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v Contents Preface xv Part I Foundations of Intercultural Communication Chapter 1 Studying Intercultural Communication 1 The Peace Imperative 4 The Economic Imperative 5 The Workplace 6 The Global Economy 6 The Technological Imperative 9 Technology and Human Communication 9 The Demographic Imperative 11 Changing U.S. Demographics 11 Changing Immigration Patterns 12 The Self-Awareness Imperative 18 The Ethical Imperative 19 Ethical Judgments and Cultural Values 19 Becoming an Ethical Student of Culture 21 Summary 24 Building Intercultural Skills 24 Activities 25 Endnotes 26 Chapter 2 Intercultural Communication 29 Building Block 1: Culture 31 Culture Is Learned 32 Culture Involves Perception and Values 33 Culture Involves Feelings 34 Culture Is Shared 35 Culture Is Expressed as Behavior 35 Culture Is Dynamic and Heterogeneous 36 Building Block 2: Communication 38

Part I Foundations of Intercultural Communicationnovella.mhhe.com/sites/dl/free/0078036925/1008802/Martin_5e_TOC.pdf · Part I Foundations of Intercultural Communication ... Foundations

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Contents

Preface xv

Part I Foundations of Intercultural CommunicationChapter 1 Studying Intercultural Communication 1

The Peace Imperative 4The Economic Imperative 5

The Workplace 6

The Global Economy 6

The Technological Imperative 9Technology and Human Communication 9

The Demographic Imperative 11Changing U.S. Demographics 11

Changing Immigration Patterns 12

The Self-Awareness Imperative 18The Ethical Imperative 19

Ethical Judgments and Cultural Values 19

Becoming an Ethical Student of Culture 21

Summary 24Building Intercultural Skills 24Activities 25Endnotes 26

Chapter 2 Intercultural Communication 29Building Block 1: Culture 31

Culture Is Learned 32

Culture Involves Perception and Values 33

Culture Involves Feelings 34

Culture Is Shared 35

Culture Is Expressed as Behavior 35

Culture Is Dynamic and Heterogeneous 36

Building Block 2: Communication 38

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vi Contents

Culture and Communication 41Communication, Cultural Worldviews, and Values 41

Communication and Cultural Rituals 51

Communication and Resistance to the Dominant Culture 52

Building Block 3: Context 52Building Block 4: Power 53Barriers to Intercultural Communication 55

Ethnocentrism 55

Stereotyping 56

Prejudice 59

Discrimination 62

Summary 64Building Intercultural Skills 64Activities 65Endnotes 65

Chapter 3 History and Intercultural Communication 68From History to Histories 71

Political, Intellectual, and Social Histories 71

Family Histories 72

National Histories 73

Cultural Group Histories 74

The Power of Other Histories 75

History and Identity 76Histories as Stories 76

Nonmainstream Histories 77

Intercultural Communication and History 85Historical Legacies 87

Summary 89Building Intercultural Skills 89Activities 90Endnotes 91

Chapter 4 Identity and Intercultural Communication 93Understanding Identity 95

Identities Are Created through Communication 95

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Contents vii

Identities Are Created in Spurts 96

Identities Are Multiple 96

Identities Are Influenced by Society 96

Identities Are Dynamic 99

Identities Are Developed in Different Ways in Different Cultures 99

Social and Cultural Identities 100Gender Identity 100

Sexual Identity 101

Age Identity 102

Racial and Ethnic Identity 103

Physical Ability Identity 107

Religious Identity 108

Class Identity 110

National Identity 112

Regional Identity 113

Personal Identity 113

Identity Development 114Minority Identity Development 114

Majority Identity Development 116

Characteristics of Whiteness 118

Multicultural Identity 122Multiracial People 122

Global Nomads 124

Identity and Adaptation 125

Living “On the Border” 126

Post-Ethnicity 128

Summary 128Building Intercultural Skills 129Activities 129Endnotes 130

Part II Intercultural Communication ProcessesChapter 5 Verbal Issues in Intercultural Communication 135

The Study of Language 138The Components of Language 138

Language and Perception 141

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viii Contents

Cultural Variations in Language 143Attitudes toward Speaking, Writing, and Silence 144

Variations in Communication Style 146

Influence of New Media Use on Communication Style 150

Variations in Slang and Humor 151

Variations in Contextual Rules 152

Communicating across Differences 153Language and Power 154

Language and Social Position 154

Assimilation Strategies 155

Accommodation Strategies 157

Separation Strategies 158

Moving between Languages 159Multilingualism 159

Translation and Interpretation 163

Language Politics and Policies 166

Summary 169Building Intercultural Skills 169Activities 170Endnotes 170

Chapter 6 Nonverbal Communication Issues 173Defining Nonverbal Communication 174

Comparing Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 175

What Nonverbal Behavior Communicates 177

Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Behavior 179Nonverbal Codes 180

