Part 2-Consumption and Emission of a Test Vehicle Fueled ... · PDF filePresently,M5,M10,M15,M85, M100 Methanol – gasoline blends are sold on china markets, mainly by ... ( VLI ),and

JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCES RESEARCH

ISSN: 1819-544X Published BYAENSI Publication EISSN: 1816-157X http://www.aensiweb.com/JASR

2017 June;13(6):pages 18-25 Open Access Journal

ToCite ThisArticle:Ezis. N. Awad and Youssef. Barakat., Part 2-Consumption and Emission of a Test – Vehicle Fueled with Methanol –

52-81);Pages: 6(13. esearchRciences Spplied Aournal of J .7, 201Gasoline Blends.

Part 2-Consumption and Emission of a Test – Vehicle Fueled with Methanol – Gasoline Blends.

Ezis. N. Awad and Youssef. Barakat Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo. Egypt.

Received 28 February 2017; Accepted 2 June 2017; Available online 10 July 2017

Address For Correspondence:

Youssef Barakat : 1 Ahmad El Zomor St Nasr City ,Cairo Egypt. E.mail : [email protected]

Copyright © 2017 by authors and American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information (AENSI Publication). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/BY).

ABSTRACT Background: As the cost of conventional fuels goes up, the interest in other fuel sources increase. In some cases, alternative fuels are more environmentally friendly. Some alternative fuels are more energy efficient .As an example to this fuel is gasoline-mathanol blend. Objective: The impact of methanol – gasoline blend on fuel consumption and tailpipe exhaust emission, were investigated using a test vehicles at variable engine rotational speeds. Results revealed that fuel blend consumption increased linearly with increasing the blended methanol concentration from 5 to 20 vol.%. Three linear equation were developed at the investigated engine speeds (1000, 1500, 2000 rpm). Emission analysis were carried out using portable gas analyzer at 2000 rpm engine speed. Emission results showed that with increasing methanol blending percentage the emitted concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and the

. ) concentrations increased2unburned hydrocarbon (HC) decreased, while carbon dioxide (COConclusion :Linear increase of consumption with the increase of blended methanol concentration at

increased. 2engine speed. Emitted concentration of CO and HC decreased, while that of CO examined heT

KEYWORDS:Fuel oxygenates, Methanol – gasoline blends, Fuel consumption, Exhaust emission.

INTRODUCTION

Methanol is a clean and economic alternative fuel that can be prepared from various sources like coal

natural gas ,biomass and captured CO2 [1,2].For both energy sustainability and greenhouse –gas reduction

purposes, methanol serves as a partial or neat alternative of gasoline in some countries like China and Iceland

[3].Compared to gasoline, methanol’s lower flammability limit and auto –ignition temperature are higher,while

the vapour pressure of methanol is comparatively lower [4]. Such properties increase the instability of methanol

–fueled engine operations under low temperature conditions and may intensify the occurrence of misfire [1]. A

study conducted by some investigators, indicated that the occurrence of engine misfire inducted sharp increases

in both CO and HC emissions of an alcohol –fueled engine .As an oxygenate, methanol is consider a good

blending component due to its high octane ( RON = 112). Methanol is highly polar and hydrogen bonding is

evidenced by its relatively high boiling temperature ( 65OC ),its high heat of vaporization and its low volatility.

Due to the high oxygen content of methanol (50 wt%) ,gasoline– methanol blend can reach complete

combustion with reduced amount of carbon monoxide in automotive exhaust gases. [5-7].During the late

Seventies and early Eighties, many experiments tested the possible use of neat methanol as an alternative fuel

for gasoline cars. However, several problems were noticed in its use as fuel. Cold engine startability and lower

heating value,are among of these problems.[8].Neat methanol is potential fuel for gas turbines, but cannot be

used in today's internal combustion engines without minor modifications [8,9] Following the crude oil price

25-18, Pages: 7201 June) 6(13. esearchRciences Spplied Aournal of J/7201 .,Ezis. N. Awad and Youssef. Barakat 19

shocks of the 1970'S methanol blending in gasoline was first introduced commercially in 1980. Because

carbureted fuel systems were most prevalent in the vehicles fleets on the road at that time ,and because those

vehicles had limited ability to handle high oxygen levels in the fuel, methanol blends were generally limited to 3

to 5 volume percent of the gasoline blend. However, with today's modern pressurized fuel injector systems with

computerized feedback control loops, current experience shows that methanol blends as high as 15 volume

percent( M15) of gasoline can now be successfully used in more modern vehicles that are on the road today [9].

