CONTENTS

Part 1: Cardiovascular

Chapter 1 Development, Structure, and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System ......................................1 Jason M. Kane, MD, MS

Chapter 2 Myocardial Metabolism and Blood Flow ........................................................................................ 13 Curt Froehlich, MD

Chapter 3 Electrophysiology in Pediatric Critical Care .................................................................................. 23 Grace Chong, MD, and Jason M. Kane, MD, MS

Chapter 4 Cardiovascular Interactions With Other Systems .......................................................................... 37 Michael Wolf, MD

Chapter 5 Clinical Assessment of Cardiovascular Structure, Function, and Dysfunction ........................... 47 Patricia Bastero, MD, and Ronald Bronicki, MD

Chapter 6 Structural Cardiovascular Diseases .................................................................................................. 59 Heather Chandler, MD

Chapter 7 Inflammatory Cardiac Disease ........................................................................................................ 81 Enrique Carrión, MD, FAAP

Chapter 8 Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Medications .............................................................................. 91 Brian F. Joy, MD, Steven J. Kindel, MD, and Eric L. Wald, MD, MSCI

Chapter 9 Heart and Lung Transplantation .................................................................................................... 105 Joseph Philip, MD, FAAP, and Paul Checchia, MD, FCCM, FACC

Chapter 10 Cardiac Surgery ............................................................................................................................... 117 Nguyenvu Nguyen, MD, and Priya Bhaskar, MD

Part 2: Respiration

Chapter 11 Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System ...................................... 129 Tensing Maa, MD, Cesar Mella, MD, and Maria Estrada, DO

Chapter 12 Pulmonary Physiology .................................................................................................................... 137 Keiko M. Tarquinio, MD, FAAP

Chapter 13 Assessment of Pulmonary Function ............................................................................................. 153 Moushumi Sur, MD

Chapter 14 Disorders and Treatment of the Airway ........................................................................................ 167 Tara L. Petersen, MD, and Meredith Bone, MD

Chapter 15 Disorders and Treatment of the Alveolar-Capillary Unit ............................................................ 177 Alexis L. Benscoter, DO, and Melissa L. Brannen, MD, MEd

Chapter 16 Disorders and Treatment of the Pleural Space ............................................................................ 189 Katherine Cashen, DO, and Mary Louise Wilkerson, MD

Chapter 17 Disorders and Treatment of the Pulmonary Vasculature ............................................................ 197 Jennifer Beier, MSN, CPNP

Chapter 18 Respiratory Complications of Neuromuscular Disease .............................................................. 207 Elizabeth Duncan, MD, and Danielle D. DeCourcey, MD, MPH

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Chapter 19 Mechanical Ventilation: Modes and Management of Invasive, Noninvasive, Negative Pressure ............................................................................................................................ 221

Keiko M. Tarquinio, MD, FAAP

Part 3: Neurological/Neuromuscular

Chapter 20 Neuroanatomy, Physiology, and Development ............................................................................. 233 Robert C. Tasker, MA, AM, MBBS, FRCP, MD

Chapter 21 Neurological Evaluation ................................................................................................................. 243 Robert C. Tasker, MA, AM, MBBS, FRCP, MD

Chapter 22 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy ............................................................................................... 253 John C. Lin, MD, Erik Su, MD, and Hülya Bayır, MD

Chapter 23 Central Nervous System Aspects of Metabolic Disorders .......................................................... 263 Marwan Shinawi, MD, FACMG, and Arun Saini, MD, FAAP

Chapter 24 Central Nervous System Infections ............................................................................................... 281 Patricia A. Abboud, MD

Chapter 25 Pediatric Intracranial Vascular Malformations ............................................................................. 291 Melandee Brown, MD, and James M. Johnston, MD

Chapter 26 Stroke ................................................................................................................................................ 303 Arun L. Singh, MD, and Pradip P. Kamat, MD, MBA, FCCM

Chapter 27 Brain and Spine Trauma ................................................................................................................. 315 Karen Walson, MD, John Kuluz, MD, John Ragheb, MD, Manuel Gonzalez-Brito, DO, Catherine M. Preissig, MD,

Jennifer B. Harling, MD, Glendaliz Bosques, MD, Dave Pruitt, MD, and Nigel Price, MD

Chapter 28 Seizure Disorders ............................................................................................................................ 329 Katherine S. Taub, MD, and Nicholas S. Abend, MD

Chapter 29 Neuromuscular Disorders............................................................................................................... 347 Edward E. Conway Jr, MD, MS, FAAP, FCCM

Part 4: Infectious Disease, Immunology, and Inflammation

Chapter 30 Structure, Function, and Development of Immunity ................................................................. 357 Gerald B. Lee, MD

Chapter 31 Sepsis, Multiple Organ Dysfunction, and the Systemic

Inflammatory Response Syndrome .............................................................................................. 365 Mary L. deAlmeida, MD

