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Slide 1
World Religions
Part 6: Judaism
Session 2: Major Developments Between 70 and 1000 CE
Dirk’s Contact Info
Phone: 603.431.3646 (Bethany Church’s main number) Email: [email protected] Facebook Page: Pastor Dirk Rodgers
Twitter: @dirk_at_bethany Tumblr: www.tumblr.com/blog/dirkscorner
Dirk’s Web Site: www.dirkscorner.com Bethany Church Web Site: www.bethanychurch.com
Slide 2
This Session
1. Rise of Rabbinic Judaism2. Rise of Christianity3. Rise of Islam4. Jewish Medieval Diaspora
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Slide 3
1. RISE OF RABBINIC JUDAISM
Part 6.2: Major Developments Between 70 and 1000 CE
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Slide 4
Hillel Shammai
Image Source: By Deror avi - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4084889
c. 110 BCE - 10 CE
Image of Hillel from Knesset Menorah, Jerusalem
CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1299030
Tomb of Shammai in the Meron river, Israel
c. 50 BCE – 30 CE
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Slide 5
Yohanan ben Zakkai
Traditional Gravesite in TiberiasTiverias, Israel
Image Source: http://bethisraelnola.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/PikiWiki_Israel_11840_tomb_of_rabbi_yohanan_ben_zakai_in_tiberias.jpg, accessed 3/22/2016
c. 30 BCE – 90 CERabbi Academy at
Javneh/Jamnia
“Yohanan laid the foundations for the development of rabbinic Judaism over the next two millennia.”Zahavy, Tzvee (2012-03-09). Judaism (Kindle Locations 612-613). . Kindle Edition.
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Slide 6
Rabban Gamaliel (II)
Traditional site of the grave of Rabban Gamliel in Yavneh with a medieval Mamluk tomb on
top of it. Until 1948, this 1293 tomb was only known as the Mausoleum of Abu Huraira
Image Source: By Shuki - Own work, GFDL, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7333973, accessed 3/22/2016
c. 50 – 149 CESuccessor to Rabbi
Yohanan at JavnehNasi (Prince,
Patriarch)Amidah (Standing
Prayer), 18 (later 19) Benedictions
Prayer, 2 (later 3) times a day
Passover Seder
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Slide 7
Bar Kochba Revolt
Entrance to a cave used by Bar Kochba rebels
Image Source: By udi Steinwell, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19672598, accessed 3/22/2016
c. 132 - 136 CELead by Simon Bar
KochbaDefeated by HadrianJewish population
decimatedJews (and Christians)
banned from Jerusalem
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Slide 8
Karaite Judaism, c. 760 CE
Image Source: Shmuliko - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2817165
Deny that the Oral Torah is divinely inspired
The Karaite Synagogue in the Old City (Jerusalem)
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Slide 9
2. RISE OF CHRISTIANITY
Part 6.2: Major Developments Between 70 and 1000 CE
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Slide 10
A Climate of Controversy
“In the Middle Ages, tolerance, in the modern, liberal meaning of full equality, was not considered to be a virtue
to be emulated. Monotheistic religions were by nature mutually intolerant. Adherents of the religion in power considered it their right and duty to treat the others as
inferiors rejected by God, and, in extreme cases, to treat them harshly, even to encourage them (in some cases by force) to abandon their faith in favor of the faith of the
rulers.”
Source: Mark R. Cohen, “The ‘Golden Age’ of Jewish-Muslim Relations: Myth and Reality”, in A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), Kindle Edition, Kindle Locations 499-502, emphasis is the author’s.
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Slide 11
A Window of Tolerance?
“We resolved, that is, to grant both to the Christians and to all
men freedom to follow the religion which they choose,
that whatever heavenly divinity exists may be propitious to us and to all that live under our
government.”
“Edict” of Milan (312-313 CE)
Image Source: Marie-Lan Nguyen - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1301576
Source: Eusebius of Caesaria. (1890). The Church History of Eusebius. In P. Schaff & H. Wace (Eds.), A. C. McGiffert (Trans.), Eusebius: Church History, Life of Constantine the Great, and Oration in Praise of Constantine (Vol. 1, p. 379). New York: Christian Literature Company.
Constantine, 4th Century Roman image
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Slide 12
Rise of Christianity“Do you see the first attempt of the impudent
Jews? Now look at the next. They tried the same thing in the time of Constantine. But the Emperor saw what they tried to do, cut off their ears, and
left on their bodies this mark of their disobedience. He then had them led around
everywhere, like runaway slaves and scoundrels, so all might see their mutilated bodies and always think twice before ever attempting such a revolt.”
John Chrysostom, Homily V, On the Jews (c. 387 CE), XI.3
In http://www.catholicapologetics.info/apologetics/judaism/jchrsos.htm, accessed 3/28/2016
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Slide 13
Rise of Christianity“If, then, the Jews fail to know the Father, if they crucified the Son, if they thrust off the help of the Spirit, who should not make bold to declare plainly that the synagogue is a dwelling of demons?”