For economic considerations. Methanol blends is one of lowest cost means of expand gasoline supplies to meet

the growing gasoline demand .China is currently the largest user of methanol for Transportation vehicles in the

world. Presently,M5,M10,M15,M85, M100 Methanol – gasoline blends are sold on china markets, mainly by

private fuel stations.M15 is the most commonly used grade .There is a significant incentive for private retailers

to identify lower costs wholesale fuel additives [10].In Europe, methanol fuels were first introduced in the

Federal Republic of Germany in the late 60's with composition slightly lower than those allowed in the US by

the EPA ( 4 % methanol and+ cosolvent vs 5.5% in the US),but reaching general use by the lake 70's.The use of

light methanol blends spread through Europe during the 1980s and 1990s. An agreement was reached to set

minimum allowable methanol concentration in gasoline in 1988 through member countries of the European

Economic Community. In 2004, a European standard increases the amount of methanol gasoline3.0% to be

mixed with a cosolvent and reached that of US EPA [10]. Methanol commercial production in Egypt started

early 2011 from Natural Gas through Methanex .Egypt Methanol Company S.A.E. [11]. In Egyptian Petroleum

Research Institute (EPRI), a successful attempt was carried out for upgrading low octane gasoline –80 to

gasoline 97.4 octane by blending15 volume percent methanol. EPRI – research team guided a successful pilot

test for the Performance Evaluation of Gasoline –Methanol Blends .A fleet of six different vehicles were fueled

with M10. and M15 blends to examine the Performance consumption ( The 18 th International Conference on

Petroleum ,Mineral Resources and Development 22-24 February 2015, EPRI, Egypt ) [12]. In the present study ;

the consumption and emission of five methanol blended gasolines ( M5,M10, M15,M17.5,and M20 ) along with

methanol–free gasolines ( M0 ),were investigated using a test – car and portable gas analyzer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

2-1-Refinery Streams:

reformate and light naphtha, were kindly supplied from Cairo Petroleum Refining Co., Mostorod Refinery

along with G C analysis of these distillates.. Hydrocarbon – base gasoline (HBG) was formulated volumetrically

from 60% reformate and 40 % light naphtha. RON of HBG is 83.4 [12].

2-2-Methyl Alcohol:

99.99% was kindly supplied by Methanex Egypt Co., Damitta, Egypt.

2-3-Fuel Blends:

were prepared volumetrically from the HBG and methanol .Five fuel blends ,ten liters each, were prepared

by blending 5,10,15,17.5,and 20 vol.% methanol with HBG. Methanol – free gasoline (MO) and each of

methanol blended ones ( M5- M20),were kept refrigerated in well stoppered labeled container .An ice – box

was used to keep these fuels refrigerated when were sent for octane testing, consumption and emission analysis.

2-4-The Test Vehicle:

employed for fuel consumption measurements and tailpipe exhaust emissions, was a Sahin Car Type

1.4S,Model 2001 manufactured by El-Nasr Automotive Co. Cairo, Egypt. [13].

2-5- Vehicle ∕Engine Preparation:

An external fuel tank for each fuel was used. Each fuel tank is fitted to the engine's carburetor [13].At the

beginning of each run fuel consumption was measured in Kg∕hr by using a weighing device with accuracy of

0.01 g .Tailpipe exhaust gas emissions were measured by an accurately calibrated portable gas analyzer MGA

1200.Before starting measurement ,the engine was run 5 minutes to reach a steady state test condition [14].For

comparable emission analysis ,tailpipe probe was located in the same position for an extended period (5

minutes) prior commencing each test[13,15,16]. Properties of the investigated fuels are listed at part1[12].

2-6- Fuel Property Measurements:

Specific gravity – pykncometer method- IP190 ∕64.

Distillation ASTM-D86 [17].

Vapour pressure ( Reid method ). ASTM- D323,for gasoline.