Chapter 32 Infections and Infection-Associated Syndromes in the Pediatric ICU ..................................... 379 Yuvraj Kalra, MD, Robert Richter, MD, Joseph Sykes, MD, and Mark E. Rowin, MD

Chapter 33 Opportunistic Infection and Immunodeficiency ......................................................................... 399 Jeff A. Clark, MD, and Rekha Solomon, MD

Chapter 34 Nosocomial Infections in the Pediatric ICU ................................................................................ 409 Erin B. Owen, MD

Chapter 35 Viral Infections in the Pediatric ICU ............................................................................................ 417 Erin Parrish Read, MD, MPH, FAAP, and Paige Klingborg, MD

Chapter 36 Autoimmune Disorders and Vasculitides in the PICU: An Overview ....................................... 427 Andrew W. Kiragu, MD, FAAP

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Chapter 37 Anaphylaxis ...................................................................................................................................... 441 Jennifer Snow, MD, FAAP

Chapter 38 Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy ............................................................................................. 449 Vickie McLean Malloy, PharmD, and Alfred J. Fernandez, PharmD

Part 5: Renal and Electrolytes

Chapter 39 Renal Structure and Function ............................................................................................469 Olivera Marsenic, MD, and Kevin Couloures, DO, MPH

Chapter 40 Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders in the Pediatric ICU ................................................................. 479 Kevin G. Couloures, DO, MPH, and Olivera Marsenic, MD

Chapter 41 Renal Failure .................................................................................................................................... 491 Olivera Marsenic, MD, and Kevin Couloures, DO, MPH

Chapter 42 Hypertension⎯Evaluation and Management .............................................................................. 503 Edward Cooper, MD, Saul Flores, MD, and Rajit K. Basu, MD

Chapter 43 Renal Transplantation ..................................................................................................................... 513 Martin A. Turman, MD, PhD, and Puneet Sindhwani, MD

Part 6: Metabolism and Endocrinology

Chapter 44 The Adrenal Gland in Critical Illness ............................................................................................ 523 Brian C. Bridges, MD, FAAP

Chapter 45 Thyroid and Parathyroid in Critical Illness .................................................................................. 529 Catherine M. Preissig, MD

Chapter 46 Glucose and Critical Illness ............................................................................................................ 535 Umesh Narsinghani, MD, Brooke Anderson, MD, Vijay Srinivasan, MD, FCCM

Chapter 47 Metabolism ....................................................................................................................................... 553 Catherine M. Preissig, MD

Part 7: Hematology/Oncology

Chapter 48 White Blood Cells .......................................................................................................................... 561 Joy Howell, MD, FAAP, FCCM

Chapter 49 Red Blood Cells ............................................................................................................................... 573 Nicole Kucine, MD, and Patricia J. Giardina, MD

Chapter 50 Platelets in the Critical Care Setting ............................................................................................. 581 W. Beau Mitchell, MD, Catherine McGuinn, MD, and James B. Bussel, MD

Chapter 51 Hemostasis and Thrombosis in Pediatric Critical Care .............................................................. 589 Char M. Witmer, MD, MSCE

Chapter 52 Pediatric Malignancies ................................................................................................................... 601 Estibaliz Lopez Rodrigo, MD, and Rachel Kobos, MD

Chapter 53 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation .................................................................................. 611 Susan E. Prockop, MD, and Farid Boulad, MD

Chapter 54 Transfusion Medicine ...................................................................................................................... 631 Melissa Cushing, MD, and Cheryl Goss, MD

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Chapter 55 Oncological Emergencies in Children and Adolescents .............................................................. 645 Alexander Aledo, MD

Part 8: Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Chapter 56 Gastroenterology and Nutrition⎯Structure, Function, and Physiological Development ...... 651 Sravan Reddy Matta, MBBS, and Praveen S. Goday, MBBS

Chapter 57 Specific Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract........................................................................... 667 Khalil I. El-Chammas, MD, MS, Vi Lier Goh, MD, MS, CNSC, and Praveen S. Goday, MBBS

Chapter 58 Liver Dysfunction, Failure, and Transplantation .......................................................................... 681 Scott A. Elisofon, MD

Chapter 59 Nutritional Implications of Disorders .......................................................................................... 691 Vijay Srinivasan, MD

Part 9: Poisonings, Toxins, and Overdoses

Chapter 60 Principles of Detoxification ........................................................................................................... 699 Sholeen T. Nett, MD, PhD, Michael Zubrow, MD, Omar J. Bhutta, MD, Matthew S. Braga, MD

Chapter 61 Clinical Toxidromes ......................................................................................................................... 707 Utpal S. Bhalala, MD, FAAP, Donald L. Boyer, MD, MSEd, FAAP, and Kathleen Chiotos, MD

Chapter 62 Specific Intoxications ..................................................................................................................... 713 Adam Himebauch, MD, Erin Hulfish, MD, Shirley Viteri, MD, and David Hehir, MD

