Part 4 Conserving and Enhancing Exmoor · 51 T h eUK r a t iﬁ d Eu op nLsc Cv ( ) 2 06 52 DCLG(20 1 )N at i on l P gcyF rmew k .phs 4– 5 53 N atu r lE ng d( 20 1) i oCh c eA p

Exmoor’s Night SkyPeter Hendrie www.lightandland.co.uk

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Exmoor National Park Local Plan 2011-2031

4. CONSERVINGANDENHANCINGEXMOOR

37

51 The UK ratified the European Landscape Convention (ELC) in 200652 DCLG (2012) National Planning Policy Framework. (Paragraphs 114 –115). DCLG53 Natural England (2012) National Character Area profile 145

4. Conserving and Enhancing Exmoor

Context4.1 Policies�seek�to�ensure�that�the�natural�beauty�ofExmoor�National�Park�is�conserved�and�enhancedwhile�safeguarding�the�National�Park’s�Dark�SkyReserve�status�through�reducing�light�pollution.4.2 The�European�Landscape�Convention�(ELC)defines�landscape�as�“an�area,�as�perceived�bypeople,�whose�character�is�the�result�of�naturaland/or�human�factors”.�51 One�of�the�key�aims�of�theELC�is�to�integrate�landscape�into�planning�policy,recognising�that�landscape�is�a�fundamentalcomponent�of�people’s�surroundings.�The�ELCprinciples�are�particularly�promoted�in�addressingthe�planning�and�management�of�National�Parks.4.3 National�policy�emphasises�the�need�to�givegreat�weight�to�conserving�and�enhancing�thelandscape�and�scenic�beauty�of�National�Parks.�TheNational�Parks’�Circular�recognises�the�significance�ofthe�living,�working�landscapes�of�the�National�Parksthat�have�been�influenced�over�centuries�by�landmanagement�activities�such�as�farming�and�forestry.The�protection�and�enhancement�of�these�uniqueand�beautiful�landscapes�and�dark�skies�are�central�todeveloping�the�local�economy�and�sustainingcommunities,�whilst�the�diversity�of�the�landscapecharacter�defines�the�quality�and�distinctiveness�ofthe�place.�The�character�of�the�undeveloped�coastshould�also�be�maintained�to�protect�and�enhanceits�distinctive�landscape,�particularly�areas�defined�asHeritage�Coast.524.4 The�panoramic�views,�skylines�and�dark�night�skywithin�the�Exmoor�National�Park�and�the�wild,�remoteand�tranquil�character�of�the�open�moorland,woodland�and�the�undeveloped�coast�are�importantlandscape�qualities�that�are�valued�by�localcommunities�and�visitors�alike.�Exmoor’s�naturalbeauty�and�landscape�character�are�fundamentalreasons�for�its�National�Park�designation.�Ensuring�thatthe�quality�of�the�landscape�is�conserved�andenhanced�has�positive�implications�for�the�local�

economy,�particularly�tourism.�The�relatively�low�leveland�small-scale�nature�of�development�within�theNational�Park�places�limited�pressure�on�the�landscapewhich�helps�to�maintain�its�overall�character.�4.5 The�National�Park�forms�almost�50%�of�theNational�Character�Area�of�Exmoor.53 The�NationalCharacter�Area�profile�highlights�four�statements�ofenvironmental�opportunities�that�relate�to�landscapeand�wider�environmental�and�cultural�qualities�of�thearea.�Specific�aspects�of�these�opportunities�include:protecting,�managing�and�enhancing�the�highlydistinctive�and�diverse�landscape,�including�largeareas�of�open�‘wild’�moorland,�Atlantic�coast,�anddeep�wooded�combes;�and�reinforcing�thedistinctive�character�of�the�mixed�farmed�landscape.Extreme�tranquillity�and�dark�skies�are�particularlyidentified�as�inspirational�qualities�of�the�area.

Landscape Character Assessment4.6 Landscape�Character�Assessment�(LCA)�is�centralto�the�wider�appreciation�and�understanding�oflandscapes�and�connection�between�people�andplace.�The�Exmoor�National�Park�LandscapeCharacter�Assessment�provides�an�evaluation�ofExmoor’s�landscape�character�areas�and�types�toprovide�a�robust�landscape�framework�that�informspolicy�and�decisions�regarding�the�location�anddesign�of�development�and�the�capacity�of�thelandscape�to�accept�change;�with�the�aim�ofreinforcing�local�distinctiveness.�4.7 The�LCA�identifies�objectives�which�wouldbenefit�visual�amenity�and�condition,�thus�improvinglandscape�character.4.8 The�nine�separate�landscape�character�types�onExmoor�(with�26�landscape�character�areas�withinthose�types)�are�identified�on�map�4.1�below.�Eachlandscape�character�type�defined�in�the�LCA,�has�keycharacteristics�that�make�a�particular�contribution�totheir�distinctiveness.�These�characteristics�reflect�

38

Objective 1: To�conserve�and�enhance�Exmoor’s�landscapes�as�living�working�landscapes�that�remainpredominately�free�from�intrusive�developments,�maintain�a�sense�of�tranquillity�and�protect�Exmoor’s�dark�skies.Objective 2: To�ensure�that�Exmoor’s�moorlands�remain�open,�remote�and�relatively�wild�in�character;�thatviews�are�preserved,�and�strategically�important�areas�of�former�moor�and�heath�are�managed�in�a�way�thatrestores�their�wilder�landscape�character.

Exmoor’s Landscapes and Seascapes

elements�or�combinations�of�elements�(e.g.hedgerows,�fields,�rivers)�that�make�up�the�landscapeand�should�help�inform�proposals�for�the�locationand�design�of�development�to�ensure�that�there�is�apositive�relationship�with�their�surroundings.4.9 The�appraisal�of�the�landscape�character�typesand�areas�shows�a�significant�variety�of�landscapescene�within�the�relatively�small�area�of�the�NationalPark�–�this�diversity�of�landscape�informs�Exmoor’scharacter.�However,�due�to�the�relatively�limitedextent�of�the�National�Park,�these�landscapes�can�besensitive�to�change;�including�developmentaffecting�the�character�and�appearance�of�theNational�Park’s�setting�(within�neighbouring�localplanning�authority�areas)�and�the�visual�amenitiesarising�from�extensive�views�out�of�and�into�theNational�Park.�The�Exmoor�Landscape�Action�Plantakes�forward�recommendations�from�the�LCA�foreach�landscape�character�type,�and�identifiesoverarching�quality�objectives�and�specific�actionsfor�each�of�the�landscape�issues.54

Seascape Character Assessment4.10 Seascape�is�defined�by�Natural�England�in�theterms�of�the�ELC�as:�“An�area�of�sea,�coastline�andland,�as�perceived�by�people,�whose�character�resultsfrom�the�actions�and�interactions�of�land�with�sea,�bynatural�and/or�human�factors”.�This�is�reinforced�bythe�Marine�Policy�Statement�as�‘landscapes�withviews�of�the�coast�or�seas,�and�coasts�and�theadjacent�marine�environment�with�cultural,�historicaland�archaeological�links�with�each�other’.554.11 The�North�Devon�and�Exmoor�SeascapeAssessment�(SCA)�covers�90�miles�of�coast,�includingthe�whole�of�the�National�Park�coastline.�The�SCA�willhelp�support�a�number�of�activities�including�spatialplanning�with�regard�to�development�at�sea�and�onthe�coast,�complementing�published�LandscapeCharacter�Assessments.�There�are�ten�seascapecharacter�areas�along�the�Exmoor�coastline,including�eight�coastal�areas�and�two�offshoremarine�areas.�The�SCA�defines�the�key�characteristics,special�qualities�and�key�seascape�sensitivities�foreach�area.56

54 ENPA (2011) Exmoor Landscape Action Plan, ENPA, Dulverton55 HM Government, et al. (March 2011): UK Marine Policy Statement. The Stationery Office, London56 LUC (2015) The North Devon and Exmoor Seascape Character Assessment

39


Foreland Point


40

Map 4.1 Landscape Character Types and Seascape Character Areas

© Crown copyright and database rights 2018 Ordnance Survey 100024878

A High Coastal Heaths

B High Wooded Coast, Combes and Cleaves

C Low Farmed Coast and Marsh

D Open Moorland

E Farmed and Settled Vale

F Enclosed Farmed Hills with Commons

G Incised Wooded River Valleys

H Plantation (with Heathland) Hills

I Wooded and Farmed Hills with Combes

01: Minehead Harbour to Hurlstone Point

02: Porlock Bay

03: Central Bristol Channel

04: Gore Point to Countisbury Cove

05: The Foreland and Lynmouth Bay

06: Valley of Rocks

07: Lee and Woody Bays

08: Woody Bay to Little Hangman

09: Lower Bristol Channel

10: Ilfracombe and Combe Martin Bays

Exmoor National Park Authority Boundary

Landscape Character Type Seascape Character Area

Landscape Resilience4.12 The�landscape�character�approach�to�futuredevelopment�and�land�use�change�will�help�tocreate�resilience�to�ensure�that�landscapes�areeffective�at�mitigating�and/or�adapting�to�the�effectsof�climate�change�(CC-S1�Climate�Change�Mitigationand�Adaptation).�Opportunities�to�create�landscaperesilience�can�provide�additional�benefits�forbiodiversity,�the�economy,�recreation�and�tourismthrough�appropriate�management,�restoration,�andexpansion�of�landscapes�and�habitats�to�otherecological�networks.4.13 Forests�and�woodlands�are�considered�to�besignificant�in�achieving�a�resilient�and�coherentecological�network�across�England.�The�NationalParks’�Circular57 and�Natural�Environment�WhitePaper58 aim�for�an�increase�in�the�area�of�woodland�inNational�Parks�and�England�as�a�whole,�bettermanagement�of�existing�woodlands,�and�a�renewedcommitment�to�conserving�and�restoringirreplaceable�ancient�woodlands.�New�and�existingwoodlands�can�provide:�wildlife�habitats,�green�spacefor�people�to�use�and�enjoy�(CE-S3�Biodiversity�andGreen�Infrastructure),�help�to�mitigate�and�adapt�tothe�future�changing�climate�through�carbonsequestration�(CC-S1�Climate�Change�Mitigation�andAdaptation),�and�are�a�renewable�source�of�wood�fuelas�well�as�providing�a�supply�of�local�timber�(CE-S6Design�and�Sustainable�Construction�Principles).4.14 Other�opportunities�for�carbon�sinks�(usingnatural�carbon�stores)�other�than�planting�woodland,include�managing�and�restoring�moorland�and,�inparticular,�areas�of�blanket�bog�or�mire.59 A�significantarea�of�moorland�has�already�been�rewetted�throughblocking�ditches�with�dams�made�from�bales�ofnatural�moorland�vegetation,�wood�and�peat.

Significant Landscape and Seascape Attributes4.15 There�are,�in�addition�to�the�landscapecharacter�areas,�specific�landscape�and�seascapefeatures�and�areas�within�the�National�Park�that�havedefined�attributes.�There�is�a�strong�presumption�infavour�of�the�conservation�and�enhancement�of�theirnatural�beauty�and�contribution�to�overall�landscapeand�seascape�character.

4.16 Section 3 Land:�Section�3�of�the�Wildlife�andCountryside�(Amendment)�Act�1985�requiresNational�Park�Authorities�to�prepare�a�map�of�anyareas�of�“mountain,�moor,�heath,�woodland,�down,cliff�or�foreshore,”�where�these�areas�of�naturalbeauty�are�considered�particularly�important�toconserve.60 The�three�main�categories�of�Section�3Land�are�defined�on�the�1990�Section�3�ConservationMap�and�identified�on�the�Policies�Map�as:�moor�andheath,�woodland,�and�cliff�and�foreshore.�4.17 Heritage Coast: Exmoor�has�some�of�the�mostscenic,�unspoilt�stretches�of�coastline�in�England�thatare�also�considered�as�part�of�its�spectacular�seascape.Many�areas�of�high�coastal�heath�and�woodland�are�inas�natural�a�condition�as�possible�and�are�importantareas�for�wildlife.�The�whole�coastline�was�defined�asHeritage�Coast�in�1991,�as�identified�on�the�PoliciesMap.�The�national�purposes�of�Heritage�Coasts�arecompatible�with�the�statutory�purposes�of�NationalParks�and�also�reflect�the�socio-economic�duty.�PoliciesCE-S1�Landscape�and�Seascape�Character,�CE-D1Protecting�Exmoor’s�Landscapes�and�Seascapes,�andCC-S2�Coastal�Development�aim�to�ensure�thatdevelopment�proposals�retain�the�character�of�thepredominantly�undeveloped�nature�of�the�HeritageCoast�and�are�consistent�with�national�purposes.

41


l Conserve,�protect�and�enhance�the�naturalbeauty�of�the�coasts,�their�marine�flora�andfauna,�and�their�heritage�features.

l Facilitate�and�enhance�their�enjoyment,understanding�and�appreciation�by�thepublic.

l Maintain�and�improve�the�health�ofinshore�waters�affecting�Heritage�Coastsand�their�beaches�through�appropriateenvironmental�management�measures.

l Take�account�of�the�needs�of�agriculture,forestry�and�fishing,�and�of�the�economicand�social�needs�of�the�small�communitieson�these�coasts.

The national purposes of Heritage Coasts are to:

57 DEFRA (2010) English National Parks and the Broads UK Government Vision and Circular58 DEFRA (2010) The Natural Choice: securing the value of nature59 Exmoor Mires Project (2015) Exmoor Mires Project: Upstream Thinking60 Amends section 43 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

61 HM Government et al. (March 2011) UK Marine Policy Statement (Para 2.5.7). The Stationery Office, London62 The Bideford to Foreland Point Marine Conservation Zone was designated on 17 January 201663 DEFRA (2016) Bideford to Foreland Point MCZ: factsheet64 DEFRA (2013) A Coastal Concordat for England 65 Bryan, P. (2013) Exmoor National Park Landscape Sensitivity Study 2013, [updated in 2015], ENPA,Dulverton - includes all Local Service Centres, Villages and Porlock Weir66 ENPA (2007) Exmoor National Park Landscape Character Assessment, ENPA, Dulverton67 HM Government (1997) Statutory Instruments 1997 No. 1160 - The Hedgerow Regulations 1997 68 British Standards Institute (2012) BS5837:2012 Trees in relation to design, demolition and construction –Recommendations. BSI.


4.18 Marine�Plans�will�help�integrate�marine�and�landplanning�contributing�to�vibrant�coastalcommunities�and�consideration�of�cultural�heritage,seascape�and�local�environmental�quality.61 TheAuthority�supports�the�formation�of�marineprotected�areas�(including�the�Bideford�to�ForelandPoint�Marine�Conservation�Zone)62 and�will�workwith�the�marine�planning�authority�to�ensure�thatExmoor’s�high�quality�seascape�is�maintained.634.19 The�Coastal�Concordat�for�England�sets�out�keyprinciples�relating�to�how�regulatory�and�advisorybodies�propose�to�work�with�local�planningauthorities�to�enable�sustainable�growth�in�thecoastal�zone.64 It�forms�an�agreement�to�nominateone�lead�authority�for�the�consenting�phase�ofdevelopment�and�will�not�apply�to�projects�that�aresolely�terrestrial.�National�Parks�England�is�a�signatoryto�the�concordat.4.20 The Landscape Setting of Exmoor’sSettlements: The�landscape�setting�of�Exmoor’stowns�and�villages�is�a�significant�aspect�of�theiroverall�character�and�form.�A�Landscape�SensitivityStudy�has�been�undertaken�for�settlements�withinthe�National�Park�based�on�landform,�vegetation,scale,�historic�character,�materials,�design�styles,surrounding�enclosure�patterns,�shape�and�form�ofthe�settlement,�as�well�as�landscape�quality�andcondition.�Landscape�sensitivity�is�the�degree�towhich�a�particular�landscape�character�type�or�areacan�accommodate�change�without�unacceptabledetrimental�effects�on�character.�This�study�has�takeninto�account�the�landscape�value�and�sensitivity�ofeach�settlement�in�its�wider�setting�to�provide�aninformed�judgement�in�relation�to�future�landscapecapacity�to�accommodate�small-scale�housingdevelopment�within�or�adjoining�the�existingsettlement�whilst�conserving�landscape�character.65

4.21 Historic Field Patterns and Boundary Features:Exmoor�has�around�4000km�of�hedgerows�andboundary�features.�Hedgerows,�particularly�theancient�mixed�species�hedge�banks�and�the�typicalbeech�hedge�banks�on�the�farmed�hills�and�valleys�ofExmoor,�are�a�significant�landscape�characteristic�andform�a�strong�landscape�pattern�including�intricatefield�patterns�that�surround�many�small�hamlets�andvillages.66 Hedgerows�are�important�features�ofnarrow�rural�roads,�lanes�and�some�rights�of�way�–channelling�and�framing�views�of�the�widerlandscape;�often�with�significant�trees�(standards)which�are�a�strong�feature�of�many�hedges�and�a�keyaspect�of�their�character.�The�built�character�of�manysettlements�in�the�National�Park�is�enhanced�byboundary�treatments�such�as�traditional�stonewalling,�the�style�of�which�varies�according�to�thetype�of�local�stone�available.4.22 Important�hedgerows,�as�defined�by�theHedgerow�Regulations�are�generally�protected�sothey�cannot�usually�be�removed�or�breachedwithout�consulting�the�planning�authority.67Agri-environment�schemes�have�also�contributedtowards�the�long�term�management�of�hedgerowsacross�the�National�Park.�Development�shouldconserve�boundary�features�which�contribute�tolandscape�character,�and�utilise�such�features�toameliorate�and�enhance�any�landscape�works�as�partof�the�proposal.�4.23 Important Trees, Tree Groups and Orchards:Trees�and�woodland�are�significant�features�of�theExmoor�landscape,�and�one�of�the�most�valuedaspects�of�the�National�Park.�Most�woodland�areashave�a�range�of�protection�measures�throughdesignations�as�Special�Areas�of�Conservation,�Sitesof�Special�Scientific�Interest,�Local�Wildlife�Sites�(CE-S3�Biodiversity�and�Green�Infrastructure)�orSection�3�woodland.�Development�proposals�thatmay�affect�important�trees�or�tree�groups�shouldhave�regard�to�the�British�Standards�Institutepublication�in�relation�to�construction.68

42

4.24 Veteran�trees�(very�old�trees�of�cultural�and/orbiological�interest),�orchards,�parklands,�copses�andindividual�trees�are�important�distinctive�cultural�andlandscape�features�in�their�own�right�and�are�oftenimportant�habitats.�Over�1600�veteran�trees�havebeen�recorded�on�Exmoor,�and�proposals�fordevelopment�or�changes�of�land�use�should�ensurethat�no�harm�is�caused�to�these�trees.�Veteran�treesare�found�throughout�the�countryside,�and�often�inmore�formally�designed�parkland�and�wood�pasturelandscapes.�4.25 Some�individual�trees�and�tree�groups�areformally�protected�by�Tree�Preservation�Orders(TPOs)�or�by�their�location�within�a�conservation�area.Any�proposed�works�to�trees�protected�by�TPOsusually�require�consent�from�the�planning�authority,whilst�six�weeks�prior�notice�is�required�for�works�totrees�within�a�conservation�area�to�enable�theNational�Park�Authority�to�consider�whether�a�TPOshould�be�made.69 TPOs�can�be�made�by�theAuthority�where�it�is�considered�that�there�arethreats�to�individual�trees,�groups�of�trees�orwoodlands,�which�are�considered�to�be�in�theinterests�of�amenity.4.26 Traditional�orchards�are�a�landscape�feature�oflower�farmland�areas�within�the�National�Park,particularly�within�the�Vale�of�Porlock.�Many�orchardsand�remnants�of�orchards�are�associated�withsettlements�and�farmsteads,�which�reflect�their�pastsignificance�to�the�local�economy�–�they�are�alsoimportant�for�their�cultural�interest�and�contributionto�local�amenity�and�biodiversity.�A�comprehensiveOrchard�Report�has�been�undertaken�to�review,identify�and�assess�the�importance�of�orchards�in�thelandscape.70 This�evidence�has�informed�the�areas�oforchard�defined�on�the�Policies�Map�which�will�beprotected�from�development�proposals�that�wouldimpact�on�their�landscape�value.�

Landscape Effects4.27 Consultation�has�highlighted�the�importance�ofprotecting�Exmoor’s�landscapes�from�intrusivedevelopment�and�the�cumulative�impact�of�man-made�structures.71 Partnership�working�is�animportant�means�of�helping�to�ensure�that�small-scale,�incremental�change�does�not�have�adetrimental�cumulative�impact�on�landscape�andseascape�character�–�for�example�guidelines�havebeen�drawn�up�in�partnership�with�the�GreaterExmoor�Shoot�Association�to�minimise�the�potentialimpact�of�game�bird�rearing�and�shooting�activitieson�the�National�Park�and�its�users.724.28 Development�pressures�close�to�the�NationalPark,�including�those�arising�from�large�scalerenewable�energy�technologies,�are�a�cause�forconcern�particularly�in�relation�to�Exmoor’s�settingwithin�surrounding�local�planning�authority�areas.The�National�Park�Authority�will�work�with�partners,neighbouring�planning�authorities�and�the�MarineManagement�Organisation�(through�the�Duty�toCooperate)�to�help�protect�the�character�and�visualamenity�of�the�landscape�and�seascape�that�has�animportant�role�as�the�setting�to�Exmoor�NationalPark.�The�Authority�has�liaised�with�both�highwayauthorities�(Devon�and�Somerset�County�Councils)to�develop�a�more�sensitive�approach�to�signageand�road�management�on�Exmoor�(AC-S2�TransportInfrastructure).�The�Authority�has�also�worked�withinfrastructure�organisations�to�facilitateundergrounding�of�overhead�power�andtelecommunication�lines�for�certain�areas.�Fundingavailable�to�underground�electricity�lines�in�Areas�ofOutstanding�Natural�Beauty�and�National�Parks�in�theSouth�West�is�focused�on�iconic�sites.�Exmoor�hasbenefitted�from�this�fund�for�undergroundingschemes�within�the�Dulverton�conservation�area,Hawkcombe�and�Porlock�Marsh�(AC-D6�Fixed�LineTransmission�Infrastructure).