Vapour pressure ( Dry method ). ASTM- D5191,for gasoline oxygenate

Corrosion ,copper Strip Test ASTM -D130


Oxidation Stability, Induction Period MethodASTM–D525 [18].

Calorific value bomb Calorimeter ASTM – D 240-02[19].

Research Octane Number ASTM – D2699 [20].

Vapour- Liquid Ratio of 20T v ∕ L = 20ASTM –D5188

T v ∕ L =20(OF ) = 114.6 – 4.1( VP)+ 0.2( T10 )+ 0.17( T50 )

Where VP ( psi ),TIO and T50 ( OF ).

Driveability Index ( DI ).ASTM –D4814, [21,22].

DI (OF derived ) = 1.5( T10 ) + 3.0( T50 ) + ( T90 ) + 2.4( M vol.% )

Vapour Lock Index ( VLI ),[22,23].

VLI = 10 VP + 7 E70

Where VP(KPa ),E70 = vol.% evaporated at 70 OC

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3-1-Consumption of Methanol – Gasoline Blends:

Prior to commencing each experiments ,the test vehicle was prepared in strict accordance with the

following requirements [14-16,24].Anew air filter was installed and the recommended engine oil was used. and

the external fuel tank was fitted with a simple drain device to allow the tank to be completely emptied between a

test fuel and another. The external fuel- tank for each test fuel (methanol – free or methanol – blended gasoline),

was fitted to the engine's carburetor and fuel consumption was measured in kg∕hr using a weighing device and a

stop watch[23 -25].The formulated hydrocarbon – base gasoline ( HBG), was blended with 0, 5,10,15, 17.5,and

20 % by volume anhydrous methanol. The prepared fuel and fuel blends( designatedM0,M5, M15,M17.5,and

M20 ),were experimentally investigated Data listed [13] show the effect of methanol addition on the distillation

characteristics, "T "and " E " values ,and driveability index ( DI ).The effect of methanol addition on volatlility

criteria which include vapour pressure vapour-lock index ( VLI ),and the temperature of vapour – liquid ratio

of20. (Tv ∕ L=20).These properties are most effective when fuel consumption was considered .The vapour

pressure rises with the addition of methanol concentrations from 5 to 10vol.%.At higher methanol concentration

,the vapour pressure of the blend fuels decrease .This behavior is consistent with what has been reported in

literature [26] and has been attributed to non-ideal mixture behavior of gasoline blended with highly polar

methanol. The test engine was started and allowed to warm up for a period of 20-25 minutes. Before running the

engine a new fuel blend ,it was allowed to run for sufficient time to consume the remaining fuel from the

previous experiment. In each run ,the average Value of three measurements of the time ( t) required for the

consumption of 100 ml of fuel ,was determined all consumption measurements were performed at engine

rotational speeds 1000,1500,and 2000 rpm. Fuel consumption mƒ was estimated using simple formula [24].The

experimentally determined volume flow ( ml ̸hr) of the investigated methanol – free and methanol – blended

gasoline containing from 5 to 20 vol.% of methanol are listed [12].The calculated fuel consumption values of (

Kg ̸h ) of the investigated fuel at different rotational speeds are listed in Table (1,2) It can be seen from data in

these tables that, the fuel consumption increases as the methanol addition increases in all rotational speeds This

behavior is attributed to the lower heating value (LHV) methanol fuel ( 20.0 MJ ̸kg ) which is lower than that of

methanol – free gasoline fuel ( 43.47 MJ ̸kg ).Therefore ,the amount of fuel introduced into the engine cylinder

for a given desired fuel energy input has to to be greater with methanol – blended fuels[9,24,27].When the

results of fuel consumption are plotted against concentration of blended methanol, three linear relations are

obtained and three equations are developed at the studied engine rotational speeds (Figure 1). The increases in

fuel consumption could be explained by the fact that as the engine rotational speeds increases and the pressure

drop between the pressure at the carburetor venture and the atmospheric pressure inside the float chamber

increases, which causes more fuel consumption [24]as shown in Tables(1-4).