Chapter 63 Environmental Exposures and Intoxications ............................................................................... 723 Adam Vukovic, MD, MEd, Kasey Davis, MD, Mary Gaspers, MD, MPH, David Nathalang, DO,

and Garrett Pacheco, MD

Part 10: Trauma

Chapter 64 Initial Evaluation and Stabilization of the Critically Injured Child .......................................... 735 Eriko O. Bernardo, MD, and Joel A. Reyes, DO

Chapter 65 Specific Injuries ............................................................................................................................... 743 Michael T. Meyer, MD, Christopher Page-Goertz, MD, and Nathan Thompson, MD, PharmD

Chapter 66 Child Abuse and Neglect ................................................................................................................ 763 Veronica Armijo-Garcia, MD

Part 11: Pharmacology

Chapter 67 Basic Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics ....................................................................... 775 Vickie McLean Malloy, PharmD, and Jana Stockwell, MD

Chapter 68 Overview of Autonomic Pharmacology ...................................................................................... 789 Catherine M. Preissig, MD

Chapter 69 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents ................................................................................................... 795 Wyn Wheeler, PharmD, BCPPS, FCCM

Chapter 70 Cholinergic Antagonists .................................................................................................................. 803 Andrea Chamberlain, PharmD, BCPS

Chapter 71 Antiepileptic Drugs: Considerations in Pediatric Critical Care ............................................... 809 Lori Shin, PharmD

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Chapter 72 β2 Agonists ....................................................................................................................................... 821 Angela M. Helder, PharmD, BCPS

Chapter 73 Calcium Channel Blockers ............................................................................................................. 825 Brady S. Moffett, PharmD, MPH

Chapter 74 β-Adrenergic Blockers ................................................................................................................... 831 Megan Allen, PharmD, BCPS, BCPPS

Chapter 75 Diuretic Therapy ............................................................................................................................ 839 Audrey R. Kennedy, PharmD, BCPS, and Chelsey J. Jensen, PharmD, BCPS

Chapter 76 Antiarrhythmic Agents .................................................................................................................. 851 Brady S. Moffett, PharmD, MPH

Chapter 77 Immunosuppressive Drugs ............................................................................................................ 857 Tara A. Higgins, PharmD

Chapter 78 Natriuretic Peptides ....................................................................................................................... 867 Brian J. Kelly, PharmD, BCPS, BCPPS

Part 12: Anesthesiology, Pain, and Sedation

Chapter 79 Preoperative and Postoperative Considerations ........................................................................... 879 Luis Zabala, MD, Paul Sheeran, MD, Frank Kern, MD, FCCM, and Lee Clintsman Jr, MMSc, AA-C

Chapter 80 Management of Pain and Sedation in the ICU ........................................................................... 891 Alan Farrow-Gillespie, MD, Sharon Kern, RN, MSN, and Frank H. Kern, MD, FCCM

Chapter 81 Anesthetic Drugs, Syndromes, and Uncommon Toxicities ........................................................ 903 Brian N. Kravitz, MD, and Frank H. Kern, MD, FCCM

Part 13: Technical Procedures

Chapter 82 Establishing an Airway ................................................................................................................... 911 Andrew K. Gormley, MD

Chapter 83 Vascular Access ................................................................................................................................ 917 Helen Christine Allen, MD

Chapter 84 Pleural Drainage .............................................................................................................................. 925 Morris Gessouroun, MD

Chapter 85 Pericardiocentesis ............................................................................................................................ 929 Anas Salkini, MD

Chapter 86 Abdominal Paracentesis .................................................................................................................. 935 Morris Gessouroun, MD

Chapter 87 Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ................................................................................... 941 Timothy G. Carroll, MD, FAAP, and Tia Tortoriello Raymond, MD, FAAP, FAHA

Chapter 88 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ...................................................................................... 949 Christopher Cunnyngham, MD, and Emilie D. Henry, MD

Chapter 89 Mechanical Circulatory Support: Ventricular Assist Devices ...................................................... 957 Michael Wolf, MD

Chapter 90 Renal Replacement Therapy .......................................................................................................... 963 Olivera Marsenic, MD, and Kevin Couloures, DO, MPH

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Part 14: Principles of Monitoring

Chapter 91 Noninvasive Monitoring ................................................................................................................. 969 Susan Morris, MD

Chapter 92 Invasive Monitoring ........................................................................................................................ 977 Brian Bridges, MD, FAAP, and Andrew H. Smith, MD, MSCI, MMHC

Part 15: Legal/Ethical

Chapter 93 Legal Considerations in Pediatric Critical Care .......................................................................... 985 Lewis P. Singer, MD, FCCM, and H. Michael Ushay, MD, PhD, FCCM

Chapter 94 Ethical Issues in Critical Illness ..................................................................................................... 995 Jennifer Needle, MD, MPH

Part 16: Core Knowledge in Scholarly Activities

Chapter 95 Review of Basic Statistics for the Clinician ............................................................................... 1001 Scott Penfil, MD, MPH

Chapter 96 Epidemiology and Clinical Research Design ............................................................................. 1011 Glenn Stryjewski, MD, MPH

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