy, 399and farm water protection plans, 129, 140,

143-144and inspections, 425about lead exposure, 239and local health units, 461and operator certification, 378, 380, 382, 383for private well owners, 16and regional offices, 412and source protection, 118, 123, 124, 131,

143-144see also training

effectivenessand inspections/enforcement, 437, 444, 451,

452of treatment, 8, 194

effluentssewage, storm-sewer, and combined-sewer,

114, 122-123, 211wastewater, 201

electrical contacts, 260electricity sector, 283, 284-285, 286n17electrochemical measures for corrosion control,

207, 208electrodialysis, 190electrolysis, 192, 195electronic access see information/information

managementElmira, 177emergencies, water, defining, 365-366Emergency Measures Ontario (EMO), 365-366,

370-371emergency planning see emergency response

plan(s)/planningEmergency Plans Act, 365-366Emergency Readiness Act (Bill 148), 366, 371emergency response

and distribution system, 235and Drinking Water Branch, 415and drinking water policy, 399and monitoring/measurement, 248, 254and OCWA, 295, 329, 331and training, 336, 369, 370, 374see also emergency response plan(s)/planning;

response

emergency response plan(s)/planning, 74,365-375, 461

see also emergency responseEMO (Emergency Measures Ontario), 365-366,

370-371employee motivation, 399endemic vs. epidemic levels of exposure,

159-160endocrine-disrupting substances (EDS), 166,

175, 177-178, 211, 215-216Energy, Ministry of, 91n12Energy Competition Act, 285n15Energy Probe Research Foundation, 508enforcement, 445-454

and abatement tools, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443annual summary of, 446and Certificate(s) of Approval, 419and conflict of interest, 430, 448-449and consistency, 437-438, 449, 451, 452and corrective action, 440-441and current regulatory scheme, 59-60,

445-448of drinking water regulations, 14-15and effectiveness, 437, 444, 451, 452and federal Guidelines, 155-156and First Nations water systems, 17, 497and inspections, 430, 436, 437-438, 448-449and laboratories, 269and monitoring/measurement, 248and Nutrient Management Act, 2001, 137and O. Reg. 459/00, 221, 225and OWRA, 44, 448principles of, 451-453recommendations on, 443-444, 448-454reporting to public on, 470and SDWA, 409-410and source protection, 120-121, 122, 124,

126, 130, 142, 144strict, 450, 451-452and water quality standards, 41, 149, 157see also abatement; compliance; inspections;

investigation; Investigations andEnforcement Branch; Operations Division;orders

enforcement rights, citizen (public), 453-454engineering reviews (engineer’s reports), 357n48,

359, 360, 420, 427-428engineers, professional, 359, 427n41, 509England, 318n95, 321

contamination/outbreaks in, 78-79, 181and standards setting, 179, 181see also United Kingdom

enhanced membrane treatment, 167, 216Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, Long-

Term Stage 2, 179Entamoeba, 162n36enteric pathogens, 160, 252n5enteric viruses, 160enteropathogenic E. coli, 252n5


entitlement, 405-406entry-level operators, 379-380, 385-386environment

farmers’ commitment to, 129-130Ministry of see Ministry of the Environment

(MOE)shared federal<->provincial jurisdiction over,

36, 37, 38Environment Agency (EA), 321n99environmental analytical laboratories see

laboratoriesEnvironmental Assessment Act, 38, 43, 48, 57Environmental Assessment and Appeal Board, 47Environmental Assessment and Approvals

Branch, 47, 48, 412Environmental Bill of Rights, 1993 (EBR), 43,

57, 109, 131, 158, 422, 454Environmental Bill of Rights Office, 47, 49Environmental Commissioner of Ontario

and current regulatory scheme, 56-57and groundwater management, 107and source protection, 93, 125-126, 131and watershed-based source protection, 91n12

environmental costs, 306environmental farm plan(s), 128, 129, 130, 141environmental health hazards, 50environmental laboratories see laboratoriesEnvironmental Management System, 346Environmental Monitoring and Reporting

Branch, 47, 48, 174, 217environmental officers, 48, 60Environmental Partnerships Branch, 47, 48, 217Environmental Planning Division, Integrated,

46, 47, 412Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 38, 39-40,

41, 42-43, 403n9, 404and abatement/enforcement, 442, 448“adverse effects” definition in, 134-135and agricultural activities, 133-135, 411and approvals, 410and Environmental Review Tribunal, 57and farm activities exemption, 51, 133-135and Investigations and Enforcement Branch

(IEB), 60and Nutrient Management Act, 2001, 52n46and Operations Division, 48recommended amendments to, 410-411and source protection, 42, 120, 133-135, 138,

410-411Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. see U.S.

Environmental Protection AgencyEnvironmental Review Tribunal, 57Environmental Review Tribunal Act 2000, 43Environmental Sciences and Standards Division,

46-48, 174, 217, 412see also Environmental Monitoring and

Reporting Branch; EnvironmentalPartnerships Branch; Laboratory ServicesBranch; Standards Development Branch

Environmental SWAT Team, 47, 49, 428Environment Canada

and classification of hazards, 215n63and Drinking Water Branch, 217and source protection plan(s), 108and treatment technologies, 219

Environment Technology Verification (ETV)program, 218

EPA (Ontario legislation) see EnvironmentalProtection Act (EPA)

EPA (U.S.) see U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (U.S. EPA)

EPCOR, 288Epcor Water Services, 373epidemic exposure, 160equal application, 437-438, 449equity, intergenerational, 308erosion, 236errors, officially induced, 449Escherichia coli see E. coliestrogens, 177ETV (Environment Technology Verification)

program, 218Europe/European Union (EU)

and agricultural activities, 127n66and chlorine residual, 197n25and DBPs, 199and disinfection, 195and nano-filtration, 204and quality management, 340and source protection, 94, 101and standard setting, 179, 181and treatment technologies, 197and UV radiation, 201, 213and wastewater treatment, 214and water recycling, 209

evaporation, 86evapotranspiration, 83, 85, 119examination(s)

and operator certification, 12, 378, 380, 381,382-385

see also testingexcavations, abandoned, 104exchange, ion, 167, 189, 190, 207, 216Executive Resource Group see Gibbons Reportexecutive summary, 3-5exemption(s)

from approval (under OWRA), 223-224for farm activities, 51-52, 133-135from O. Reg. 459/00, 223-224, 473-478see also immunity

expenses see cost(s)experience, and operator certification, 378,

380-381, 382, 383, 385expert advice, 272, 296-297, 513expertise

and MOE, 412n20, 414, 416, 417, 430-431,444, 466-467

and municipal water systems, 287, 289, 296, 298

560 Index

and quality management, 347, 348, 350and small water systems, 472

expert meetings, 513expert tour, 510-511exported water, 85, 89n10, 119exposure

endemic vs. epidemic levels of, 159-160lead, 168, 238, 239nitrate, 169

externalized vs. internalized costs, 306n65external operating agencies, 279-280, 284,

294-296, 327-328, 347, 363see also intermunicipal agreements; Ontario

Clean Water Agency (OCWA); operatingagreements; private operating agencies

failure modes, independent, 73-74failures, of multiple barriers, 74, 78fairness

administrative, 449procedural, 450-451

false negatives/positives, 164, 251farm(s)

defined, 128n67and Environmental Protection Act, 42, 43, 51small vs. large or intensive, defining, 142-143see also agriculture/agricultural activities;

Ministry of Agriculture, Food and RuralAffairs

farm activitiesexemptions for, 51-52, 133-135see also agriculture/agricultural activities;

irrigationfarmers’ commitment to the environment,

129-130Farming and Food Production Protection Act,

1998 (FFPPA), 38, 403n9definition of farm in, 128n67and normal farm practices, 42, 52, 135-136,

140n78and Normal Farm Practices Protection Board, 56and Nutrient Management Act, 2001, 52n46and source protection, 135-136

farm plan(s), environmental, 128, 129, 130, 141farm practices, normal, 42, 51, 52, 125, 133,

135-136, 140n78farm water protection plan(s), 128, 129, 132,

138, 139-144, 417fat-soluble (lipid-soluble) chemicals, 176faucet filters, 482fauna, aquatic, 213favouritism, 449fecal contamination, 161, 162n36, 237, 252,

257see also animal waste(s); manure

Federal Advisory Committee (U.S.), 202-203, 204federal government

and distribution system, 237, 238and drinking water quality standards, 157

and First Nations water systems, 489-491risk management approach, 76n5role in drinking water safety, 35, 38-41and source protection plan(s), 108and treatment technologies research, 218

federal Guidelines for Canadian Drinking WaterQuality, 149, 151-156, 258

federal jurisdictionover drinking water safety, 35, 38, 39and standard setting, 155-156

Federal–Provincial–Territorial Committee onEnvironmental and Occupational Health(CEOH), 151, 153-154

Federal–Provincial Subcommittee on DrinkingWater, 39, 48, 151-155, 174

federal–provincial standard setting, 10, 39federal spending powers, 35, 38, 39federal works and undertakings, 38feedlots, 168ferrate, 189ferric chloride, 213ferric sulphate, 190fertilizer(s), 141, 169, 188, 215, 484

see also biosolids; manure; septageFFPPA see Farming and Food Production

Protection Act, 1998Field Orders (Provincial Officer’s Orders), 45,

440, 441, 442field staff see environmental officersfilter breakthrough, 482filter failure, 193-194filter pores, size of, 204, 205, 214, 482filter-to-waste facilities, 194filtration

and bacteria, 482biological, 244and coagulation, 193, 204and Cryptosporidium, 165, 165n47, 194n19and DBPs, 244vs. disinfection, 195and flow rates, 250n2and monitoring/measurement, 257and multiple-barrier approach, 73, 75and particle removal, 193, 194and protozoa, 482and small/private water systems, 481,

482-483, 484and standard setting, 155and taste, 208trade-offs in, 194and turbidity, 193and viruses, 482and wastewater treatment, 212, 484and water-borne disease outbreaks, 78and worms, 193see also chemically assisted filtration; granular

activated carbon; membrane filtration;micro-filtration; nano-filtration; sandfiltration; treatment; ultra-filtration


Finance, Ministry of, 56financial assistance see grants; incentives; loans;

subsidiesfinancial incentives see incentivesfinancial plan(s)/planning

and municipal water systems, 12-13, 281,298-317, 407, 411, 422

and small water systems, 15financial pressures, and research capacity, 218financial resources, 464-466

see also financing; funding; resourcesfinancing

and distribution system, 234-235infrastructure, 313-315of municipal water systems, 13, 274, 287, 298,

299, 300-302, 304-306, 308, 313,314-316, 317

fines (clay), 184, 191fines (monetary), 446, 448Finlayson Report, 98fire hydrants, 234, 240fire protection, 234, 235, 240, 245, 316First Nations

and source protection planning, 17, 41, 109,494

and standard setting, 155-156, 494-495see also First Nations water systems

First Nations Technical Institute, 496First Nations water systems, 4, 17, 485-497

federal jurisdiction over, 35, 40-41, 487,489-491

provincial assistance with, 40-41, 491-492recommendations on, 17, 31-32and training, 496-497

fiscal management see financial plan(s)/planningfisheries, 35, 38-39, 177-178Fisheries Act, 38-39, 120Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 108, 120flash distillation, 206flocculation, 189, 191-192, 193, 242flocs, 191floods, 255Florida, 197n26, 209flotation, 189, 190, 192-193flow/flow rates

and disinfection, 250n2and distribution system, 234, 240, 242, 246,

250and monitoring/measurement, 248, 257and treatment sequence, 250see also water flow

flow gauges, 260fluoride(s), 166, 169-170, 190fluorosis, 169flushing, 235, 242, 243, 245, 257, 258follow-up inspections, 409, 413, 426, 434, 435,

436, 438, 442food packing plants, 236forestry, 102, 145

Framework for Management of Drinking WaterQuality (Australia), 343-344, 349n35

France, 179, 318n95free chlorine

defined, 196, 250see also chlorine

free chlorine residual, 197see also chlorine residual

freezing, 126, 255frequency of inspections, 413, 424-426, 431,

434-435, 438fridge filters, 482front-line staff, 402n8, 449frost, 236, 240frozen soil, 126fuels, 122, 138, 141, 177

see also gasolinefull cost, defined, 303-306, 310full-cost accounting, 299, 300-302, 306full-cost pricing, 316, 317full-cost recovery, 281, 299, 302-303, 306, 310,