3-2- Tailpipe Exhaust Emission.:

3-2-1-Oxygenates and Emissions:

Fuel oxygenates are very important, because can added to fuel in order to improved its efficiency and

performance. Once of the most important oxygenates to improve fuel performance is alcohols Several alcohols

have been used as fuel oxygenates ,such as methanol ,ethanol ,tertiary butyl alcohol and methyl tertiary butyl

ether .The main reason for adding ethanol is that it can be manufactured from natural product or waste materials,

compared with gasoline, which is produced from non-renewable resources .It has been reported that all

oxygenated gave better anti- knock performance than hydrocarbon fuels of the same octane range [28-30].Other

investigators, studied the effect of oxygenate in gasoline on exhaust emission and performance at the

stoichiometric air- fuel ratio [31]. Results of some investigators indicated that oxygenats can improve air quality

.The effects of excess oxygen on emissions was studied [32].The effect of oxygenates on exhaust emission of

blends and hydrocarbon –base using SI engine and two-stroke motorcycles [33-35].The objective of the present


study is to investigate the effect of methanol – gasoline blends on fuel consumption and CO,CO2and HC

emissions at variable engine speed operating conditions[36-38].

3-2-2- Engine, Fuels and Emissions:

The experiments were conducted on a four cylinder ,spark ignition engine – Sahin Car Type 1.4 S .The

engine has a swept volume off 1400 cm3, a compression ratio of 8.3 : 1 and a maximum of 78 HP at 5500 rpm.

the concentration of exhaust emissions (CO,CO2and HC) were measured using a " Sun Gas Analyzer

",MGA1200,in Tabbin Institute for Metallurgical Studies (TIMS), Tabbin , Helwan ,Cairo, Egypt .The analyzer

has a non-dispersive infrared module for CO,CO2and HC..

Tailpipe exhaust emissions for the investigated gasoline –methanol blends, M5,M10,M15,M17.5 and

M20,were tested and compared with methanol – free hydrocarbon – base gasoline ( M0 ). The emitted

gasses,CO,CO2 and the un-combusted HC are listed in Table 5 along with fuel consumption at 2000 engine

rotational speed. [39].

3-2-3- Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO2 ):

By increasing methanol content in the blend,CO2 increase compared with MO( figure 2) Several

investigators [24] reported similar resulted .This because methanol – blended fuels contain oxygen which

enhance combustion process effectively increased CO2emissions.

The CO2exhaust emissions have an opposite behavior when compared to the CO exhaust emissions, and

this due to improving the combustion process as a result of the oxygen content in the blended methanol. This is

the behavior reported by almost all investigators on various types of engine and rotational speeds [32,40].

However ,other explanation was given by other investigators who concluded that in some cases,CO2 emission

increased with the increase of methanol content in the fuel blends because methanol have lower heating value

than that of gasoline, therefore more oxygenated fuel is required to obtain the same brack power from the engine

.Injecting more fuel may cause increasing ofCO2 emission.

3-2-4- Carbon Monoxide Emissions (CO):

CO emissions decreased by increasing methanol content in the fuel blends compared to the base gasoline as

shown in Figure 3.A decrease of 63% to 84% in the concentration of CO emissions ,was achieved by [41] from

three motor cycles fueled with M15 blend. Other investigators reported that the alcohol blends decrease CO

emissions effectively [42],They explain this decrease in CO emissions that this possibly due to the more

complete combustion of methanol – air mixture CO emissions decrease by increasing blended methanol up to

20% by volume in hydrocarbon – base gasoline [43].

3-2-5- Hydrocarbon Emissions (HC):

Figure 4 illustrates the decrease in HC emission by increasing the concentration of blended methanol. in M5

to M20. A vehicle fueled with hydrocarbon – base gasoline (M0),the exhaust consists mainly of combustion

products plus unburned hydrocarbon, HC [27]. Figure 4 shows the total HC exhaust emission for various

percentages of blended methanol ,the HC emitted by fuel blends is lower than the neat gasoline fuel. For

instance, at 2000 rpm engine speed, HC emission was 470 ppm for M0 fuel while HC emission reached 255for

M20, this means, that the HC emission was reduced by nearly 46%.Table5lists the emitted gases and fuel

consumption at 2000 rpm rotational speeds.