69 DCLG (2012) Protected Trees: A guide to tree preservation procedures 70 ENPA (2013) Review of the Orchard of Landscape Importance in Exmoor National Park, ENPA, Dulverton 71 ENPA (2010) Your Future Exmoor (YFE) consultation events January – March 2010 72 ENPA (2007) – The Exmoor Guidelines for the Management of Gamebirds within the National Park, ENPADulverton

43



Impacts on Landscape and Visual Amenity4.29 With�care,�development�can�be�sensitivelyaccommodated�in�the�landscape.�However,development�can�potentially�have�unacceptableadverse�impacts�on�landscape�character�and�visualamenity�due�to�its�scale,�massing,�siting,�materials,colour�or�arrangement�and�therefore�could�appearto�be�incongruous�within�Exmoor’s�landscape.Potential�impacts�will�vary�on�a�case�by�case�basisaccording�to�the�type�of�development�and�thesensitivity�of�the�surrounding�landscape.�Some�ofthese�effects�may�be�minimised�by�addressing�theparticular�landscape�or�visual�amenity�issues�raisedby�a�proposed�development.�Environmental�ImpactAssessments�(EIA)�should�also�include�Landscapeand�Visual�Impact�Assessments�(LVIA).�However,where�an�EIA�is�not�required,�applications�which�areconsidered�to�be�significant�in�terms�of�scale�and/orimpact�should�provide�a�LVIA.�Applicants�will�beadvised�at�pre-application�stage�whether�a�LVIA�islikely�to�be�required.4.30 Large-scale�developments�such�as�agriculturalbuildings�and�equestrian�exercise�arenas�have�thepotential�to�generate�significant�landscape�effectsunless�particular�care�is�taken�to�ensure�they�are�wellrelated�to�existing�buildings,�well�screened�byexisting�features,�and�the�level�of�excavation�requiredis�minimal.�The�colour�of�building/surfacing�materialsand�design�of�boundary�treatments�also�need�to�becarefully�selected�to�minimise�the�visual�impact�ofsuch�facilities�(policies�SE-S4�Agricultural�and�ForestryDevelopment;�RT-D11�Equestrian�Development).4.31 The�effects�of�vertical�structures�such�as�windturbines�and�telecommunication�masts,�which�canhave�a�utilitarian�appearance�that�contrasts�with�ruralsurroundings,�will�depend�on�where�they�can�beviewed�from�and�who�will�see�them.�These�types�ofdevelopments�are�challenging�in�that�they�requireheight�to�maximise�the�effectiveness�of�theiroperation.�The�important�aspects�are�limiting�thevisibility�of�such�structures�in�the�landscape�throughvisual�integration�such�as�grouping�with�surroundingfeatures�with�strong�vertical�prominence,�includingtrees�and�existing�buildings�–�the�long�termmanagement�of�any�planting�which�helps�to�screenand�integrate�these�structures�is�essential.�Thesurrounding�landform�is�also�significant,�particularlyopen�moorland�landscapes�which�have�a�horizontalemphasis�of�ridges,�plateaux�and�smooth�horizons�

that�would�have�a�high�sensitivity�to�change�compared�with�areas�with�existing�recreationalactivities�and�structures.�The�material�specification,colour�and�other�aesthetic�qualities�including�design,can�help�to�minimise�visibility�and�ensure�that�suchstructures�do�not�break�the�skyline�from�sensitiveview-points�such�as�access�land�and�rights�of�way.For�further�detail�on�these�specific�structures�seepolicies�CC-D3�Small�Scale�Wind�Turbines�and�AC-D5Radio�and�Mobile�TelecommunicationsInfrastructure.4.32 Cumulative�landscape�and�visual�effects�arecombined�effects�that�arise�through�the�interactionof�two�or�more�developments,�whether�of�the�sametype�or�not,�and�should�be�considered�in�terms�ofthe�capacity�of�the�landscape�to�accommodatechange�without�unacceptable�adverse�harm�tolandscape�character.�Cumulative�landscape�effectsrefer�to�the�impacts�of�a�proposal�on�the�landscapefabric,�character,�and�quality;�and�so�concern�thedegree�to�which�the�development�becomes�asignificant�or�defining�characteristic�of�the�landscape,or�a�feature�in�particular�views,�and�the�effect�this�hasupon�people�experiencing�them.�Sequential�visualeffects�are�associated�with�the�recurrence�ofdevelopments�when�moving�through�a�landscapeand�how�these�are�experienced�along�transportroutes,�public�rights�of�way�and�access�land.4.33 Many�proposed�developments�within�theNational�Park�will�not�necessarily�result�in�cumulativeor�sequential�landscape�effects,�which�are�more�likelyto�result�from�large�scale�and�vertical�structureshighlighted�above,�but�may�also�arise�through�othertypes�of�development�such�as�solar�arrays�(CC-D4Freestanding�Solar�Arrays).�Applications�shoulddemonstrate�that�any�potential�incompatibilities�anddiscord�within�the�landscape�that�may�arise�fromcumulative�and�sequential�landscape/visual�effectsare�minimised�through�effective�design�and�siting�sothey�will�not�detract�from�the�natural�beauty�of�theNational�Park.

44

45


1. The high quality, diverse and distinct landscapes and seascapes of ExmoorNational Park will be conserved and enhanced.

2. Development should be informed by and complement the distinctivecharacteristics of the: a) landscape character types and areas identified in the Exmoor National Park

Landscape Character Assessment; andb) seascape character areas and types identified in the North Devon and

Exmoor Seascape Character Assessment.3. Development proposals should also have regard to, and be appropriate in

terms of impact with, the conservation of significant landscape and seascapeattributes including:a) Section 3 Land;b) Heritage Coast;c) Landscape setting of Exmoor’s settlements;d) Historic field patterns and boundary features;e) Important trees, tree groups and orchards.

4. Opportunities to conserve, enhance and restore important landscapes,seascapes and their characteristics, including minimising existing visualdetractions, will be encouraged.

CE-S1 Landscape and Seascape Character

1. Development will be permitted where it can be demonstrated that it iscompatible with the conservation and enhancement of Exmoor’s landscapesand seascapes through ensuring that:a) the visual impact of the development in its immediate and wider setting is

minimised through high quality design that reflects local landscapecharacter with particular regard to scale, siting, materials, and colour; and

b) the cumulative and/or sequential landscape and visual effects ofdevelopment do not detract from the natural beauty of the National Parkand the experience of tranquillity.

2. Within Exmoor’s Heritage Coast development should be appropriate to thecoastal location and conserve the undeveloped nature of the coast consistentwith Heritage Coast purposes.

3. Landscaping schemes should reinforce local landscape or seascape characterand where these are required, conditions will be attached to protect importantlandscape characteristics and elements and whether appropriate replacementor additional landscape elements will be required.

4. Proposals which are significant in terms of scale and/or impact should provide aLandscape and Visual Impact Assessment as part of the application submission.

CE-D1 Protecting Exmoor’s Landscapes And Seascapes

73 http://darksky.org/idsp/reserves/74 The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (2009) Artificial Light in the Environment. TheStationery Office Ltd, London75 Stone, E. (2014) Bats and Lighting, University of Bristol76 Natural England (2014) Bats: protection, surveys and licences 77 Campaign to Protect Rural England and the British Astronomical Association (May 2003): Night Blight! 78 ENPA (2010) Your Future Exmoor: Exmoor National Park Feedback Report, ENPA, Dulverton


Context4.34 Exmoor�National�Park�was�designated�as�anInternational�Dark�Sky�Reserve�by�the�InternationalDark-Sky�Association�(IDA)�in�2011�for�its�remote,open�moorland�and�the�lack�of�human�habitation.Dark�Sky�Reserve�status�has�provided�an�importantboost�to�tourism,�attracting�visitors�to�experienceExmoor’s�dark�night�sky�and�inspiring�interest�inastronomy.4.35 An�IDA�International�Dark�Sky�Reserve�possessesan�exceptional�quality�of�starry�nights�and�nocturnalenvironment�that�is�specifically�protected�for�itsscientific,�natural,�educational,�cultural,�heritageand/or�public�enjoyment.�The�reserve�consists�of�acore�zone�and�a�critical�buffer�zone�around�it�whichsupports�the�preservation�of�dark�sky�in�the�core.73The�critical�buffer�zone�includes�only�four�relativelysmall�settlements.�The�identification�of�these�areas,�asshown�on�the�Policies�Map,�has�informed�theLighting�Management�Plan�that�specifiesappropriate�lighting�methods�and�managementwithin�the�National�Park�(see�Map�4.2�Dark�SkyReserve�Core�Zone�and�Critical�Buffer�Zone).4.36 The�Royal�Commission�on�EnvironmentalPollution�(RCEP)�describes�light�pollution�as:�“theexperience�of�light�in�the�wrong�place�or�at�thewrong�time”.�Both�the�timing�of�illumination�and�theactual�level�of�light�are�important�factors.�Lightpollution�is�an�important�and�avoidableconsequence�of�poor�lighting�design,�oftenexacerbated�by�poor�installation�and�maintenance.The�RCEP�report�recommends�that�those�responsiblefor�the�management�of�existing�National�Parks�seekto�eliminate�unnecessary�outdoor�light�and�to�betterdesign�and�manage�that�which�cannot�beeliminated.74 The�number�of�forms�that�lightpollution�can�take�from�both�diffuse�and�pointsources�are�identified�as:

a) Glare:�The�excessive�contrast�betweenbright�and�dark�areas�in�the�field�of�view.

b) Light�trespass:�Unwanted�light,�for�examplefrom�adjacent�properties�and�activities.

c) Light�clutter:�The�excessive�grouping�oflights.

d) Light�profligacy:�Over-illumination�whichwastes�energy�and�money.

e) Sky�glow:�A�combination�of�reflected�andrefracted�light�from�the�atmosphere.�Amajor�effect�of�sky�glow�at�night�is�to�reducecontrast�in�the�sky.�This�is�the�most�pervasiveform�of�light�pollution�and�can�affect�areasmany�miles�from�the�original�light�source.

4.37 Light�pollution�is�also�known�to�adverselyimpact�on�wildlife�and�their�habitats�and�has�beenrecognised�by�a�number�of�research�studies�andreports.�Since�many�species�are�already�declining�andare�protected�by�legislation,�this�represents�a�furtherpressure�on�remaining�populations.�4.38 Bats�are�an�example�of�nocturnal�mammals�thatare�likely�to�be�disturbed�by�the�presence�of�externallighting�and�could�be�deterred�from�usingestablished�foraging�areas.75 Lighting�such�assecurity�lighting,�sports�floodlighting�on�premises,and�lighting�directed�towards�roosts�are�likely�toreduce�the�time�available�for�feeding.�Some�specieswill�actively�avoid�lit�areas,�which�has�implications�forforaging�and�commuting.764.39 The�Night�Blight�Report�also�raises�furtherconcerns�regarding�poor�lighting�design�andunnecessary�external�illumination,�such�as�the�wasteof�energy�and�contribution�to�air�pollution�andclimate�change.77 Ensuring�that�lighting�isappropriate�for�its�purpose�and�is�energy�efficient,will�also�help�to�reduce�carbon�emissions�andcontribute�to�climate�change�mitigation.�4.40 Consultation�demonstrated�a�high�level�ofsupport�for�reducing�street�lighting�in�terms�of�thenumber�of�street�lights,�and�the�time�they�areoperational,�although�a�number�of�smaller�settlementson�Exmoor�have�no�street�lighting.78 The�National�ParkAuthority�will�continue�to�work�with�the�highwayauthorities�and�local�communities�on�proposals�to

46

Protecting Exmoor’s Dark Night Sky

manage�and,�where�possible,�reduce�lighting�withinstreets�and�car�parks.�Devon�and�Somerset�CountyCouncils�are�both�reducing�the�environmental�impactof�street�lighting�through�light�dimming,�convertinglamps�to�more�efficient�bulbs,�and�part-night�lighting.Part-night�lighting�has�already�been�implemented�inseveral�communities�across�Exmoor.�4.41 Other�forms�of�light�pollution�arise�from�sourcessuch�as:�the�illumination�of�buildings,�light�spill�frominternal�lighting�in�agricultural�and�other�non-residential�buildings,�security�lighting,�andflood-lit�areas.�Any�necessary�new�lighting�associatedwith�new�development�can�be�managed�throughappropriate�lighting�technology�and�restrictions�onthe�duration�of�use.�Where�light�pollution�alreadyexists,�the�National�Park�Authority�will�promote�theuse�of�the�Lighting�Management�Plan�to�inform�thepublic�about�ways�to�reduce�energy�and�use�lightingmore�effectively.4.42 Applicants�will�be�expected,�as�part�of�theirproposals,�to�set�out�any�lighting�proposals�anddemonstrate�that�they�accord�with�best�practice.Planning�conditions�will�be�attached�to�approvals�toensure�that�any�lighting�will�be�appropriately�designedand�managed�to�limit�impacts�on�Exmoor’s�Dark�SkyReserve,�local�amenity,�landscape�character,�culturalheritage,�and�wildlife.�Preventing�light�pollution�willhelp�to�conserve�and�enhance�the�setting�of�heritageassets,�and�this�will�be�an�important�consideration�for

any�new�lighting�proposed�as�lighting�can�enhance�aswell�as�detract�from�historic�buildings.�Any�lighting�willneed�to�be�appropriate�to�the�integrity�of�heritageassets�(policies�CE-S4�Cultural�Heritage�and�HistoricEnvironment�and�CE-D3�Conserving�Heritage�Assets)and�minimise�light�spillage.4.43 Policy�CE-S2�Protecting�Exmoor’s�Dark�Night�Skyrefers�to�further�detailed�guidance�in�the�LightingManagement�Plan�which�provides�technical�advice�toinform�external�lighting�requirements�for�futuredevelopment�and�seeks�to�manage�existing�externallighting�with�building�advice�from�the�Institute�ofLighting�Professionals,�together�with�the�input�ofDevon�County�Council�and�Somerset�County�Councillighting�professionals.�Where�external�lighting�cannotbe�managed�through�planning�conditions,�theLighting�Management�Plan�(LMP)�provides�guidelinesfor�property�owners�and�organisations�responsible�forother�forms�of�outdoor�lighting.�These�includereducing�the�intensity�of�external�lighting�andspecifications�for�shielding�with�hoods�or�reflectors.The�LMP�also�identifies�the�Dark�Sky�Reserve�CoreZone�and�Critical�Buffer�Zone�(Map�4.2�below)�andthe�management�of�lighting�within�these�areas.4.44 Where�external�artificial�illumination�can�bejustified�in�terms�of�meeting�safety�requirements�orimproving�accessibility�to�community�facilities�–�itshould�meet�the�objectives�of�the�policy�and�therequirements�of�the�Lighting�Management�Plan.��

47


Map 4.2 Dark Sky Reserve Core Zone and Critical Buffer Zone

© Crown copyright and database rights 2018 Ordnance Survey 100024878


48

1. The tranquillity and dark sky experience of the Exmoor National Park Dark SkyReserve and the National Park as a whole, will be maintained and improved.

2. Development proposals should seek to reduce light spillage and eliminate allunnecessary forms of artificial outdoor lighting in the National Park by ensuringthat:a) The Dark Sky Reserve Core Zone is protected from permanent illumination.b) External lighting within the Dark Sky Reserve Critical Buffer Zone is strictly

controlled.c) Good lighting management and design is applied throughout the National

Park to avoid unacceptable adverse impacts on: i) the visual character of the landscape, seascape, and historic built

environment; ii) wildlife and habitats; andiii) local visual amenity and safety.

3. Development proposals that involve external lighting, outside the Dark SkyReserve Core Zone, will only be permitted where it can be demonstrated that theyare required for safety, security or community reasons and where the detailsminimise light spillage; having regard to the Lighting Management Plan guidance.

CE-S2 Protecting Exmoor’s Dark Night Sky

The Milky Way from Brendon Common© Keith Trueman

Context4.45 All�public�authorities,�including�Exmoor�NationalPark�Authority,�have�a�biodiversity�duty�whichrequires�them�to,�“have�regard,�so�far�as�is�consistentwith�the�proper�exercise�of�those�functions,�to�thepurpose�of�conserving�biodiversity”.79 The�UK’scommitment�to�the�conservation�of�biodiversity�isdelivered�through�the�Government’s�BiodiversityStrategy�which�sets�an�ambition�to�halt�overall�loss�ofEngland’s�biodiversity�by�2020�and�to�move�to�aposition�of�net�biodiversity�gain�in�the�longer�term,supporting�a�more�integrated�landscape-scaleapproach�to�conserve�habitats�on�land�and�at�sea,and�improve�links�between�them.80 This�strategy�willhelp�nature�to�better�withstand�futureenvironmental�pressures�such�as�climate�change�andprovide�a�wider�context�for�conservation�work.�TheNPPF�is�clear�that�planning�should�contribute�toconserving�and�enhancing�the�natural�and�localenvironment,�improving�biodiversity�by�minimisingimpacts,�providing�net�gains�for�nature,�protectinggeological�conservation,�and�contributing�to�theGovernment’s�commitment�to�halt�the�overalldecline�in�biodiversity,�including�by�establishingcoherent�ecological�networks�that�are�more�resilientto�current�and�future�pressures.�Biodiversity�is�also�ofvalue�to�the�local�economy,�in�terms�of�theimportant�habitats�and�wildlife�that�are�appreciatedby�people�living�in�and�visiting�the�area,�but�also�interms�of�the�ecosystem�services�they�provide.

Internationally and Nationally DesignatedBiodiversity Assets on Exmoor4.46 Some�of�Exmoor’s�wildlife�is�given�specialconsideration�through�a�hierarchy�of�sitedesignations�which�confer�different�levels�ofprotection�in�recognition�of�their�international,national�or�local�importance.

4.47 Special�Areas�of�Conservation�(SACs)�aredesignated�to�protect�the�distinctive�wildlife�whichcan�be�found�in�these�specific�habitats�–�these�areExmoor�Heaths�SAC�and�Exmoor�and�QuantockOakwoods�SAC.81 The�combined�area�of�SACs�coversaround�12,600�ha�of�Exmoor.�Legislation�restricts�thegranting�of�permission�for�development�which�islikely�to�significantly�affect�a�SAC�and�which�is�notdirectly�connected�with�or�necessary�to�themanagement�of�the�site�for�nature�conservation.�Theenvironmental�effects�of�any�proposed�developmentlikely�to�have�a�significant�effect�on�a�SAC�(includingtheir�qualifying�species)�alone�or�in�combination�withother�projects,�will�be�subject�to�the�most�rigorousexamination�by�the�National�Park�Authority,�as�setout�in�the�Habitats�Regulations,�and�is�subject�toseparate�statutory�procedures�including�AppropriateAssessment.82 National�planning�policy�is�thatdevelopment�likely�to�have�a�significant�effect�onsites�protected�under�the�Habitats�Directives�wouldnot�be�sustainable�in�terms�of�the�presumption�infavour�of�sustainable�development.�834.48 Ecological�Zones�of�Influence�(EZI)�have�beenidentified�for�the�Exmoor�and�Quantock�OakwoodsSAC.�These�zones�are�areas�outside�the�designated�SAC,which�nonetheless�if�affected�can�adversely�impact�onthe�integrity�of�the�site’s�conservation�objectives,�asspecies�are�not�necessarily�limited�by�the�designatedsite�boundary.�Two�of�the�qualifying�feature�species,Barbastelle�bat�and�Otter�have�dispersal�areas�which�areused�to�delineate�the�EZI.�A�‘test�of�likely�significance’within�the�EZI�under�the�provisions�of�the�HabitatsRegulations�2010�may�be�required�for�an�applicationfalling�within�these�zones�(see�Exmoor�National�ParkLocal�Plan�Habitat�Regulations�Assessment).

79 HM Government (2006) Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 (Section 40) – TheStationery Office Limited. London80 DEFRA (2011) Biodiversity 2020 – A Strategy for England’s Wildlife and Ecosystem Services 81 European Commission (1992) EC Council Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and WildFauna and Flora (92/43/EEC). Official Journal of the European Communities82 HM Government (2010) Statutory Instruments 2010 No.490. The Conservation of Habitats and SpeciesRegulations. The Stationery Office Limited. London83 DCLG (2012) National Planning Policy Framework. (Paragraph 119). DCLG

49


Wildlife, Geological Conservation And Green InfrastructureObjective 3: To�protect�and�enhance�Exmoor’s�wildlife�and�habitats�and�seek�to�improve�the�diversity,�extent,condition�and�connectivity�of�Exmoor’s�important�and�valued�habitats.Objective 4: To�maintain�or�increase�the�populations�of�native�wildlife�species�on�Exmoor�that�are�valued�fortheir�conservation�status�and�local�distinctiveness,�and�control�and�eradicate�non-native�species.

