Parmentier - Wind Engineering for Buildings Engineering-CSTC.pdf · 1954 Cermak 1st ABL wind-tunnel 1954 Jensen Laws of scaling 1961 Davenport Statistical concepts related to the

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Wind engineering for tomorrow buildings

BBRI

ir. Benoit PARMENTIERHead Division Structures

(www.bbri.be) www.project‐simba.eu

The Learning CurveThe Learning Curve

The wind loading chainThe wind loading chain

Beyond structural design : A) ComfortBeyond structural design : A) Comfort

Beyond structural design : B) Energy productionBeyond structural design : B) Energy production

Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th century

BBRI


Simulation & Bâtiments

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The Learning CurveThe Learning CurveThe Learning Curve





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1964Wind tunnel tests of the WTC towers


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““WWWWind engineering is best defined as ind engineering is best defined as

the rational treatment of the rational treatment of interactionsinteractionsbetween between windwind in the atmospheric in the atmospheric boundary layer boundary layer and man and his and man and his

worksworks on the surface of Earth.on the surface of Earth.

”BBRI

-- Jack CermakJack Cermak, 1975, 1975”

Interactions : the issues

Structural Design

Comfort

E P d i

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Energy Production


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Year Researcher Event

1643 Torricelli Barometer

1687 Newton Movement laws,…

Towards contemporary Wind Engineering

…

1940 Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse

1954 Cermak 1st ABL wind-tunnel

1954 Jensen Laws of scaling

1961 Davenport Statistical concepts related to the wind action

1963 1st International Conference on Wind action on buildings

1970 « Wind Engineering » terminology

1974 Eat n & Ma ne A le b r H e t d

BBRI

1974 Eaton & Mayne Aylesbury House study

1984 Holmes Wind tunnel pressure tubing response characteristics

1987 Mehta Texas Tech Exp. Building

1988 Robertson & Glass

Silsoe Structures Building

1992 Murakami 1st symposium on Computational Wind Engineering

(1999) (BBRI) (Windhouse Exp. Building)* (*) humbly

Burj Khalifa

A Belgian contractor was responsible for execution

[ proud mode ]

163 floors26000 glass panels

830m

[ p ou o e ]

BBRI


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Comfort @154th floor ?

Glass panels resistance against localized pressures ?

BBRI

Stability ?

The reference tool : the wind-tunnel

Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL)Scaled models (1:1 > 1:500)

Rotating tableInternal efforts measurements (balance,…)

Pressure coefficients

BBRI


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Pressures integration for horiz. displacement calculations

Location Elev. (m) Drift (cm)

Top Offices +570 125125

Top Residential +375 5454

BBRI


Th i d l di h iThe wind loading chainThe wind loading chain




The wind loading chain

BBRI



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Wind pressuresTurbulence effects

BBRI

The Wind Loading Chain

Alan G. Davenport

qqbb CCee CCssCCdd CCpp µµ

Reference Dynamic Pressure

Dynamic Effects Uncertainty

BBRI

Exposure Coefficient (roughness effects)

Pressure Coefficient


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We do not design for all situations

# Whirlwinds en Belgique

Whirlwinds are classified as accidental actions in Belgium

As high as 6000 Pa

2

4

6

8

10

12g q

BBRI

0

2

1982 2010

Waregem (2005)

Belgian meteorological dataSpatial distribution of the reference wind speed

2.5,0 bb vq 2..2

1 bb vq 2..

