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8/10/2019 Part 3 - Modal Verbs
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PART 3
modal verbs
NGURAH AGUS SANJAYA ER, S.KOM, M.KOM
E-mail: [email protected]
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What is?
Modal Verbs:
Are special verbs which behave very
differently from normal verbs
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Differences
The Differences:
1. Modal verbs do not take -s in thethird person, example:
He can speak Chinese
She should be here by 9.00
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Differences
The Differences:
2. You use not to make modal verbs
negative even in simple present or
simple past, example:
He should not be late
They might not come to the party
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Differences
The Differences:
3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in
past tenses or the future tenses,
example:
He will can go with us (not correct)
She musted study hard (not correct)
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Common modal verbs
can ought to
could shall
may should
might will
must would
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Ability: can, could, be able to
We use can:
to say that someone has an ability:Natasha can play the piano
to say an opportunity:She can go to the piano room
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Can and be able to
In present tense, be able to is a little more formaland less
usualthan can
Emma is good with computers. She can/is able to write
programs
But in some structures we always use be able to:
To-infinitive: Its nice to be able to go to the opera
After a modal verb: Melanie might be able to help us
Present perfect: Ive been able to get some work done
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Can and be able to
In future tense, we use canor will be able tobut not will
can
if we earn some money, we can go/will be able to go to
on holiday next summer
Im afraid I cant come/I wont be able to come tomorrow
But to suggest a possible future action we normally use can
Lets have a lunch together. We can go to that new
restaurant
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Could, was/were able to
For ability/opportunity in the past, we use couldor
was/were able to
Natasha could play (OR was able to play) the piano when
she was four
To say that the ability/opportunity resulted in a particular
action, something that really happened, we use was/wereable toand not could
Luckily Mark was able to finish the job in time
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Permission: can, may, could
Asking permission: we can, could or may to ask permission
anI use your pen?
ouldwe borrow your ladder for a moment, please?
May I see the letter?
Could often sounds more polite than can. Mayis ratherformal
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Permission: can, may, could
Giving and refusing permission: To give permission we usecanor may(but not could)
You can wait in my office if you like
You maytelephone from here (written notice)
Mayis formal and is not often used in speech
To refuse permission we use cant or may not (but notcouldnt)
Members may not bring more than two guests into the
club
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Permission: can, may, could
Talking about permission: we sometimes talk about rulesmade by someone. To do this we use can, could and be
allowed to. We use canto talk about the present and we
use couldfor the past.
Present: Each passenger cantake one bag onto the plane
Past: In the 1920s you coulddrive without taking a test
We can also use be allowed to.
Present: Each passenger is allowed to take one bag
Past: We werent allowed to look around the factory
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Permission: can, may, could
For a general permission in the past we use either could or
was/were allowed to
I couldalways stay / I was always allowed to stay up lateas a child
But to say that the permission resulted in a particular action,
something that really happened, we use was/were allowed
to(but not could)
I was allowed to leave work early yesterday
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Possibility & Certainty
May, might and could
We use mayor mightto say that something is possible or
that it is quite likely. We can use them for the present orfuture.
It may/ mightbe a bomb (= perhaps it is a bomb)
We can use couldto say that something is possible
The story couldbe true, I suppose (= possibly it is true)
You couldwin a million pounds (= possibly you will win)
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Possibility & Certainty
May, might and could in negative
The negative forms are may not, might not, and could not
- May not and might not(something negative is possible)
Daniel may notget the job
Tommight not
be in- Could not(something is possible)
Vicky is afraid of heights. She couldnt climb onto the roof
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Possibility & Certainty
Must: we use must when we realize that something iscertainly true
She isnt answering her phone. She must be out
I had my keys a moment ago. It must be here somewhere
ant
: we use cant when we realize that something is
impossible
We havent walked far. You cant be tired
Nick cant be touring Scotland. I saw him at schooljust
now
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Necessity (Must & Have to)
Present, past future
We use must and have to/has to to say that something is
necessaryYoull be leaving college soon, you must think about your
future
Were very busy at the office, I have towork on Saturday
morning
Mark has toget the car fixed
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Necessity (Must & Have to)
And in other structures we also use a form of have to, not
must
To-infinitive: I dont want to have to wait in a queueAfter a modal verb: She might have to go to a dentist
Present perfect: Mark has had to drive all the way to
Glasgow
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Necessity (Must & Have to)
For negatives and questions with have to/has to, we use a
form of do
I dont have to work on Sundays
Why does Andrew have to study every evening?
Did you have topay for your second cup of coffee?I dont have to work means that it is not necessary for me
to work
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Necessity (Must & Have to)
Have got to: means the same as have to, but have got to is
informal. We use it mainly in the present.
I have to/ve got to make my sandwiches
My father has to/has got totake these pills
Do we have to/Have we got toapply for visa?
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Should & Ought to
We use should and ought to to say what is the best thing orthe right thing to do. There is no difference in meaning
Youre not very well, perhaps you shouldsee a doctor
Your uncle was very kind to me, I ought to write him a
letter of thanks
We can also use should or ought to in questions to ask for
advice
Where shouldI put this picture, do you think?
Its a difficult problem, how oughtwe todeal with it?
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Should & Ought to
After should or ought to we can use a continuous form (be
+ an ing-form)
Its half past six already, I should be cooking the tea
Why are you sitting here doing nothing? You ought tobe
working
She ought tobe studying for her exams
They should be watching the game by now
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Should & Ought to
Had better
We use had better to say what is the best thing to do in a
situation
Its cold, the children had better wear their coats
The neighbours are complaining, wed better turn the
music down
We could also use should or ought to in these examples,
although had better is stronger. The speaker sees the
action as necessary and expects that it will happen
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Should & Ought to
Be supposed to
We use be supposed towhen we are talking about the
normal or correct way of doing thingsThe guests are supposed to buy flowers for the hostess
This area is supposed to be kept clear of traffic
We can use was/were supposed to for the past
Its eleven oclock, you were supposed to be here at ten
thirty
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Will, would, shall & should
Will and Would for predictionsWe can use will for predictions
Its midnight but Sarah is still working. She will be tired
tomorrow
We use would for a past prediction or a prediction about a
possible situation
Past:At midnight Sarah was still working, she wouldbe
tired the day after
Possible: How about going to a movie? That wouldbe nice
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Will, would, shall & should
Decisions and refusalsWe can use will for an instant decision or for an offer
Tea or coffee? Ill have a coffee please
Ill wait for you if you like? Oh thanks, I wont be long
We usewont
orwouldnt
for a refusal
The strikers wontgo back to work until they get paid
The key went in the lock, but it wouldntturn
wont
... Is strong refusal (I wont obey your command )
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Will, would, shall & should
Shall and should
We use shall I... in offers and shall we... in suggestions
Offer: Shall I wait for you?
Suggestion: Shall wego to the park?
We also use shall to ask for a suggestion
What shall we have for lunch?
What shall we do while we wait for the bus?
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Will, would, shall & should
Shall and should
We use either shallor shouldto ask for advice
Im in terrible trouble. What shall/shouldI do?
We use shouldto say what is the best thing or the right
thing to do
People should exercise regularly
You shouldnt spend all your money as soon as youve
d it