84 Designated under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 85 Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, as amended by theCountryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 and Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 200686 DEFRA (2013) Government Forestry and Woodlands Policy Statement 87 DEFRA & Forestry Commission (2005) Keepers of Time: a statement of policy for England’s ancient and native woodland 88 Natural England (2014) Standing Advice for Ancient Woodland and Veteran Trees 89 Silvanus et al. (2013) Unlocking Exmoor’s Woodland Potential: Final Report, ENPA, Dulverton90 Certain plants and animal species, including all wild birds, are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981European plant and animal species are protected under and the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010.Some other animals are protected under their own legislation, for example the Protection of Badgers Act 199291 HM Government (2010) Statutory Instruments 2010 No.490 - Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010(Regulation 9). The Stationery Office Limited, London


4.49 Sites�of�Special�Scientific�Interest�(SSSIs)�aredesignated�by�Natural�England�for�their�ecological�orgeological�value.84 They�form�a�national�network�ofsites�which�represent�the�best�examples�of�naturalfeatures,�including�wildlife�habitats,�geologicalfeatures�and�landforms�in�the�country.�Some�SSSIsare�also�designated�as�National�Nature�Reserves(NNRs)�due�to�their�nature�conservation�or�geologicalinterest,�and�are�intended�to�provide�opportunitiesfor�the�public�to�enjoy�and�experience�theseinterests.�The�total�area�of�the�National�Parkdesignated�by�UK�and�European�law�to�protectwildlife�is�over�19,300�ha�(about�28%�of�the�NationalPark),�including�three�NNRs.4.50 Legislation�imposes�a�number�of�obligationsand�restrictions�on�owners,�occupiers�and�publicbodies�regarding�any�activities�that�may�affectSSSIs.85 Development�proposals�should�conserveand�respond�to�opportunities�to�enhance�SSSIsthrough�the�planning�system.�Where�a�developmentproposal�may�adversely�affect�a�SSSI,�the�applicantwill�be�required�to�provide�an�assessment�of�thelikely�impacts�of�the�proposal�and�possible�measuresto�avoid�damaging�effects.�Development�proposalslikely�to�affect�a�SSSI�will�be�subject�to�the�mostrigorous�examination�by�the�National�Park�Authority.�4.51 Ancient�woodland�and�veteran�trees�are�alsoafforded�a�high�level�of�protection�reflecting�nationalpolicy�and�guidance�and�a�renewed�governmentcommitment�to�policies�in�the�report�Keepers�ofTime.86,87 The�definition�of�ancient�woodland�alsoincludes�ancient�semi-natural�woodland�(ASNW)�andplantations�on�ancient�woodland�sites�(PAWS)�whichwill�be�treated�equally�in�terms�of�the�level�ofprotection�afforded�to�ancient�woodland�andveteran�trees.884.52 The�‘Unlocking�the�Potential�of�Exmoor’sWoodlands’�report�concludes�that�ancientwoodland,�including�ASNW�and�PAWS,�represents�ahighly�important�component�of�Exmoor’s

woodlands.89 There�are�2,004�ha�of�ASNW�within�theNational�Park�and�1,346�ha�of�PAWS�sitescorresponding�to�more�than�one�third�of�thewoodlands�of�Exmoor.�Many�of�the�larger�ancientwoodlands�are�of�very�high�ecological�interest�andhave�been�designated�in�recognition�of�theirimportance�with�1,668ha�of�ancient�woodlanddesignated�as�a�SAC.�Priorities�to�‘protect,�improveand�expand’�are�relevant�policy�considerations�toprotect�ancient�woodlands�and�veteran�trees�fromdevelopment�and�the�threats�of�climate�change,improve�the�restoration�of�PAWS�and�expand�theconnectivity�of�ancient�woodlands�in�the�landscape.

Species Protection4.53 Within�the�National�Park�there�are�a�number�ofrare,�localised�and�characteristic�plant�and�animalspecies,�many�of�which�are�protected�by�legislation.Endangered�species�protected�by�legislation,�may�befound�in�areas�that�do�not�receive�special�protection.90Priority�species�on�Exmoor�includes�some�legallyprotected�species,�and�those�that�have�beenidentified�as�important�or�rare�in�a�national�context.4.54 The�National�Park�Authority�is�obliged�underlegislation�to�have�regard�to�the�provisions�of�theHabitats�Directive�which�includes�the�maintenanceof�‘Favourable�Conservation�Status’�of�Europeanprotected�species,�i.e.�that�the�populations�of�suchspecies�and�the�habitat�to�support�them�aremaintained�–�these�include�dormice,�otters�and�allUK�species�of�bats,�(17�out�of�18�bat�species�arefound�on�Exmoor).91 This�is�separate�from�anysubsequent�licensing�requirements.�Developers�willbe�expected�to�provide�data�with�an�application�toenable�an�assessment�to�be�carried�out.�Europeanprotected�species�are�also�afforded�protection�fromdeliberate�disturbance�likely�to�significantly�affect�thelocal�distribution�or�abundance�of�the�species�towhich�they�belong.

50

Exmoor’s Priority Habitats and Species4.55 The�Exmoor�priority�species�and�habitats�lists�havebeen�produced�as�part�of�the�development�of�theExmoor�Wildlife�Research�and�Monitoring�Framework;92these�lists�were�derived�from�the�Exmoor�BiodiversityAction�Plan93 and�their�purpose�is�to�identify:a) Those�species�and�habitats�on�Exmoor�which

are�nationally�or�internationally�important�inbiodiversity�terms,

b) Populations�that�have�reduced�to�levels�ofserious�concern;�and�

c) Populations�which�would�achieve�most�forbiodiversity�conservation�if�targeted�for�local�action.

d) National�priority�habitats�and�species94 areidentified�on�the�England�Biodiversity�List95 andthose�relevant�to�Exmoor�are�included�withinthe�priority�habitats�and�species�lists�for�Exmoor.

4.56 There�are�29�priority�habitats�on�Exmoor�andthese�are�listed�in�Table�4.1�below;�some�of�which�willalready�be�within�internationally,�nationally�andlocally�designated�sites�(e.g.�SACs,�SSSIs�and�localwildlife�sites).

92 ENPA (2014): Exmoor Wildlife Research and Monitoring Framework 2014 – 2020 – Exmoor National ParkWildlife Report Series No 1, ENPA, Dulverton 93 ENPA (2001) Exmoor Biodiversity Action Plan, ENPA, Dulverton 94 Listed as Habitats and Species of Principal Importance in Section 41 of the Natural Environment and RuralCommunities (NERC) Act 200695 DEFRA: EXPLANATORY NOTE - Section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act2006 - Habitats and Species of Principal Importance in England

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Broad Habitat Priority Habitat Name

Arable and horticulture Arable field marginsArable and horticulture Traditional orchardsBoundary HedgerowsCoastal Coastal saltmarshCoastal Coastal vegetated shingleCoastal Intertidal mudflatsCoastal Maritime cliff and slopesFreshwater Ponds Freshwater RiversGrassland Lowland calcareous grasslandGrassland Lowland dry acid grasslandGrassland Lowland meadowsGrassland Purple moor-grass and rush pastures Heathland Lowland heathlandHeathland Upland heathlandInland rock Inland rock outcrop and scree habitatsMarine Intertidal boulder communitiesMarine Sabellaria alveolata reefsMarine Sabellaria spinulosa reefsMarine Subtidal sands and gravelsWetland Blanket bogWetland Coastal and floodplain grazing marshWetland Lowland fensWetland Upland flushes, fens and swampsWoodland Lowland mixed deciduous woodlandWoodland Upland mixed ashwoodsWoodland Upland oakwoodWoodland Wet woodlandWoodland Wood-pasture and parkland

Table 4.1 Exmoor’s Priority Habitats

96 ENPA (2014) Exmoor Wildlife Research and Monitoring Framework, ENPA, Dulverton


4.57 There�are�198�species�on�the�Priority�Species�listin�the�Exmoor�Wildlife�Research�and�MonitoringFramework�-�the�list�encompasses�the�range�ofinternationally�and�nationally�protected�speciesfound�on�Exmoor�in�addition�to�those�that�are�notlegally�protected�but�are�of�biodiversity�importanceon�Exmoor.96 The�Priority�Species�list�will�be�used�as�atool�to�guide�conservation�action�in�the�future�and�toprevent�accidental�loss�through�development.

Local Sites4.58 Local Wildlife Sites: There�are�over�500�LocalWildlife�Sites�(formerly�known�as�County�WildlifeSites)�on�Exmoor,�which�are�sites�of�significant�natureconservation�value.��Although�they�do�not�have�anystatutory�status,�many�are�equal�in�quality�to�therepresentative�sample�of�sites�that�make�up�theseries�of�statutory�SSSIs.�Local�Wildlife�Sites�areidentified�by�local�partnerships�and�provide�a�morecomprehensive�suite�of�sites,�as�well�as�representinglocal�character�and�distinctiveness.�They�have�asignificant�role�in�meeting�national�and�localbiodiversity�targets,�and�importantly�form�part�of�theecological�network�that�links�and�supports�thenationally�and�internationally�designated�sites.�Theyalso�contribute�to�the�quality�of�life�and�the�well-being�of�the�community,�with�many�sitesproviding�opportunities�for�research�and�education.4.59 A�number�of�non-statutory�nature�reserves�havealso�been�established�in�the�National�Park,�althoughmany�are�on�areas�designated�as�SSSIs�which�providethe�legal�protection�set�out�above.4.60 Sites of Geological or GeomorphologicalInterest:�Exmoor�has�a�number�of�RegionallyImportant�Geological�Sites�(RIGS)�which�have�beenidentified�by�Local�Geo-conservation�Groups�for�theirgeological�(rocks,�minerals,�fossils),�orgeomorphological�(land�form,�processes)�interest.�Anumber�of�geological�sites�are�nationally�importantand�are�designated�as�SSSIs�and�receive�fulllegislative�protection,�whilst�RIGS�are�local,�non-statutory�geological�sites.�Geological�sites�are�animportant�educational�resource�for�research,understanding�natural�processes�and�stimulatingpublic�interest�in�geology.�They�can�also�be�arecreational�and�inspirational�resource.�Geologicalsites�should�be�safeguarded�to�allow�ongoingscientific�and�education�use�of�these�resources�and

effective�management�in�terms�of�recreational�use�toensure�impacts�do�not�damage�importantgeomorphological�features.

Biodiversity Considerations4.61 The�National�Park�Authority�will�work�withadjoining�authorities,�local�communities�and�landmanagers,�the�private�sector�and�conservationorganisations�to�identify�and�take�forwardopportunities�for�biodiversity�enhancement�wherethis�is�consistent�with�landscape�and�seascapecharacter�(policy�CE-S1�Landscape�and�SeascapeCharacter).�The�Biodiversity�Strategy�2020encourages�the�establishment�of�NatureImprovement�Areas�(NIAs)�by�local�partnerships,based�on�a�local�assessment�of�opportunities�forrestoring�and�connecting�nature�on�a�significantscale.�Applicants�are�advised�to�check�with�theNational�Park�Authority�as�to�whether�any�NIAs�havebeen�agreed.�4.62 The�hierarchy�of�international,�national�and�localwildlife�sites�on�Exmoor�is�shown�on�the�PoliciesMap.�Exmoor’s�Priority�Habitats�are�not�shown�on�thePolicies�Map,�and�many�of�these�will�be�protected�byexisting�designations;�however,�applicants�can�seekadvice�from�officers�if�it�is�considered�that�proposalsmay�impact�on�priority�habitats�listed�in�Table�4.1.�Inconsidering�applications�affecting�the�naturalenvironment,�the�National�Park�Authority�will�seek�tominimise�impacts�on�biodiversity�and�provide�netgains�in�biodiversity,�where�possible.4.63 Applications�for�development�should�ensurethat�sufficient�information�is�provided�on�the�wildlifesites�or�species�that�may�be�affected�by�a�proposal.Pre-application�discussions�can�help�ensure�thatplanning�applications�are�submitted�with�adequateinformation�on�biodiversity�and�geological�impactsand�prevent�delays.�In�some�cases,�(for�example�ifproposals�may�affect�a�SSSI)�it�may�be�appropriate�toinclude�third�parties,�such�as�Natural�England,�inthese�discussions.�Pre-application�enquiries�can�helpascertain�whether�a�European�protected�species,�aspecies�identified�as�important�or�rare�in�a�nationalcontext,�or�a�locally�important�species�on�Exmoor,�ispresent�on�site.�Where�such�species�may�be�present,the�application�should�be�informed�by�an�ecologicalsurvey�prepared�by�a�suitably�qualified�consultant�toassess�this.�The�re-use�of�buildings�and�previously

52

developed�land�(GP4�The�Efficient�Use�of�Land�andBuildings)�in�particular�would�require�carefulassessment�of�any�existing�wildlife�interest.4.64 An�Exmoor�Wildlife�Checklist�and�guidance�areavailable�to�assist�preparation�of�a�planningapplication�in�considering�whether�a�proposal�islikely�to�affect�any�priority�or�protectedspecies/habitats�and�if�further�surveys�are�necessary.Applications�should�show�how�the�proposal�hastaken�this�evidence�into�account�through�its�designand�any�mitigation�or�compensation�proposed.4.65 Proposals�must�clearly�demonstrate�that�theywill�not�result�in�the�disturbance�or�killing�of�aprotected,�priority�or�locally�important�species,�ordamage�to�or�destruction�of�their�breeding�sites�orresting�places.�If�proposals�are�likely�to�result�in�thedisturbance�or�killing�of�a�European�protectedspecies�or�damage�to�its�habitat,�then�a�licence�willusually�be�required�from�DEFRA.�A�licensing�regimealso�applies�to�badgers�through�the�Protection�ofBadgers�Act�1992.�There�may�be�circumstanceswhere�the�removal�of�invasive�species�would�besupported�as�part�of�a�development�proposal�wherethis�would�support�National�Park�purposes�andenhance�biodiversity.�The�re-use�of�buildings�andpreviously�developed�land,�in�particular,�wouldrequire�careful�assessment�of�any�existing�wildlifeinterest.�4.66 The�National�Park�Authority�will�work�in�closecollaboration�with�Natural�England,�the�EnvironmentAgency,�non-statutory�conservation�agencies�such�asthe�Somerset�and�Devon�Wildlife�Trusts,�the�RSPB,and�recognised�local�experts�as�appropriate,�as�wellas�using�its�own�specialist�knowledge�in�assessingthe�likely�impact�of�development�proposals.

Mitigation and Compensation4.67 As�a�principle�in�the�National�Park,�alldevelopment�should�avoid�harm�to�biodiversity�orgeological�interest.�However,�in�very�exceptionalcircumstances,�where�it�is�judged�that�the�widerbenefits�of�a�proposed�development�clearlyoutweigh�the�loss�or�damage�to�sites,�species�andfeatures�included�in�policy�CE-S3�Biodiversity�andGreen�Infrastructure,�measures�will�be�sought�tominimise�the�impacts�(mitigation)�and�compensatefor�any�residual�impacts.�Compensatory�measures

may�be�required�in�advance�of�the�development�inappropriate�cases.�Long�term�site�management�andmonitoring�may�also�be�required,�in�order�to�ensurethat�the�compensatory�measures�achieve�theirobjectives.�This�will�be�managed�through�attachingconditions�and/or�legal�agreements�to�any�grantingof�planning�permission.�The�irreplaceable�nature�ofsome�habitats�(e.g.�ancient�woodland�or�veterantrees)�means�that�loss�or�damage�cannot�simply�berectified�by�mitigation�and�compensation�measures,and�in�circumstances�where�harm�cannot�beadequately�mitigated�or�compensated�for,�planningpermission�will�be�refused.97

Ecological Networks4.68 Biodiversity�2020�highlights�the�need�forcoherent�and�resilient�ecological�networks�to�movefrom�a�position�of�net�biodiversity�loss�to�net�gain.98Conserving�existing�international,�national�and�localwildlife�sites�alone�will�not�be�sufficient�to�maintainor�enhance�biodiversity�over�the�longer�term,�giventhe�threats�of�habitat�shift�and�species�migrationsarising�from�climate�change�and�other�pressuresincluding�invasive�species.�The�long�standingapproach�of�safeguarding�protected�sites�haspreserved�particular�areas�of�good�quality�habitat,but�done�little�to�maintain�surrounding,�supportinghabitats�on�a�landscape�scale.�As�such,�protectedsites�and�the�species�populations�they�support�existin�isolation,�kept�separate�from�other�areas�ofhospitable�habitat�by�surrounding�land�uses�that�areless�hospitable.�This�means�that�whilst�the�NationalPark�has�a�rich�assortment�of�wildlife�habitats,�theytend�to�exist�in�patches�rather�than�continuousswathes,�which�presents�a�problem�to�animals�andplants.�All�species�need�to�disperse�and�colonise�newareas�in�order�to�maintain�healthy�populations,�or�toescape�from�threats�such�as�disease�outbreaks,�orimpacts�arising�from�climate�change.�However,isolated�patches�make�dispersal�of�individuals�to�newareas�difficult�or�impossible�for�the�majority�ofspecies.�Therefore,�continuing�to�just�preserveexisting�fragments�of�habitats�and�isolated�protectedsites�alone�will�not�be�sufficient�to�conservebiodiversity:�the�wider�landscape�needs�to�be�madepermeable�to�wildlife.

97 Natural England (2014) Standing Advice for Ancient Woodland and Veteran Trees 98 DEFRA (2011) Biodiversity 2020 – A Strategy for England’s Wildlife and Ecosystem Services

53


99 Somerset County Council et al (2015) Somerset’s Ecological Networks: Mapping components of theecological network in Somerset100 ODPM (2005) Government Circular 06/2005 Biodiversity and Geological Conservation - StatutoryObligations and Their Impact within the Planning System. The Stationery Office Limited. London101 DCLG (2012) National Planning Policy Framework (Paragraph 99). DCLG


4.69 The�NPPF�allows�for�this�new�approach�toreconnecting�nature,�by�requiring�the�establishmentof�ecological�networks.�An�ecological�network�is�aconnected�group�of�natural�and�semi-natural�habitatswhich�are�large�enough�and�sufficiently�joined-up�toenable�the�survival�of�viable�populations�of�flora�andfauna�species.�Ecological�networks�are�managed�withthe�objective�of�conserving�and�enhancingbiodiversity�and�maintaining�and�restoring�ecologicalfunction�in�the�natural�environment.�4.70 The�Somerset�(including�Exmoor�National�Park)ecological�network�is�a�plan�of�existing�and�potentialstrategically�important�ecological�assets�whichidentifies�existing�and�new�opportunities�forbiodiversity,�and�the�linkages�required�to�ensureconnectivity�between�these�elements.99� It�is�thebasic�framework�that�will�aid�the�establishment�of�aresilient�and�coherent�network,�and�deliver�sociallyand�economically�important�ecosystem�services.�Theecological�network�does�not�aim�to�identify�allresources�of�importance�to�the�conservation�of�thenatural�environment,�and�therefore�the�protection�ofdesignated�sites�and�priority�habitats�remainsimportant.4.71 The�ecological�network�comprises�core�areas,stepping�stones,�dispersal�areas�and�sustainable�useareas.�

a) Core�areas�are�patches�of�priority�habitatthat�are�at�least�as�big�as�the�minimum�areaa�species�population�needs�in�order�tosurvive.�

b) Stepping�stones�are�areas�of�priority�habitatthat�are�smaller�than�the�minimum�viablearea�but�provide�important�intermediaryareas�of�habitat,�which�may�help�to�connectup�core�areas�across�the�landscape.�

c) Dispersal�areas�are�a�flexible�buffer�thatrepresents�where�species�are�able�to�moveto�in�the�landscape,�and�this�area�cancontract�or�be�extended�according�to�howhospitable,�or�permeable,�a�surroundingland�use�is.�

d) Sustainable�use�areas�comprise�the�majorityof�the�landscape,�and�this�is�where�real

advances�can�be�made�in�improving�thepermeability�of�the�land�around�core�areasand�stepping�stones.�

4.72 The�ecological�network�will�be�used�to�identifydevelopment�siting�constraints,�to�provide�advice�onpre-application�enquiries�and�to�identify�where�a�netgain�for�biodiversity�can�be�generated�throughhabitat�management,�restoration�and�expansion�toenhance�connectivity�and�resilience.�Suitableplanning�conditions�and�obligations�may�be�used�topromote�such�management�and�enhancement.1004.73 Sustainable�development�in�the�National�Parkshould�strengthen�the�resilience�of�the�ecologicalnetwork�by�avoiding�direct�and�indirect�impactsthrough�sensitive�site�location�and�design.Sustainable�development�will�not�lead�to�the�loss,damage,�deterioration�or�disturbance�of�core�areas,or�stepping�stones,�and�will�generate�a�net�gain�forbiodiversity�by�enhancing�restoration�areas�anddispersal�areas.