411-412, 423full-cost reports, 54, 299, 301, 309, 311fulvic acids, 198funding

for accreditation, 351, 352, 353and drinking water programs, 464-466and local health units, 458for parties with standing, 506-507for source protection planning, 90, 109, 116-117for watershed management, 116-117see also budget cuts; cost(s); financial plan(s)/

planning; resourcesfuneral homes, 236future accounting methods, 310future capital costs, 302, 308-310, 313-315future costs, 31, 311-316

gas, methane, 211gas chromatography, 253gasoline, 189, 238

see also fuelsgastrointestinal illnesses

and bacteria, 162and protozoa, 163and raw water quality, 186see also water-borne disease outbreaks

gaugesflow, 260level, 260pressure, 260

“General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories,” 266

geographic information systems, 110Geological Survey of Canada, 106geosmin problems, 207Germany, 203Giardia (Giardia lamblia)

current standards for, 162, 164

562 Index

detecting, 164and disinfection, 195, 196, 252endemic levels of exposure to, 159fecal contamination as source of, 162n36in groundwater, 187and O. Reg. 459/00, 224and public reporting, 261and UV radiation, 202and water-borne disease outbreaks, 252n5see also parasites; protozoa

Gibbons Report, 35n1, 61-69, 92, 97, 120, 398,428-429

goalsmaximum contaminant level (MCLGs), 180,

239of standard setting, 150see also objectives; purpose(s)

good practices, 245-246, 351governance reviews, municipal, 278, 281-284,

298, 362Government of Ontario, 508grading system, 344grandparenting, 12, 382-385Grand River Conservation Authority, 103, 508Grand River Conservation Commission

(GRCC), 98grants, 295n48, 308n70, 316granular activated carbon (GAC), 189, 190,

193, 244, 481see also filtration

gravity, 194see also sedimentation

Great Britain see United KingdomGreat Lakes basin, 86, 88Great Lakes Sampling Program, 48greensand, 190grey water, 209-210, 484

see also recyclingground anthracite, 213groundwater

anaerobic, 242bacteria in, 188chlorine residual for, 224and climate change, 86conductivity of, 187and contamination, 185-186Cryptosporidium in, 187, 188under the direct influence of surface water,

186-188, 224-225, 256and disinfection, 221, 224and hydrological cycle, 83, 84, 85insects in, 187mapping, 104and MOE, 107, 188not under influence from surface, 185-186and Ontario Water Resources Act (OWRA), 43and O. Reg. 459/00, 221, 224pathogens and, 186-187pH of, 187

protozoa in, 188and source protection, 89, 104, 106-107, 123,

145groundwater aquifers, 94, 95, 107

see also aquifersgroundwater recharge, 209groundwater sampling plans, 255-256groundwater vulnerability maps, 104guidelines

federal see Guidelines for Canadian DrinkingWater Quality

federal–provincial process for establishing, 10, 39in Germany, 203provincial see provincial policyvs. regulation(s), 132, 408in U.S., 180, 202-203

Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality,149, 151-156, 258

haloacetic acids, 170, 198, 244see also disinfection by-products

haloacetonitriles, 198halogenated organic DBPs, 198halogens, dissolved organic, 244Halton Region, 307n68Hamilton, 321n98, 326-327hand-pump wells, 258harbours, 38hard water

and distribution system, 237, 241and rainwater reclamation, 210treatment for, 190, 208

hauled waste, untreated see septagehaving regard to, vs. being consistent with, 113Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point

(HACCP) system, 254, 341hazardous wastes, 122hazards

classification of, 158-159, 215n63disaster, 367environmental health, 50health, 50identification of, 367occupational health, 50public health, 461radiological, 171, 190, 226-227, 251, 253,

268, 1615see also contaminants; water-borne disease

outbreaksheadloss, 242, 482Health Canada

and Advisory Council on Standards, 158and chemical contaminants, 171, 175and DBPs, 198n27and distribution system, 238and drinking water quality research, 150-151,

152and First Nations water systems, 488, 489,

490, 496


and standard setting, 151, 153, 154health hazards, and Ministry of Health, 50Health and Long-Term Care, Ministry of see

Ministry of Health and Long-Term CareHealth Protection and Promotion Act, 38, 50,

456, 459-460health units see local health unitshearings, public, 17, 513heat treatment, 206heavy metals (inorganics), 189, 210, 215, 235

see also metalshelminth worm eggs, 163hepatitis, 160, 162n36, 252n5

see also virusesherbicides, 165, 175-176, 204, 215heterotrophic plate count (HPC), 252, 259,

259n20hexavalent chromium, 167high-rate clarification, 204high-risk or sensitive areas, farms in, 128,

139-142Highway Traffic Act, 52n46hormonally active agents see endocrine-

disrupting substanceshormones, 177-178hospitals, 236hub and satellite system, 330Hudson Bay watershed, 85human pathogens see pathogenshuman resource management, 466-467human waste(s), 121-123

see also sewage; wastewaterhumic acids, 198humics, 189hydrants, 234, 240hydraulic conditions, 240-241hydroelectric generation, 85hydrogen sulphide, 190hydrological cycle (water cycle), 83-88, 209hypochlorite, 195, 196hypochlorite ions, 196hypochlorus acid, 196

identification (labelling), sample, 255, 256, 270IDS (Integrated Divisional System), 15, 462,

467-468IEB see Investigations and Enforcement BranchIEB officers see provincial officersIEC (International Electrotechnical

Commission), 266IMAC standards, 149, 226-227immunity, 52, , 135-136

see also exemptionsimpact, economic see cost(s)implementation

of Inquiry’s recommendations, cost(s) of, 6, 7policy, 13, 46of quality management, 362of source protection plan(s), 112-115

imprisonment, 446, 448incentives

and accreditation, 351and source protection, 131, 144-145

incineration, 215independence

and inspections/enforcement, 437, 438,450-451, 452

of Medical Officer of Health, 456-457independent audits see audit(s)independent failure modes, 73-74Indian Act, 40, 492, 493Indian Associations Coordinating Committee of

Ontario Inc., 508Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC/

DIAND), 108, 488, 489-490, 491, 493, 497Indians/Indian reserves see First Nations; First

Nations water systemsindicator organisms, 163, 251-252indicators

of adverse water quality (O. Reg. 459/00), 50,222, 227, 228, 229, 231

of unsafe drinking water (ODWO), 251indirect recycling, 209indirect (surrogate) measures, 248, 252individual operators

certification and training of, 12, 27, 377-391,407-408

entry-level, 379-380, 385-386grandparented, 12, 382-385licenses for see operator’s licencesnew, 385-386responsibilities of, 58-59, 297

individual water protection plan(s) see farmwater protection plan(s)

inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,253

industrial water systems, 473industry/industrial plants

and chemical contaminants, 165, 175,176-177

and non-consumptive water use, 85and source protection, 145see also water industry

infection, endemic vs. epidemic, 159-160infectious disease outbreaks see water-borne

disease outbreaksinfiltration, 74, 83, 86, 161, 211influence, direct see direct influence of surface

waterInformation Collection Rule, 258Information Collection Rule Supplemental

Surveys, 258information/information management, 433n45

and local health units, 462and MOE, 110, 467-468and monitoring/measurement, 262and O. Reg. 459/00, 221, 229-230and source protection, 468

564 Index

see also data archiving; data collection/management; inventory information;measure(s)/measurement; monitoring;public (consumer) reporting

infrastructureof distribution system, 234, 236-245financing options for, 313-315

infrastructure deficit, 309in-house testing see laboratories, municipally

ownedinland fisheries see fisheriesinline (continuous) monitoring/measures, 188,

225, 231, 235, 249, 250-251, 254-255, 336,421

innovative treatment technologies, 200-207inorganic chemicals/particles, 184, 189

see also heavy metalsinsects, in groundwater, 187inspections, 14, 412, 423-438

and accountability, 429-430and accreditation, 435, 436and agricultural activities, 127and Certificate(s) of Approval, 426and compliance, 425, 426and conservation authorities, 433current regime, 60, 424-428and distribution system, 235, 237and Drinking Water Branch, 217, 415, 418,

434and education, 425and enforcement, 430, 436, 437-438,

448-449, 450-451, 452and Environmental SWAT Team, 49and First Nations water systems, 17, 497follow-up, 409, 413, 426, 434, 435, 436, 438,

442frequency of, 413, 424-426, 431, 434-435, 438and information management, 468and investigations, 450-451and laboratories, 266, 268, 269, 271-272and licences/licensing, 426and monitoring/measurement, 248nature of, 425-426, 438and the ODWO, 230, 426and operational plan(s)/planning, 360-361and O. Reg. 459/00, 231, 426, 434outsourcing of, 428-431and precautionary approach, 437and Procedure B13-3 (Chlorination), 426protocol for, 431, 432-434and PTTW, 426recommendations on, 428-438reporting to public on, 470reports of, 425, 431-432, 433, 435-436, 439,

459-461, 462response to, 436responsibility for, 424-431scope and content of, 424, 432-434, 438and SDWA, 409

septic, 123-124and standard(s)/standard setting, 41, 157timeliness of follow-up on, 435-436and transfer of deed, 123-124and U.K., 430unannounced, 426, 434, 435see also compliance; consistency; deficiencies;

effectiveness; enforcement; environmentalofficers; investigations; OperationsDivision; prosecution; reinspection;transparency

inspectorsbuilding, 236MOE, 14, 416, 432see also Chief Inspector – Drinking Water

SystemsInstitute for Research in Construction, 218instrumentation, 248

see also measure(s)/measurement; monitoringintake(s)

vs. consumption, 86, 87location of, 78

Integrated Divisional System (IDS), 15, 462,467-468

Integrated Environmental Planning Division,46, 47, 412

integrated provincial water strategy, 96see also drinking water policy, source-to-tap

integrated water management, 91-92integrity of distribution system, threats to,

236-245intensive farms

defining, 142-143and farm water protection plan(s), 128, 139,

141-142interconnecting cisterns, 236intergenerational equity, 308intergovernmental coordination, 108, 131interim maximum acceptable concentration

(IMAC) standards, 149, 226-227intermunicipal agreements, 279-280, 284, 290,

295internalized vs. externalized costs, 306n65International Electrotechnical Commission

(IEC), 266International Institute for Sustainable

Development, 86International Organization for Standardization

(ISO), 266, 267, 270, 271, 340-341, 340n9,346

International Water Treatment Alliance (IWTA),342, 351-352

Internet, 110, 261n25interpretation of tests, 251, 253, 271inventory information, 300n58investigations, 43, 60, 410, 445-454

see also compliance; enforcement; inspections;Investigations and Enforcement Branch;Operations Division; provincial officers


Investigations and Enforcement Branch (IEB),14, 47, 48, 438, 445-454

and abatement, 449and current regulatory scheme, 60, 445-448and Environmental Protection Act, 60and laboratories, 269and OWRA, 60and SDWA, 410separation from other functions, 450-451see also enforcement

investigations (IEB) officers, 48, 49, 445investment, capital, 236, 246ion(s), hypochlorite, 196ion exchange, 167, 189, 190, 207, 216iron

cast, 238, 241and distribution system, 238, 241, 242, 243ductile, 238, 241treatment for, 190, 196, 208zinc-coated, 238

iron salts, 191irradiation see ultraviolet (UV) radiationirrigation, 85, 209, 421, 484

see also farm activitiesirritants, sensory, 173n76ISO see International Organization for

Standardization (ISO)ISO 9000, 340ISO 14000, 340ISO 14001, 346ISO/IEC 17025, 266, 267isotopes, dissolved or suspended, 253issue papers (commissioned papers), 17,

509-511IWTA (International Water Treatment Alliance),

342, 351-352

joint municipal operation/ownership seeconsolidation; intermunicipal agreements

joint provincial–municipal responsibility forwater, 280n9

jurisdictionover agricultural activities, 37, 38of conservation authorities, 95over drinking water safety, 35, 38, 39over environment, 36, 37, 38over First Nations water systems, 35, 40-41,

487, 489-491over natural resources, 37over navigation/shipping, 35, 36over non-renewable resources, 37over public health, 36, 37over rivers, 38and source protection, 108and standard-setting, 155-156over trade and commerce, 38

jurisdictional conflict, 39

karst, 84

knowledge gaps, 105, 115

L52ESWTR (U.S. EPA proposed rule), 202labelling (identification), sample, 255, 256, 270laboratories

and accountability, 271accreditation of, 225, 266-268, 269, 270-271,

271n26, 272, 273, 274and audits, 266-267, 271n26clinical, 266, 267and conflicts of interest, 273-274cost(s) and, cost of, 274, 305current regulation of, 265-266and enforcement, 269and IEB, 269and inspections, 266, 268, 269, 271-272and licences/licensing, 72, 266, 268-270and Medical Officer(s) of Health, 270Ministry of Health, 50mobile, 274and MOE, 264-265, 268-270, 271-272municipally owned, 264, 265, 273-274and notification (reporting), 50, 221,

227-228, 264, 269, 270, 420n28and ODWS, 269and Ontario Medical Association (OMA),