John Chrysostom, Homily I, On the Jews (c. 387 CE), III.3
http://www.catholicapologetics.info/apologetics/judaism/jchrsos.htm, accessed 3/28/2016
Image Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=332744
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Slide 14
Rise of Christianity“[Constantine] also passed a law to the effect that no Christian should remain in servitude to a Jewish
master, on the ground that it could not be right that those whom the Saviour had ransomed
should be subjected to the yoke of slavery by a people who had slain the prophets and the Lord
himself.”
Eusebius, Life of Constantine, iv.xxvii.1
Source: Eusebius of Caesaria. (1890). The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine. In P. Schaff& H. Wace (Eds.), E. C. Richardson (Trans.), Eusebius: Church History, Life of Constantine the Great, and Oration in Praise of Constantine (Vol. 1, p. 547). New York: Christian Literature Company.
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Slide 15
Rise of Christianity“Let no Jew take a Christian woman to wife, nor any Christian seek marriage with a Jewess. For if any one admits anything of this sort, he will be
charged with his crime just as if he has committed adultery, and furthermore liberty for accusations
of this nature has been granted to the general public.”
Theodosius the Great to Cynegius (c. 438 CE),
Source: Codex Theodosianus, cited in James Everett Seaver, The Persecution of the Jews in the Roman Empire (300-428), (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Publications, 1952), 47, note citing CTh., 3, 7, 2 or 9, 7, 5; 14/3/388.
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Slide 16
And Yet…
“It is sufficiently established that the sect of the Jews is forbidden by no law. Hence
We are gravely disturbed that their assemblies have been forbidden in certain
places.”
The Theodosian Code, XVI, VIII, 9 (c. 438) Source: The Theodosian code and novels, and the Sirmondianconstitutions / a translation with commentary, glossary, and bibliography by Clyde Pharr, in collaboration with Theresa Sherrer Davidson and Mary Brown Pharr ; with an introduction by C. Dickerman Williams, (Princeton, New Jersey: The Princeton University Press, 1952), XVI, 440476.
Image Source: Marie-Lan Nguyen (User:Jastrow), 2009, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7488727
Bust of Theodosius II in the Louvre
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Slide 17
3. RISE OF ISLAM
Part 6.2: Major Developments Between 70 and 1000 CE
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Slide 18
Rise of Islam
“The Islamic world housed the majority of the world’s Jews for most of the medieval period, and the Jewish
communities of the Islamic world were responsible for many of the institutions, texts, and practices that would
define Judaism well into the modern era.”Source: Marina Rustow, “The ‘Jews and Muslims in the Eastern Islamic World”, in A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), Kindle Edition, Kindle Locations 1845-1847.
Image Source: DieBuche -Adapted from http://guides.library.iit.edu/content.php?pid=27903&sid=322018 (via Image:Age_of_Caliphs.png), traced on high resolution version of Image:BlankMap-World6.svg. Information from The Times Concise Atlas of World History ed. by Geoffrey Barraclough published by Times Books Ltd. Isbn 0-7230-0274-6 pp. 40-41., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10802592
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Slide 19
Rise of Islam
“At the outset, most scholars agree, Muhammad assumed the Jews would flock to his preaching and recognize him as their own prophet— indeed, the
final, or “seal” of the prophets. Fred M. Donner argues, in fact, that originally the new religion—
the “community of believers,” he calls them— was meant as an ecumenical community open to Jews
and Christians.”
Source: Mark R. Cohen, “Islamic Policy toward Jews from the Prophet Muhammad to the Pact of ‘Umar1'”, in A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), Kindle Edition, Kindle Locations 1258-1260.
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Slide 20
The “Constitution” of Medina
“(This shall be a pact) between the Muslims of Quraysh, the people of Yathrib (the Citizens of Madina) and those who shall follow them and
become attached to them (politically) and fight along with them. (All these communities shall be the
constitutional subjects of the state.) The aforementioned communities shall formulate a
Constitutional Unity as distinct from (other) people.”
Source: http://www.constitutionofmadina.com/blog/2012/02/22/constitution-of-medina-in-63-articles/, accessed 3/30/2016
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Slide 21
Quran: Surah 2:256
“There is no compulsion in religion: true guidance has become distinct from error, so whoever rejects false gods and believes in God has grasped the firmest hand-hold, one that will
never break. God is all hearing and all knowing.”Source: Haleem, M. A. S. Abdel (2005-05-12). The Qur'an (Oxford World's Classics) (p. 29). Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition.
Image Source: Unknown - Online Collection of Brooklyn Museum; Photo: Brooklyn Museum, 1992.230_SL1.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10967360
Manuscript of the Quran at the Brooklyn Museum
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Slide 22
Quran: Surah 9:29
“Fight those of the People of the Book who do not [truly] believe in God and the Last Day, who do not
forbid what God and His Messenger have forbidden, who do not obey the rule of justice, until they pay
the tax and agree to submit.”