Green Infrastructure4.74 National�policy�encourages�local�plan�policies�toset�out�a�strategic�approach�for�the�creation�of�greeninfrastructure�networks�that�contribute�towards�theconservation�and�enhancement�of�the�naturalenvironment�and�the�wider�aims�and�benefits�ofgreen�infrastructure�relating�to�landscape,biodiversity,�design,�open�space,�recreation,�healthand�well-being,�and�climate�change�mitigation�andadaptation.1014.75 National�Parks�are�recognised�as�providingsome�of�the�best�quality�green�infrastructure�thathelps�create�a�healthy�environment�for�people,communities�and�businesses,�and�improves�air�andwater�quality.�4.76 Green�infrastructure�networks�encompass�awide�range�of�high�quality�natural,�semi-natural,�andamenity�green�spaces�and�other�environmentalfeatures.�Green�infrastructure�is�planned,�or�alreadyexists�as�a�multifunctional�resource�that�can�deliver�arange�of�benefits�that�helps�underpin�sustainablecommunities.�Although�green�infrastructure�ispredominantly�planned�and�designed�in�an�urban

54

context,�it�also�has�a�role�in�rural�areas�where�landmay�provide�a�range�of�functions�and�ecosystemservices�such�as:�linkages�between�habitats,biodiversity�benefits,�carbon�storage,�floodprotection,�water�purification,�and�areas�forrecreation�and�enjoyment.102 National�Parks�providethe�highest�quality�green�infrastructure�on�a�broadlandscape�scale�that�includes�extensive�habitats,major�landscape�features,�and�public�accessland/rights�of�way.1034.77 Blue�infrastructure�refers�to�the�waterenvironment�which�is�significant�in�terms�of�theimportant�role�it�has�for�biodiversity,�recreation,�floodmitigation�and�climate�change�adaptation.�Blueinfrastructure�is�usually�incorporated�within�theterminology�‘green�infrastructure’�but�can�bespecifically�identified�as�a�tool�to�improve�climatechange�resilience.4.78 Green�infrastructure�encompasses�a�variety�ofspatial�scales�from�provision�of�open�space�within

communities�to�large�landscape-scale�programmesand�the�links�between�them.�The�aims�and�objectivesof�the�Exmoor�National�Park�Partnership�Plan�2012-17are�central�to�landscape�scale�planning�in�terms�ofeffective�land�management�that�also�secures�greeninfrastructure�benefits�through�associated�projects,plans�and�strategies.4.79 Part�of�the�western�area�of�the�National�Park�fallswithin�the�North�Devon�Biosphere�Reserve�TransitionZone�which�is�formed�by�the�catchment�area�of�theTaw�and�Torridge�rivers�and�other�streams�whichdrain�to�the�North�Devon�coast.�The�core�area�is�theBraunton�Burrows�sand�dune�system.�BiosphereReserves�are�designated�by�UNESCO�and�are�part�ofan�intergovernmental�programme�to�improverelationships�between�people�and�theirenvironment.104� This�approach�complements�thevision�and�objectives�of�the�Local�Plan�(andPartnership�Plan)�including�the�promotion�ofecosystem�services�and�delivery�of�greeninfrastructure�networks

102 HM Government (2011) Natural Environment White Paper – The Natural Choice: securing the value ofnature. The Stationery Office Limited. London 103 Natural England (2009) Green Infrastructure Guidance (NE176) 104 North Devon Biosphere Team (2015) North Devon Biosphere website www.northdevonbiosphere.org.uk

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High Brown FritillaryNigel Stone

105 HM Government (2011) Natural Environment White Paper – The Natural Choice: securing the value ofnature. The Stationery Office Limited, London.


4.80 Policy�CE-S3�Biodiversity�and�GreenInfrastructure�encourages�the�delivery�of�greeninfrastructure,�with�the�support�of�partnerorganisations�and�people�that�live�and�work�onExmoor,�to�provide�an�effective�basis�for�theenhancement�of�existing�multifunctional�greeninfrastructure�networks�and�to�enable�the�creation�ofphysical�and�functional�network�linkages�throughoutthe�National�Park�and�cross-boundary�links�with�thesurrounding�area.�Green�infrastructure�can�helpdeliver�ecosystem�services�as�part�of�the�wider�publicbenefits�that�Exmoor�provides�to�society�andenhance�the�resilience�of�the�ecological�network.4.81 It�is�important�that�green�infrastructure�isplanned�around�existing�assets.�Developmentproposals�should�make�specific�provision�for�greeninfrastructure�including�for�wildlife�that�may�also�helpto�support�biodiversity�adaptation�to�climate�change(CE-D2�Green�Infrastructure�Provision).�Similarly,schemes�should�reflect�and�enhance�the�landscapecharacter�types�across�the�National�Park�(CE-S1Landscape�and�Seascape�Character)�and�recognisethe�broad�priorities�for�each�landscape�type�and�thepriority�areas�for�action�set�out�in�the�ExmoorLandscape�Action�Plan.�This�will�help�to�ensure�thatgreen�infrastructure�will�reinforce�the�sense�of�placewhilst�contributing�to�the�delivery�of�sustainable�landmanagement�e.g.�through�agri-environmentschemes.�Green�infrastructure�can�also�provideopportunities�to�enhance�the�historic�environment.4.82 The�multi-functional�role�of�green�infrastructurecan�strengthen�climate�change�mitigation�andadaptation�measures�(CC-S1�Climate�ChangeMitigation�and�Adaptation).�In�terms�of�helping�toreduce�flood�risk,�strategic�land�managementprogrammes�can�have�a�significant�impact�onmaking�space�for�water,�reducing�peak�flows�andhelping�to�lessen�the�impact�of�potential�flood�risk,and�conserving�water�(CC-D1�Flood�Risk�and�CC-D2Water�Conservation).�Sustainable�Drainage�Systems(SuDS),�which�deal�with�surface�water,�are�designedto�mimic�natural�drainage�as�closely�as�possible�in�abuilt�environment�context�(CE-S6�Design�and

Sustainable�Construction�Principles�and�CC-D1�FloodRisk).�They�provide�an�example�of�greeninfrastructure�and�an�illustration�of�the�achievementof�multiple�benefits�from�the�management�of�landtogether�with�opportunities�to�provide�public�openspace�(HC-S6�Local�Commercial�Services�andCommunity�Facilities).�Green�infrastructure,�includingopen�space,�can�act�as�the�‘green�lungs’�of�asettlement�and�will�generally�contribute�toimproving�air�quality�and�reducing�noise�pollution.4.83 Climate�change�mitigation�can�be�achieved�bycarbon�storage,�including�woodland�planting�andmire�restoration,�as�well�as�reducing�the�need�totravel�by�private�transport�(AC-S1�SustainableTransport)�through�provision�of�access�routes�forsustainable�modes�of�travel�–�this�may�be�achievedby�creating�linkages�between�existing�public�rightsof�way�or�specific�routes�to�enable�access�to�localservices�and�facilities.4.84 Green�infrastructure�can�provide�a�range�ofsocial�and�economic�benefits�for�those�who�live�andvisit�Exmoor.�It�is�recognised�that�nature�has�apositive�impact�on�mental�and�physical�health�andhelps�children’s�learning.�High-quality�naturalenvironments�have�been�shown�to�foster�healthycommunities,�and�green�spaces�encourage�socialactivity.105 Green�infrastructure�can�therefore�beincorporated�in�development�proposals�to�enhancethe�health�and�well-being�of�local�communities�andvisitors�to�Exmoor�by�improving�opportunities�forrecreational�activities,�Existing�assets�such�as�theextensive�access�network�(RT-D12�Access�Land�andRights�of�Way)�can�also�be�enhanced�to�promote�thequiet�enjoyment�of�the�National�Park,�includingopportunities�to�enhance�and�expand�the�cross-boundary�green�infrastructure�network,�such�aslinking�to�the�MacMillan�Way�West,�Tarka�Trail,�TwoMoors�Way�and�the�South�West�Coast�Path.�It�canalso�have�positive�benefits�for�the�economy�bothdirectly,�through�employment�in�capital�projects�andfuture�management,�and�indirectly,�throughsustaining�a�high�quality�environment�to�attractvisitors�to�Exmoor.

56

57


1. The conservation and enhancement of wildlife, habitats and sites of geologicalinterest within the National Park will be given great weight.

2. Development delivery, management agreements and positive initiatives willconserve, restore and re-create priority habitats and conserve and increasepriority species identified for Exmoor in the Exmoor Wildlife Research andMonitoring Framework (or successor publication).

3. Sites designated for their international, national or local importance, priorityhabitats, priority or protected species, ancient woodland and veteran trees willbe protected from development likely to have direct or indirect adverse effectsincluding on their conservation objectives. Protection will be commensuratewith their status, giving appropriate weight to their importance, in accordancewith the following principles:a) Development likely to have a significant effect on any internationally

designated site either directly or indirectly, including on features outsidethe designated site which support the ecological functioning of citedhabitats and species, will not be permitted unless it can be ascertainedthat the development will not have an adverse effect on the integrity ofthe site.

b) Development likely to have an adverse impact on the notified specialinterest features of nationally designated sites will not be permitted. Anexception will be made only where the benefits of the development, atthat site, clearly outweigh both the impacts it is likely to have on thespecial interest features of the designated site and any broader impacts onthe network of nationally designated sites.

c) Development likely to cause harm to legally protected species, or lead tothe loss of or damage to their habitats, will not be permitted unless thiscan be mitigated or then offset so that local populations are at leastmaintained.

d) Development likely to adversely affect local sites designated for theirwildlife will not be permitted, unless it can be demonstrated that the needfor, and benefits of, the development clearly outweigh the loss ofbiodiversity.

e) Development likely to adversely affect priority species and habitats mustbe avoided wherever possible (subject to the legal tests afforded to them)unless the need for, and the benefits of the development are exceptionaland clearly outweigh the loss of biodiversity.

f) Development resulting in the loss or deterioration of irreplaceable ancientwoodland (including ancient semi-natural woodland and plantations onancient woodland sites) and veteran trees, will not be permitted unless theneed for and the benefits of the development are wholly exceptional andclearly outweigh the loss of biodiversity.

...continued overleaf

CE-S3 Biodiversity and Green Infrastructure

106 DCLG (2016) Planning Practice Guidance - Paragraph: 028 Reference ID: 8-028-20160211 - Why is greeninfrastructure important to delivering sustainable development?


4.85 Policy�CE-D2�Green�Infrastructure�Provisionencourages�the�provision�of�green�infrastructure�asan�essential�component�of�new�development�thatalso�incorporates�benefits�for�biodiversity�on�a�scalethat�is�commensurate�with�the�nature,�scale�andactivity�of�any�development�proposal.106 Greeninfrastructure�provision�should�be�considered�at�theearliest�stage�of�preparing�development�proposals.4.86 Green�infrastructure�and�biodiversity�provisioncan�meet�similar�objectives�and�may�already�beincorporated�in�some�development�proposals�–�forexample�where�planting,�screening�or�hedgerowsare�provided�as�part�of�a�landscaping�scheme.�Wherelandscaping�schemes�are�not�already�proposed,suitable�measures�can�be�incorporated�to�provideenhancements�to�biodiversity�(CE-S3�Biodiversity�andGreen�Infrastructure)�and�green�infrastructurenetworks�within�the�National�Park�and�could�achieve:�

a) Places�for�outdoor�relaxation�and�play:�e.g.public�open�space,�recreation�grounds,�andplay�areas�(HC-S6�Local�Commercial�Servicesand�Community�Facilities).

b) Space�and�habitat�for�wildlife�with�access�tonature�for�people:�e.g.�landscaping/plantingschemes,�small-scale�habitat�provision�toencourage�wildlife�(CE-S1�Landscape�andSeascape�Character,�CE-S3�Biodiversity�andGreen�Infrastructure,�CE-S6�Design�andSustainable�Construction�Principles).

c) Climate�change�mitigation�and�adaptation:e.g.�tree�planting,�green�roofs,�provision�ofponds/swales/wetland�through�sustainabledrainage�systems�(CC-S1�Climate�ChangeMitigation�and�Adaptation,�CC-D1�FloodRisk).�

d) Environmental�education�(RT-S1�Recreationand�Tourism).

e) Local�food�production:�e.g.�in�allotments,orchards�and�gardens�(HC-S6�LocalCommercial�Services�and�CommunityFacilities).

f ) Improved�health�and�well-being�–�loweringstress�levels�and�creating�recreational

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4. Regionally important geological sites (RIGS) will be safeguarded for theirgeological and geomorphological interest.

5. Where, in exceptional circumstances and following an assessment againstclauses 1, 2, 3 (b)-(f) and/or 4 above where required, the need for and benefitsof the development are considered to outweigh the harm to habitats, species orthe geological interest of sites, measures will be required to first avoid suchimpacts, and if they cannot be avoided, to mitigate harm or, as a last resort, toprovide appropriate compensatory measures.

6. The enhancement of biodiversity and creation of multi-functional greeninfrastructure networks at a variety of spatial scales, including cross-boundaryconnectivity to areas adjacent to the National Park, that help support ecosystemservices will be encouraged.

7. Opportunities will be promoted for habitat management, restoration,expansion that strengthens the resilience of the ecological network, andenables habitats and species adapt to climate change or to mitigate the effectsof climate change.

8. Green infrastructure that incorporates measures to enhance biodiversity,including dispersal areas identified within the ecological network, should beprovided as an integral part of new development.

Green Infrastructure Provision

opportunities�for�exercise/sport:�e.g.expanding�the�cross-boundary�greeninfrastructure�network�through�the�creationof�public�rights�of�way�linkages(encouraging�sustainable�modes�of�travelsuch�as�walking,�cycling�and�horse-riding),wild�play�areas,�and�green�open�space�(HC-S6�Local�Commercial�Services�andCommunity�Facilities,�RT-S1�Recreation�andTourism,�AC-S1�Sustainable�Transport,�RT-D12�Access�Land�and�Rights�of�Way).

4.87 This�policy�aims�to�deliver�green�infrastructureenhancements,�such�as�habitat�provision�for�wildlife,within�the�National�Park.�Advice�is�available�fromofficers�at�the�National�Park�Authority�to�helpapplicants�provide�the�most�suitable�enhancementin�relation�to�the�scale�and�type�of�development�andthe�surrounding�habitat.�Incorporating�elements�ofgreen�infrastructure�within�developments�willcontribute�towards�wider�outcomes�and�benefits�forthe�green�infrastructure�and�ecological�networksacross�the�National�Park.

4.88 The�design�of�new�development�can�readilyincorporate�biodiversity�measures�and�greeninfrastructure�principles�in�a�way�that�reflects�localcharacter,�including�the�creation�or�enhancement�ofgreen�space�that�can�contribute�to�the�setting�ofbuildings�and�settlements.�New�development�suchas�housing�can�also�incorporate�theseenhancements�through�the�provision�of�gardens,community�orchards,�wild�play�areas,�ponds,�nativeplanting�of�green�roofs,�landscaping�(CE-S6�Designand�Sustainable�Construction�Principles,�CE-S1Landscape�and�Seascape�Character)�and�allotments.4.89 Even�relatively�small�development�proposalscan�directly�add�value�to�biodiversity�and�greeninfrastructure�through�inexpensive�but�effectivemeasures�including:

a) nesting�sites�for�birds�(e.g.�boxes�for�owls,swallows,�house�martins�etc.)�

b) roosting�areas�for�bats�c) establishing�small�areas�of�habitat�and/or

native�planting.

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1. Development proposals should include measures that will enhance greeninfrastructure provision and create opportunities for wildlife in the National Parkcommensurate with the scale of the proposal and intensity of activity expected.

2. Green infrastructure proposals should: a) protect and enhance existing natural and historic environments; b) strengthen connectivity and resilience of ecological networks;c) be locally distinctive through reflecting and enhancing landscape

character; d) maximise opportunities to mitigate and adapt to climate change; or e) improve quality of life through provision of benefits for health and

well-being, including opportunities to access open space and enjoymentof the National Park and its special qualities.

3. Proposals will be encouraged where a range of green infrastructure benefits canbe achieved.

CE-D2 Green Infrastructure Provision

107 DEFRA (2010) English National Parks and the Broads UK Government Vision and Circular108 DCLG (2012) National Planning Policy Framework. (Section 12). DCLG109 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990


Context4.90 The�Government’s�vision�and�policies�for�thehistoric�environment�recognise�the�central�role�itplays�in�cultural�heritage�and�the�multiple�ways�itsupports�and�contributes�to�the�economy,�societyand�daily�life�and�that�it�is�a�non-renewable,resource.107,108 Government�places�a�priority�on�theconservation�of�heritage�assets�in�a�mannerappropriate�to�their�significance,�and�their�value�tocurrent�and�future�generations.�4.91 The�historic�environment�is�a�rich�and�diversepart�of�Exmoor’s�cultural�heritage.�It�results�from�theinteraction�between�people�and�places�throughtime,�and�creates�local�distinctiveness�and�a�sense�ofplace.�This�historic�environment�provides�theevidence�for�past�ways�of�life,�technologies�and�theexploitation�of�the�natural�resources�of�Exmoor.Exmoor’s�historic�landscape�includes�thousands�ofindividual�sites�and�structures,�and�the�preservationof�sites�on�Exmoor�is�generally�excellent.�The�survivalof�such�a�remarkable�record�of�landscape�change�isvery�rare�in�England.4.92 The�quality�of�the�cultural�heritage�and�historicenvironment�are�part�of�what�attracts�people�to�visitExmoor,�and�is�therefore�an�important�part�of�thelocal�economy.��However,�these�resources�are�alsofragile,�vulnerable�to�insensitive�change�and,ultimately�irreplaceable.�The�protection�andenhancement�of�Exmoor’s�cultural�heritage�andhistoric�environment�is�consequently�a�high�priority.The�historic�character�of�buildings�and�settlements�iseasily�eroded�by�small�incremental�changes�overtime,�as�well�as�by�new�development�and�insensitivemodernisation,�for�example,�unsightly�overheadwires,�removal�of�traditional�fabric�such�as�cobbling,or�increasing�the�clutter�of�signs�and�street�furniture.Similarly,�the�quality�and�character�of�Exmoor’s

historic�buildings�can�easily�be�destroyed�byunsympathetic�or�inappropriate�renovation,�repair,extension,�redevelopment,�or�simply�by�neglect.�TheNational�Park�Authority�places�a�high�priority�onprotecting�and�enhancing�Exmoor’s�cultural�heritageand�historic�environment�and�the�planning�policiesset�out�in�this�Plan�seek�to�achieve�this�aim.�

Exmoor’s Heritage Assets4.93 Heritage�assets�are�the�significant�buildings,monuments,�sites,�places,�areas�or�landscapes�withinthe�historic�environment�which�are�identifiedbecause�of�their�heritage�interest.�They�contribute�toour�society,�knowledge�and�culture�and�thereforemerit�consideration�in�planning�decisions.�Thesignificance�of�a�heritage�asset�is�based�on�its�valueto�current�and�future�generations,�and�is�the�sum�ofits�architectural,�historic,�artistic�or�archaeologicalinterest�and�its�setting.�Some�heritage�assets�have�alevel�of�significance�that�justifies�special�protectionmeasures�through�designation�and�legislation,�butlocally�valued�(non-designated)�assets�also�havehistoric�interest�and�play�a�key�role�in�defining�placeand�in�building�local�pride.�

Designated Heritage Assets4.94 Within�Exmoor,�the�designated�heritage�assetsinclude:

a) 16�conservation�areas�designated�under�thePlanning�Act�1990�for�their�special�historic�orarchitectural�interest,�the�character�andappearance�of�which�it�is�desirable�topreserve�or�enhance.109 Conservation�areashave�been�designated�for:�Allerford,Bossington�and�West�Lynch,�Colton�Farm,Dulverton,�Dunster,�Leigh�Barton�Farm,Lower�East�Lyn�Farm,�Luccombe,�Lynmouth,Lynton,�Parracombe,�Porlock,�Porlock�Weir,

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Cultural Heritage and Historic EnvironmentObjective 5: To�ensure�that�the�built�tradition,�character,�distinctiveness�and�historic�character�of�Exmoor’ssettlements,�buildings,�farmsteads,�landscapes,�archaeological�sites�and�monuments�are�conserved�andenhanced�and�that�the�cultural�heritage�of�Exmoor�is�protected�through�the�careful�management�ofdevelopment.Objective 6: To�encourage�new�development�to�use�local�materials,�sustainable�building�design�andmethods,�in�ways�that�contribute�to�the�distinctive�character�and�cultural�heritage�of�Exmoor.Objective 10: To�support,�record�and�understand�aspects�of�culture�and�traditions�that�are�special�to�Exmoor.

Ranscombe�Farm,�Selworthy,�and�WoottonCourtenay.�The�conservation�areas�all�haveCharacter�Appraisals,�which�record�the�keyfeatures�that�contribute�to�their�characterand�assess�their�condition.�The�potential�forfurther�conservation�areas�will�be�keptunder�review.��

b) 740�listed�buildings�designated�under�thePlanning�Act�1990,�which�hold�specialhistoric�or�architectural�interest.110 Buildingsare�graded�according�to�the�level�of�interestas�Grade�I�(exceptional),�Grade�II*(particularly�important),�or�Grade�II�(specialinterest).��Exmoor�has�20�Grade�I,�53�GradeII*�and�668�Grade�II�buildings/structures.�Anyproposals�relating�to�listed�buildings�or�theirsettings�may�require�listed�building�consentand/or�planning�permission.�As�the�NationalPark�Authority�has�a�statutory�duty�toprotect�listed�buildings,�the�presumptionwill�be�to�preserve�them,�and�demolition�orloss�of�listed�buildings�will�only�bepermitted�in�exceptional�circumstances,where�prior�recording�will�be�a�requirement.

c) 200�scheduled�monuments�(SMs)designated�under�the�Ancient�Monumentsand�Archaeological�Areas�Act�1979�asnationally�important�by�reason�of�theirhistoric,�architectural,�artistic,�traditional�orarchaeological�interest.�Developmentproposals�adversely�affecting�the�integrity�orsetting�of�a�scheduled�monument�shouldbe�wholly�exceptional,�and�will�not�bepermitted�unless�it�can�be�clearlydemonstrated�that�it�is�necessary�to�achievesubstantial�public�benefits�that�outweighthe�harm�or�loss�(see�4.102�–�4.104�inrelation�to�measures�required�for�recordingand�advancing�the�understanding�ofheritage�assets).111

d) Historic�parks�and�gardens�registered�underthe�Historic�Buildings�and�AncientMonuments�Act�1953�for�their�specialhistoric�interest�are�Nettlecombe�Court(Grade�II)�and�Dunster�Castle�(Grade�II*).Historic�Parks�and�Gardens�are�significantheritage�assets�and,�whilst�there�are�no

statutory�controls�over�these�sites,Government�policy�is�that�they�should�beprotected�and�enhanced�under�theplanning�system.�Any�developmentproposals�which�would�harm�the�specialfeatures�and�qualities�of�historic�parks�orgardens�or�their�settings�will�not�thereforebe�permitted.