Cultural Variation or Stereotype? 189

Defining Cultural Space 192Cultural Identity and Cultural Space 193

Changing Cultural Space 197

The Dynamic Nature of Cultural Spaces 198

Summary 199Building Intercultural Skills 200Activities 200Endnotes 201

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Contents ix

Part III Intercultural Communication in Everyday LifeChapter 7 Popular Culture and Intercultural Communication 204

Popular Culture and Intercultural Communication 205What Is “Popular Culture”? 206U.S. Popular Culture and Power 210

Global Circulation of Images/Commodities 210

Popular Culture from Other Cultures 211

Cultural Imperialism 212

Consuming and Resisting Popular Culture 215Consuming Popular Culture 215

Resisting Popular Culture 217

Representing Cultural Groups 219Migrants’ Perceptions of Mainstream Culture 219

Popular Culture and Stereotyping 221

Summary 224Building Intercultural Skills 224Activities 225Endnotes 225

Chapter 8 Culture, Communication, and Conflict 228Characteristics of Intercultural Conflict 231

Ambiguity 231

Language Issues 232

Contradictory Conflict Styles 232

Conflict Types and Contexts 232Types of Conflict 233

The Importance of Context 234

Influences on Conflict Management 234Cultural Values Influences 235

Family Influences 235

Two Approaches to Conflict 236

Intercultural Conflict Styles 238

Gender, Ethnicity, and Conflict 240

Religion and Conflict 240

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x Contents

Managing Intercultural Conflict 241Productive versus Destructive Conflict 241

Competitive versus Cooperative Conflict 242

Understanding Conflict and Society 243Social and Economic Forces 243

Historical and Political Forces 245

Societal Responses to Conflict 247

Peacebuilding 249

Forgiveness 250

Summary 251Building Intercultural Skills 251Activity 252Endnotes 252

Chapter 9 Intercultural Relationships in Everyday Life 255Benefits of Intercultural Relationships 256Challenges in Intercultural Relationships 259

Motivation 259

Differences in Communication Styles, Values, and Perceptions 260

Negative Stereotypes 260

Anxiety 261

Affirming Another Person’s Cultural Identity 262

The Need for Explanations 262

Foundations of Intercultural Relationships 264Similarities and Differences 264

Cultural Differences in Relationships 265

Relationships across Differences 272Communicating in Intercultural Relationships 272

Intercultural Dating 275

Intercultural Marriage 276

Online Relationships 280

Society and Intercultural Relationships 283Summary 285Building Intercultural Skills 285Activity 286Endnotes 286

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Contents xi

Part IV Intercultural Communication in Applied SettingsChapter 10 Intercultural Communication in

Tourism Contexts 290Intercultural Communication and Tourism 293

Characteristics of Tourist-Host Encounters 293

Social, Historical and Economic Contexts of Tourism 294

Attitudes of Hosts toward Tourists 295

Communication Challenges in Tourism Contexts 297Language Challenges 298

Social Norms and Expectations 298

Culture Shock 301

The Search for Authenticity 302

Cultural Learning and Tourism 303Tourism, Intercultural Communication, and New Media 305Political and Environmental Impacts on Tourism 306Summary 307Building Intercultural Skills 308Activities 309Endnotes 309

Chapter 11 Intercultural Communication and Business 311The Domestic and Global Economy 312

Domestic Growth 312

Global Growth 313

Power Issues in Intercultural Business Encounters 315Communication Challenges in Business Contexts 317

Work-Related Values 317

Language Issues 321

Communication Styles 323

Business Etiquette 325

Virtual Communication 326

International Negotiation 327

Intercultural Relationship Building 328

Diversity, Prejudice, and Discrimination 329

Intercultural Communication Training in Business 332

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xii Contents

Social and Political Contexts of Business 332Summary 334Building Intercultural Skills 334Activities 335Endnotes 335

Chapter 12 Intercultural Communication and Education 338Educational Goals 340Studying Abroad 342Culturally Specific Education 346Intercultural Communication in Educational Settings 349

Roles for Teachers and Students 349

Grading and Power 350

Admissions, Affirmative Action, and Standardized Tests 351

Communication, Education, and Cultural Identity 354Social Issues and Education 356Summary 360Building Intercultural Skills 360Activities 360Endnotes 361

Chapter 13 Intercultural Communication and Health Care 364The Importance of Communication in Health Care 365Intercultural Barriers to Effective Health Care 370

Historical Treatments of Cultural Groups 371

Prejudicial Ideologies 372

Religion and Health Care 373Cultural Influences on Approaches to Medicine 375

Power in Communication about Health Care 376Imbalances of Power in Health Communication 377

Health Care as a Business 378

Intercultural Ethics and Health Issues 379

Summary 380

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Contents xiii

Building Intercultural Skills 381Activities 381Endnotes 382

Glossary G-1

Photo Credits C-1

Index I-1

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