Source: Haleem, M. A. S. Abdel (2005-05-12). The Qur'an (Oxford World's Classics) (p. 118). Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition.
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Slide 23
Rise of Islam
Jews banished from Medina by 625
Image Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8426542
Detail from miniature painting The Prophet, Ali, and the Companions at the Massacre of the Prisoners of the Jewish Tribe of Beni Qurayzah, illustration of a 19th-century text by Muhammad Rafi Bazil. Manuscript now in the British Library.
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Slide 24
Rise of Islam
‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (Umar I) conquers Syria, including Jerusalem, 638 CE
Image Source: By Mohammad adil -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sword_of_Umar_ibn_al-Khittab-mohammad_adil_rais.JPG,
CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10564054
The Legendary “Sword of Umar”
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Slide 25
Rise of Islam
“The Umayyad caliph ‘Abd al-Malik (685– 705) began building the Dome of the Rock (Qubbat al-Sakhra) on the site of the Temple Mount, and its location and physical
form constituted direct challenges to Judaism, the site of whose former sanctuary it now filled, and to Christianity, whose Church of the Holy Sepulchre was now no longer the highest point in the city. The structure was a grand
announcement that Islam had superseded both previous religions.”
Source: Marina Rustow, “The ‘Jews and Muslims in the Eastern Islamic World”, in A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), Kindle Edition, Kindle Locations 2012-2016.
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Slide 26
Rise of Islam
“Legally speaking, Jews shared with other non-Muslims the status of dhimmīs, or ‘protected people.’ In return for security, freedom of religion, and communal autonomy, they were obligated by the Qur’an to pay an annual poll tax.”
Source: Mark R. Cohen, “The ‘Golden Age’ of Jewish-Muslim Relations: Myth and Reality”, in A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), Kindle Edition, Kindle Locations 534-536.
Image Source: Al-Ahram -http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/976/cu3.htm, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21200421
Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996-1021), sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam
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Slide 27
Rise of Islam
“Arabic would remain the language spoken by the vast majority of the world’s Jews until the later medieval and early modern periods, when the
Romance languages (including Ladino) and, finally, Yiddish eclipsed it; and it is the language in which many of the most important Jewish works of the
Middle Ages were composed.”
Source: Marina Rustow, “The ‘Jews and Muslims in the Eastern Islamic World”, in A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), Kindle Edition, Kindle Locations 2124-2126.
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Slide 28
4. JEWISH MEDIEVAL DIASPORA
Part 6.2: Major Developments Between 70 and 1000 CE
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Slide 29
Jewish Medieval Diaspora
“By the tenth century, the rabbinic forms of Judaism that had begun to develop in
Mesopotamia and Palestine in late antiquity had spread far beyond those regions and taken root in a huge swath of land, from Iberia [modern Spain & Portugal] to Khorasan [in Northeast Persia]. In that sense, Islamic rule not only transformed Judaism
but enabled its consolidation and diffusion.”
Source: Marina Rustow, “The ‘Jews and Muslims in the Eastern Islamic World”, in A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), Kindle Edition, Kindle Locations 1894-1897.
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Slide 30
Jewish Medieval Diaspora
Image Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/colbeck/medieval_europe_13_century.jpg, accessed 4/8/2016
Ashkenazim -Central Europe
Sephardim -Iberia (Spain & Portugal) and Northern Africa
Middle Eastern
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Slide 31
The Geonim (sing. Gaon)Heads of the yeshivot (Rabbinic academies) in Sura and Pembunita (in Iraq)
A depiction of Rav Ashiteaching at the SuraAcademy
Image Source: Sodabottle - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16060640
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Slide 32
Radhanites
Image Source: I, Briangotts, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2430834
Map of Eurasia showing the trade network of the Radhanites (in blue), c. 870, as reported in the account of ibn Khordadbeh in the Book of Roads and Kingdoms.
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Slide 33
Jewish Medieval Diaspora“The diffusion of three technological innovations made the production and circulation of written
texts possible: paper, an empire-wide postal system, and the codex (the bound book as we
know it today). …[U]ltimately, they were Islamic-era developments that entirely transformed Jewish culture. The latter two had Roman precedents, but spread under Islam to an unprecedented extent.”
Source: Marina Rustow, “The ‘Jews and Muslims in the Eastern Islamic World”, in A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), Kindle Edition, Kindle Locations 2140-2143.
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Slide 34
Cairo Geniza
Image Source: Faris knight - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17649958
Collection of ~330,000 (mostly Jewish) manuscripts and documents, dating from the 9th to 19th century.
The Ben Ezra Synagogue, Old
Cairo, Egypt, housing the
Geniza’streasures
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