4.95 The�Policies�Map�shows�the�location�ofconservation�areas,�listed�buildings,�scheduledmonuments�and�historic�parks�and�gardens�withinthe�National�Park.�

Non-Designated Heritage Assets4.96 Exmoor�has�a�wealth�of�non-designatedheritage�assets�including�historic�buildings,settlements,�sites�and�structures�that�form�animportant�part�of�the�local�character�anddistinctiveness�of�the�area�and�are�an�importantrecord�of�Exmoor’s�past.�This�includes�diverseexamples�such�as�the�remains�of�prehistoricsettlements,�barrows,�standing�stones,�industrial�sitesand�landscapes,�the�evidence�of�nineteenth�centuryagricultural�improvements,�and�many�historicbuildings.�Whilst�archaeological�sites�andmonuments�form�the�most�visible�aspect�ofExmoor’s�archaeological�remains,�buried�sites�andsoil�deposits,�which�are�usually�not�visible,�alsocontain�information�about�the�past.4.97 In�considering�applications�likely�to�affect�locallyimportant�assets,�their�significance�and�thedesirability�of�their�preservation�will�be�assessed.Applicants�will�be�required�to�provide�adequateinformation�to�enable�the�National�Park�Authority�toassess�the�significance�of�a�site�or�feature.�Harm�toheritage�assets�of�local�importance�should�beavoided�and�development�will�only�be�permittedwhere�the�archaeological/historic�interest�is�capableof�being�preserved�in�situ.�Where,�in�exceptionalcircumstances,�an�application�is�approved�which�willresult�in�the�loss�(wholly�or�in�part)�of�heritage�assets,then�developers�must�record�and�make�publicallyavailable�this�information�to�advance�understandingof�the�significance�of�the�assets.�However,�the�abilityto�record�evidence�of�the�assets�will�not�be�a�factor�indeciding�whether�loss�of�the�asset�should�bepermitted.�

110 Ibid.111 DCLG (2012) National Planning Policy Framework (paragraph 132-141). DCLG.

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112 HM Government (2015) Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (England) Order2015. The Stationery Office, London. 113 Fyfe and Adams (2008) Assessment of the Areas of Exceptional Archaeological and Historical Importance.ENPA, Dulverton114 Further information on the Exmoor National Park Historic Environment Record can be found at:www.exmoorher.co.uk 115 Historic England (February 2016) Historic England Advice Note 2: Making Changes to Heritage AssetsHistoric England (March 2015) Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3 – The Settingof Heritage Assets


4.98 There�may�be�other�occasions�when�a�threat�toarchaeological�remains�arises�from�an�activity�whichis�permitted�development.112 In�such�casesconsideration�will�be�given�to�whether�thearchaeological�interest�can�be�protected�through�thewithdrawal�of�permitted�development�rights�underArticle�4�of�the�General�Permitted�DevelopmentOrder�which�will�then�require�an�application�forplanning�permission�to�be�made.4.99 Principal�Archaeological�Landscapes�(PALs)have�been�identified�on�the�Historic�EnvironmentRecord�(see�below)�as�areas�that�best�represent�thediversity�of�the�archaeology�of�Exmoor�and�definelandscapes�rather�than�individual�features.113 Thearchaeology�of�the�moorland�in�particular�isexceptionally�well�preserved,�making�the�resource�asa�whole�of�national�significance;�the�relict�prehistoriclandscapes�are�possibly�internationally�significant.They�form�a�rare�and�very�extensive�survival�of�entirepast�landscapes�across�the�domestic,�social,economic�and�spiritual�spheres.4.100 In�addition�to�the�national�and�statutorydesignations,�local�planning�authorities�may�formallyidentify�heritage�assets�that�are�important�to�thearea,�for�example�through�local�listing�as�part�of�theplan-making�process.�If�local�listing�is�introduced,�itwill�be�applied�to�assets�identified�through�theExmoor�National�Park�Historic�Environment�Record(HER)�and�in�consultation�with�local�communities.This�would�form�an�important�material�considerationin�determining�planning�applications.�Priority�will�begiven�to�those�sites�considered�to�be�of�nationalimportance,�especially�as�many�of�these�are�notprotected�by�designation.

Historic Environment Record4.101 Heritage�assets�on�Exmoor�are�recorded�by�theNational�Park�Authority�on�the�HER.�This�includes�allknown�historic�sites�and�features�from�the�earliesthuman�activity�to�the�present�day.�All�aspects�of�thearchaeological�and�built�environment�are�recordedand�these�records�are�updated�as�sites�are�identified.

These�include�earthworks,�ruins,�finds,�historicbuildings,�historic�landscapes,�industrial�archaeology,military�sites�and�boundaries.�It�records�the�existenceof�sites�and�indicates�the�research�which�has�beenundertaken�for�these�assets.�The�HER�also�recordslocally�important�designed�landscapes�and�historicgardens.�New�heritage�assets�are�being�identified�allthe�time,�and�are�added�to�the�HER.�The�HER�can�beaccessed�online,�or�by�contacting�National�ParkAuthority�officers.114 In�considering�developmentproposals,�specialist�advice�may�be�sought�fromNational�Park�Authority�conservation�officers�on�thesignificance�of�the�heritage�asset�and�how�itcontributes�to�the�conservation�and�enhancementof�the�area’s�cultural�heritage.

Considering Proposals Affecting Heritage Assets4.102 Heritage�assets�which�are�likely�to�be�affectedby�development�proposals,�should�be�identified�atpre-application�stage.�Applications�should�describethe�significance�of�any�heritage�assets�affected,including�any�contribution�made�by�their�setting.The�level�of�detail�should�be�proportionate�to�theasset’s�importance,�in�order�to�understand�thepotential�impact�of�the�proposal�on�theirsignificance.�Sites�of�archaeological�significance�onExmoor�should�be�preserved�wherever�possible.�TheExmoor�HER�should�be�consulted�as�a�minimum�todetermine�whether�or�not�a�heritage�asset,�and/or�itssetting�and�its�significance�is�likely�to�be�affected.�TheNational�Park�Authority�should�be�contacted�if�data�isrequired�in�support�of�a�planning�application.�Insome�circumstances,�a�Heritage�Assessment�may�berequired.�Further�guidance�can�be�provided�andearly�discussion�with�officers�is�encouraged.�HistoricEngland�provides�guidance�through�Advice�Note�2Making�Changes�to�Heritage�Assets�and�GoodPractice�Advice�Note�3�The�Setting�of�HeritageAssets.115

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4.103 Where�an�application�affects,�or�has�thepotential�to�affect,�heritage�assets�witharchaeological�interest�(including�scheduledmonuments,�within�historic�settlement�cores,�withinthe�curtilage�of�a�listed�building,�PALs,�historic�fieldpatterns�or�historic�farmsteads,116 or�other�locallydesignated�assets�on�the�HER),�applications�mustinclude�an�appropriate�desk-based�assessment�and,where�necessary,�a�field�evaluation�which�may�needto�include�full�excavation,�examination�and�recordingand�public�involvement�where�appropriate.Applicants�are�encouraged�to�discuss�their�plans�atan�early�stage�with�the�National�Park�Authority�whowill�advise�whether�proposals�are�likely�to�affectarchaeological�sites�or�features�and�their�settings,and�whether�further�work�is�necessary.�If

archaeological�remains�are�encountered�duringdevelopment,�the�National�Park�Authority�will�offeradvice�and�assistance�on�their�importance�and�theappropriate�course�of�action.�Archaeologicalassessments�and�field�evaluations�should�be�inaccordance�with�the�Annex�1:�Conduct�ofArchaeological�Work�and�Historic�Building�Recordingwithin�Exmoor�National�Park�(Section�12).�4.104 To�be�consistent�with�the�conservation�andenhancement�of�the�cultural�heritage�of�the�NationalPark,�proposals�which�may�affect�Exmoor’ssettlements,�whether�or�not�they�are�currentlydesignated�as�conservation�areas,�should�seek�topreserve�or�enhance�their�historic/architecturalinterest,�character�and�appearance.

116 Architecton (1997) Exmoor Farmsteads: An Evaluation of Old Steadings within Exmoor National Park.ENPA, Dulverton.The survey gave the Historic Farmsteads a status of grade 1, 2/1, 2/2, 3 and 4. Only those graded 1 and 2/1as ‘outstanding’, and therefore of greatest historical interest, are shown on the Policies Map.

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Lynmouth


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1. Exmoor National Park’s local distinctiveness, cultural heritage, and historicenvironment, will be conserved and enhanced to ensure that present andfuture generations can increase their knowledge, awareness and enjoyment ofthese special qualities.

2. Development proposals affecting heritage assets (identified on the ExmoorNational Park Historic Environment Record) and their settings, will beconsidered in a manner appropriate to their significance including:a) designated conservation areas, scheduled monuments, listed buildings,

and registered historic parks and gardens; andb) locally important historic sites and features, including Principal

Archaeological Landscapes.3. Development proposals should make a positive contribution to the local

distinctiveness of the historic environment and ensure that the character,special interest, integrity, and significance of any affected heritage asset and itssetting is conserved or enhanced.

4. Development proposals likely to affect heritage assets and/or the setting ofheritage assets should be supported by a desk-based assessment appropriateto their significance. In certain cases, developers will be required to arrange forarchaeological or historic building evaluations – these should be prepared inaccordance with the Conduct of Archaeological Work and Historic BuildingRecording within Exmoor National Park (Annex 1).

5. Where development proposals will lead to substantial harm to, or total loss ofsignificance of, a designated heritage asset, permission will be refused.

6. Adverse impacts on locally important heritage assets and/or their settingsshould be avoided. Where proposals are likely to cause substantial harm to orloss of locally important assets, permission will only be granted in exceptionalcircumstances where the public benefit outweighs the asset’s historic orarchaeological interest, having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and thesignificance of the heritage asset. The features of interest should be preservedin situ, but where this is not justifiable or feasible, provision must be made forappropriate preservation by record.

7. Development proposals should positively reinforce the historic character ofExmoor’s settlements through reflecting the traditional vernacular architectureand enhancing local distinctiveness.

CE-S4 Cultural Heritage And Historic Environment

Conservation Areas 4.105 Conservation�areas�are�designated�inrecognition�of�their�unique�character�and�localdistinctiveness,�which�is�derived�from�thecombination�of�historical�and�architectural�featuresincluding:�groupings�of�buildings,�their�form�andprominence,�different�styles,�the�relationshipbetween�buildings�and�spaces,�views�along�streetsand�between�buildings,�traditional�street�patternsand�layouts�and�the�design�and�traditional�materialsof�buildings.�Features�within�the�conservation�areasuch�as�bridges,�trees,�hedgerows,�boundary�walls,banks,�rivers,�open�spaces�and�footpaths�are�allimportant�in�giving�an�area�its�character.�Porlock�Weirand�Lynmouth�conservation�areas�include�historicharbours.��4.106 As�conservation�areas�generally�cover�a�moreextensive�area�compared�to�other�heritage�assets,development�will�be�carefully�managed�to�ensurethat�their�character�is�preserved�or�enhanced.Particular�attention�will�be�given�to�the�specialfeatures�for�which�the�area�is�designated,�in�order�toensure�that�the�impact�of�proposals�on�the�valuedelements�of�conservation�areas�can�be�properlyassessed.�This�might�include�the�impact�on�theskyline,�views�in�and�out�of�the�conservation�area,�theloss�of�or�works�to�trees,�or�the�loss�of�definition�of�asettlement�boundary.��4.107 Given�their�level�of�significance,�there�willnormally�be�a�presumption�against�the�demolition�orloss�of�a�building�or�feature�contributing�to�thecharacter�of�the�conservation�area.�An�emphasis�willalso�be�placed�upon�the�use�of�local,�traditional,materials�and�traditional�methods�of�constructionand�design�that�respond�to�the�local�vernaculararchitecture.�Article�4�Directions�in�conservationareas�are�a�means�of�controlling�alterations�tofeatures�including�roofs,�doors,�windows�andchimneys�and�will�be�used�where�appropriate.

Principal Archaeological Landscapes (Pals)4.108 PALs�are�relatively�extensive�areas�whichencompass�a�range�of�designated�and�non-designated�heritage�assets�which�relate�to�eachother�to�form�a�common�archaeological�landscapeshaped�by�specific�human�achievements.�The�first

PALs�were�identified�on�Exmoor’s�moorland�anddemonstrate�an�extremely�high�quality�ofpreservation.�They�include�examples�of:�relictprehistoric�landscapes,�medieval�farming�systems,parliamentary�enclosure�and�the�reclamation�of�theRoyal�Forest,�and�military�training�landscapes.117Subsequent�PALs�have�been�identified�in�other�areasof�the�National�Park�including�landscapes�associatedwith�Exmoor’s�industrial�heritage�(e.g.�the�WestSomerset�Mineral�Line).4.109 The�main�threats�to�PALs�generally�lie�outsidethe�scope�of�planning�and�include�managementissues�such�as�farming,�vandalism,�visitor�pressureand�vegetation.�Although�the�initial�tranche�of�PALswas�mainly�located�on�open�moorland�areas�that�areusually�protected�for�their�international�and�nationalwildlife�significance,�subsequent�PALs�are�morewidespread�and�include�areas�of�settlementincluding�farmsteads�and�villages.�Applications�fordevelopment�within�or�likely�to�affect�a�PAL�shouldtherefore�avoid�harm�to�the�integrity�andarchaeological�interest�of�the�PALs�and�specificallyrelate�to�the�significance�and�context�of�the�site.�It�isconsidered�that�many�of�the�open�moorland�PALswill�be�inappropriate�areas�for�development.

Heritage Assets And Their Settings4.110 The�setting�of�a�heritage�asset�is�thesurroundings�in�which�a�heritage�asset�isexperienced.118 Its�importance�is�determined�by�howit�contributes�to�the�significance�of�the�heritageasset.�The�extent�of�a�setting�is�not�fixed�and�maychange�as�the�asset�and�its�surroundings�evolve�overtime�and�therefore�cannot�be�definitively�andpermanently�described.�Elements�(individualfeatures)�of�a�setting�may�make�a�positive�or�negativecontribution�to�the�significance�of�an�asset,�mayaffect�the�ability�to�appreciate�that�significance�ormay�be�neutral.4.111 Extensive�heritage�assets,�such�as�PALs�andconservation�areas,�can�include�many�heritage�assetsand�their�nested�and�overlapping�settings,�as�well�ashaving�a�setting�of�their�own.�The�setting�of�aheritage�asset�may�reflect�the�character�of�the�widersettlement�or�landscape�in�which�it�is�situated,�or�bequite�distinct�from�it.�The�setting�in�built�up�areas,

117 Wilson-North R. and Riley H. (2004) Exmoor Moorlands – The Historic Environment, ENPA, Dulverton 118 DCLG (2012) National Planning Policy Framework (glossary). DCLG

65


Conserving Heritage Assets

119 Historic England (March 2015) Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3: The Settingof Heritage Assets120 English Heritage (2015) Historic Environment Good Practice Advice Note 1: The Historic Environment inLocal Plans


given�the�potential�numbers�and�proximity�ofheritage�assets,�is�therefore�intimately�linked�toconsiderations�of�design�and�of�the�character�andappearance�of�conservation�areas.�4.112 Setting�is�most�often�associated�with�viewslooking�towards,�across�or�from�within�the�asset.Views�that�contribute�more�to�the�significance�of�theasset�include�those�with�historical�associations�suchas�view-points;�where�there�are�relevant�associationsbetween�the�asset�and�other�heritage�assets,�naturalfeatures�or�phenomena�(lunar/solar�events);�andwhere�the�view�is�a�fundamental�aspect�of�thedesign�or�location.�Conservation�character�appraisalswill�also�identify�important�views.�4.113 Development�proposals�should�seek�to�avoidadverse�cumulative�impacts�on�the�setting�ofheritage�assets,�and�the�erosion�of�their�aesthetics.The�enhancement�of�heritage�assets�and�theirsetting�will�be�encouraged,�including�the�repair�orrestoration�of�important�features,�the�improvementor�removal�of�unsightly�features,�and�measures�thatbetter�reveal�the�significance�of�the�asset.�Furtherdetailed�guidance�is�set�out�in�the�Historic�Englandgood�practice�advice�note�for�The�Setting�of�HeritageAssets�(or�any�replacement�guidance)�to�provide�anunderstanding�of�the�potential�impact�of�theproposal�on�the�significance�of�the�asset�andcontribution�made�by�its�setting.119 This�will�helpinform�any�Heritage�Statement�that�may�be�requiredwhen�submitting�a�planning�application.

Climate Change 4.114 Many�of�Exmoor’s�heritage�assets�arevulnerable�to�climate�change,�for�example�floodevents�leading�to�the�direct�destruction�of�historicstructures�such�as�bridges,�mills�and�other�watersidebuildings.�Sea�level�rise�is�likely�to�directly�impact�onsites�and�structures�and�archaeological�deposits�inthe�inter-tidal�and�coastal�environment,�includingscheduled�monuments�and�listed�buildings,archaeological�and�palaeo-environmental�deposits;industrial�structures�(such�as�limekilns,�fish�weirs);military�structures�and�sites;�and�features�fromExmoor’s�18th�and�19th�century�estates.�Where�suchsites�are�likely�to�be�lost�to�sea-level�rise,�the�NationalPark�Authority�will�seek�to�ensure�that�they�arepreserved�through�record.

4.115 Responses�to�climate�change�may�requireadaptations�to�historic�buildings�and�thearchaeological�deposits�around�and�beneath�them.Whilst�these�changes�may�be�required�to�ensure�thecontinued�preservation�of�the�building�or�site,�it�isimportant�to�ensure�that�they�do�not�causeinappropriate�or�damaging�alterations.�In�the�sameway,�measures�to�mitigate�climate�change,�includingthe�application�of�renewable�energy�technologies�tohistoric�buildings�or�within�conservation�areas,�or�there-use�of�historic�water�mills�for�small�scale�powergeneration,�should�take�account�of�whether�energyefficiencies�have�been�made�(where�appropriate),and�should�not�harm�the�special�interest�orappearance�of�the�heritage�asset.�

Redundant Heritage Assets and Assets at Risk4.116 Whilst�the�protection�of�listed�buildings�isparamount,�it�is�recognised�that�historic�buildingshave�been�altered�and�extended�over�time�and�thatthe�need�for�change�will�continue�and�maysometimes�be�necessary�to�ensure�their�use�ismaintained.�This�may�include�adaptation�or�re-use�totake�account�of�climate�change�or�bringing�thebuilding�back�into�viable�use.�Any�proposals�foralteration,�repair,�extension�(including�internal�worksor�works�within�the�curtilage)�or�changes�of�use�mustbe�compatible�with�the�listed�building’s�historical�orarchitectural�interest.�The�character�of�a�listedbuilding�is�linked�to�its�setting,�and�developmentproposals�which�adversely�affect�settings�will�not�bepermitted.�The�maintenance�and�use�of�heritageassets�should�make�a�positive�contribution�to�localcharacter�and�distinctiveness.120�

66

67


1. Conservation AreasDevelopment proposals affecting conservation areas should ensure that:a) the character or appearance of the area is preserved or enhanced; b) they deliver high quality design and incorporate materials that reflect the

scale, architectural quality and detailing of the area.2. Principal Archaeological Landscapes

Development proposals affecting Principal Archaeological Landscapes (PALs)should be well related to existing development and of a scale and form that willnot cause unacceptable adverse effects on the significance, integrity or contextof the PAL as a whole or its individual components.

3. Heritage Assets and their SettingsDevelopment proposals affecting a heritage asset and its setting shoulddemonstrate:a) a positive contribution to the setting through sensitive design and siting;b) the promotion of the understanding and enjoyment of the heritage asset

and its setting or better reveal its significance and appreciation of thesetting; and

c) avoidance of unacceptable adverse effects and cumulative visual effectsthat would impact on the setting.

4. Heritage Assets and Climate ChangeDevelopment proposals affecting heritage assets that are required to adapt to,or mitigate the effects of, climate change will be permitted where it can bedemonstrated that:a) measures to adapt to climate change will safeguard the heritage asset

over the longer term, and conserve their special interest; orb) measures to mitigate the effects of climate change will not harm the

special interest or appearance of the heritage asset.5. Redundant Heritage Assets and Assets at Risk

a) development proposals that seek to bring heritage assets, that areredundant or at risk, into a viable use in ways that are consistent with theirlong term conservation will be encouraged; and

b) proposals should be consistent with policy CE-S4 Cultural Heritage andHistoric Environment and CE-S5 Principles for the Conversion or StructuralAlteration of Existing Buildings to ensure they continue to positivelyenhance local character and distinctiveness.

