PARENTING

Why people have children…

• Passing on the family name• Heredity: genetic characteristics passed

parent - child

• Giving one’s parents a grandchild

•Wanting to

be loved by so

meone• Wanting to make a family complete

• Wanting to love a child• Giving in to pressure from friends &

parents

• Bring stability to a shaky marriage

Parental Responsibilities• Parenting – providing care, support, and love in a way that

leads to a child’s total development.• PHYSICAL NEEDS

– Feeding/diapering/dressing/bathing ($$)– Providing medical care ($$)

• GUIDANCE– Instilling values– Setting limits

• Teaches child to be self-directed• Ability to make correct decisions when adults are not around to

enforce the rules

– Setting good examplesNURTURING ENVIRONMENT

- receive positive attention, encouragement, and love- UNCONDITIONAL love.

TEEN PARENTHOOD(possible) Reasons to purposely get pregnant

• To leave school

• To leave home

• Wanting love from the baby’s

father/mother • To prove they’re “a man!” (or “a woman!”)

• To avoid having to set goals (ie get a job/choose a career)

• To be the focus of attention

TOTAL HEALTHHow pregnancy impacts the total

health of teens

PHYSICAL & EMOTIONAL/MENTAL• Adolescent female body is not fully mature• Serious health risk to teen and baby• Less likely to receive early and regular prenatal care• May not have a well-balanced, healthy diet• More likely to drink/smoke/do drugs during pregnancy• Higher risk for complications

- Early or prolonged labor – anemia – high blood pressure

- Only about ½ of girls who give birth will finish high school- Less employment opportunities - more likely to live in

poverty

SOCIAL HEALTH

• Goals ended or put on hold• Miss much of the social aspects of being a

teen• The younger the parents, the greater the

chances of child abuse and neglect

Deciding when NOT to become pregnant…

• Talk about goals (and the steps necessary to achieve them) WAAAAAAY BEFORE SEX!!!

• What is expected of the relationship• What will each partner do to prevent

pregnancy?

PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

DETERMINING A PREGNANCY

• HCG = “human chorionic gonadotropin”– Hormone secreted by placenta– Prevents ovaries from releasing more eggs

• PREGNANCY TESTS– Test urine for presence of HCG

PREGNANCY TESTS• HOME PREGNANCY TESTS– Perform like doctor’s office tests– Negative results are found to be less reliable than

positive pregnancy tests• RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (ra·dio·im·mu·no·as·say)– Can detect HCG in urine or blood as early as week

before period is to begin– Will also perform internal exam to confirm– Changes in cervix color and size of uterus are

noticeable if a female is pregnant

FERTILIZATION

• Erect penis ejaculates hundreds of millions of sperm– Immediately begin swimming through the female’s

internal reproductive organs– If an ovum is present in one of the fallopian tubes, the

sperm can fertilize it.FERTILIZATION = the union of a sperm cell with an

ovum(egg cell)• Pregnancy is considered to have begun once fertilization

happens• Usually takes place in the upper 1/3 of a fallopian tube

Fertilization cont…

• Zygote = fertilized ovum– Film immediately surrounds the zygote• Prevents any other sperm from penetrating it• Remaining sperm cells die

– Divides into 2 cells then 4 then 8 then 16 and so on

– Begins to move to the uterus• Takes about 3-4 days

Fertilization cont…

• Blastocyst = ball of cells with a cavity in the center– The zygote changes from the small condensed mass

into a blastocyst– Prepares to implant in the uterine lining

(endometrium)– Receives nourishment from the secretions of the

endometrium– Endometrium becomes thick and spongy to prepare

for implantation of fertilized ovum

ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

• Zygote implants outside the uterus• May implant in various places in the female

reproductive system– Usually in the fallopian tubes• Cells continue to divide• If not diagnosed & treated fatal to mother

Embryonic Development• 7-8 days after fertilization– Blastocyst attaches to inner wall of the uterus– Gradually gets buried in endometrium– Implantation = blastocyst embedding itself in uterine

lining• Embryo = implanted blastocyst

– Now in 1ST stages of development

First 5 Weeks• Embryo grows rapidly• At the beginning of wk. 6 is

about 1 mm. WEEK 6• Cells align into 3 layers to

form baby’s organs & systems– Endoderm respiratory &

digestive system– Mesoderm muscles, bones,

blood vessels & skin– Ectoderm nervous system,

sense organs & mouth

• Brain is one of 1ST organs to develop– Neurons appear @ day 18• 3 wks later rapidly developing CNS causes head to

take shape– Drugs & alcohol taken by mother will affect development of

embryo’s nervous system

PARTS OF THE EMBRYO

• Amnion– Fluid-filled sac around the embryo– “bag of waters”– Acts like a shock-absorber to protect developing

embryo

• Placenta– Structure that forms along lining of uterus as

embryo implants– Made of blood-rich tissue• Mother’s blood vessels also extend into placenta

– Transfers Oxygen & nutrients from mother’s blood to embryo’s

– Acts as lungs, kidneys, endocrine glands, and digestive system for developing embryo