266, 267, 270n24and O. Reg. 459/00, 59, 221, 225-226,

227-228, 266, 269, 270ownership of, 264-265private, 264, 265-266, 273-274privatization of, 265-266, 273-274provincial government, 264-265, 271-273provincial oversight of, 268-270, 273public health, 264-265, 272-273recommendations on, 24role of, 263-274and SDWA, 409and standard(s)/standard setting, 148,

263-274see also analysis; laboratory analysts; laboratory

services; measure(s)/measurement;monitoring; testing

laboratory analysts, accredited, 266Laboratory Services Branch, 47, 48, 217, 269,

271-272Laboratory and Specimen Collection Centre

Licensing Act, 266lagging or trailing measures, 248, 251-253, 261Lake Huron watershed, 85lakes, 38Lake Superior watershed, 85landfills, 165, 168Land Information Ontario initiative, 110land use controls, 94land use maps, 104land use patterns, 113-115land use planning, 52-53

and source protection, 94, 98, 102, 106, 108

566 Index

see also official plans, municipalLand Use Policy Branch, 47large or intensive farms

defining, 142-143and farm water protection plan(s), 128, 139,

141-142Laval, 244leaching/leachate, 122, 238lead, 165, 166, 167-168, 238-239, 257Lead and Copper Rule (LCR), 239leadership

and drinking water policy, 400-401, 406and quality management, 337and source protection, 9, 90and water conservation/quantity, 49, 463

lead piping, 168, 238-239leaks, 236, 240, 241, 250Legal Services Branch, 47, 447legislation

changes needed to, 403-412and jurisdictional conflict, 39and source protection, 94, 118-119see also regulatory scheme, current

level gauges, 260library of Inquiry materials, 17licences/licensing, 48, 218

conditional, 380and inspections, 426and laboratories, 266, 268-270, 272of water quality analysts, 226see also certification; operator’s licences;

owner’s licence(s)Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council, 137, 156life-cycle costing, 306n66

see also sustainable asset managementlight, disinfection with see ultraviolet (UV)

radiationlime, 190, 192limestone, 84Lincoln (Neb.), 307n68lipid-soluble (fat-soluble) chemicals, 176liquids, combustible, 122livestock waste(s) see animal waste(s); manureloans, 316

see also municipal borrowinglocal health units, 50, 108, 123n53, 258,

456-462see also Medical Officer(s) of Health

Local Improvement Act, 278n4Local Services Realignment, 283n13location(s)

of intakes, 78of sample collection/measurement, 253, 254,

255, 256, 257, 258logbooks, 74Long-Term Stage 2 Enhanced Surface Water

Treatment Rule, 179looped watermains, 234low-pressure, high-output (LPHO) lamps, 206

low-water conditions, 96

macro-organisms, 187, 193MAC standards, 149, 226-227magnesium, 190magnetic ion exchange see ion exchangemains see watermainsmaintenance

capital, 74, 235, 246and distribution system, 234, 235, 240, 243,

245-246and monitoring/measurement, 249, 260preventive, 260routine, 235

mammals, 159, 161, 163see also animal waste(s); human waste(s)

management/operating structure(s), formunicipal water systems, 11-12, 13, 278n2

Managing the Environment: A Review of BestPractices see Gibbons Report

mandatory abatement, 438-444mandatory accreditation/operational planning,

12, 14see also quality management

mandatory compliance, 425Mandatory Health Programs and Services

Guidelines, 458manganese, 190, 192, 196, 208Manitoba, 290n32manual(s)

operating, 356n47, 358policy, 399-400

manure, 136-139, 188and Nutrient Management Act, 2001, 136-139and source protection, 127, 132, 141, 143see also animal waste(s); fecal contamination

maps/mappingof aquifers, 94, 107of conservation authorities, 99groundwater, 104land use, 104vulnerability, 104, 105

market, competition in/for, 323market mechanism, 322mass spectrometry, 253materials

construction, 218-219used in distribution system, 237-239, 243waste see waste(s)/waste materials

maximum acceptable concentration (MAC)standards, 149, 226-227

maximum concentration limit (MCL) approach,179

maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs),180, 239

McQuigge, Dr. Murray, 508measure(s)/measurement, 247-262, 412

and Cryptosporidium, 165and distribution system, 240


electrochemical, 207, 208indirect (surrogate), 248, 252lagging (trailing), 248, 251-253, 261locations for, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258performance, 260, 261, 364real-time, 246, 248, 249-251, 260, 261timeliness of, 248-253see also automatic monitoring/measurement;

monitoring/measurement; samplingmeat packing plants, 236mechanical scraping, 235media, 369, 374, 375media-based approach, 413Medical Officer(s) of Health, 50, 456-461, 462

and drinking water emergencies, 371-375independence of, 456-457and laboratories, 270and O. Reg. 459/00, 59, 224, 227see also local health units

meetingsexpert, 513town hall, 512

melts, snow, 255membrane filtration

and coagulation, 204cost-effectiveness of, 205-206, 207and Cryptosporidium, 165and E. coli, 204and micro-organisms, 189and natural organic matter, 204and odour, 190problems treated with, 189, 190and protozoa, 215and small/private water systems, 480, 481, 482and specific organics (other than THMs), 189and taste, 190, 204and total dissolved solids, 190as treatment process, 201, 202, 204-206and turbidity, 189, 204and wastewater treatment, 214see also enhanced membrane treatment;

filtration; micro-filtration; nano-filtration;reverse osmosis; ultra-filtration

membranes, classification of, 204Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), 331,

332meningitis, 160mercury, 190metallic salts, 191metals, 165, 253, 257meters/metering, 119, 235, 316, 317methane gas, 211methemoglobinemia, 169methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE), 176, 177Metis communities, 486, 508Metropolitan Water District, 206-207microbes

monitoring/measuring, 248, 251-253and nutrient management planning, 136

and surface waters, 185and turbidity, 172see also bacteria; micro-organisms; pathogens;

protozoa; virusesmicrobial biomass, 244microbial regrowth, 196-197, 243microbial risk, standards for, 159-165microbiological testing

free, for private well owners, 16, 273see also laboratories; testing

microbiology, technical committee on water, 50Microbiology Working Group, WHO, 344n21micro-filtration (MF), 204, 205microflocs, 191micro-organisms

as contaminants, 184and sampling problems, 253and sewage treatment, 211and treatment technologies, 189, 191, 192,

194, 200see also algae; bacteria; microbes; pathogens;

protozoa; virusesmicro-pollutant oxidation, 206military installations, 155-156Milwaukee, 164, 200Mines, Ministry of Northern Development and,

108minimum, three-sample, 228minimum distance separation, 132, 138minimum regulatory requirements see regulatory

floorminimum treatment requirements, 224-225mining, 102, 145, 167, 168Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

(OMAFRA)in current regulatory scheme, 51-52and drinking water policy, 400, 401, 402, 463and source protection, 91n12, 108, 126,

130-131, 141-142, 143Ministry of the Attorney General, 447Ministry of Consumer and Business Services

(formerly Ministry of Consumer andCommercial Relations), 91n12, 108

Ministry of Energy, 91n12Ministry of the Environment (MOE)

and accreditation/quality management,352-353, 416

and adverse test results, 59, 227and Advisory Council on Standards, 157-158and agricultural activities, 130-132, 402and approvals, 41, 42, 48, 359-360, 419-422area offices of, 48, 412and asset management/financial plans,

411-412budget cuts/reductions in, 15, 425, 438,

464-465compliance activities, 60and conservation authorities, 100, 102-103,

110, 464

568 Index

district offices of, 48, 412, 424-426, 445n65,447

and drinking water policy, 400-402drinking water safety focus required by, 96,

412-414, 415and emergencies/emergency planning, 366,

370-371and enforcement, 120

see also Investigations and EnforcementBranch (IEB)

existing branches of see EnvironmentalAssessment and Approvals Branch;Environmental Monitoring and ReportingBranch; Environmental PartnershipsBranch; Investigations and EnforcementBranch; Land Use Policy Branch; StandardsDevelopment Branch

existing branches of see Strategic PolicyBranch; Waste Management Policy Branch;Water Policy Branch

and expertise, 412n20, 414, 416, 417,430-431, 444, 466-467

and farm water protection plan(s), 141-142and Gibbons Report, 61-63and groundwater management, 107, 188and information management, 110, 467-468and laboratories, 264-265, 268-270, 271-272media-based vs. multi-media approach within,

413, 415and Ministry of Health, 50and monitoring/measurement, 259, 261, 262and notification regarding adverse test results,

59, 227and OCWA, 55, 280n8and operational plan(s)/planning, 359-361and operator certification/training, 378, 381,

382, 385, 386-390organizational structure of, 14, 46-49,

412-414, 415and OWRA, 43, 48and permits, 48, 58and policy development/implementation, 13,

46proposed new branches within, 14

see also Drinking Water Branch; WatershedManagement Branch

regional offices of, 48, 412, 421resources for, 15, 272, 401role of, 13, 41-49and septic systems, 123n53and source protection, 9, 90, 91n12, 95, 118,

126, 130and source protection plan(s)/planning, 9, 10,

90, 96-97, 101, 102-103, 105-106, 108,110, 416-418

training within, 466-467and treatment technologies, 217-220and water management, 96, 97and watershed management, 97

and watershed management plans, 416-417and watershed planning, 91

Ministry of Finance, 56Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care

(Ministry of Health), 50, 272-273, 371-373,400-401, 456-462

see also clinical laboratories; public healthlaboratories

Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing(MMAH), 52-54, 108, 119, 123n53, 124,299, 310-311, 364, 400, 401, 411-412, 463,464, 483

Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR)and conservation authorities, 49, 100, 464and drinking water policy, 400, 401and integrated provincial water strategy, 96role of, 49, 463-464and source protection, 91n12, 120and watershed planning, 91

Ministry of Northern Development and Mines,108

Ministry of the Solicitor General, 448Ministry of Transportation, 91n12mitigation actions, 368mixed-liquor suspended solids (MLSS)

concentrations, 214MMAH see Ministry of Municipal Affairs and

Housingmobile laboratory, 274model(s)

adaptive, 105computer, 235, 246corporate, 287-289decision, 260quality management, 340-346river basin (catchment), 101watershed, 115

model conditions, 419-420“Model Terms and Conditions,” 419MOE see Ministry of the Environmentmonitoring

ecological, 110voluntary, 59

Monitoring Branch see EnvironmentalMonitoring and Reporting Branch

monitoring/measurement, 247-262and accountability, 261, 262and aesthetic quality, 249automatic see automatic monitoring/

measurementand bacteria, 257, 258, 259and Certificate(s) of Approval, 258of chemical contaminants, 248, 251, 253chlorine, 225, 231, 250-251, 336and coliforms, 163, 252, 256, 259of compliance, 337n5, 339continuous, 188, 225, 231, 235, 249,

250-251, 254-255, 336, 421and corrective action, 262


and corrosion, 249costs of, 260-261, 305and current regulatory scheme, 59and data collection/management, 253-254,

261-262and disinfection, 249, 250, 252and distribution system, 237, 240, 243, 246,

248, 250-251, 253, 256and emergency response, 248, 254and enforcement, 248and filtration, 257and flow/flow rates, 248, 257groundwater, 107and information/information management,

262inline (continuous), 188, 225, 231, 235, 249,

250-251, 254-255, 336, 421and inspections, 248and maintenance, 249, 260and microbes, 248, 251-253and MOE, 259, 261, 262in multiple-barrier approach, 73, 74and municipal water providers, 250-251,

254-255, 259and Northern Ontario, 259, 274and O. Reg. 459/00, 59, 251, 258of pathogens, 248, 249, 251-253and performance characteristics, 260, 261, 364and pesticides, 215and pH, 249, 257and protozoa, 251, 252, 258and public confidence, 248public reporting on, 469of radiological hazards, 251, 253and rainfall, 253, 255recommendations on, 23-24records of, 58, 255, 271n27and remote communities, 259and response, 260and SDWA, 408-409and small water systems, 256, 260, 260n22and source protection, 115and source water, 248, 249, 258and standard(s)/standard setting, 41, 148, 174,

262and surface water(s), 256, 257, 258and temperature, 248, 249, 258, 260and Toronto, 258and training, 253, 261and treatment, 248, 249, 250-251, 256and trend analyses, 74, 258, 260, 261of turbidity, 248, 249, 250-251, 260, 336and water-borne disease outbreaks, 78see also analysis; Environmental Monitoring

and Reporting Branch; instrumentation;laboratories; measure(s)/measurement; real-time measurement; sampling; testing

monochloramine, 196monopoly, natural, 279, 322, 323

morale, 466motivation, employee, 399motors, 260MOU (Memorandum of Understanding), 331,

332MTBE (methyl-tert-butyl-ether), 176, 177MUD (Municipal Water Use Database), 354n42multi-media approach, 413, 415multiple-barrier approach, 5-6, 71-79

see also distribution/distribution systems;monitoring/measurement; response; sourceprotection; treatment