CE-D3 Conserving Heritage Assets

121 DCLG (2012) National Planning Policy Framework (Paragraph 17). DCLG122 Preservation Green Lab (2011) The Greenest Building: Quantifying the Environmental Value of BuildingReuse 123 Embodied energy is the total amount of energy consumed during the production, renovation,replacement or demolition of a building.124 In terms of traditional farm buildings ‘traditional’ describes farm buildings pre-dating 1940 in thefollowing publication:English Heritage (2006) Conversion of Traditional Farm Buildings: A Guide to Good Practice 125 Natural England and English Heritage (2009) Farming for the historic environment – Make the most ofEnvironmental Stewardship


Context4.117 Policy�CE-S5�sets�out�the�principles�that�shouldbe�applied�to�the�conversion�or�structural�alterationof�existing�traditional�and�non-traditional�buildings,�toenable�a�change�of�use�that�is�consistent�with�otherpolicies�in�this�plan.4.118 National�policy�encourages�the�reuse�of�existingbuildings121 to�support�the�transition�to�a�low�carbonfuture�as�it�generally�provides�environmental�savingscompared�to�demolition�and�new�construction.122During�the�lifecycle�of�buildings�(their�construction,use�and�demolition)�a�vast�amount�of�energy�isconsumed.�The�efficient�use�of�resources�is�animportant�principle�of�sustainable�construction;�re-using�existing�buildings�or�building�materials,�forexample,�reduces�the�need�to�manufacture�and/orwin�new�materials�for�construction�and�therefore�theproportion�of�embodied�energy�required�and�carbonemissions.123 Existing�buildings�are�a�significantresource�and�enabling�adaptive�reuse�throughconversion�can�help�to�achieve�sustainabledevelopment�objectives�and�long�term�benefits�forthe�individual�building.�In�the�National�Park�there�arepermitted�development�rights�for�the�change�of�useof�agricultural�buildings�under�the�General�PermittedDevelopment�Order�2015�(as�amended);�the�NationalPark�Authority�will�need�to�be�notified�of�any�changeand�in�some�circumstances�prior�approval�on�certainmatters�will�be�required.

The Conversion of Traditional Buildings4.119 Traditional�buildings�are�important�assets�thatcontribute�to�the�cultural�heritage�of�the�NationalPark�and�include�a�range�of�building�types.�The�term‘traditional�buildings’�refers�to�mostly�older�buildingsof�solid�wall�construction�built�of�natural�and�oftenlocal�materials�(e.g.�stone,�cob,�brick,�lime�mortar�andrender)�that�on�Exmoor�usually�predate�the�SecondWorld�War.124� This�term�may�also�include�buildings�of�

historic�interest,�and�where�the�use�of�certainmaterials�may�be�long�established,�for�instance�sometimber�buildings�and�community�buildings�clad�incorrugated�iron�sheeting.�It�will�be�for�the�NationalPark�Authority�to�determine�whether�a�building�isconsidered�to�be�‘traditional’�based�on�its�historicand/or�vernacular�merit�and�its�contribution�to�theNational�Park.�4.120 Many�traditional�farm�buildings�on�Exmoor�arehistorically�significant�and�contribute�to�localdistinctiveness�and�landscape�character.�Thecontinuation�of�the�original�use�and�sensitive�repair�ofsuch�buildings�using�traditional�materials�isencouraged.�Advice�can�be�provided�on�repair�andthe�availability�of�grants�including�through�agri-environment�schemes.1254.121 Where�possible,�the�retention�of�the�original�useof�traditional�buildings�is�the�preferred�approach;however,�this�is�not�always�feasible.�For�example,�thefragmentation�of�farms�has�resulted�in�some�smallerholdings�with�a�range�of�traditional�buildings�no�longerrequired�for�their�intended�use,�or�on�larger�holdingstheir�use�has�been�replaced�by�modern�agriculturalbuildings�that�can�accommodate�greater�stocknumbers�for�over-wintering.�Dwindling�congregationshave�also�resulted�in�the�closure�of�a�number�of�chapelsacross�the�National�Park.�Other�traditional�buildings�onExmoor�include�former�industrial�buildings�such�as�millsand�storage�buildings.�4.122 The�sympathetic�adaptation�of�these�and�otherbuildings�in�the�National�Park�can�ensure�that�thelong�term�maintenance�of�the�building�fabric,�and�itsembodied�energy�can�be�sustained.�Proposals�shouldseek�to�ensure�that�the�capacity�and�structure�of�thebuilding�is�practical�for�the�proposed�use.�Originalfeatures�that�provide�evidence�of�their�former�useshould�be�retained�and�minimal�changes�made�to

68

The Conversion or Structural Alteration of Existing Buildings

the�building�fabric�to�ensure�the�historic�andarchitectural�integrity�of�the�building�and�its�setting�inthe�landscape�are�conserved.�A�condition�may�alsobe�attached�to�a�planning�permission�to�ensure�thatthe�buildings�and�features�of�interest�are�recordedprior�to�the�commencement�of�development.�Thelevel�of�recording�required�will�be�based�upon�thehistoric�significance�of�the�building�and�the�intendeduse�(CE-S4�Cultural�Heritage�and�HistoricEnvironment).�4.123 In�many�cases�proposals�for�the�conversion�orstructural�alteration�of�a�traditional�building�are�likelyto�require�both�a�structural�and�an�ecological�surveyas�part�of�a�planning�application.�However,�sometraditional�buildings�may�be�considered�too�sensitiveto�convert�to�any�alternative�use�due�to�reasons�oftheir�landscape�setting,�wildlife�value,�or�heritage�(seepolicies�CE-S1�Landscape�and�Seascape�Character,CE-S3�Biodiversity�and�Green�Infrastructure,�and�CE-S4�Cultural�Heritage�and�Historic�Environment).1264.124 Where�a�traditional�building�is�regarded�asstructurally�unsound�for�conversion�or�it�wouldrequire�substantial�reconstruction,�extension�oralteration;�the�proposal�will�be�classified�as�a�‘newbuild’�rather�than�‘conversion’�and�will�need�to�accordwith�the�relevant�policies�set�out�in�this�Local�Plan.Such�proposals�should�still�seek�to�retain�theembodied�energy�in�the�building�and�the�historicfabric�of�the�structure.��It�may�be�preferable�for�someruined�buildings�to�remain�as�ruins�with�measures�inplace�to�stabilise�their�structure�where�they�are�oflandscape�or�historic�value.4.125 Traditional�buildings�require�sympatheticdesign�ensuring�that�traditional�approaches�tomaterials�and�detailing�are�taken�to�conserve�theintrinsic�quality,�character�and�appearance�of�thebuilding.�This�applies�to�all�traditional�buildings�in�theNational�Park�including�those�which�have�a�specialarchitectural�and�historic�interest,�such�as:�listedbuildings�and�structures,�those�within�conservationareas,�Historic�Farmsteads,�or�those�identified�as�aheritage�asset�on�the�Historic�Environment�Record(see�policies�CE-S4�Cultural�Heritage�and�Historic

Environment�and�CE-D3�Conserving�Heritage�Assets).Conservation�area�character�appraisals�are�a�usefulsource�of�information�on�the�architecture�and�aspectsof�design�that�are�important�within�eachconservation�area.�4.126 Attention�to�the�detailed�design�and�standardof�craftsmanship�and�materials�can�help�to�ensure�thesensitive�conversion�or�alteration�to�a�traditionalbuilding,�and�the�following�key�points�should�beaddressed:

a) Windows�and�doors�should�be�constructedof�timber,�and�of�an�appropriate�design�andfinish�that�reflects�the�age,�character�andformer�use�of�the�building.�Where�there�areexisting�windows�and�doors�(includingmetal�windows)�they�should�be�repaired�andretained�rather�than�replaced�–�if�this�is�notpossible�then�they�should�be�replicated.Where�the�National�Park�Authority�considersit�to�be�appropriate,�shutters�for�existingopenings�in�barns�should�be�retained�asshutters�where�a�glass�window�is�inserted.

b) The�use�of�lime-based�mortar�and�render�willbe�required�to�allow�movement�oftraditional�buildings�(constructed�of�stone)and�prevent�the�accumulation�of�dampwhilst�providing�an�attractive�and�authenticvisual�quality.�

c) Where�cob�is�the�existing�structural�materialthen�it�will�be�expected�that�locally�sourcedcob�will�be�used�in�the�conversion�for�therepair�of�existing�walls.

d) Roofing�materials�should�be�retained�whereit�is�a�traditional�natural�material�such�as�claypantiles,�natural�slate�or�wheat-reed�thatch.New�roofing�should�use�appropriate�naturaltraditional�materials.�In�certaincircumstances,�such�as�the�conversion�ofbuildings�for�ancillary�uses,�the�use�ofcorrugated�iron�or�steel�sheeting�may�beacceptable�as�a�roofing�material�where�noother�traditional�roofing�material�ispresent.127

126 University of Gloucester et al. (2006) Living Buildings in a Living Landscape – finding a future of traditionalfarm buildings 127 Corrugated galvanised steel sheeting (also referred to as corrugated iron or tin) has been widely used asa roofing material since the middle of the 19th century and has become part of the farm building vernacular– when using this material, it should not have a plastic/polyester coating but either left to weather orpainted in a suitable colour agreed with the Authority. Modern box-profile sheeting is considered to be aninappropriate material for the reuse of traditional buildings

69


128 HM Government (2015) Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (England) Order2015. The Stationery Office, London.


e) The�creation�of�new�openings�shouldgenerally�be�avoided.�If�rooflights�areconsidered�not�to�harm�the�appearance�orhistoric�character�of�the�building�they�shouldbe�kept�to�a�minimum�on�the�leastprominent�roof�slope,�and�use�a�flush‘conservation’�type�rooflight.

f) The�extent�of�the�curtilage�should�beminimised�and�any�works�sensitivelyincorporated�to�avoid�adverse�impacts�onthe�immediate�setting�and�character�of�thebuilding�and�on�its�visual�impact�on�thewider�landscape.

4.127 Applicants�are�encouraged�to�seek�advice�onproposals�for�traditional�and�historic�buildings�fromofficers�at�the�National�Park�Authority.�Furtherdetailed�guidance�can�be�found�in�the�EnglishHeritage�publication:�Conversion�of�Traditional�FarmBuildings�(2006)�or�successor�guidance.4.128 To�avoid�harmful�impacts�on�the�historic�andarchitectural�interest�of�traditional�buildings,�anyadaptations�(particularly�a�change�to�residential�use)should�ensure�that�the�simplicity�and�design�of�thebuilding�and�its�setting�are�retained.�This�can�beachieved�by�avoiding�overly�intensive�uses�andexcessive�internal�partitioning�of�the�building;�whilstretaining�some�spare�capacity�for�ancillary�purposes.For�example,�where�there�is�a�whole�complex�oftraditional�buildings�on�a�farmstead,�an�approachwhich�leaves�some�buildings�unconverted�to�enablespace�for�storage,�or�continuing�agricultural�use,would�help�to�ensure�the�retention�of�some�of�theoriginal�vernacular�form�(HC-D7�Conversions�toDwellings�in�the�Open�Countryside�and�RT-D4�Non-serviced�Accommodation).�This�approach�avoidsthe�pressure�for�additional�new�build�development�inthe�future�and�will�be�decided�on�a�case�by�case�basis.4.129 In�terms�of�the�conversion�of�buildings�to�aresidential�use,�it�is�recognised�that�the�floorspace�ofexisting�buildings�will�occasionally�be�larger�than�therequired�gross�internal�area�for�certain�occupancyrestrictions�(HC-S2�A�Balanced�Local�Housing�Stock).Where�the�proposed�gross�internal�area�exceeds�thepolicy�requirement,�the�application�shoulddemonstrate�how�the�following�points�have�beenconsidered:

a) The�desirability�of�converting�all�the�existingstructure�in�terms�of�achieving�conservationand�enhancement�of�the�building�and�itssetting.

b) Whether�the�building�can�be�converted�tomore�than�one�dwelling�unit.

c) Whether�part�of�the�building�can�remainunconverted,�or�used�as�ancillarystorage/garaging�to�ensure�the�habitablespace�does�not�exceed�the�required�grossinternal�area.

For�any�dwelling�with�a�floor�space�restriction,�butparticularly�local�affordable�dwellings,�any�increase�inthe�gross�internal�area�should�be�reasonable�inrelation�to�the�policy�requirement,�as�the�size�of�thedwelling�will�have�a�substantial�bearing�on�its�valueand�affordability�over�the�longer�term.4.130 Isolated�traditional�farm�buildings,�which�arenot�well�related�to�farmsteads,�hamlets�or�namedsettlements,�are�particularly�sensitive�in�terms�of�theirsetting�and�are�not�suitable�for�adaptive�usesrequiring�access,�parking,�installation�of�utilityservices�or�provision�of�a�‘curtilage’,�as�such�additionscan�have�detrimental�impacts�on�the�setting�of�thebuilding�and�landscape�character�of�the�area.�It�isoften�advisable�therefore,�not�to�change�the�use�ofsuch�buildings.��However,�in�some�cases,�theirconversion�to�simple�camping�barns,�often�referredto�as�‘stone�tents’,�may�offer�a�potential�new�usewhere�a�proposal�would�meet�the�requirements�ofpolicy�RT-D6�Camping�Barns.4.131 Where�permission�is�granted�for�the�conversionof�a�traditional�building,�a�condition�will�be�attachedto�remove�permitted�development�rights�granted�bythe�General�Permitted�Development�Order,�in�respectof�alterations�and�extensions�to�residential�propertiesas�this�will�help�to�ensure�that�the�character�andappearance�of�these�buildings�are�conserved.1284.132 Proposals�for�extensions�should,�in�the�firstinstance,�seek�to�accommodate�provision�withinexisting�outbuildings�before�considering�newadditions.�New�additions�to�converted�buildings�mayonly�be�considered�where�the�historic�significance�ofthe�main�building�and�its�setting�are�not�compromised,and�where�the�extension�is�demonstrably�subservient(CE-S6�Design�&�Sustainable�Construction�Principles,

70

CE-D4�Extensions�to�Buildings�and�CE-S4�CulturalHeritage�and�Historic�Environment).

The Conversion Or Structural Alteration Of Non-Traditional Buildings4.133 Modern�buildings�of�non-traditionalconstruction�are�generally�those�built�since�WorldWar�II.��Where�policies�in�this�plan�provide�for�thereuse�of�such�buildings,�proposals�shoulddemonstrate�that�there�are�no�traditional�buildingsavailable�for�conversion�or�where�traditional�buildingsare�present,�they�are�unsuitable�due�to�reasons�ofcapacity,�visual�impact,�landscape�setting,�wildlifeinterests�or�historic�importance.4.134 Although�there�is�a�range�of�post-warbuildings�in�the�National�Park,�this�category�alsoincludes�modern�agricultural�buildings�(SE-S3Business�Development�in�the�Open�Countryside).The�fabrication�and�structural�limitations�of�modernagricultural�buildings�can�constrain�the�range�ofadaptive�uses�that�may�be�suitable.�However,�certainemployment�or�recreation�uses�can�be�acceptablewhere�the�existing�building�is�of�permanentconstruction�and�the�proposed�use�will�not�require�anysubstantial�reconstruction.��Furthermore,�there�shouldbe�no�unacceptable�impacts�on�the�National�Park,�localamenity,�or�the�day�to�day�operation�of�the�farm�orland-based�business�(SE-S3�Business�Development�inthe�Open�Countryside).�Opportunities�to�provideenvironmental�and�visual�enhancement,�includingthrough�design,�landscaping�and�reducing�the�sizeof�the�building,�will�be�encouraged.

4.135 The�reuse�of�a�modern�agricultural�buildingshould�not�necessitate�the�need�for�anotheragricultural�building.�Where�permission�is�granted�forreuse,�conditions�may�be�attached�to�withdrawpermitted�development�rights�for�the�constructionof�new�farm�buildings�on�the�holding�to�prevent�theproliferation�of�such�buildings,�which�can�have�adetrimental�impact�on�landscape�character.4.136 Buildings�that�have�been�constructed�for�lessthan�10�years�will�not�normally�be�considered�forconversion�and/or�change�of�use.�In�suchcircumstances,�the�degree�to�which�the�building�hasbeen�used�for�the�intended�agricultural�purpose�willbe�taken�into�account.�Where�the�National�ParkAuthority�has�reasonable�cause�to�believe�that�anapplicant�has,�with�the�benefit�of�permitteddevelopment�rights,�constructed�a�new�farm�buildingwith�the�intention�of�early�conversion�to�another�use,it�will�be�appropriate�to�investigate�the�history�of�thebuilding�to�establish�whether�it�was�ever�used�for�thepurpose�for�which�it�was�claimed�to�have�been�built(SE-S4�Agricultural�and�Forestry�Development).�Part�3,Class�R�of�the�General�Permitted�Development�Order2015�permits�the�change�of�use�of�agriculturalbuildings�to�a�flexible�commercial�use.��To�meet�theserequirements,�the�buildings�should�have�been�solelyfor�an�agricultural�use�as�part�of�an�establishedagricultural�unit�on�3rd�July�2012�or�when�it�was�lastin�use�before�that�date�(see�policy�SE-S3�BusinessDevelopment�in�the�Open�Countryside).

71


Conversion of a traditional building near Exford


72

1. The conversion or structural alteration of any existing building will be permittedwhere the proposal: a) accords with the relevant policies in this Plan in terms of the intended use; b) clearly demonstrates that the building is capable of conversion without

substantial reconstruction; c) is suitable for the existing building in terms of the intended use and the

intensity of that use, in relation to its capacity, structure and characterwithout substantial alteration; where the conversion of a building relatesto a change of use to a dwelling, sufficient curtilage space should beprovided where the delineation of this space would not individually orcumulatively result in harm to the character of the building or its setting;and

d) maintains or replaces any existing bat and barn owl roosts.2. In addition to clause 1, proposals for the conversion or structural alteration of

traditional buildings, should also:a) ensure the historic fabric, and architectural interest of the building and its

setting including the retention of existing traditional and historic featuresare conserved and enhanced; and

b) reflect the character and significance of the building and conserve itstraditional appearance through sensitive design and the use of traditionalmaterials, detailing and construction principles.

3. Conditions will be attached to remove permitted development rights grantedby the General Permitted Development Order 1995 to ensure the character andappearance of traditional buildings are conserved.

4. In addition to clause 1, proposals for the conversion or structural alteration ofnon-traditional buildings, will only be permitted if traditional buildings aredemonstrated to be incompatible with the intended use or no such buildingsare present, and where: a) the building is of permanent and substantial construction; andb) environmental and visual enhancement to the building and/or its setting

are incorporated into the proposals where necessary to deliver an overallacceptable scheme.

CE-S5 Principles for the Conversion or StructuralAlteration of Existing Buildings

Context4.137 High�quality�development,�achieved�throughgood,�inclusive�design�and�the�efficient�use�ofresources,�is�firmly�embedded�in�national�planningpolicy�as�a�key�element�of�achieving�sustainabledevelopment�to�improve�the�character�and�quality�ofa�place;�contributing�to�the�improvement�of�placesfor�people�with�good�standards�of�amenity�to�createattractive�places�to�live,�work�and�visit.129� The�designof�developments�should�respond�to�local�character,reflect�local�surroundings�and�materials,�to�establisha�strong�sense�of�place�whilst�not�discouragingappropriate�innovative�design.��4.138 Good�architecture�and�appropriatelandscaping�are�important�elements�of�the�overalldesign�to�integrate�new�development�into�thenatural,�built�and�historic�environment.��The�safety,accessibility�and�overall�inclusiveness�of�the�design�isacknowledged�as�going�beyond�aestheticconsiderations�to�address�connections�betweenpeople�and�place.�4.139 Policy�CE-S6�Design�and�SustainableConstruction�Principles,�sets�out�the�principlesguiding�the�design�and�construction�of�newdevelopment.��It�promotes�high�quality�sustainabledesign�which�conserves�and�enhances�the�NationalPark�by�ensuring�new�development�reflects�andcomplements�Exmoor’s�landscape�and�settlementcharacter.4.140 Within�the�National�Park�developmentpatterns�and�forms�should�respond�to�Exmoor’straditional�buildings.�All�development�should�behigh�quality,�attractive�and�well-designed�so�that�itworks�well�in�the�long�term�by�paying�attention�todetail;�giving�consideration�to�layout,�orientation,siting,�density,�scale,�materials,�landscaping�andarchitectural�detailing�that�conserves�and�enhancesthe�area.

Accessibility & Amenity4.141 Good�design�should�also�address�therelationship�between�people�and�place�and�ensurethat�people�can�move�easily�between�areas�andaccess�employment�and�other�key�services.�Designprinciples�should�also�address�social�and

environmental�concerns,�to�ensure�thatdevelopments�are�safe�and�accessible�for�peoplewho�live,�work�and�visit�and�should,�whereappropriate,�provide�benefits�for�health�and�well-being�such�as�open�space�for�recreation,�footpaths,and�cycle�ways.�4.142 Issues�such�as�overlooking,�loss�ofdaylight/sunlight�or�overbearing�appearance,�shouldbe�taken�into�account�when�submittingdevelopment�proposals�to�ensure�the�amenity�ofneighbouring�occupiers�(and�future�occupants)�isprotected�in�the�public�interest.�In�terms�of‘overlooking’,�proposals�which�seek�to�avoid�thisissue�using�fixed-shut,�obscure�glazing,�shoulddemonstrate�that�there�is�no�unacceptableperception�of�overlooking.�

Form, Character and Layout4.143 The�design�of�new�development�shouldreflect�or�reinterpret�the�design�of�traditionalbuildings�found�on�Exmoor.�Although�there�may�beparticular�circumstances�which�may�direct�atraditional�response,�it�is�considered�that�newdevelopment�should�be�‘of�its�time’.�It�is�thereforeimportant�that�innovative�and�contemporary�designsreinforce�local�distinctiveness�to�ensure�that�newbuildings�and�developments�successfully�fit�in�withtheir�context,�and�continue�to�inspire�buildingdesigns�of�exceptional�quality�in�the�future.��4.144 The�design�of�new�development�will�thereforebe�expected�to�be�of�the�highest�quality�with�someflexibility�in�terms�of�how�this�achieved�–�for�exampletraditional�materials,�such�as�slate�and�local�buildingstone,�could�be�used�in�an�innovative,�contemporarydesign;�or�other�natural,�sustainable�materials�couldbe�used�in�a�traditional�Exmoor�layout�andarrangement�(e.g.�a�traditional�one-and-a-half�storeycottage�with�timber�shingles�and�hemcrete�walls).�

Landscape Character and Sensitivity4.145 Development�should�enhance�local�landscapecharacter�(see�policy�CE-S1�Landscape�and�SeascapeCharacter)�and�distinctiveness�by�ensuring�that�theproposal�takes�account�of�landscape�in�terms�oftopography,�existing�landscape�elements,�andaspects.

