BASICS OF INHERITANCE DNA is the hereditary molecule BLUE PRINT
for all traits Universal and Interchangeable
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DNA EXTRACTION LAB
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HUMAN CHROMOSOMES Coiled strands of DNA 23 pairs of chromosomes
23 from egg 23 from sperm
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I. Sexual reproduction ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE
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II. Hybrid Offspring produced by the mating of different
species. Every cell contains DNA from both species Can you name
some hybrid animals? Peekenese and a poodle = peek-a-poo Horse and
a donkey= mule ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE
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Wolf/dog hybrid
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Liger or tigon
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Zonkey or zedonk
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Llamal llama/camel hybrid
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III Chimera Produced in the laboratory EMBRYO FUSION- see
article on "GEEP" Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera
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IV IN VITRO FERTILIZATION Test tube babies Procedure female
injected with hormones to cause ovulation of many eggs Male donates
sperm Egg and sperm are mixed in a dish in a lab to create embryos
Embryo implanted in surrogate mother
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Test Tube Babies In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Embryo
Transfer (ET) 20% success rate
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Can be used for : Infertile couples Experimentation Increase
the population of endangered species QUESTION? What do we do with
the left over human embryos?
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V. Surrogate Motherhood
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Make it exciting
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Twins: Identical vs. Fraternal Diagram in your notes.
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Identical
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Fraternal
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Ethics: Theory of right and wrong. Defines what is good for the
individual and society Morals: Practicing right and wrong
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Questions from Article 1. What is the danger of being able to
create embryos? 2. Advantage / Disadvantage of IVF and ET? 3. What
is an ethical question raised w/ frozen embryos? 4. What was the
problem raised w/ the death of the American who died and left 2
frozen embryos?
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VI Genetic Engineering and Moving Genes -Human Genome Project
(video) HGP READ pg. 236 -(HGP)sequence all the base pairs in the
human genome (2-3 billion pairs) (100,000 genes) -genome -all the
possible bases in a species or individual
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gene- DNA sequence that codes for a protein. The protein may
lead to a visible trait (I.e. eye color, hair texture, blood type
etc) Genetic Disease- disease caused by a defective or mutant gene.
Considered hereditary, if it can be passed on to the next
generation (i.e. Huntingtons, Sickle Cell are major examples)
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MOVING GENES (the basics) Recombinant DNA involves 4 steps
Procedure 1. DNA is cut and desired gene is removed 2. gene is
attached to a vector for delivery into another cell 3. cloning -
multiple copies of the gene are made by allowing the host cell to
multiply 4. screening- cells with the new gene are sorted from the
multitude produced
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BT Corn Insulin from bacteria Artificial insemination or embryo
transfer
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How is the DNA cut? Restriction enzymes- recognize a specific
DNA sequence and cuts it at every location
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How is the DNA delivered? Viruses, yeast or plasmid can be
used. A plasmid is a loop of DNA that are independent of the main
DNA of a bacteria cell. The same restriction enzyme is used to open
the plasmid. Nucleotide pairs on the end of the gene and plasmid
join in a complimentary fashion. The gene is now part of the hosts
DNA
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How is the DNA separated? electrophoresis
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KIDS, CARS AND $$$$$
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VIII Moral and Ethical issues WHY IS THIS BEING DONE? HOW IS
THIS BEING DONE? WHO OR WHAT CAN IT BE DONE TO?
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Cloning Around (reproductive cloning) All SOMATIC CELLS (body
cells) contain DNA blueprint for the individual organism Any cell
can behave like a ZYGOTE to produce an entire individual
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HISTORY OF CLONING 1953frog 1996sheep277 2002cat82 2003horse841
2005dog ATTEMPTS BEFORE SUCCESS
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CLONING BASICS
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Reproductive Cloning is expensive and inefficient CC cost
$50,000 Horse 1/841.12% Sheep 1/277.36%
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STEM CELL RESEARCH Whats so special about Stem Cells?
Biological immortality Pluripotent- can become any of 220 cell
types
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Therapeutic potential Pancreas beta cells to produce insulin to
relieve diabetes Dopamine producing cells in the brain to relieve
Parkinsons disease Regrowth of missing limbs
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ADULT STEM CELLS cells in adult tissues that are
undifferentiated Multipotent (can become many of the 220 cell
types) Sources bone marrow, umbilical cord, hair follicle, skin,
adipose cells, More are known
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Most well know example of Adult Stem Cell bone marrow stem
cells