Municipal Act, 2001, 53, 108, 278n4, 290n31,294n45, 298n54, 403n9

Municipal Affairs and Housing, Ministry of seeMinistry of Municipal Affairs and Housing(MMAH)

municipal amalgamations, 286n17, 290-292municipal borrowing, 302, 305-306, 308, 313,

315municipal bylaws, 52, 94, 108, 114, 122, 140,

140n78municipal departments, as water operators, 284,

285-286, 287municipal governance reviews, 278, 281-284,

298, 362municipal governments/municipalities

and conservation authorities, 57, 102, 114and drinking water policy, 402-403and farm water protection plan(s), 139-140,

141governance reviews of water systems, 278,

281-284, 298, 362and land use planning, 98, 102, 108

see also official plans, municipaland local health units, 50and normal farm practices, 128n67recommendations on, 4, 11-13, 24-25responsibility for water systems, 278-281role of, 275-332and septic systems, 124and source protection plan(s)/planning, 10,

91, 106, 108, 113see also Ministry of Municipal Affairs and

Housing; official plans, municipalmunicipally owned corporations, as water

operators, 284, 287-289municipally owned laboratories, 264, 265,

273-274municipal operating agencies, 284-289municipal oversight, 296-297Municipal Performance Measurement Program

(MPMP), 364municipal report cards, 364municipal reserves/reserve funds, 285, 302,

305-306, 308, 314-315municipal waste, treated solid see biosolidsmunicipal water providers

and emergencies, 371

570 Index

and monitoring/measurement, 250-251,254-255, 259

and quality management, 4, 5, 12, 335-364recommendations on, 4, 11-13, 24-25see also municipal water systems

municipal water systemsand accountability, 277, 278n2, 279, 286,

287, 288, 289, 290, 296, 322, 323, 325,326

approvals of, 280-281, 300and Certificate(s) of Approval, 280-281and competence, 12, 277, 298and consolidation, 280, 282, 290, 292-294and expertise, 287, 289, 296, 298and financial plan(s)/planning, 12-13, 281,

298-317, 407, 411, 422financing of, 13, 274, 287, 298, 299,

300-302, 304-306, 308, 313, 314-316,317

licences for see owner’s licencemanagement/operation of, 11-12, 13, 55,

278n4, 279-280, 333-375, 350n36and operational plans see operational plan(s)/

planningownership of, 11, 277n1, 278-279, 278n4,

279, 279n7, 280, 280n8, 317, 323size of, 278, 355small see small water systemssee also communal water systems; municipal

water providersMunicipal Water Use Database (MUD), 354n42Municipal Waterworks Act, 286

nano-filtration, 198, 199, 204, 205, 244see also filtration

National Academy of Sciences, 166, 168National Association of Water Companies,

342n11National Biosolids Partnership program, 126National Drinking Water Advisory Council, 180National Drinking Water Contaminant

Candidate List (CCL), 179-180National Health and Medical Research Council

(NHMRC), 182, 337n5, 344national parks, 155-156National Research Council (NRC), 218, 219,

238National Rivers Authority (NRA), 321n99National Sanitation Foundation (U.S.), 170National Standards System, 348n33National Water Research Institute (NWRI), 203natural monopoly, 279, 322, 323natural organic matter, 198, 199, 204, 208natural resources

jurisdiction over, 37Ministry of see Ministry of Natural Resources

navigation/shipping, 35, 36NDMA (nitrosodimethylamine), 176, 177, 491near-shore (riparian) areas, 105

nested watersheds, 94Netherlands, 127n66Network of Centres of Excellence, 165-166, 218New Brunswick, 94, 127n66Newfoundland, 167new operators, 379-380, 385-386new pathogens, 174-175New York, 179n95, 400n6New Zealand, 179, 182, 344-346, 349n35, 360NHMRC (National Health and Medical

Research Council), 182, 337n5, 344Nigeria, 199Nitrate Directive, 127n66nitrates, 127, 127n66, 166, 168-169, 175, 188,

190, 203nitrification, 214nitriloacetic acid, 189nitrites, 169, 190, 203nitrogen, 212nitrosamines, 169nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), 176, 177, 491non-compliance, 14, 60

see also abatement; compliance; enforcementnon-consumptive vs. consumptive water use,

85-86non-halogenated disinfection by-products, 203non-municipal water systems, 265, 279n7,

335n1, 362-363see also private water systems/wells

non–point source pollution, 93, 121, 144defined, 93n21

non-renewable resources, 37non-status Indians, 486normal farm practices, 42, 51, 52, 125, 133,

135-136, 140n78Normal Farm Practices and Procedures Board,

42Normal Farm Practices Protection Board, 56North Battleford, 193n18, 200Northern Development and Mines, Ministry of,

108Northern Ontario, 123n53, 172, 198, 259, 274,

279n7North West Water, 321n101Norwalk-like viruses, 252n5notification

regarding adverse test results, 59, 221,227-228, 264, 269, 270, 420n28, 457,459, 460, 462

regarding water emergencies, 369, 372-375see also reporting

Nova Scotia, 94NRA (National Rivers Authority), 321n99NRC (National Research Council), 218, 219,

238nuclear power, 169nuisance, 136nuisance residuals, 208nutrient-containing materials see manure


Nutrient Management Act, 2001, 43, 52, 132,136-139, 143, 411

nutrient management plan(s)/planning, 122,125, 127n66, 128, 132, 136, 137, 138, 142

see also Nutrient Management Act, 2001NWRI (National Water Research Institute), 203

objectivesvs. regulation(s), 408trade-offs among, 185of treatment, 208see also goals; “Ontario Drinking Water

Objectives” (ODWO); purpose(s)occupational health hazards, 50occurrence reports, 439, 445OCETA (Ontario Centre for Environmental

Technology Advancement), 219OCWA see Ontario Clean Water Agencyodour

aesthetic standards for, 159, 172, 173n76of chlorine, 197n25and distribution system, 242treatment technologies for, 184, 190, 196,

204, 206, 208see also aesthetic quality

ODWO see “Ontario Drinking WaterObjectives”; “Ontario Drinking WaterStandards”

OETC (Ontario Environmental TrainingConsortium), 379, 381, 390

OFEC see Ontario Farm EnvironmentalCoalition

offences, penalties for, 446, 448Office of the Chief Coroner of the Province of

Ontario, 508Office of Water Services (OFWAT), 321n99officially induced errors, 449official plans, municipal, 10, 53, 91, 113-115Ohsweken, 491oils, 122OMA see Ontario Medical AssociationOMAFRA see Ministry of Agriculture, Food and

Rural AffairsOMWA see Ontario Municipal Water

AssociationOntario Advisory Board of Certification, 382Ontario Business Corporations Act, 285n15Ontario Cattle Feeders Association, 508Ontario Cattlemen’s Association, 508Ontario Centre for Environmental Technology

Advancement (OCETA), 219Ontario Clean Water Agency (OCWA), 47, 55,

280n8and emergency response, 295, 329, 331and First Nations water systems, 17, 491, 496and OWRA, 44and quality management, 346as water operators, 279, 284, 294-295,

328-332

“Ontario Drinking Water Objectives”(ODWO), 44-45, 58, 222, 408n14,419-420

and Certificate(s) of Approval, 156deficiencies in, 230-231and federal Guidelines, 150indicators of unsafe drinking water in, 251and inspections, 230, 426and sampling, 230superseded by O. Reg. 459/00, 44, 156

“Ontario Drinking Water Standards” (ODWS),45, 48, 58, 222, 269, 458

Ontario Environmental Training Consortium(OETC), 379, 381, 390

Ontario Farm Animal Council, 508Ontario Farm Environmental Coalition

(OFEC), 129-130, 142, 143n83, 508Ontario Federation of Agriculture, 508Ontario First Nations Technical Services

Corporation, 491Ontario Geological Survey, 106Ontario Medical Association (OMA), 157, 266,

267, 270n24, 458, 461, 508Ontario Metis Aboriginal Association, 486, 508Ontario Municipal Board, 53, 55, 315Ontario Municipal Water Association (OMWA),

157, 402, 508Ontario Pork Producers’ Board, 508Ontario Public Service Employees Union

(OPSEU), 329, 402n8, 443, 444, 449, 466,508

Ontario Regulation 122/98, 483Ontario Regulation 435/93, 58-59, 297,

356n47, 379-380, 386-388Ontario Regulation 459/00 (Drinking Water

Protection Regulation)and analysis, 225-226, 229application of, 222-224, 472-476and Certificates of Approval, 58, 222, 228,

230, 421and chlorination, 224-225and coliforms, 161and corrective action, 221, 228-230, 231current standards on contaminants, 158-174described, 45-46and disinfection, 221and distribution system, 239and enforcement, 221, 225and engineering reviews, 357n48, 359exemptions from, 223-224, 473-478and federal Guidelines, 155-156and Giardia, 224and indicators of adverse water quality, 50,

222, 227, 228, 229, 231and information/information management,

221, 229-230and inspections, 231, 426, 434and laboratories, 59, 221, 225-226, 227-228,

266, 269, 270

572 Index

maximum acceptable concentrations in,226-227

and Medical Officer(s) of Health, 59, 224, 227minimum treatment requirements in, 224-225and Ministry of Health, 50and monitoring/measurement, 59, 251, 258new requirements under, 229-230notification requirements under, 221, 227and public (consumer) reporting, 221, 222,

229, 261-262, 270, 469-470sampling and analysis requirements in, 221,

225-226, 229, 230, 254, 256-259and small water systems, 15-16, 472-477supersedes the ODWO, 44, 156and treatment technologies, 221-231

Ontario Regulation 505/01, 16, 46, 164Ontario Regulation 903, 479-480Ontario Small Towns and Rural Initiative

(OSTAR), 56Ontario Society of Professional Engineers, 508Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement

Association, 129Ontario SuperBuild Corporation, 55-56,

309n72, 325Ontario Water Resources Act (OWRA), 38, 41,

403n9, 421and abatement, 440, 442and agricultural activities, 135applicability of, 472-473and approvals, 57-59, 223-224, 419described, 42, 43-44and distribution systems, 43and EBR, 43and enforcement, 44, 448and Environmental Review Tribunal, 57and farm activities, 51and Investigations and Enforcement Branch

(IEB), 60and MOE, 43, 48and Nutrient Management Act, 2001, 52n46and OCWA, 44and SDWA, 405and source protection, 120, 135, 410and standard(s)/standard setting, 150

Ontario Water Resources Commission(OWRC), 55n58, 217-218, 280n8, 390, 424

Ontario Water and Wastewater Association(OWWA), 352

Ontario Water Works Association (OWWA),157, 184n1, 342, 402, 508

operating agenciesaccreditation of, 12, 14, 281, 346-354, 415and audit(s), 296, 347-348, 352-353, 354,

363, 407, 409, 435contracts with see contracts; operating

agreementscorporate management of, 338, 339and enforcement of drinking water

regulations, 15

external see external operating agenciesmunicipal, 284-289and owner’s licence, 407, 422private, 284, 295-296, 317-323, 324-332and SDWA, 407

operating agreements, 326-327see also contracts; operating agencies

operating conditions, 58, 358, 419-421, 423operating costs, 298, 304-305, 481operating/management structure(s), for

municipal water systems, 11-12, 13, 278n2operating manual, 356n47, 358operating procedures, 236operational data management, 261operational management, 338operational parameters, 225-226operational plan(s)/planning

and Certificate(s) of Approval, 357n49,358-359, 358n9

cost of, 305and engineering reviews, 357n48, 359and inspections, 360-361and MOE, 359-361and municipal water systems, 12, 254-255,

339, 355-356and owner’s licence, 407, 422, 423process of, 357-358and SDWA, 355, 407and small water systems, 15

operational standards, 159, 172Operations Division, 47, 48-49, 412, 413n21,

418-455see also Environmental Assessment and

Approvals Branch; Environmental SWATTeam; Investigations and EnforcementBranch; Spills Action Centre (SAC)

operator-in-training licence, 379-380, 385-386operators, water

individual see individual operatorsorganizational see operating agencies; water

operatorsoperator’s licences, 58-59, 297, 379-380,

382-386see also certification; individual operators

OPSEU see Ontario Public Service EmployeesUnion

optimization, treatment system/process, 185,200, 208-209, 241, 246, 249, 260

orders, 60, 439, 440-441, 443administrative, 439, 444boil water see boil water advisories/orderscontrol, 42, 60n73, 440n54prevention, 42remedial, 43, 60n73stop, 42, 60n73, 440n53, 441, 442, 444see also control documents; Director’s Orders;

Field Orders (Provincial Officer’s Orders)order of treatment steps (treatment sequence),