129 DCLG (2012) National Planning Policy Framework (Section 7). DCLG

73


Design and Sustainable Construction Principles

130 Bryan, P. (2013) Exmoor National Park Landscape Sensitivity Study 2013[updated in 2015], ENPA,Dulverton - includes all Local Service Centres, Villages and Porlock Weir131 English Heritage (2005) Streets for All – South West 132 Design Council, et al. (2012) Building for Life 12 133 Department of Transport (2007) Manual for Streets 134 ENPA (2015) Requirements for the Submission of Planning and Other Applications, ENPA, Dulverton


4.146 Vernacular�architecture�has�a�strongrelationship�with�landscape�character�and�reinforceslocal�distinctiveness,�whilst�providing�a�basis�for�thedesign�of�new�development.�Where�there�arevariations�in�underlying�geology�and�landform,�thereare�identifiable�links�between�the�siting,�design�andmaterials�of�buildings�in�landscape�character�typesand/or�areas.�The�scale�and�proportion�of�buildingson�Exmoor�has�generally�been�determined�by�thelimitations�of�topography,�local�building�materialsand�construction�methods,�which�have�established�ascale�and�form�which�the�design�of�new�buildingsshould�reflect.�4.147 A�Landscape�Sensitivity�Study,�produced�aspart�of�the�evidence�base�for�the�Local�Plan,�assessedthe�landscape�capacity�for�small�scale�housingdevelopment�over�the�long�term�within�or�adjacentto�settlements.130 The�study�includes�designrecommendations�in�terms�of�scale,�layout�andmassing�within�some�areas�of�low�or�moderatesensitivity.�Proposals�will�be�expected�to�incorporatethese�recommendations.��

Street Design4.148 The�design�of�streets�has�a�significantinfluence�on�the�layout�and�setting�of�adevelopment.�Streets�are�distinct�from�roads,�in�thatthe�importance�of�‘place’�is�the�primary�focus,�ratherthan�movement.�The�materials,�scale�and�proportionof�new�streets�and�their�relationship�with�buildingswill�be�fundamental�to�the�success�of�the�final�designand�its�contribution�to�local�distinctiveness.�Streetsshould�be�designed�to�reflect�local�character,�andrespond�to�the�historic�form�and�layout�of�existingstreets.131 Surface�materials�are�significant�in�helpingto�reinforce�local�distinctiveness,�and�may�also�beused�sympathetically�to�delineate�streets�as�socialspaces�where�pedestrians�and�cyclists�have�priorityover�traffic.�1324.149 The�excessive�or�insensitive�use�of�highwaysignage�and�other�street�furniture�has�a�detrimentalimpact�on�the�success�of�the�street�as�a�place.�Withinthe�National�Park�it�is�particularly�important�to�limitthe�visual�impact�of�highway�infrastructure,�such�asthe�inappropriate�use�of�kerbing,�signs,�road

markings�and�street�furniture,�which�can�have�adetrimental�urbanising�effect�on�Exmoor’s�highquality�built�and�natural�environment�(AC-S2Transport�Infrastructure).�1334.150 The�traditional�streetscape�character�ofexisting�streets�in�settlements�across�the�NationalPark�is�an�important�part�of�Exmoor’s�built�heritage.The�particular�features�that�contribute�to�thestreetscape�will�vary�according�to�the�settlementform�and�pattern�and�landscape�character.�Proposalsshould�conserve�or�enhance�the�streetscape�throughpositively�reinforcing�traditional�features,�includingboundary�treatments�such�as�hedgerows�or�stonewalls.�The�removal�of�such�features�should�beavoided�where�it�would�individually�or�cumulativelyimpact�on�the�streetscape.�

Landscaping4.151 The�landscaping�of�a�site,�including�tree�andshrub�planting�can�help�to�ameliorate�the�impact�ofnew�development�on�landscape�character.�Suchworks�can�also�have�benefits�for�wildlife�and�enhancebiodiversity.�They�can�provide�shelter�to�help�reduceheat�loss�from�buildings,�and�shade�to�help�withcooling�-�contributing�to�the�sustainability�of�thedevelopment.�Landscaping�details�must�be�providedwith�the�submission�of�development�proposals�foroutline�and�full�planning�permission�and�for�theapproval�of�reserved�matters.�They�should�illustratedetails�relating�to�the�retention�of�existing�trees,hedges�and�vegetation,�in�addition�to�the�long�termstructural�planting�and�its�maintenance.�134

Materials, Design Elements & Detailing4.152 The�use�of�traditional,�natural�materials�iscritical�in�ensuring�that�the�appearance�of�newdevelopments�conserves�and�enhances�the�qualityand�character�of�the�built�environment.�The�NationalPark�Authority�will�therefore�expect�the�use�oftraditional�vernacular�materials,�such�as�natural�slate,clay�pantiles�and�combed�wheat�reed�thatch�forroofs,�and�encourage�the�use�of�local�building�stoneand/or�lime�render�for�walls.�Lime�based�materialsincluding�lime�mortar�and�render�should�always�beused�for�new�development�built�of�stone�or�for

74

conversions�of�traditional�buildings.�These�naturalmaterials,�traditionally�used�on�Exmoor,�take�on�a'weathered'�appearance�with�time�which�isaesthetically�pleasing.�4.153 It�is�clear�from�extensive�consultation,�thatmany�people�favour�natural�sustainable�materials,especially�those�that�can�be�sourced�relatively�locally.There�is�some�cross�over�between�traditionalbuilding�materials�and�local�sustainable�materials,such�as�local�sources�of�building�stone�and�wheatreed�for�thatch�and,�where�available,�local�sources�ofsuch�materials�should�be�sought.�Policy�CE-S7�SmallScale�Working�or�Re-Working�for�Building�andRoofing�Stone�encourages�the�working�of�small�scalequarries�to�provide�local�sources�of�building�stonewithin�the�National�Park.4.154 Other�local�sustainable�materials�identifiedinclude:�timber,�earth�and�cob,�straw�bales,�andgreen�roofs.135 There�is�an�opportunity�to�derive�bothan�economic�benefit�to�the�Exmoor�area�bysustainably�exploiting�these�local�building�materials,and�to�enable�a�reduction�in�carbon�emissions�byusing�materials�which�are�derived�locally�andminimally�processed.�Limestone�quarries�operatemainly�on�the�Mendips�in�Somerset,�and�lime-basedmaterials�(for�lime�render�or�putty)�can�be�sourcedwithin�Somerset�and�Devon.4.155 Timber�is�one�of�the�most�versatile�materials�asit�can�be�used�structurally,�as�cladding,�as�roofingshingles,�and�for�windows�frames�and�doors.�TheNational�Park�Authority�will�encourage�the�use�ofnatural�sustainable�materials�in�the�design�of�newdevelopments�particularly�where�local�sources�ofsuch�materials�are�used.�The�use�of�locally�sourcedbuilding�materials�can�also�benefit�the�localeconomy�by�encouraging�existing�land�basedbusinesses�to�diversify�(e.g.�timber�processing�orfarming�businesses)�and�new�businesses�to�becreated.�4.156 In�some�cases,�painted�corrugated�metalsheeting�may�be�an�appropriate�traditional�material,for�instance�for�roofing�small�buildings�such�as�shedsand�garages.�Sustainable�building�materials�whichare�formed�from�reconstituted�or�recycled�materialsare�supported�in�principle,�however�they�will�beconsidered�in�terms�of�their�impact�on�localdistinctiveness�and�their�contribution�to�the�builtcharacter�of�the�area.

4.157 The�treatment�of�individual�design�elements�isof�critical�importance�in�achieving�a�successfuloverall�design�and�should�be�considered�once�thecharacter�of�an�area�has�been�assessed�and�keyprinciples�of�scale,�massing�and�form�have�beenaddressed.�The�use�of�materials�and�detailing�ofelements�such�as�doors�and�windows�will�have�asignificant�bearing�on�how�well�a�new�developmentcomplements�its�surroundings.�The�National�ParkAuthority�will�seek�to�ensure�that�such�detailing�willenhance�the�design�of�the�development�in�a�styleand�arrangement�which�contributes�to�andstrengthens�the�local�character.�The�National�ParkAuthority�expects�that�windows�and�doors�should�beconstructed�of�timber�since�this�is�both�a�traditionaland�sustainable�material�which�has�the�potential�tobe�grown�locally.�Timber�detailing�(windows,�doors,weatherboards�etc.)�when�in�hardwood�or�pre-treated,�can�also�be�repaired�and�have�a�longlifespan.�There�are�examples�of�wooden�windows�onExmoor�which�have�lasted�for�well�over�100�years.Metal-framed�windows�may�be�considered�where�itis�clearly�part�of�the�local�character�of�the�area�orreflects�the�elements�of�an�original�building�to�bereplaced.4.158 Some�building�materials�are�not�consideredappropriate�in�the�National�Park�for�aesthetic�reasons,meaning�that�they�can�appear�incongruous�whenused�in�traditional�buildings�or�historic�settings�andcan�erode�the�character�and�appearance�of�thebuilding,�local�area�or�street�scene.�For�example,�aswell�as�the�surface�finish,�some�uPVC�window�andconservatory�designs�can�also�have�much�thicker,unmoulded�frames�than�timber,�and�the�designs�anddetailing�(applied�glazing�bars,�joints,�non-traditionalforms�of�openings�and/or�wider�frames�for�openingelements�in�comparison�with�the�fixed�panes)�are�forthe�most�part�limited�in�terms�of�being�effectivereplacements�for�traditional�timber�designs.�TheNational�Park�Authority�wishes�to�see�the�use�oftimber�for�window�frames�as�the�primary�approachto�fenestration.�However,�uPVC�window�frame�/conservatory�design�has�improved�and�someproducts�now�have�a�closer�resemblance�to�thecharacter,�profile�and�appearance�of�a�traditionaltimber�window.�Alternative�materials�may�beconsidered�in�certain�circumstances�for�non-traditional�buildings�in�areas�outside�conservation

135 Ecos Trust (2010) Audit of Local Sustainable Construction Materials in the Greater Exmoor Area, ENPA, Dulverton

75


136 Environment Agency (2011) National flood and coastal erosion risk management strategy for England 137 HM Government (2015) Deregulation Act 2015 – section 43 Amendment of Planning and Energy Act 2008138 Somerset Waste Partnership (2011) Design requirements for residential properties – recycling and waste management


areas�(e.g.�some�minor�extensions�to,�or�replacementwindows�in,�post-war/non-traditional�buildingswhere�existing�materials�and�the�age,�form�and�settingof�the�building�may�indicate�such�consideration).Particular�attention�will�be�paid�to�the�fenestration�ofthe�principal�elevation�of�any�building�as�well�as�anyelevations�which�are�publicly�visible.��It�will�benecessary�to�demonstrate�that�a�non-timber�windowor�conservatory�would�have�the�same�high�qualityappearance�as�a�traditional�timber�one�-�that�thedesign�and�form�has�a�character�and�appearance�thatcomplements�the�building:�the�frame�and�glazing�barsare�slim;�each�pane�is�individually�glazed;�the�openingsoperate�in�a�traditional�form�(including�sliding�sasheswhere�that�form�of�window�is�proposed);�and�theframe�and�glazing�bars�have�appropriate�mouldings.The�design�must�be�of�the�highest�quality�and�theproposal�will�not�adversely�impact�local�character�orheritage�assets�and�their�settings�(CE-S4�CulturalHeritage�and�Historic�Environment).

Sustainability Standards4.159 Over�the�longer�term,�sustainable�design�andconstruction�techniques�are�fundamental�toachieving�development�which�minimises�impacts�onthe�environment�and�to�enable�adaptation�toenvironmental�change.�This�includes�minimisingenergy�use�through�energy�efficiency�measures�andincorporating�renewable�energy�systems�(see�CC-S5Low�Carbon�and�Renewable�Energy�Development).4.160 Sharing�services�and�facilities�in�largerdevelopments�helps�to�ensure�the�efficient�use�ofresources�and�can�reduce�the�visual�impact�overall.Maximising�the�site’s�resources�and�incorporatingpassive�design�techniques�also�makes�effective�useof�natural�energy�resources�through�ground�and�airsource�heating,�natural�daylight,�solar�energy�andheat�gain,�ventilation�and�cooling.4.161 Sustainability�standards�include�waterconservation�measures�and�adaptation�to�the�threatof�increasing�risks�from�various�forms�of�flooding(policies�CC-D1�Flood�Risk�and�CC-D2�WaterConservation)�-�taking�into�account�the�long�termimpacts�of�climate�change.�Water�conservationtechnology�can�vary�from�relatively�simple�low-techmeasures�to�installing�grey�water�systems�inbuildings�-�helping�to�minimise�the�volume�of

potable�water�used�by�homes�and�businesses.�Interms�of�flood�risk�adaptations,�the�use�of�sustainabledrainage�systems�(SuDS)�in�new�developments�andre-developments�is�important�to�manage�surfacewater�run-off�through�softer�engineering�solutionsthat�are�similar�to�natural�drainage�systems�and�havemulti-functional�benefits�including:�providing�wildlifehabitats,�minimising�environmental�damage�anddiffuse�pollution,�and�open�space�provision.1364.162 National�policy�advises�that�when�setting�localrequirements�for�sustainable�construction,�LocalPlanning�Authorities�must�be�consistent�with�theGovernment’s�zero�carbon�buildings�policy�andadopt�nationally�prescribed�standards.�TheGovernment’s�subsequent�approach�is�for�localplanning�authorities�not�to�set�in�policy�anyadditional�local�standards�relating�to�theconstruction,�layout�or�performance�of�newdwellings.137 Energy�efficiency�standards�to�be�metthrough�Building�Regulations�and�measures�toincrease�standards�will�be�kept�under�review.�4.163 Changes�to�Building�Regulations�willconsolidate�technical�standards�for�housing�toensure�that�they�are�high�quality,�accessible�andsustainable.�Proposals�for�new�residential�and�non-residential�development�are�encouraged�toincorporate�sustainable�construction�and�passivedesign�methods�which�not�only�address�energyefficiency�and�seek�to�incorporate�renewable�energytechnologies,�but�consider�other�sustainability�issuessuch�as�waste,�pollution,�resource�use,�and�benefitsfor�health�and�well-being.4.164 The�design�of�new�development�shouldincorporate�adequate�access�for�waste�collectionvehicles�and�storage�for�recycling�waste.�TheSomerset�Waste�Partnership,�as�a�waste�collectionauthority�has�produced�guidance�on�therequirements�for�domestic�properties,�and�applicantswithin�the�Somerset�area�of�the�National�Park�areencouraged�to�contact�them�for�advice.138Consultation�has�demonstrated�clear�support�forincorporating�sustainability�requirements�in�newdevelopment,�and�reusing�existing�buildings�andrecycling�materials�where�appropriate�(policies�GP4The�Efficient�Use�of�Land�and�Buildings,�CE-S5Principles�for�the�Conversion�or�Structural�Alterationof�Existing�Buildings,�and�CC-S6�Waste�Management).

76

Design & Access Statements4.165 Design�&�Access�Statements�(DAS)�arerequired�to�accompany�planning�applications�for:

a) major�developments,139b) one�or�more�dwellings,�or�c) buildings�with�a�floorspace�of�100sqm�or

greater,�ord) listed�building�consent.�

4.166 The�DAS�should�explain�the�design�principlesand�concepts�that�have�been�applied�to�theproposed�development,�as�well�as�explaining�howeveryone�will�be�able�to�use�the�proposed�buildingor�development.�These�statements�providedevelopers�and�designers�with�an�opportunity�to�

demonstrate�their�commitment�to�good�design,particularly�how�the�development�incorporates�thekey�design�principles�set�out�in�Policy�CE-S6�below.4.167 Policy�CE-S6�applies�to�all�types�ofdevelopment�(new�build�and�conversions)�exceptagricultural�and�forestry�buildings,�the�design�aspectsof�which�will�be�considered�under�policy�SE-S4Agricultural�and�Forestry�Development.�In�relation�tothe�conversion�of�existing�buildings,�proposalsshould�also�accord�with�the�principles�set�out�inpolicy�CE-S5�Principles�for�the�Conversion�orStructural�Alteration�of�Existing�Buildings.

139 Major developments defined in: Statutory Instrument 201 No.2184 The Town and Country Planning(Development Management Procedure) (England) Order 2010

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Lyn Health Centre, Lynton


78

1. Development proposals should deliver high quality sustainable designs thatconserve and enhance the local identity and distinctiveness of Exmoor’s builtand historic environment and in doing so applicants will be expected todemonstrate the following design principles:a) All new build development should positively contribute to its setting in

terms of siting, massing, scale, height, orientation, density and layout.b) The materials and design elements of a new building or conversion of an

existing building, should complement the local context through the use oftraditional and natural sustainable building materials. The use of locally-sourced sustainable building materials will be encouraged.

c) Design should reinforce landscape character and the positive arrangementof landscape features through planting and landscaping schemes,boundary treatments, and surfacing. Existing features such as trees,hedges and stone walls should be retained particularly where they arecharacteristic of the streetscape and/or the local area.

d) Design should have regard to health and well-being and ensure thatsufficient public and/or private space is provided or available, andfootpaths and cycleways are incorporated where appropriate.

e) The design and layout of development should have regard to improvingsafety, inclusivity and accessibility for those who live, work and visit there.

f) The layout and design of new streets and associated infrastructure,required as part of new build development proposals, should respond tolocal character and the scale, and proportions of the historic street pattern.Opportunities for streets to be used as social spaces will be encouraged.

g) The use and activity of the development should not detrimentally affectthe amenities of surrounding properties and occupiers includingoverlooking, loss of daylight, overbearing appearance, or other adverseenvironmental impacts.

2. To incorporate sustainable construction methods, proposals should:a) promote the sustainable use of resources;b) provide adequate access to, and storage for, recycling waste; andc) future proof against climate change impacts, including flood risk, in

accordance with CC-S1.3. Proposals that reduce carbon emissions further than required by Building

Regulations, including through improving energy efficiency or throughrenewable and low carbon technologies (CC-S5), will be encouraged.

CE-S6 Design and Sustainable ConstructionPrinciples

Extensions4.168 The�design�of�proposed�extensions�to�existingbuildings�should�usually�ensure�that�the�additionsare�subservient�to�the�main�building�and�that�theroofline�reflects�the�form�and�symmetry�of�theoriginal.�These�measures�ensure�that�the�scale�andmassing�of�the�extension�are�not�disproportionate�tothe�original,�and�do�not�over�dominate�the�setting�ofthe�building�in�its�wider�context.�Unheated�structuressuch�as�roof�cavities�may�be�used�as�bat�roosts(especially�in�the�winter)�and�where�these�arepresent,�proposals�should�ensure�that�the�roosts�aremaintained�or�replaced.�Pre-application�discussionswith�officers�will�help�to�ascertain�whether�anecological�survey�is�required.

4.169 Proposals�to�extend�traditional�buildingsshould�have�particular�regard�to�the�historiccharacter�and�architectural�interest�of�the�building,including�through�the�use�of�traditional�materialsand�detailing,�that�reflect�the�vernacular�of�theoriginal�building.�Extensions�that�are�clearlyresidential�in�nature,�such�as�conservatories�andporches,�are�considered�to�be�inappropriateadditions�to�those�traditional�buildings�which�werebuilt�for�non-residential�purposes,�such�as�barns.140

140 English Heritage (2006) Conversion of Traditional Farm Buildings: A Guide to Good Practice

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1. New additions or extensions to existing buildings should accord with therelevant policy considerations in terms of the existing or proposed use of thebuilding, and will only be permitted where:a) they will complement the form, character and setting of the original

building; b) the extension is appropriate in terms of scale and massing; c) the roofline of any extension respects the form and symmetry of the

original building; andd) bat roosts are maintained or replaced.

2. Extensions to traditional buildings should reflect and sustain the historicsignificance, character and appearance of the original building through thesensitive design and use of materials, detailing, and construction principles toensure the architectural interest, historic fabric and features, and setting of thebuilding are conserved and enhanced.