As a result of our study we can say that this work will help in reducing gasoline price due to the decrease of

consumption per liter. On other hand our friendly environmently gasoline blend has a great approach with clean

environment due to decrease in exhausted emissions of engines.

Conclousions :

Methanol exhibits better capability of lowering engine emissions and fuel cost ,emission has increased

health –related risks and stalled its application. Linear increase of consumption with the increase of blended

methanol concentration at the examined engine speed. Emitted concentration of CO and HC decreased, while

that of CO2 increased .Burning gasoline –methanol blends (M15,M25 and M40) produced about 0.8-4.1% less

pipe –out CO2emissions than hydrocarbon-base gasoline, while saving fuel cost by 5.7-15%.

Future Work:

Azeotrope Formation and Distillation Curves of Gasoline – Alcohol Blends


Table 1: Volume Flow of Methanol Blended Gasolines

At Different Rotational Speeds

Fuel

Density, g/ cm3

Volume Flow Fuel, cm3/ h

1000 rpm 1500 rpm 2000 rpm

HBG- M0 0.7544 5439 6100 7522

HBG- M5 0.7578 5497 6186 7688 HBG- M10 0.7598 5686 6289 7769

HBG- M15 0.7635 5781 6380 7907

HBG- M17.5 0.7639 5867 6493 8018 HBG- M20 0.7611 5958 6528 8035

Table 2:Consumption of Methanol Blended Gasolines


Fuel

Fuel Consumption, L/ h

1000 1500 2000

HBG- M0 5.44 6.10 7.52

HBG- M5 5.50 6.19 7.69 HBG- M10 5.69 6.29 7.77

HBG- M15 5.78 6,38 7.91

HBG- M17.5 5.87 6.49 8.02 HBG- M20 5.96 6.53 8.04

Table 3: Consumption of Methanol Blended Gasolines


Fuel Density g/ cm3

Fuel Consumption, Kg/ h

1000 1500 2000

HBG- M0 0.7544 4.13 4.60 5.67

HBG- M5 0.7578 4.17 4.69 5.83

HBG- M10 0.7598 4.32 4.78 5.90 HBG- M15 0.7635 4.41 4.87 6.04

HBG- M17.5 0.7639 4.48 4.96 6.12

HBG- M20 0.7611 4.53 4.97 6.12

Table 4:Consumption Increase of Methanol – Blended Gasolinesat Different Engine Rotational Speed(1000rpm)

Fuel

Fuel Consumption L/h

Consumption Increase

L/h ( %)

HBG- M0 5.44 ــــــــــ ــــــــــ

HBG- M5 5.50 0.06 1.10

HBG- M10 5.69 0.25 4.59 HBG- M15 5.78 0.34 6.25

HBG- M17.5 5.87 0.43 7.90

HBG- M20 5.96 o.52 9.55

(1500rpm)


HBG- M5 6.19 0.09 1.47 HBG- M10 6.20 0.19 3.11

HBG- M15 6.38 0.28 4.59

HBG- M17.5 6.49 0.39 6.39 HBG- M20 6.53 o.43 7.05

(2000rpm)


HBG- M5 7.69 o.17 2.26

HBG- M10 7.77 0.25 3.32 HBG- M15 7.91 0.39 5,19

HBG- M17.5 8.02 0.50 6.39

HBG- M20 8.04 0.52 6.93

Table 5: Emitted Gases and Fuel Consumption at 2000 rpm Rotational Speeds.

M20 M17.5 M15 M10 M5 M0 Fuel Gases

15.6 14.9 14.7 13.7 13.1 12.5 , vol. "%2CO

1.2 255

1.3 272

1.8 291

2.8 382

3.7 432

4.8 471

CO,vol. % HC. ppm

8.04

8.02

7.91

7.77

7.69

7.52

Consumption,

L / h at 2000 rpm


Fig. 1: Fuel Consumption as a Function of Blended Methanol.

Fig. 2: CO2 Emission vs Blended Methanol .

Fig. 3: CO Emission vs Blended Methanol.


Fig. 4: HC Emission vs Blended Methanol.

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Documents

Part 2-Consumption and Emission of a Test Vehicle Fueled ... · PDF filePresently,M5,M10,M15,M85, M100 Methanol – gasoline blends are sold on china markets, mainly by ... ( VLI ),and