208, 249, 250


O. Reg. 122/98 see Ontario Regulation 122/98O. Reg. 435/93 see Ontario Regulation 435/93O. Reg. 459/00 see Ontario Regulation 459/00O. Reg. 505/01 see Ontario Regulation 505/01O. Reg. 903 see Ontario Regulation 903organic carbon, total (TOC), 187, 189, 198,

207, 243, 244, 245organic contaminants, 165, 178, 184, 189, 242,

253organic halogens, dissolved, 244organic matter

and DBPs, 244natural, 198, 199, 204, 208

organicsoxidized, 199priority, 210-211specific (other than THMs), 189total, 196volatile, 225, 226

organizational structure(s)for managing/operating municipal water

systems, 11-12, 13, 278n2of MOE, 14, 46-49, 412-414, 415of provincial government, recommended

changes to, 412-418Orlando, 197n26orthophosphates, zinc, 207osmosis, reverse, 190, 204, 205OSTAR (Ontario Small Towns and Rural

Initiative), 56Ottawa, 265outbreaks see water-borne disease outbreaksoutsourcing

of inspections function, 428-431of testing, 271of water system operation see external

operating agenciesoverbuilding, distribution system, 245overdosing, 200, 203, 242overhead costs, 304-305oversight, government, 33-69, 280

see also municipal governments/municipalities;municipal oversight; provincial oversight;regulatory scheme, current

Owen Sound, 205ownership

of laboratories, 264-265of water systems, 11, 277n1, 278-279, 278n4,

279n7, 280, 317, 323owner’s licence(s), 14, 281, 300, 346, 355,

406-407, 411-412, 415, 422-423own source revenues, 312n80OWRA see Ontario Water Resources ActOWRC see Ontario Water Resources CommissionOWWA see Ontario Water and Wastewater

Association; Ontario Water WorksAssociation

oxidantsand DBPs, 199, 200

and disinfection, 195, 200, 201see also chlorine dioxide; ozonation

oxidationand algae, 190and chlorine dioxide, 196and colour, 190and cyanide, 190and DBPs, 198, 199and free chlorine, 250and iron, 190, 196and manganese, 190, 192micro-pollutant, 206and odour, 190problems treated by, 189, 190, 250and specific organics (other than THMs), 189and taste, 190, 208and turbidity, 189and UV radiation, 206

oxidized organics, 199ozonation

cost-effectiveness of, 207and DBPs, 199, 200, 201, 244taste problems caused by, 207as treatment process, 73, 189, 195, 197, 198,

201, 206, 207see also disinfection

packaged treatment facilities/systems, 481,483-484

PAC (powdered activated carbon), 189, 190,204

paint, 238parameters, operational, 225-226paramountcy, doctrine of, 39parasites, 159, 162n36, 163-165, 252, 252n5

see also Cryptosporidium; Entamoeba; Giardia;microbes; pathogens; protozoa

parks, national, 155-156Part 1 report, 18n11, 230-231Part 2 process, 17, 499-517participation, public see public participationparticles

and aesthetic quality, 241and chlorine, 172as contaminants, 184inorganic, 184, 189and membrane filtration, 204and ozonation, 206removal of, 191, 192, 193, 194, 208suspended, 172, 242, 249as threat to distribution system integrity, 242see also turbidity

parties with standing, 9n10, 505-506funding for, 506-507list of, 507-509submissions from, 17, 511

Partnership for Safe Drinking Water, 342pathogens

and chlorine residual, 250

574 Index

as contaminants, 184enteric, 160, 252n5and grey water, 210and groundwater, 186-187and the hydrological cycle, 84and membrane filtration, 204monitoring/measuring, 248, 249, 251-253and multiple-barrier approach, 74new, 174-175and sewage treatment, 122and source water, 251and standard(s)/standard setting, 174-175and waste materials, 125and water-borne disease outbreaks, 252n5see also acute risks/threats; bacteria; microbes;

micro-organisms; parasites; protozoa;viruses

PCBs, 122peace, order, and good government, 35, 38peak demands, 234, 240Pearce Commission report, 106Peel, 321n98peer reviews, 342, 343n14, 343n15, 351-352,

362, 363Pembina Institute, 123Pembina Valley Water Cooperative Inc., 290n32penalties

for offences, 446, 448safety, 326

perchlorate, 167, 176, 177performance, monitoring/measuring, 260, 261,

364performance comparisons see benchmarkingpermits

building, 124and MOE, 48, 58and provincial standards, 41and source protection, 93-94see also Permit(s) to Take Water (PTTW)

Permit(s) to Take Water (PTTW)current practices involving, 421-422and current regulatory scheme, 58and inspections, 426and owner’s licence, 407, 422and source protection, 10, 90, 97, 105-106,

107, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120and water quantity, 422see also approvals; permits

Perth County, 56n61Peru, 170, 199pesticides

as chemical contaminant, 166, 175as indicator of adverse water quality, 227and membrane filtration, 204and monitoring/measurement, 215and O. Reg. 459/00, 225, 226and source protection, 122, 130, 138, 141and standard(s)/standard setting, 165, 173n77,

175-176

treatment technologies for, 189see also chemical contaminants

Pesticides Act, 43, 48, 52n46, 57, 130, 138, 442,448

Pesticides Advisory Committee, 47Pest Management Regulatory Agency, 175Peterborough, 288pH

and distribution system, 246of groundwater, 187and monitoring/measurement, 249, 257and treatment processes, 190, 191, 196, 200,

206, 207see also acidity; alkalinity

pharmaceuticals, 165, 166, 175, 177-178,215-216

phosphorus, 212, 213, 484physical contaminants, and distribution system,

251, 253pigging, 235pipe(s)/piping

age of, 236-237, 241, 243and biofilm, 243breaks in, 235, 236, 241and capital maintenance, 235, 246and corrosion, 241and distribution system design, 240lining of, 246and sedimentation, 242size of, 239-240standards for, 237, 238see also service lines; standpipes

pipe scouring, 240planning see emergency response plan(s)/

planning; financial plan(s)/planning;Integrated Environmental PlanningDivision; land use planning; nutrientmanagement plan(s)/planning; OntarioMunicipal Board; operational plan(s)/planning; source protection plan(s)/planning; strategic planning; watershed-based management planning; watershedplanning

Planning Act, 52-53, 108, 118-119, 278n4,403n9

Planning and Development Reform in Ontario,Commission on (Sewell Commission), 123

Planning Division, Integrated Environmental,46, 47, 412

plasma mass spectrometry, 253plastic, 238plumbing/plumbing code, 238, 239point-of-entry technologies/devices, 206, 216,

482point-of-use technologies/devices, 482point source pollution, 104, 121

defined, 93n21policy, provincial see provincial policyPolicy Branches see Land Use Policy Branch;


Strategic Policy Branch; Waste ManagementPolicy Branch; Water Policy Branch

policy functiondefined, 399n4in MOE, 13, 46

see also Integrated Environmental PlanningDivision

policy-making process, 399, 400-403policy manual, 399-400Policy Statement, Provincial, 53, 119pollution

non–point source, 93, 93n21, 121, 144point source, 93, 93n21, 104, 121see also contaminants

pollution abatement, vs. drinking water safety,68-69

Pollution Probe, 507polymers, 191polyphosphates, 207population groups, vulnerable, 150-151pore size, 204, 205, 214, 482position statements, 127n66, 132post-treatment water, storage of, 73powdered activated carbon (PAC), 189, 190,

204precautionary principle/approach, 76-78, 150,

437see also risk assessment/management

pre-chlorination, 189precipitation (atmospheric)

annual, in Ontario, 85, 86low, and integrated water strategy, 96and water-borne disease outbreaks, 78, 255and water quality/quantity, 255see also climate; rainfall

precipitation (in distribution system), 242precipitation (treatment process), 189precursors

of DBPs, 198, 199, 204, 206-207removal of, 189, 208

pressuresystem, 74, 234, 237, 240-241, 248, 249-251and treatment, 249, 482

pressure gauges, 260pressurization, 194, 205pre-treatment, 482prevention, 337prevention orders, 42preventive maintenance, 260pricing

full-cost, 316, 317volumetric, 119

primary standards, 179primary treatment of wastewater, 211, 212priority organics, 210-211prison, 446, 448privacy, commercial, 328privacy regulations, 271private laboratories, 264, 265-266, 273-274

private operating agencies, 284, 295-296,317-323, 324-332

private sector research, 218private water systems/wells, 278n5, 323, 335n1,

362-363, 478-480under current regulatory scheme, 50free microbiological testing for, 16, 273and local health units, 458under O. Reg. 459/00, 472-477under O. Reg. 505/01, 477-478outside O. Reg. 459/00, 16, 477-480outside O. Reg. 505/01, 478-480and OWRA, 223, 472and public health laboratories, 265and quality management, 362-363technology for, 482-483that serve municipalities, 279n7see also non-municipal water systems; small

water systemsprivatization

of laboratories, 265-266, 273-274and operation of water systems, 317-323,

324-332and ownership of water systems, 317, 323

see also private water systems/wellsprocedural fairness, 450-451“Procedure B13-3: Chlorination of Potable

Water Supplies in Ontario,” 222n73, 224, 426procedures

emergency, 235operating, 236

process(es)abuse of, 449activated sludge, 212biological, 189, 190, 211decision-making, 75-76drinking water, 399operational planning, 357-358Part 2, 17, 499-517policy-making, 399, 400-403“rolling revision,” 182source protection planning, 90for standard setting, 10, 39treatment see treatmentwatershed planning, 91, 95, 103

process control, treatment, 248, 249, 260, 336professional development see trainingprofessional engineers, 359, 427n41Professional Engineers and Architects of the

Ontario Public Service, 509Professional Engineers of Ontario, 509proficiency testing, and laboratory accreditation,

266-267project management, 328property taxes, 283, 298, 316prosecution

of agricultural operations, 133-135and inspections/enforcement, 437-438, 446,

447-448, 449, 451, 452n85

576 Index

protectionof drinking water sources see source protectionto farmers from EPA, 133-135fire, 234, 235, 240, 245, 316

Protection and Control Working Group, WHO,344n21

protection regulations, water see OntarioRegulation 459/00; Ontario Regulation 505/01

protocol(s)analysis, 258-259inspection, 431, 432-434sampling, 258-259for testing, 272

protozoaas contaminants, 184and current standards, 162and filtration, 482and gastrointestinal illnesses, 163in groundwater, 188and monitoring/measurement, 251, 252, 258and nutrient management planning, 136and sampling, 164size of, 163, 204and standard setting, 164-165treatment for, 175, 203, 215see also Cryptosporidium; Entamoeba; Giardia;

microbes; parasites; pathogensProvincial Auditor, 421, 424, 426, 441provincial government

and conservation authorities, 57and drinking water policy, 397-403and First Nations water systems, 491-492and health units, 50and land use controls/planning, 94, 98and municipal water systems, 208, 278,

280-281, 310-311oversight role of see provincial oversightand public reporting on source protection,

117, 118and standard setting, 11-12, 41, 149-150,

156-158structure of, recommended changes to,

412-418see also Ministry of the Environment (MOE);

provincial oversight; provincial policyprovincial laboratories, 264-265, 271-273provincial officers, 48, 49, 440, 442-443, 445Provincial Officers’ Orders (Field Orders), 45,

440, 441, 442provincial oversight, 393-470

executive summary of, 4of laboratories, 268-270, 273overview of current approach to, 41-60recommendations on, 13-15, 28-30see also Ministry of the Environment (MOE);

provincial government; provincial policyprovincial policy

codification of, 399-400

development/implementation of, 13, 46drinking water, source-to-tap, 13, 395,

397-410, 411and enforcement, 14-15see also “Chlorination of Potable Water

Supplies” (Chlorination Bulletin); Ministryof the Environment (MOE); “OntarioDrinking Water Objectives” (ODWO);provincial government; provincialoversight; Safe Drinking Water Act

Provincial Policy Statement, 53, 119provincial subsidies see subsidiesPTTW see Permit(s) to Take Waterpublic access to information, 262, 356, 420,

469-470and drinking water emergencies, 374-375and O. Reg. 459/00, 229see also public (consumer) reporting;

transparencypublic accountability see accountabilitypublic awareness, 261n25public confidence, 6, 74-75, 248public education see educationpublic (citizen) enforcement, 453-454public health

jurisdiction over, 36, 37and voluntary compliance arrangements, 121

public health administration, 50public health agencies/units

and distribution system, 236local see local health units; Medical Officer(s)

of Healthand testing, 273

Public Health Branch, MMAH, 456public health hazards see hazardspublic health laboratories, 264-265, 272-273public hearings, Part 2, 17, 513public information see public access to

information; public (consumer) reportingpublic–private issues, and water system

operation, 317-332public participation

and the Internet, 261n25in source protection planning, 90, 107-109and standard setting, 151-154, 157-158,