• Umbilical Cord – Tube connects embryo & placenta– About 20”– Blood vessels from embryo connect to blood

vessels that go through umbilical cord & into placenta

• Blood of the mother & embryo don’t mix– Vessels allow Oxygen & nutrients to enter

embryo’s bloodstream & wastes to exit

FETAL DEVELOPMENT

• Fetus – developing baby from the 8TH week until birth

• CHARACTERISTICS– Transparent, hairless skin covered by waxy,

protective coating– All major organs & tissues

DEVELOPMENT IN THE WOMB

• 1ST MONTH– ¼” long– Hearts, brain, and lungs begin to form

• 2ND MONTH– About 1½”– Muscles, skin developing!– Arms, hands, eyes, and ears are forming– Legs begging to form, along with knees & ankles– All vital organs starting to develop

Weeks 3 & 4*: Poppyseed

Week 5: Appleseed

Week 6: Sweet Pea

Week 7: Blueberry

Week 8: Raspberry

Development in the womb cont…

• 3RD MONTH– About 3” long– Weighs about 1 oz.– Heart fully formed and beating!– Toes & fingers are formed– Can open and close mouth

Week 9: Green Olive

Week 10: Prune

Week 11: Lime

Week 12: Plum

Development cont…

• 4TH MONTH– 4”– Weighs about 6 oz.– Lanugo (fine hair) forms all over the body

(lə-nū'gō, -nyū'-)– Swallowing and sucking reflexes developing– Tooth buds appear– Sex is identifiable– Mother may feel fetus moving!

Week 13: Peach

Week 14: Lemon

Week 15: Naval Orange

Week 16: Avocado

Development cont…

• 5TH MONTH– 8-10”– Weighs 1 lbs. – Eyelashes appear– Nails and scalp hair begin to grow– Heartbeat can be heard w/stethoscope

Week 17: Onion

Week 18: Sweet Potato

Week 19: Mango

Week 20: Cantaloupe

Week 21: Banana

Weeks 21-24 (Month 5): Papaya

Development cont…

• 6TH MONTH– 12”– Weighs 1 ¾ lbs– Can kick!– Can hear sounds– Has fingernails, fingerprints

and footprints

Weeks 25-28 (Month 6): Eggplant

Development cont…

• 7 MONTHS– 3 lbs– Fat layer forming– Might hiccup (for no reason!),

cry, and/or suck thumb– Can move arms & legs freely– Eyes are open (although can’t

see since no light penetrates)

Weeks 29-32 (Month 7): Squash

Development cont…

• 8 MONTHS– 18”– 5 lbs– Extensive brain growth– Hair grows– Skin gets smoother as thicker fat layer develops– Kidneys are mature

Weeks 33-36 (Month 8): Honeydew

Development cont…

• 9 MONTHS– 18-20”– 7-9 lbs– Lungs are mature– All other organs have developed enough to

function on their own!

Weeks 37-Delivery (Month 9): Watermelon

GIRL OR BOY?

• Sperm & ova each contain only one set of 23 chromosomes• Join to form 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46• 2 kinds of sex chromosomes

– X and Y– Sperm cells = X or Y– Egg cell = X only

Genes and Heredity

• Genes = units of heredity that determine which traits (characteristics) we inherit from our parents

• Dominant genes will cover up the trait of the recessive gene

Genetic Counseling

• Process in which the genetic histories of the male and female are studied to predict the presence of certain inherited diseases

• Helps parents know possibility of passing inherited diseases on to the child

• EX. Tay Sachs– Results in severe brain dysfunction, paralysis,

blindness, and death usually before age 5– Rare in the general population more common in

Jewish people of Eastern European descent.

Sex-Chromosome Anomalies

• Normal male chromosome pattern = XY

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

• Found in approximately 1 of 700 men• More than one X-chromosome = XXY• Cause is unknown & not hereditary

Klinefelter’s cont…

• At Birth– Testicles are normal size– Un-descended testicles are common– Smaller penis size– Hypospadia = urethra is located on the underside

of the penis instead of the top

At Puberty• Testicles and penis stay small• Difficulty w/sexual fxning (as

a rule sterile)• Lack of facial, pubic, and

underarm hair• Taller than average height• Gynaecomastia = enlarged

breasts• Sometimes – impaired IQ,

delayed motor fxn, speech and hearing difficulties

• Slim physique• Disproportionate limbs

= long legs/arms compared to length of body

• Simian crease = single crease in palm

XYY Syndrome “Super Male”

• Found in about 1 of 1000 men• usually cannot see on a newborn any physical differences• Physically active

– aggressive• Tendency toward delayed mental maturation• Increased tendency for learning-problems in school• Normal sexual development• Low weight compared to body structure• Severe acne• Larger facial dimensions

Sex Chromosome Anomolies

• Normal Female Chromosome Pattern = XX

Turner’s Syndrome

• Found in approximately 1 of 2500 females• Lack one (in all or some cells) of a sex

chromosomes = X_ (another way to write this is XO)

• Cause is unknown & not hereditary

X

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• Decreased growth and final height

• Web neck• Arms that turn out slightly• Low hairline at the back of

the head

Trisomy X (Triple X or Super Female)

• Occurs in approximately 1 of every 3000 females– Often not diagnosed until later in life– Often no signs or symptoms

• Chromosome pattern has extra X = XXX• Random mutation; usually inherited from the

mother

Characteristics of XXX-syndrome

• Increased space between eyes• Epicanthal folds = vertical folds that cover the

inner corners of the eyes• Tall stature• Small head