2

1 bb vq

BBRI

10m height Roughness cat. II


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0

Belgian meteorological dataElevation & roughness effects

I

II

BBRIqb. Ce

III

IV

The pressure coefficient CpThe Grail Quest…

2..21 vPPC refp

BBRI


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The pressure coefficient CpThe Grail Quest…

BBRI

The pressure coefficient CpSimple solutions for simple buildings…

BBRI

WInt© http://www.bbri.be/antenne_norm/eurocodes TNO Cp‐generator


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SlenderLighterComplexMulti-functional(Outsized)

BBRI

Research toolsToolboxes

VKI©

BBRI

Full-scale Wind-tunnel Numerical simulation


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Toolbox 1 – Full-scale measurementsProblem identified for semi-permeable envelopes

The Eurocode 1 assumes less difference

BBRI

From large scale structures to low-rise buildings…Toolbox 2 – Wind-tunnel

Greisch© Greisch©

BBRIVKI©


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Wind vortexes observed on roof…Toolbox 2a – Wind-tunnel

BBRI

+ Rain/Snow…Toolbox 2b – 1:1 Wind tunnel

BBRI

CSTB, Nantes ©


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Beyond structural design : A) Comfort

BBRI


is based on the external pressures knowledgeComfort : the ventilation strategy

BBRI


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IAQ & Summer comfort simulationsThe ventilation strategy

integrate a sum of uncertainties (local wind, local pressure coefficients, models)

BBRI

N. Heijmans & P. Wouters (2002)

Uncertainties from reference wind to local windVentilation

Altitude [m]Altitude [m]

????

BBRI

qqpp [Pa][Pa]


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Discomfort simulations…Ventilation strategy

DH25 is the number of hourly mean temperature above 25°C weighted by the temperature difference (T‐25)

178178

138138

198198

173173

DHDH2525

BBRI

N. Heijmans & P. Wouters (2002) – The PROBE buildingSimulations with CAPSOL©

WINDWIND

CPeCPe






Beyond structural design : A) Energy production

BBRI



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Innovations needed to improve efficiencyEnergy production – Urban wind turbines

Design the building to be a

BBRI

“Particles accelerator” ?

Energy production – Urban wind turbines

•Architectural integration ?•Stability ‐ Vibrations•Production efficiency ?•Noise ?

BBRI

Les compagnons d’Eole©


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In some cases, the wind action is underestimated

65

Energy production – Photovoltaic panels

Collapses known in Belgium from 01/2012

65

BBRI





Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th centuryInto the 21th century

BBRI

Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th centuryInto the 21th century


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Tomorrow tools to determine pressure coefficients on complex building shapes

CFD tools

Verrière Fondation Louis Vuitton (jardin d’acclimation Paris)

BBRI

j

Frank Gehry©

They need (more) validationCFD tools

• Validation Full(Model)‐scale‐CFD

The future for Wind Engineering is also :

• Special shape generic approach• Automatic calculation of roughness

BBRIKöse et al (2011)

(GIS approach)• More Monitoring after construction (pressures)


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A (french) discussion forum

http://aiv.asso.fr/

BBRI

[Credits]#1 VKI

#10 www.skyscraper.com

#16 RMI http://www.meteo.be

#19‐20 Arthur Hugues22 & h // i l /3 b#22 Herzog & DeMeuron ‐ http://tinyurl.com/3ww4cbw

Ghery & Milunic

Unfcccecosingapore ‐ http://tinyurl.com/3maywn3

Contemporist.com ‐ http://tinyurl.com/6beqdt

Ney & Partners – Knokke footbridge#25 Greisch

#29 www.aucoeurdumonde.ca

#30‐32 Heijmans N. & Wouters P., ”Impact of the uncertainties on wind pressures on the prediction of thermal comfort performances” Technical report for IEA

BBRI

the prediction of thermal comfort performances , Technical report for IEA, Annex 35 Hybvent, BBRI, 2002

#35 www.compagnons‐eole.be#36 www.lejdd.fr

#39 Kose D.A., Fauconnier D. & Dick E. « ILES of flow over low‐rise buildings:Influence of inflow conditions on the quality of the mean pressure distribution prediction », J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. Vol 99 (2011) doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2011.07.008


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Documents

Parmentier - Wind Engineering for Buildings Engineering-CSTC.pdf · 1954 Cermak 1st ABL wind-tunnel 1954 Jensen Laws of scaling 1961 Davenport Statistical concepts related to the