CE-D4 Extensions to Buildings

141 The term advertisement in this context includes: “any word, letter, model, sign placard, board, notice, awning,blind, device or representation, where illuminated or not ... used wholly or partly for... advertisement,announcement or direction any hoarding or similar structure... and anything else... used,... designed or adapted ...for use for the display of advertisements” – 336(1) of the 1990 Town and Country Planning Act, as amended bysection 24 of the Planning Compensation Act (1991)142 HM Government (2007) Statutory Instrument 2007 No.783 Town and Country Planning (Control ofAdvertisements) (England) Regulations 2007 143 HM Government (1990) Town and Country Planning Act 1990 (As Defined under Section 221) 144 DCLG (2012) National Planning Policy Framework (Paragraph 67). DCLG 145 Applications for Scheduled Monument Consent must be made to Historic England.146 HM Government (2007) Town and Country Planning (Control of Advertisements) (England) Regulations (2007)


Advertisements and Private Road Signs4.170 Advertisements,�including�private�road�signs,are�an�important�way�of�attracting�customers�andsupporting�visitor�trade,�thereby�helping�the�localeconomy.141 However,�in�the�interests�of�amenity,they�need�to�be�carefully�managed�to�ensure�that,individually�and/or�cumulatively�they�are�compatiblewith�the�character�of�the�landscape,�street�scene�andindividual�buildings.�4.171 Poorly�placed�advertisements�can�have�anegative�impact�on�the�built�and�naturalenvironment,�both�in�terms�of�individual�proposalsand�when�viewed�with�other�advertisements,because�of�their�potential�cumulative�and�sequentiallandscape�effects�(CE-D1�Protecting�Exmoor’sLandscapes�and�Seascapes).�Avoiding�theproliferation�of�advertisements�and�signs�helpsensure�the�conservation�and�enhancement�of�theNational�Park�and�its�special�qualities.�Therefore,where�signs�are�necessary�and�wherever�possible,consideration�should�be�given�to�consolidatingadverts/signage�so�that�proposals�do�not�contributeto�an�obtrusive�form�of�development�that�may�resultin�a�cluttered�appearance�in�the�landscape�or�builtenvironment�context.�The�use�of�existing�structuresshould�be�considered�to�help�avoid�unnecessaryadditional�free�standing�adverts/signs.�4.172 Advertising�features�such�as�banners,�sun-blinds�and�internally�illuminated�signs�that�requireexpress�consent�will�be�resisted�as�they�are�generallyconsidered�to�be�inappropriate�features�that�do�notreflect�or�conserve�the�traditional�and�historiccharacter�of�Exmoor’s�buildings�and�street�scene.�4.173 Different�classes�of�advertisement�andcontrols,�including�guidelines�for�National�Parks,Special�Areas�of�Advertisement�Control�andconservation�areas�are�set�out�in�legislation.142National�Park�Authority�officers�will�advise�as�towhether�express�consent�(a�planning�application)�isrequired.�The�whole�of�the�National�Park�outside�the�

Local�Service�Centres�of�Dulverton,�Lynton�&Lynmouth�and�Porlock�is�designated�as�an�Area�ofSpecial�Advertisement�Control.143 This�designationenables�the�National�Park�Authority�to�applyadditional�controls�over�the�siting�and�appearance�ofmost�types�of�advertisements�including�stricter�limitson�the�height�and�size�of�some�advertisements�andthat�some�classes�of�advertisement�may�not�bedisplayed.�Applicants�must�also�demonstrate�areasonable�requirement�for�an�advertisement.Advertisements�should�be�subject�to�control�in�theinterests�of�amenity�and�public�safety,�this�includescumulative�impacts.1444.174 Additional�controls�usually�apply�to�displayadvertisements�on�listed�buildings�and�on�the�site�ofa�scheduled�monument,�as,�in�such�cases,�almost�alldevelopment�proposals�will�require�listed�building�orscheduled�monument�consent�in�addition�to�anyadvertisement�control.145 The�National�Park�Authorityencourages�early�discussions�on�any�proposals,�andadvise�on�whether�permission�may�be�required.��

Amenity and Public Safety4.175 If�advertisement�consent�is�required�theNational�Park�Authority�will�take�into�considerationamenity,�and�public�safety�interests�in�terms�of�theadvert/signage�design�(including�the�size,�scale,proportions,�siting,�positioning,�colour,�size�oflettering�or�symbols,�amount�of�text�and�type�ofmaterials�used).��Where�a�sign�is�necessary,advertisements�should�respect�the�landform�andquality�of�the�immediate�surroundings�including�thenatural�contours,�landscape�character�andbackground�features�against�which�they�will�beseen.146 To�conserve�and�enhance�the�National�Park,advertisements�and�private�road�signs�should,therefore,�be�designed�to�harmonise�with�the�localarea�and�setting,�and�to�reflect�the�area’s�high�qualityenvironment.�On�occasions�this�may�require�a

80

change�to�standardised�corporate�signage.�Amenityconsiderations�should�also�include�maintainingadvertisements�to�a�high�standard.�4.176 In�determining�applications�consideration�mustbe�given�to�the�safe�use�of�advertisements,�shopfrontsand�private�road�signs�and�any�impacts�on�transportincluding�road�users�and�pedestrians.�Whilerecognising�that�their�purpose�is�to�attract�attention,�

consideration�will�be�given�to�whether�theadvertisement�or�private�road�sign�themselves�or�theirproposed�location�are�likely�to�be�so�distracting�orconfusing�that�they�create�a�hazard�or�present�a�dangerto�people�in�the�vicinity.�They�should�be�kept�in�a�safecondition�and�be�removed�when�required.�Crimeprevention�and�detection�are�also�relevant�factors.147

147 Further information on amenity and public safety considerations are provided by: DCLG (2007) Circular03/07, Town and Country Planning (Control of Advertisements) (England) Regulations 2007

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1. Advertisements, and private road signs will only be permitted where it can bedemonstrated that in the interests of amenity:a) the proposal represents a joint / community advertisement or sign; or the

advertisement is located on, or is well related to the building that is used for thebusiness or attraction;

b) there will be no adverse individual, cumulative, or sequential impact onlandscape character and local distinctiveness of the locality; and

c) the size, scale, colour and siting are appropriate and the materials and designare of a high standard which conserve or enhance the character andappearance of the area.

2. The proposal should have no detrimental impact on public safety.3. Opportunities to enhance existing buildings or the landscape through consolidating,

redesigning or removing existing advertisements / signage will be encouraged.

CE-D5 Advertisements and Private Road Signs

1. Traditional shopfronts will be retained and restoration will be encouraged whereappropriate.

2. The provision of new shopfronts or the replacement or alteration of non-traditionalshopfronts will be permitted where it can be demonstrated that the scale, colour,materials and design are of a high standard which conserve and enhance the character and appearance of the host building and the wider streetscape.

CE-D6 Shopfronts

Shopfronts4.177 Traditional�shopfronts�play�an�important�role�incontributing�to�the�built�heritage�of�Exmoor’ssettlements�and,�for�this�reason,�the�National�ParkAuthority�will�seek�their�retention�and�restoration�willbe�encouraged�over�replacement.�The�use�of�

vernacular�design,�traditional�materials�and�proportionsappropriate�to�the�scale�of�the�building�and�itssurroundings�will�be�required�for�proposals�for�existingand�new�shopfronts,�to�ensure�that�the�architecturalcharacter�of�buildings�and�the�overall�visual�quality�ofthe�street�scene�are�conserved�and�enhanced.��

148 DEFRA (2010) English National Parks and the Broads UK Government Vision and Circular (Paragraphs 141-145)149 DCLG (2014) Planning Practice Guidance Paragraph: 008 Reference ID: 27-008-20140306150 DCLG (2014) Planning Practice Guidance Paragraph: 106 Reference ID: 27-106-20140306


Context4.178 The�National�Park�Authority�is�the�MineralsPlanning�Authority�within�the�National�Park�and�isresponsible�for�determining�applications�for�mineralsrelated�development.��Despite�a�long�history�ofmineral�extraction�on�Exmoor�there�are,�at�present,no�operative�mines�or�quarries�within�the�NationalPark�although�stone�is�always�in�demand�anddeposits�of�silver,�lead,�copper�and�iron�ore,�inparticular,�may�still�exist.�In�addition,�there�are�anumber�of�disused�quarries�on�Exmoor�which�wereprimarily�used�for�obtaining�local�building�stone.Policies�therefore�seek�to�encourage�the�small�scaleworking�or�reworking�of�quarries,�to�provide�a�localsource�of�building�and�roofing�stone.4.179 Many�of�Exmoor’s�older�buildings�wereconstructed�of�the�local�Devonian�Sandstone.However,�due�to�the�geology�of�Exmoor�other�stoneis�used�at�various�localities�–�in�the�Lynton�area�greysandstone�was�used�and�‘new�red’�sandstones�in�theeastern�area�of�the�National�Park.�Softer�sandstoneswere�also�quarried�near�Porlock.4.180 The�National�Parks’�Circular�recognises�thatNational�Parks�are�a�source�of�some�minerals,including�certain�building�stone�and�small�quarrieswhich�provide�building�materials�to�maintain�thecharacter�of�the�local�built�heritage.148� Quarry�worksmay�also�provide�employment�within�the�NationalPark�boundary.�It�is�important�therefore,�that�theneed�for�minerals�and�the�impacts�of�extraction�andprocessing�on�people�and�the�environment�aremanaged�in�an�integrated�way.

4.181 The�Government�adopts�a�sustainableapproach�to�minerals�development�and�recognisesthe�importance�of�a�sufficient�supply�of�material�toprovide�infrastructure,�buildings,�energy�and�goodsthat�are�required.�The�National�Planning�PolicyFramework�recognises�that�since�minerals�are�a�finitenatural�resource,�and�can�only�be�worked�where�theyare�found,�it�is�important�to�make�best�use�of�them�tosecure�their�long-term�conservation.�This�can�beachieved�by�adopting�a�hierarchical�approach�tominerals�supply,�which�aims�firstly�to�reduce�as�far�aspracticable�the�quantity�of�material�used�and�wastegenerated,�then�to�use�as�much�recycled�andsecondary�material�as�possible,�before�finallysecuring�the�remainder�of�material�needed�throughnew�primary�extraction.�National�Parks�are�notexpected�to�designate�Preferred�Areas�or�Areas�ofSearch�given�their�statutory�purposes.1494.182 Minerals�development�is�different�from�otherforms�of�development�because�minerals�can�only�beworked�where�they�naturally�occur.�Potential�conflictcan�therefore�arise�between�the�benefits�to�societythat�minerals�bring�and�impacts�arising�from�theirextraction�and�supply.4.183 Exmoor�National�Park�Authority�seeks�toensure�sufficient�levels�of�permitted�non-energymineral�reserves�are�available�from�outside�theNational�Park�owing�to�the�major�impact�of�modernmineral�extraction�on�the�landscape,�wildlife,�culturalheritage,�public�enjoyment�and�the�health�andamenity�of�local�communities.��The�Authority�hasworked�with�both�Devon�and�Somerset�CountyCouncils�to�ensure�that�the�needs�of�ExmoorNational�Park�are�taken�into�account�in�their�mineralsplanning�including�that�the�Local�AggregateAssessments�(LAAs)�for�Somerset�and�Devon�includethe�relevant�areas�of�the�National�Park�as�appropriate.�

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Minerals Objective 5: To�ensure�that�the�built�tradition,�character,�distinctiveness�and�historic�character�of�Exmoor’ssettlements,�buildings,�farmsteads,�landscapes,�archaeological�sites�and�monuments�is�conserved�and�enhancedand�that�the�cultural�heritage�of�Exmoor�is�protected�through�the�careful�management�of�development.Objective 6: To�encourage�new�development�to�use�local�materials,�sustainable�building�design�andmethods,�in�ways�that�contribute�to�the�distinctive�character�and�cultural�heritage�of�Exmoor.Objective 7: To�conserve�and�enhance�Exmoor’s�natural�resources�and�to�improve�air�and�water�quality,conserve�water�resources,�ensure�soils�are�in�good�condition,�maximise�carbon�storage,�and�minimise�pollution.

4.184 Planning�practice�guidance�states�that,�interms�of�planning�for�hydrocarbons,�mineralplanning�authorities�are�expected�to�includepetroleum�licence�areas�on�their�policies�map.150A�small�area�of�the�National�Park�is�included�within�aBlock�ST04�(a�10km�by�10km�area�based�on�thenational�Ordnance�Survey�grid).�This�area�has�beensubject�to�appropriate�assessment�under�theHabitats�Regulations.151 However,�the�Petroleum�Act1998�(as�amended)�sets�out�certain�safeguards�inrelation�to�onshore�hydraulic�fracturing�(fracking)�toensure�that�this�does�not�take�place�in�‘otherprotected�areas’:�these�areas�are�identified�inregulations�to�include�the�area�of�National�Parks�at�adepth�of�less�than�1200m.152 Hydraulic�fracturing�canonly�take�place�below�1200m.4.185 Policy�CE-S8�Minerals�Development�willtherefore�apply�to�all�types�of�mineral�development,other�than�the�small�scale�extraction�of�local�buildingand�roofing�stone�(CE-S7�Small�Scale�Working�orReworking�for�Building�and�Roofing�Stone)�includingexploration,�appraisal,�extraction�and�processing.Apart�from�small-scale�extraction�of�building�androofing�stone,�minerals�development�is�notconsidered�to�be�appropriate�in�the�National�Park�asit�would�have�an�adverse�impact�on�National�Parkpurposes.�There�are�no�known�mineral�reserves�ofnational�importance�and�the�lack�of�active�mineralworkings�within�the�National�Park�supports�thispolicy�approach.

4.186 Small�scale�extraction�of�building�and�roofingstone�in�the�National�Park�would�enable�theprovision�of�materials�necessary�for�preservingtraditional�buildings�and�for�maintaining�andenhancing�the�character�of�settlements�and�thelandscape�character�of�the�National�Park.Consultation�has�indicated�the�need�for�localbuilding�materials�for�the�conservation�and�repair�ofbuildings�and�structures�of�historic�and�culturalimportance.�Both�national�policy�and�policies�withinthis�Plan�encourage�developers�to�use�traditionallocal�materials�in�development�proposals.�Somematerials�can�be�salvaged�and�reused,�while�quarriesjust�outside�the�National�Park�are�another�valuablesource.��However,�these�options�are�not�alwayspracticable,�economic�or�suitable.�Stone,�for�instance,is�most�appropriate�when�it�is�of�the�samecomposition�as�nearby�traditional�building�stone.�Toachieve�a�supply�of�local�building�stone,�policy�CE-S7Small�Scale�Working�or�Re-Working�for�Building�andRoofing�Stone�provides�for�the�small-scale�extractionof�this�mineral�resource�or�the�reopening�of�disusedquarries�in�appropriate�circumstances.�In�accordancewith�government�policy,�it�is�recognised�that�therewill�be�a�need�for�a�flexible�approach�to�thepotentially�long�duration�of�planning�permissions,reflecting�the�intermittent�or�low�rate�of�working�atmany�sites.153 Such�mineral�development�will�beassociated�with�some�short�term�noisy�activities,which�may�otherwise�be�regarded�as�unacceptable,but�are�necessary�to�facilitate�the�extraction�ofminerals.�Mitigation�and�planning�conditions�will�beused�to�ensure�that�unavoidable�noise,�dust�andblasting�vibrations�are�controlled.4.187 All�proposals�will�be�subject�to�a�requirementto�include�a�scheme�for�high�quality�restoration�andaftercare�of�the�worked�land.�Such�schemes�shouldseek�to�achieve�the�conservation�and�enhancementof�the�National�Park�including�for�geodiversity�andbiodiversity,�and�native�woodland�(in�accordancewith�policy�CE-S3�Biodiversity�and�GreenInfrastructure),�historic�environment�and�the�quietenjoyment�of�its�special�qualities.�Other�types�ofmineral�development�will�be�considered�againstpolicies�CE-S8�Mineral�Development�and�GP2�MajorDevelopment.�

151 Oil & Gas Authority (2015) Habitats Regulations Assessment 14th Onshore Oil and Gas Licensing RoundAppendix D completed assessment proformas – URN: 15D/401 18th August 2015152 The Onshore Hydraulic Fracturing (Protected Areas) Regulations 2016153 DCLG (2012) National Planning Policy Framework, para 144

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84

1. Proposals for small scale quarries or the reworking of existing small quarries toprovide building or roofing stone, including for the repair of heritage assets, willbe permitted where it can be clearly demonstrated that:a) the local building material cannot be sourced sustainably from elsewhere,

including from outside the National Park, and the loss of supply wouldresult in the devaluing of the built fabric of the National Park;

b) there is a demonstrable need within the National Park and any mineralswon will be for use within the National Park;

c) proposals would help to provide local employment and reduce ‘stone’miles;

d) there is suitable access and it is of a scale appropriate for its location in theNational Park;

e) it would not adversely affect the landscape character, wildlife, culturalheritage, geodiversity, special qualities, or tranquillity of the National Park,or the health or amenity of local communities;

f) there are no suitable sources of previously used or banked materials thatare reasonably available;

g) permitted operations do not have unacceptable adverse impacts on thenatural and historic environment or human health, including from noise,dust, visual intrusion, traffic, tip and quarry-slope stability, differentialsettlement of quarry backfill, mining subsidence, increased flood risk,impacts on the flow and quantity of surface and groundwater, andmigration of contamination from the site; and take into account anycumulative effects of multiple impacts of individual sites; and

h) any unavoidable noise, dust and particle emissions and any blastingvibrations are controlled, mitigated or removed at source, and establishappropriate noise limits for extraction in proximity to noise sensitiveproperties.

2. Any waste materials from extraction will be re-used or recycled. A scheme forrestoration and after-use of the site should be submitted with the application toensure that it will be carried out to high environmental standards, based uponconservation and enhancement of landscape character, geodiversity,biodiversity, and the historic environment.

3. Conditions may be applied to limit the annual extraction rate.

CE-S7 Small Scale Working or Re-Working forBuilding and Roofing Stone

Minerals Safeguarding Areas4.188 The�National�Park�Authority�has�not�definedMinerals�Safeguarding�Areas,�which�are�knownlocations�of�specific�minerals�resources�of�local�andnational�importance,�identified�to�ensure�that�theyare�not�needlessly�sterilised�by�non-mineraldevelopment.154 Within�the�National�Park�sources�ofthe�local�resource�of�building�stone�are�identified�inthe�Building�Stone�Atlas�of�Somerset�and�Exmoorand�consist�of�a�large�number�of�small�derelictbuilding�stone�quarries.155 While�a�few�of�these�

derelict�quarries�may�retain�the�appearance�of�aquarry,�many�others�will�have�been�reclaimed�byvegetation�or�in-filled.��In�the�National�Park,�the�needfor�minerals�safeguarding�is�not�considered�to�be�assignificant�as�it�is�in�locations�with�higherexpectations�of�mineral�working�and�generaldevelopment.�Since�new�development�in�theNational�Park�is�extremely�limited,�and�the�demandfor�local�building�stone�is�low,�there�is�very�little�risk�ofsterilising�the�available�mineral�resource�given�theextent�of�the�resource�across�the�National�Park.�

154 DCLG (2012) National Planning Policy Framework (Paragraph 143). DCLG155 English Heritage et al. (2011) Strategic Stone Study – A Building Stone Atlas of Somerset & Exmoor

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1. Proposals for mineral development, other than that permitted by policies CE-S7and CE-D7, will not be permitted in the National Park unless in exceptionalcircumstances, and where they are demonstrated to be in the public interest inaccordance with the tests set out in policy GP2 Major Development.

2. If the tests for major development are met, the development and all restorationwill be subject to a planning obligation to ensure:a) the development should be carried out to high environmental standards

and respond to the local landscape character including its naturaltopography;

b) ensure that any unavoidable noise, dust and particle emissions and anyblasting vibrations are controlled, mitigated or removed at source, andestablish appropriate noise limits for extraction in proximity to noisesensitive properties;

c) any waste materials from the mineral development will be re-used orrecycled consistent with CC-S6 Waste Management; and

d) a scheme for restoration and after-use of the site should be submittedwith the application to ensure it will be carried out to high environmentalstandards based upon conservation and enhancement of landscapecharacter, geodiversity and biodiversity, and the historic environment.

CE-S8 Mineral Development


Interim Development Orders4.189 Interim�Development�Order�permissions�wereoriginally�granted�between�23�July�1943�and�1�July1948,�prior�to�full�planning�controls�being�introducedin�1948.�The�1991�Planning�and�Compensation�Actrequired�Interim�Development�Order�Permissions�tobe�registered�with�the�National�Park�Authority�by�25March�1992�or�they�would�otherwise�lapse.�Thisprovided�a�means�of�removing�still�valid�planningpermissions�from�sites�where�working�had�neverstarted�or�long�ceased,�but�where�re-opening�couldhave�serious�environmental�impacts�beyond�thecontrol�of�the�Planning�Authority.�Only�one�such�site,at�Barlynch�near�Dulverton,�was�registered�under�thissystem.��

4.190 The�working�of�Barlynch�Quarry�cannotrecommence�until�a�scheme�of�operating�andrestoration�conditions�has�been�approved�by�theNational�Park�Authority�as�the�Minerals�PlanningAuthority.�There�is�no�time�limit�for�submission�of�anapplication�for�such�approval.

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1. Interim Development Order permissions will be subject to an environmental impactassessment that will determine a set of comprehensive conditions in order tomitigate and control any adverse impact on the National Park’s landscape, wildlife,geodiversity, cultural heritage, other special qualities, its enjoyment, or the healthand amenity of local communities and to ensure satisfactory restoration and after-care of the site. Particular regard will be paid to:a) the visual impact on the landscape;b) the potential effect on ecological, archaeological and historical features;c) the potential effect on the amenity of local communities or visitors in terms of

noise, disturbance, and pollution (including light and dust), and the quietenjoyment of the National Park;

d) the potential impact on the recreational use of the area;e) hours of operation; andf) access, traffic generation and highway safety

CE-D7 Interim Development Order Permissions

Documents

Part 4 Conserving and Enhancing Exmoor · 51 T h eUK r a t iﬁ d Eu op nLsc Cv ( ) 2 06 52 DCLG(20 1 )N at i on l P gcyF rmew k .phs 4– 5 53 N atu r lE ng d( 20 1) i oCh c eA p