180-181, 182public (consumer) reporting

and operating agreements, 327-328and O. Reg. 459/00, 221, 222, 229, 261-262,

270, 469-470and source protection, 117-118

Public Service Act, 329public submissions, 17, 511-512Public Utilities Act, 278n4, 287n21, 294n46,

298n54public utilities commissions, 55, 284, 285,

286-287pumping/pumping stations, 240, 277n1pumps, 260


purifiers, household water, 482purpose(s)

of accreditation, 269, 339, 454of quality management, 336-337of regulation, 454of treatment, 184-185of water rates, 285see also goals; objectives

quality management, 5, 12, 14, 79and accreditation, 12, 14, 281, 338-339, 343,

346-354adopted elsewhere, 5, 340applying, 337-339and audits, 343and Australia, 337n5, 343-344, 349n35and continuous improvement, 336, 337, 364and data collection/management, 342and documentation, 340and Drinking Water Branch, 348, 360and Europe/European Union (EU), 340and expertise, 347, 348, 350and farm activities, 129general models of, 340-341implementation timeline for, 362and leadership, 337models of, 340-346and MOE, 352-353, 416and multiple-barrier approach, 73n2and municipal water providers, 4, 12, 335-364and OCWA, 346and outside assessment, 342and prevention, 337and private water systems/wells, 362-363purpose(s)/hallmarks of, 336-337and Quebec, 342recommendations on, 25-26and risk management, 30n53, 345-346, 349n35and self-assessment, 342, 343n15, 351, 356,

357-358, 363and small water systems, 338, 346, 360n53and U.S. EPA, 342n11water industry–specific models of, 341-346and WHO, 344n21see also quality management standards

Quality Management Program for LaboratoryServices, 267

quality management standards, 12, 281,333-375, 495-496

see also quality managementquality standards see standard(s)/standard settingQualServe program, 342-343, 349n35, 352n37quantity, water, 49, 84-86, 88, 422, 463quarries, abandoned, 104Quebec, 127n66, 197, 199, 204, 244, 342

radiation see ultraviolet (UV) radiationradionuclides/radiological hazards

and laboratory accreditation, 268

monitoring/measuring, 251, 253and multiple-barrier approach, 74sampling for, 226-227standards for, 165, 171, 226treatment technologies for, 190

radium, 167radon, 165Railway Act, 40rainfall

and monitoring/measurement, 253, 255and water-borne disease outbreaks, 78, 255see also climate; precipitation (atmospheric)

rainwater reclamation, 210Rapid City, 262n26rate regulation, 323rates

discharge, 257flow see flow/flow ratessewage, 119water see water rates

raw data, 262raw water see source waterreactive approaches, 336, 337real-time measurement, 246, 248, 249-251,

260, 261see also continuous (inline) monitoring/

measurementreaming, 246receiving waters, and wastewater treatment, 211,

212rechlorination, 223recommendations

on abatement, 443-444complete list of, 18-32costs of implementing, 6, 7on distribution, 23on Drinking Water Branch, 414-416on enforcement, 443-444, 448-454on First Nations water systems, 17, 31-32in Gibbons Report, 63-67, 68on inspections, 428-438on laboratories, 24on monitoring/measurement, 23-24on municipal water providers, 4, 11-13, 24-25Part 2 compared with Part 1, 18n11on provincial oversight, 13-15, 28-30on quality management, 25-26on SDWA, 405-410on small water systems, 4, 15-16, 18-20,

30-31on source protection, 3, 8-10, 18-20on standard(s)/standard setting, 3, 10-11,

20-22on technology, 3, 10-11on Watershed Management Branch, 416-418

records, of sampling, 58, 255, 271n27recreational use, standards for, 213recreational value of water resources, and

provincial water strategy, 96

578 Index

recyclingdirect, 209-210during treatment, 194indirect, 209and sewage treatment, 212see also grey water

reduced chlorine dose, and trihalomethanes, 189reduction, risk, 5, 6, 8, 74, 78, 89redundancy see multiple-barrier approachrefitting, 246refrigeration of samples, 257, 259n20regional governments

and shared service delivery, 292-294as water operators, 284, 289-294

regionalizationand municipal water systems, 282, 284,

289-294see also consolidation

regional offices, MOE, 48, 412, 421regrowth, microbial, 196-197, 243regulation(s)

vs. accreditation, 454-455enforcement of, 14-15and multiple-barrier approach, 73n2and Nutrient Management Act, 2001, 137-138privacy, 271purpose of, 454rate, 323as reactive approach, 337requirement or authority for, 408water protection see Ontario Regulation

459/00; Ontario Regulation 505/01see also current regulatory scheme

Regulation 122/98 see Ontario Regulation122/98




Regulation 903 see Ontario Regulation 903regulatory compliance see complianceregulatory data management, 261regulatory floor, 132regulatory review, 114, 133-139regulatory scheme, current, 33-69rehabilitation, 237, 246reinspection, septic, 124remedial action, 44remedial orders, 43, 60n73remote communities

and Medical Officer of Health, 460and monitoring/measurement, 259and OCWA, 295and operator certification/training, 380, 388-389and testing services, 274see also First Nations water systems

remote operation of treatment facilities, 259

removalparticle, 191, 192, 193, 194, 208precursor, 189, 208

reorganizationof MOE, 412, 413and OCWA, 330, 331

repairs, and distribution system, 234, 237, 246replacement

capital, 260and distribution system, 235, 237, 239, 246and monitoring/measurement, 260

replacement value, 310report(s)

annual, from Drinking Water Branch, 470engineer’s, 357n48, 359, 360, 420, 427-428full-cost, 54, 299, 301, 309, 311inspection, 425, 431-432, 433, 435-436, 439,

459-461, 462occurrence, 439, 445see also reporting

report cards, municipal, 364reporting

and automation, 260, 262cost of, 305and federal Guidelines, 156and inspections, 425, 431-432, 433, 435-436,

439, 459-461, 462, 470and O. Reg. 459/00, 256see also Environmental Monitoring and

Reporting Branch; notification; occurrencereports; public (consumer) reporting;report(s)

Reporting Branch see EnvironmentalMonitoring and Reporting Branch

Report on Municipal Sewage and Water TreatmentPlant Inspections, 433

representative results, 253-254, 257resampling, 228-229research

and chemical contaminants, 166, 171, 178and distribution system, 238on drinking water quality, 150-151, 152, 154,

158and new pathogens, 175-176for Part 2 of Inquiry, 509-511and treatment technologies, 215, 217-220

Research Advisory Panel, 503-505reserves, First Nations see First Nations water

systemsreserves/reserve funds, 285, 302, 305-306, 308,

314-315reservoirs, 234, 241, 277n1

see also storageresidence time(s), 241, 243, 244residuals see chlorine residual; disinfectant

residuals; nuisance residualsresistance factors, antibiotic, 243resources

human, 466-467


and inspections/enforcement, 437, 438, 451,453

and local health units, 458, 461-462for MOE, 15, 272, 401and municipal water systems, 12-13, 299, 312non-renewable, 37and risk assessment/management, 75-76, 77,

78, 465and water treatment research, 217-220see also cost(s); financial resources; natural

resources; water resourcesresponse

to inspection reports, 409, 436and monitoring/measurement, 260and multiple-barrier approach, 73, 74, 78and OCWA, 295see also emergency response; emergency

response plan(s)/planningresponse time, and deficiencies found in

inspections/audits, 409responsibility see accountabilityrestructuring, 313

municipal, 283-284, 287of municipal water systems, 295

resultsadverse see adverse water quality resultsrepresentative, 253-254, 257

retention tanks/ponds, 123see also storage

retention time(s), 240, 241, 242, 243, 245revenues

own source, 312n80sources of, local, 298, 312, 313water-related, 285, 287

reverse osmosis, 190, 204, 205review(s)

engineering, 357n48, 359, 360, 420, 427-428legislative, 118-119of municipal water systems, 278, 281-284,

298, 362peer, 342, 343n14, 343n15, 351-352, 362,

363regulatory, 114, 133-139of source protection plan(s), 115

Review Procedures Manual for Approval ofMunicipal and Private Water and SewageWorks, 420

revision process, rolling, 182Rhine River valley, 209risk(s)

microbial, 159-165see also acute risks/threats; chronic risks/threats

risk assessment/management, 74-76and drinking water quality standards, 149and granting variance(s), 15-16and quality management, 30n53, 345-346,

349n35and resources, 75-76, 77, 78, 465and sampling, 254

and small water systems, 474, 475and standard setting, 152, 180, 254and uncertainty, 77value(s) and, 75-76see also precautionary principle/approach

risk communication, 374-375risk reduction, 5, 6, 8, 74, 78, 89river basin (catchment) management authorities,

101rivers, jurisdiction over, 38rodents, 237“rolling revision” process, 182roof-fed cisterns, 237routine maintenance, 235runoff

from agricultural sources, 127, 141, 168average annual, 85, 86, 87and climate change, 86defined, 83as source of bacteria, 161urban, 122-123, 165

rural subdivisions, 473rural water systems

private see private water systems/wellsserving the public, 477-478

SAC (Spills Action Centre), 47, 49, 59, 227,412

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 13, 120, 237,278, 296-297, 353, 355, 403-410

see also drinking water policySafe Drinking Water Act (U.S.), 179safety bonuses and penalties, 326Safe Water Program, 457Salmonella, 162n36, 252n5salt(s)

aluminum, 191iron, 191metallic, 191and source protection, 122, 145in treatment processes, 191

sample collection see samplingsample identification (labelling), 255, 256, 270sample size, 255, 257sampling

conditions of, 253, 254, 255, 256-259cost of, 305and federal Guidelines, 156groundwater, 255-256and laboratory accreditation, 271and micro-organisms, 253and the ODWO, 230and ODWS, 222and O. Reg. 459/00, 221, 225-226, 229, 230,

254, 256-259protocols for, 258-259and protozoa, 164radiological, 226-227records of, 58, 255, 271n27

580 Index

and refrigeration, 257, 259n20and risk assessment, 254and sanitary conditions, 257standards for, 254and storage, 164, 258, 259timeliness/timing of, 248-253, 254, 255, 256,

257, 259and transportation, 253, 256see also distribution system samples; Drinking

Water Surveillance Program (DWSP);measure(s)/measurement; monitoring/measurement; resampling; “specialsampling” requirements; testing; three-sample minimum

sampling design, 254sampling plans, 255-259sand filtration, 190, 193-194, 213sanitary conditions/practices, 246, 257Saskatchewan, 167, 193n18, 200Saugeen Valley Conservation Authority, 507Savings and Restructuring Act, 287, 294n45SCADA systems, 235, 259-261, 262scale, (in distribution system), 236, 239, 240,

241, 242scale economies, 260, 285, 293, 330, 481n10scarcity, 119SCC (Standards Council of Canada), 221, 225,

237, 267scope and content of inspections, 424, 432-434,

438scouring

air, 193pipe, 240

scraping, 235screening, 190, 211SDWA see Safe Drinking Water Actseacoasts and inland fisheries see fisheriesseasonal aesthetic problems, 207, 208secondary standards, 179secondary treatment of wastewater, 211, 212sediment/sedimentation (in distribution

system), 242, 243, 244sedimentation (clarification)

and sewage treatment, 211and water treatment, 189, 192-193, 204, 249

sediment runoff, 127self-assessment, 342, 343n15, 351, 356,

357-358, 363sensitive or high-risk areas, farms in, 128,

139-142sensory irritants, 173n76separation

of IEB from other functions, 450-451minimum distance, 132, 138as treatment process, 192-193, 204

septagedefined, 124and source protection, 124-126

septic tanks/systems, 123-124, 211, 483

sequestering, 189service delivery, shared, 292-294service lines, 234, 238-239

see also pipe(s)/pipingservices

laboratory/testing see laboratorieswater, costs of, 311, 327-328

7Q20 rule, 212sewage

and chemical contaminants, 165, 168, 188household (black water), 209see also human waste

sewage effluents, 114, 122sewage rates, 119sewage systems, 278n3, 280n8sewage treatment, 122, 209, 210-215, 397,

411n18see also human waste(s)

sewage use bylaws, 122Sewage and Water Inspection Program (SWIP),

60, 278n5, 354n42, 421, 424-425, 433n46Sewell Commission, 123shared service delivery, 292-294Shigella, 162n36shipping/navigation, 35, 36, 38shortages, 105shut-offs, automatic, 74, 250-251Sierra Club, 507Sierra Legal Defence Fund Coalition, 509silica, activated, 191silicates, 208silt, 192size

of bacteria, 161, 163, 204of distribution systems, 240, 245of E. coli, 204of filter pores, 204, 205, 214, 482of pipes, 239-240of protozoa, 163, 204sample, 255, 257of viruses, 160, 163, 204-205of water systems, 278, 289, 338, 355, 356n44

skeletal fluorosis, 169slow-flow areas, 242sludge

activated, 212and wastewater treatment, 211, 214-215and water treatment, 192, 208

small farmsdefining, 142-143and environmental farm plan(s), 129, 141and farm water protection plan(s), 128

small water systems, 472-484and accreditation, 15, 349-350, 351, 354categories of, 472and chemical contaminants, 216covered by O. Reg. 459/00, 15-16, 472-477and current standards, 162and external operating agencies, 295


and monitoring/measurement, 256, 260,260n22

not covered by O. Reg. 459/00, 477-480and operational plan(s)/planning, 15and operator certification/training, 380,

388-389and quality management, 338, 346, 360n53recommendations on, 4, 15-16, 18-20, 30-31and risk assessment, 474, 475technology for, 480-484and testing services, 274and UV radiation, 201waste treatment techniques for, 483-484see also First Nations water systems; Ontario

Regulation 505/01; private water systems/wells

smells see odoursmelting, aluminum, 169snow melts, 255sodium, 227sodium hypochlorite, 196softening, 190, 204soft water, 168, 210, 239soil, frozen, 126Soil and Water Conservation Society, 86solder, 239Solicitor General, Ministry of the, 448solid municipal waste, treated see biosolidssolutes, 184, 188source protection, 81-146

and agriculture, 10, 94, 121, 127-145, 398,411

in Australia, 92benefits of, 89and biosolids, 124-126and Certificate(s) of Approval, 10, 90, 97,

105-106, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117,122

and chemical contaminants, 122cost-effectiveness of, 89, 93and enforcement, 120-121, 122, 124, 126,

130, 142, 144and Environmental Protection Act, 133-135,

410-411and EPA, 42, 120, 133-135, 138, 410-411and Europe/European Union (EU), 94, 101and Farming and Food Production Protection

Act, 1998 (FFPPA), 135-136and farm water protection plans, 128, 139-143and groundwater, 89, 104, 106-107, 123, 145and human waste, 121-123and IDS, 15and incentives, 131, 144-145and information management, 468intergovernmental coordination and, 131and land use planning, 94, 98, 102, 106, 108and legislative review, 118-119and local health units, 108, 123n53main elements of, 9-10, 90-91

and MOE, 9, 90, 91n12, 95, 118, 126and monitoring/measurement, 115in multiple-barrier approach, 73, 74, 92need for centralizing, 130-131and Nutrient Management Act, 2001, 136-139and OMAFRA, 91n12, 108, 126, 130-131,

141-142, 143and other industries, 145-146and OWRA, 120, 135, 410permits/PTTW and, 10, 90, 93-94, 97,

105-106, 107, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120and pesticides, 122, 130, 138, 141and provincial policy, 398, 399, 401, 402and public reporting, 117-118and Quebec, 127n66recommendations on, 3, 8-10, 18-20and regulatory review, 133-139reporting on, 470and risk reduction, 89and SDWA, 120and septage, 124-126and septic systems, 123-124and sewage treatment, 211and specific threats, 121-146temperature of, 187vs. treatment, 8, 89and value of water, 119and voluntary abatement, 439and water-borne disease outbreaks, 78and watershed management, 9, 89-90see also source protection plan(s)/planning

source protection plan(s)/planning, 74, 92-96,103-107

and appeals, 115-116approval of, 90, 101, 102, 109, 110-111, 114,

115, 417and assimilative capacity, 105, 106components of, 104-106and contaminant release allocation, 105-106cost(s) of, 117and decision support tools, 110and Environmental Protection Act, 410-411and farm water protection plan(s), 132, 139and federal government, 108and First Nations, 17, 41, 109, 494framework for, 103-104funding for, 90, 109, 116-117and groundwater management, 106-107implementation of, 112-115and intergovernmental coordination, 108and local health units, 108local process for, 90and Ministry of Consumer and Business

Services, 108and Ministry of Northern Development and

Mines, 108and MMAH, 108, 119and MOE, 90, 96-97, 101, 102-103, 105-106,

108, 110, 416-418

582 Index

and municipal official plans/zoning decisions,10, 91, 106, 108, 113-115

OMAFRA, 108participation in, 90, 107-109and point sources of contaminants, 104review of, 115and transparency, 101, 109, 111watershed-based, 103-107and watershed management, 9, 89-90and water use allocation, 105-106see also source protection; watershed

management; Watershed ManagementBranch; and under conservation authorities

“source to tap” drinking water policy, 13, 395,397-410, 411

source waterboreal, research into, 220and monitoring/measurement, 248, 249, 258and pathogens, 251protection of see source protection; source

protection plan(s)/planningand treatment technologies, 161, 185-188,

192, 209, 216turbidity of, 187viruses in, 188see also groundwater; surface water(s)

South Devon (U.K.), 181Southern California, 206-207“special sampling” requirements, 228n88specific threats, and source protection, 121-146spectrometry, 253spectrophotometry, 253spending powers, federal, 35, 38, 39Spills Action Centre (SAC), 47, 49, 59, 227, 412spreading of waste materials

biosolids and septage, 124-126, 141see also manure

spring floods, 255sprinkler systems, 235staff

field see environmental officersfront-line, 402n8, 449morale of, 466

Stage 2 Enhanced Surface Water TreatmentRule, Long-Term, 179

Stage II Microbial/Disinfection By-productRule, 201, 202

stagnation, 234, 240, 258standard of care

and municipal government, 278, 282,296-297, 298, 339

and SDWA, 278, 296-297, 407Standard Methods for the Examination of Water

and Wastewater, 256, 259n20standard(s)/standard setting, 147-182, 217, 219,

220in Australia, 179, 181, 182and carcinogenic (cancer-causing) chemicals,

166, 168, 170, 177

and cost(s), 150and distribution system, 172, 237-239and Drinking Water Branch, 217-220, 415and drinking water policy, 399, 402drinking water quality, 41, 74, 147-182emerging issues in, 174-178and enforcement, 41, 149, 157in England and Wales, 181and Europe/European Union (EU), 179, 181and filtration, 155goal of, 150and inspections, 41, 157for laboratory testing, 148, 263-274for microbial risk, 159-165for monitoring/measurement, 41, 148, 174,

262and Nutrient Management Act, 2001, 137and ODWS, 222other than drinking water quality, 148and OWRA, 150and pathogens, 174-175and pesticides, 173n77, 175-176problems in, 173-174and protozoa, 164-165and public participation, 151-154, 157-158,

180-181, 182recommendations on, 3, 10-11, 20-22reporting on, 470and risk assessment, 152, 180, 254for sampling, 254and SDWA, 408for testing, 256for treatment, 148, 202, 221-231and uncertainty, 150, 173-174in U.S., 179-181for wastewater treatment, 211, 213see also “Ontario Drinking Water Standards”;

Ontario Regulation 459/00; operationalstandards; primary standards; qualitymanagement standards; regulatory floor;Standards Development Branch

Standards Council of Canada (SCC), 221, 225,237, 267, 348n33

Standards Development Branch, 47, 48, 217standby power, 235standing (in Inquiry) see parties with standingstandpipes (water towers), 241Statement, Provincial Policy, 53, 119statements, position, 127n66, 132“State of Ontario’s Drinking Water Report,”

470static zones, 245statutory cause of action, 405-406statutory standard of care see standard of caresteel, 238, 241stop orders, 42, 60n73, 440n53, 441, 442, 444storage

as part of distribution system, 234, 242, 248of post-treatment water, 73


and sampling, 164, 258, 259and small water systems, 480as threat to distribution system integrity, 241,

248see also manure; retention tanks; retention

time(s)storage tanks, standards for, 237storm sewers/stormwater, 114, 122-123, 141stormwater retention tanks or ponds, 123Strategic Alternatives cost estimates, 6-7strategic planning, 92Strategic Policy Branch, 47strategy

drinking water see drinking water policy,source-to-tap

optimal treatment, 208-209water management, 96

streams, dry, 212strict enforcement, 450, 451-452

see also enforcementstripping, air, 189, 190structure(s)

management/operating, for municipal watersystems, 11-12, 13, 278n2

of MOE, 14, 46-49, 412-414, 415provincial government, recommended changes

to, 412-418St. Thomas, 307n68submissions

from parties with standing, 17, 511public, 17, 511-512

subsidies, 13, 274, 287, 312, 315-316, 329, 476see also cross-subsidization

subwatersheds, 94sulphate

aluminum, 170ferric, 190

sulphide, hydrogen, 190sulphur, 242summary convictions, 443summary dismissal, 116SuperBuild see Ontario SuperBuild CorporationSupervisory Control and Data Acquisition

(SCADA) systems, 235, 259-261, 262supplier evaluation, 261surface runoff see runoffsurface wash, 193surface water(s)

and algal growth, 242and chemically assisted filtration, 224chlorine residual for, 224and climate change, 86and conservation authorities, 49and disinfection, 221, 224and filtration, 221, 242groundwater under the direct influence of,

186-188, 224-225, 256groundwater not under the influence of,

185-186

and hydrological cycle, 83and membrane filtration, 204and microbial contamination, 185and monitoring/measurement, 256, 257, 258and non-municipal water systems, 278n5and Ontario Water Resources Act (OWRA), 43and O. Reg. 459/00, 221, 224and source protection, 106, 125and treatment technologies, 185in U.S., 179and UV radiation disinfection, 201see also source water

surrogate (indirect) measures, 248, 252susceptible population groups, 163, 168, 169suspended isotopes, 253suspended particles see particles; total suspended

solids; turbiditysuspended solids see total suspended solids;

turbiditysustainability, of water resources, 84-86sustainable asset management, 235, 237, 246,

254, 306-310see also asset management

Sustainable Water and Sewage Systems Act, 2001(Bill 155), 54, 299, 301, 302-303, 305,310-311, 411

swabbing, 235SWAT Team, Environmental, 47, 49, 428SWIP see Sewage and Water Inspection ProgramSydney (Australia), 164, 200, 373system design, 239-241, 245system extensions, 235system pressure, 74, 234, 237, 240-241, 248,

249-251, 482

tapered flocculation, 191-192Tasmania, treatment problems in, 190n11taste

and Actinomytes, 207n47, 208aesthetic standards for, 159, 172caused by ozonation, 207and chlorine dioxide, 196and membrane filtration, 190, 204treatment technologies for, 184, 190, 208and UV radiation, 206see also aesthetic quality

taxes, property, 283, 298, 316TCE (tetrachloroethylene), 176, 177TC (total coliforms) testing, 162-163, 252, 259,

261technical advice, 298technical assistance with compliance, 439, 441,

444technical committee on water microbiology, 50technical support

from MOE, 110from OMAFRA, 130

technologyand protecting public health, 79

584 Index

recommendations on, 3, 10-11for small water systems, 480-484see also SCADA systems; standards; treatment

technologiestelemetry (automated data transfer), 260temperature

air, 86, 255and distribution system, 243, 249of groundwater, 187and monitoring/measurement, 248, 249, 258,

260and treatment processes, 191, 192, 197,

198-199, 206, 209terrorism, 469tertiary treatment of wastewater, 211, 212-213,

484testing

and federal Guidelines, 156and First Nations water systems, 497and O. Reg. 459/00, 221, 225-226, 230, 256for parasites, 164proficiency, 266-267protocols for, 272and small water systems, 274time taken for, 248, 251see also analysis; laboratories; measure(s)/

measurement; monitoring; samplingtetrachloroethylene (TCE), 176, 177Texas, 484THMs see trihalomethanesthreats

acute, 158, 159-160chronic, 158-159, 165-172, 253to distribution system integrity, 236-245and source protection, 121-146see also hazards; risk(s)

three-sample minimum, 228thrust restraint, 240Thunder Bay, 164, 205tiled land, 125timeliness/timing

of follow-up on inspections, 435-436of inspections see frequency of inspectionsof measurement/sampling, 248-253, 254, 255,

256, 257, 259time series analyses, 260tin solder, 239toilets, composting, 484toluene, 165tooth decay, 170Toronto, 122, 258total coliforms (TC) testing, 162-163, 252, 259,

261total dissolved solids, 190total organic carbon (TOC), 189, 198, 207,

243, 244, 245total organics, and disinfection, 196total phosphorus (TP), 212total suspended solids (TSS), 212, 249

Toughest Environmental Penalties Act, 2000,442-443, 448

town hall meetings, 512trace contaminants, 204, 208, 253trade and commerce, 38trade-offs, 185, 194traffic, 236trailing (lagging) measures, 248, 251-253, 261training

cost of, 304and emergency response, 366, 369and emergency response plan(s)/planning,

370, 374and First Nations water systems, 17, 496-497of individual operators, 12, 27, 386-391of inspectors, 432and monitoring/measurement, 253, 261and operator’s licences, 58and U.S. EPA materials, 497n25within MOE, 466-467see also certification; education

trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin),207

transcripts of hearings, 17transfer(s)

automated data, 260of deed, 123-124to municipalities, 312n80, 313

transparencyand drinking water policy, 400and external operating agencies, 327-328, 347,

363and inspections/enforcement, 437, 438, 451,

453and laboratory accreditation, 270-271and municipal water systems, 277and provincial government oversight, 414,

469-470and public confidence, 6and source protection planning, 101, 109, 111and standard setting, 148, 151-154, 157-158

Transportation, Ministry of, 91n12transportation of samples, 253, 256treated solid municipal waste see biosolidstreatment

choosing optimal strategy for, 208-209current standards for, 161and distribution system, 236, 243, 244, 245,

246and Drinking Water Branch, 14and drinking water policy, 399efficiency of, 208, 249, 250n2and external operating agencies, 279n7ineffective for certain contaminants, 8and monitoring/measurement, 248, 249,

250-251, 256in multiple-barrier approach, 73, 74objectives of, 208and operational standards, 172


order of steps in, 208, 249and owner’s licence, 422and OWRA, 43and pressure, 249primary (of wastewater), 211, 212in private water systems, 16purposes of, 184-185by recycling, 209-210regulation of, constitutional responsibility for,

36and SDWA, 408-409secondary (of wastewater), 211, 212sewage see sewage treatmentand source protection, 119vs. source protection, 8, 89tertiary (of wastewater), 211, 212-213, 484and type of source, 185-188wastewater, 209, 210-215and water-borne disease outbreaks, 78see also disinfection; Drinking Water Branch;

treatment technologiestreatment chemicals, 166, 170treatment facilities, 277n1treatment processes, 189-208

control of, 248, 249, 260conventional, 190-198and flow rates, 250n2and pH, 190, 191, 196, 200, 206, 207summarized, 189-190

treatment sequence, 208, 249, 250treatment technologies, 183-231

and approvals, 219, 220and cost(s), 216emerging, 215-220and Europe/European Union (EU), 197innovative, 200-207and micro-organisms, 189, 191, 192, 194, 200and Ministry of the Environment (MOE),

217-220and O. Reg. 459/00, 221-231for pesticides, 189and Quebec, 197, 204and source water, 185-186see also treatment

tremors, earth, 236trend analyses, 74, 258, 260, 261Trent University, 218trihalomethanes (THMs), 170-171, 189, 197,

198, 199n30, 244see also chloroform; disinfection by-products

tubercles, 241turbidity

and chlorine residual, 224defined, 249and disinfection, 208, 209and distribution system, 242, 246and filtration, 193and flotation, 192in groundwater, 187

importance of, 172and membrane filtration, 189, 204and microbes, 172monitoring/measurement of, 248, 249,

250-251, 260, 336standard for, 155, 172treatment technologies for, 189, 192and UV radiation, 203, 208see also particles; total suspended solids

turbulence, 257turnover, 234, 240, 245typhoid, 161, 252n5

U.K. see United Kingdomultra-filtration (UF), 204, 205, 244, 481

see also filtrationultraviolet (UV) radiation

and bacteria, 202cost-effectiveness of, 203, 205, 207and Cryptosporidium, 202-204, 206and Europe/European Union (EU), 201, 213and Giardia, 202and micro-organisms, 189, 202, 206and micro-pollutant oxidation, 206and multiple-barrier approach, 73and protozoan pathogens, 215and Quebec, 204and small/private water systems, 480, 481, 482and viruses, 202and wastewater treatment, 213-214and water treatment, 172, 198, 201-204, 205,

206, 249see also disinfection

unannounced inspections, 426, 434, 435uncertainty

and risk management, 77and standard setting, 150, 173-174

unchlorinated water, 227, 420n28underdosing, 200, 242undetected system failures, and multiple-barrier

approach, 74unfairness, 449United Kingdom, 318n95, 321n99

contamination/outbreaks in, 78-79, 164-165,170, 181, 200

and inspections, 430and source protection, 94, 101and standards setting, 179, 181see also Drinking Water Inspectorate

United Statesand disinfection, 195, 201and distribution system, 239and public reporting, 262and source protection, 126, 127n66and standards setting, 166-167, 176n86,

179-181and treatment technologies, 197and UV radiation disinfection, 201, 202-203,

204

586 Index

universities, 218University of British Columbia, 484University of Guelph, 218University of Waterloo, 218Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring

Regulation, 176n86, 216n64untreated hauled waste see septageup-flow wash, 193uranium, 165, 171urban development, 145urban runoff, 122-123, 165U.S. see United StatesU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.

EPA)and DBPs, 199and distribution system, 239and monitoring/measurement, 258and operator certification, 381, 384, 385, 387and quality management, 342n11and source protection, 126, 127, 127n66, 143and standard setting, 158, 166-167, 174,

176n86, 179-180training materials from, 497n25and water treatment, 166-167, 168, 187, 199,

202-203, 204, 206-207, 216user fees, 116-117, 119U.S. Public Health Service, 166UV Guidance Manual, 203, 204UV lamps, 203, 205, 206UV radiation see ultraviolet (UV) radiationUxbridge Conservation Association, 509

value(s)of assets, 310and risk management, 75-76and standard setting, 151, 152, 153, 173of water, 96, 118, 119

valves, 234, 235, 237, 260air relief, 240automatic shut-off, 74, 250-251standards for, 237

vanadium, 167Vancouver, 197n26vandalism, 469variance(s)

from municipal official plans, 114-115from O. Reg. 459/00, 473-476and O. Reg. 459/00, 224from provincial standards, 15-16, 409and risk assessment/management, 15-16and U.S. standards, 180

verification, 268, 270, 271viability, economic, of small water systems, 16,

475-476vinyl chloride, 165viruses

as contaminants, 184and current standards, 159, 160, 162described, 160

and disinfection, 194, 252enteric, 160and filtration, 482in groundwater, 188and innovative treatment technologies, 201Norwalk-like, 252n5and nutrient management planning, 136research needed on, 175size of, 160, 163, 204-205sources of, 162n36, 163treatments for see disinfectionand UV radiation, 202and water-borne disease outbreaks, 252n5see also hepatitis; microbes; micro-organisms;

pathogensvisibility see transparencyvolatile organics, 225, 226volatile substance testing, 257volumetric pricing, and water use, 119voluntary abatement, 438-443, 450

see also technical assistancevoluntary certification, 382-383voluntary compliance, 120, 121, 144-145,

425voluntary monitoring, 59vulnerability assessment, 367-368vulnerability mapping, 104, 105vulnerable population groups, 150-151

Wales, 181, 318n95, 321Walkerton Centre for Water Quality, 391Walkerton Community Foundation, 509Walkerton and District Chamber of Commerce,

509Walkerton Inquiry

Part 1, 18n11, 230-231process followed in Part 2 of, 499-517

Walpole Island, 491warnings/warning devices, 74, 229, 250-251,

260, 262, 482, 483wash water see grey waterwaste disposal site leachate, 122Waste Management Policy Branch, 47waste(s)/waste materials

hazardous, 122spreading of, 124-126, 141see also animal waste(s); biosolids; human

waste(s); septage“Waste and Wastewater Utility Operator

Certification Program Guidelines,” 382wastewater/wastewater treatment, 201, 209-215,

219, 349n34, 397, 422, 483-484Water Act see British Water Act; Canada Water

Act; Safe Drinking Water Actwater availability, 84-86

see also water quantity; water usewater-borne disease outbreaks, 78-79, 237,

237n8, 461in Australia, 164, 200, 373


causes of, 252n5see also pathogens

in developed and developing worlds, 252n5and emergency planning, 367identifying/investigating/managing, 272-273,

457involving Cryptosporidium, 164-165, 181,

193n18, 200involving E. coli, 252n5involving Giardia, 252n5involving viruses, 252n5and rainfall, 78, 255see also water emergencies

water budget, 104water conservation, 49, 119, 316water consumption see water usewater cycle (hydrological cycle), 83-88, 209water emergencies

defining, 365-366see also emergency response; emergency

response plan(s)/planning; water-bornedisease outbreaks

Water Environment Federation, 342water flow

and distribution system, 234, 240, 242, 246vs. use in Ontario, 86, 87see also flow/flow rates; hydrological cycle

(water cycle)water industry

and accreditation, 350-351and quality management, 341-346, 348see also water providers

Water Industry Act (U.K.), 181Water and Land Directorate (U.K.), 321n99Waterloo, 258, 265, 292-293watermains, 234, 238, 241, 250, 307n67water management, 91-92, 96, 97

watershed as unit for, 94-95water microbiology, technical committee on, 50water operators

individual see individual operatorsmunicipal departments as, 284, 285-286, 287municipally owned corporations as, 284,

287-289Ontario Clean Water Agency (OCWA) as,

279, 284, 294-295, 328-332public utilities commissions as, 55, 284, 285,

286-287regional government as, 284, 289-294see also operating agencies

Water Policy Branch, 46, 47water protection see source protectionwater protection plan(s) see farm water

protection plan(s); source protection plan(s)water protection regulations see Ontario

Regulation 459/00 ; Ontario Regulation505/01

water providersdefined, 335n1

municipal see municipal water providerssee also water industry; water systems

water qualityadverse see adverse water qualityWalkerton Centre for, 391

water quality analysts, 226, 274Water Quality Centre, 218water quality guidelines see guidelineswater quality management see quality managementwater quality management standards see quality

management standardswater quality research, 150-151, 152, 154, 158water quality standards see standard(s)/standard

settingwater quantity, 49, 84-86, 88, 422, 463

see also water availability; water usewater rates, 261, 298, 300, 302, 311, 312-313,

316, 317purpose of, 285and source protection, 117

water recycling see recyclingwater-related revenues, 285, 287water resources

ecological/recreational value of, 96sustainability of, 84-86

water services, cost(s) of, 311, 327-328Water and Sewage Services Improvement Act, 1997

(Bill 107), 55, 280n8, 290n30, 329watershed(s)

defined, 94nested, 94as water management/source protection unit,

90, 94-95, 128watershed-based source protection plan(s) see

source protection plan(s)/planningwatershed management, 5, 9, 49, 89-90, 91-92,

97, 101n32, 116-117see also source protection plan(s); Watershed

Management Branch; watershedmanagement plan(s)

Watershed Management Branch, 97, 111, 217,410, 415n25

purpose of, 14recommendations on, 416-418

watershed management plan(s), 9, 89-90, 100,211, 416-417

see also watershed management; WatershedManagement Branch; watershed planning

watershed models, 115watershed planning, 91, 95, 101, 103, 117

see also watershed management; watershedmanagement plan(s)

Watershed Planning Implementation ProjectManagement Committee (WPIMC), 97n28

water standards see standard(s)/standard settingwater supply facilities, 277n1water supply systems, dual, 209-210Water Supply (Water Quality) (Amendment)

Regulations (U.K.), 181

588 Index

water system operators see water operatorswater systems

defined, 277n1, 356n44First Nations see First Nations water systemsmunicipal see municipal water systemsnon-municipal, 265, 279n7, 335n1, 362-363

see also private water systems/wellsownership of, 11, 277n1, 278-279, 278n4,

279n7, 280, 280n8, 317, 323regional, 289

see also regionalizationsize of, 278, 289, 338, 355, 356n44small see private water systems/wells; small

water systemssee also water providers

water towers (standpipes), 241water use (consumption), 85, 86, 87, 88, 119

consumptive vs. non-consumptive, 85-86and hydrological cycle, 84-86and municipal official plans/zoning decisions, 53and recycling, 209and source protection plan(s), 105-106see also water quantity

Water and Wastewater Utility OperatorLicensing Program, 297n52

waterworksclassification of, 379and Ontario Water Resources Act (OWRA), 223regulatory requirements for see Ontario

Regulation 459/00

weather see climate; precipitation (atmospheric)Web site(s)

and consumer reporting, 261, 261n25Inquiry, 17

wellhead protection, 94, 104wells, 479-480

abandoned/improperly decommissioned, andsource protection, 104, 145, 479

hand-pump, 258see also private water systems/wells

West Bengal, 167wetlands, 105, 123WHO Drinking Water Guidelines, 344n21WHO (World Health Organization)

and DBPs, 199and quality management, 344n21and standards setting, 158, 179n95, 181, 182

wind regimes, 255worms/worm eggs, 163, 193WPIMC, 97n28wrapped steel, 238

York, 321n98, 321n101

zinc-coated iron, 238zinc orthophosphates, 207zoning decisions, municipal, 10, 53, 91, 106,

108

Documents

Part Two Report of the Walkerton Inquiry 547...Part Two Report of the Walkerton Inquiry 547 Index abatement, 17, 68-69, 409, 412, 449 current regime for, 60, 439-443 defined, 60 and