Paratuberculosis in animals Ivo Pavlik Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic

ParatParatuberculuberculosis in animalsosis in animals

Ivo Pavlik

Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic

Paratuberculosis (Johne‘s disease)

Etiology: M. a. paratuberculosis1895

Ayele et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 2001, 205-224. http://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/46-8-205.pdf

http://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/46-8-205.pdf

Clinical impact of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle

*p 0.01

Cow Lactation

Fec. culture ELISA Previous-P Last-L L – P

- + 10 176 8 028 - 2 148*

- - 9 846 9 340 - 506

Milk production

Economic losses in one imported cattle herd with 350 Holstein cows in the Czech R.


Weight of new-born calves

Mother Calves (weight in kg)

Fec. culture ELISA Bull Heifer

- + 8 36.6* 10 25.9

- - 18 37.9 20 36.1

*p 0.01


Clinical paratuberculosis in beef cow

The frequency of clinical signs in 225 cows

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

culle

d an

imal

s (%

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

month

Age of 225 animals with clinical paratuberculosis

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

culle

d an

imal

s (%

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

age

Clinical paratuberculosis in fallow deer

The most often localisation of MAP infection

Amemori et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 2004, 225-236. http://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/49-7-225.pdf








Pathologico-anatomical alterations:

oedema, thickening and corrugation of mucousa

Sheep CowAyele et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 2001, 205-224. http://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/46-8-205.pdf


Sampling of material for the isolation of MAPfaeces intestine

lymphnodes swabs non-vertebrates

Prime-culture of faeces Subculture of isolates

Cultivation of M. a. paratuberculosis

blank growing

liquid medium Contamination

Red deer white variant

Fallow deer Moufflon

Total 4212

Biological materials (GIT tissue samples) during 1992 to 2001

2010

348368

905

338243

CattleSheep and goatsRed deerRoe deerFallow deerMoufflon

The ruminants infected with paratuberculosis in GIT during 1993 to 2001

551

3332

101017

Total 653

CattleSheep and goatsRed deerRoe deerFallow deerMoufflon

Incubation period of M. a. paratuberculosis isolated from the GIT

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

cattle 325

sheep+goats 8

cervids 31

moufflons 10

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

cattle 225

sheep+goats 25

cervids and moufflons 9

Z-N negative GIT tissue Z-N positive GIT tissue

% %

months months

Possible ways of transmission

x

M-C16

B-C1B-C9

1997

1997

1997

Pavlik et al., Veterinary Microbiology, 77, 2000, 231-251.

Infection after parturition in stable

Infection during the milk feeding period

Infection after parturition on pasture

RFLP types of MAP isolates from samples collected from farm A

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

A-C 10B-C1

B-C9B-C10

B-C14

RFLP type

faeces

environment

detection of RFLP types

(%)

Paratuberculosis in cattle (1961-1990)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

Czech Rep.imported

Danish red

Herreford

No. ofherds

Paratuberculosis in cattle (1991-2001)Paratuberculosis in cattle (1991-2001)

0

4

8

12

16

20

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

No. ofherds

Czech Rep.imported

Types of breeds of imported cattle herds (n=408) to the Czech Republic (1992-1998)

55.8%

9.3%

6.1%

5.4%

4.7%

2.8%

2.3%2.3%

11.3%

HolsteinCharolaisMont BelliardeAberdeen AngusSimentalFleckviehGallowayJerseyother 11 breeds

Others PIHE BA LI BR BS

GA BM HIPZ SA

2.1%2.1%1.9%1.2%0.4%4.0%

4.0%4.0%4.0%4.0%4.0%

Prevalence of selected infections and invasive diseases in imported cattle herds (n=408) to the

Czech Republic (1992-1998)

Trichophytosis

14.5%

1.5%

84.0%

IBR/IPV

others:BVDPasteurellosisIKKSHypodermosis

80.8%

19.2%

4.8%

29.1%

46.8% 0.7%

4.3%

0.3%

1.5%

0.3%

0.3%

0.3%

0.3%

Origin of imported cattle herds (n=408) to the CzechRepublic (1992-1998)

11,1%

5.3%

2.6%27

.3%

17.8% 66.7%

0%

100%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

Origin of infected cattle herds(n=53) imported to the Czech

Republic (1992-1998)

HOLSTEIN MONT BELIARDE CHAROLAIS

14.2 15.4 19.0

Prevalence of paratuberculosis in imported cattle breeds

Spread of M. a. paratuberculosis infection by calves through 6 farms with 1 800 cows

Pavlik et al., Veterinary Microbiology, 45, 1995, 311-318.

Paratuberculosis in sheep and goatsParatuberculosis in sheep and goats

0

1

2

3

4

19

61

19

62

19

63

19

64

19

65

19

66

19

67

19

68

19

69

19

70

19

71

19

72

19

73

19

74

19

75

19

76

19

77

19

78

19

79

19

80

19

81

19

82

19

83

19

84

19

85

19

86

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

No. ofherds

Czech Rep.imported

M. a. paratuberculosis transmission from sheep to cattle herds

Paratuberculosis in sheep and goatsParatuberculosis in sheep and goats

0

1

2

3

4

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

? ?

No. ofherds

Control programme of paratuberculosis in the Czech Republic

• Control programme is subsidised by state from 1999

• The cost for two whole herd faecal culture of all animals older than 18 months is covered

• Animals shedding M. a. paratuberculosis are culled

• Compensation for slaughtered animals is covered by owners or in part by insurance companies

Pavlik et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000, 61-70.

Paratuberculosis was controlled in 60 herds of ruminants during 1992 to 2001

Animal herd No. of herds

cattle 53sheep 1Capricorn 1antelope 1moufflon 1fallow deer 1red deer 2Total 60

Faecal culture examination was done (sedimentation method with 0.75% HPC): 9 140 heads of cattle and 670 other ruminants

Successful control (60 herds evaluated)Successful control (60 herds evaluated)

Animal species: 7 herds of cattle, 1 herd of Capricorn

8 (13.3 %)

Control of paratuberculosis on farm M with 180 cows


The control programme underway (60 herds evaluated)

Animal species: 20 herds of cattle and 1 herd of deer

21 (35.0 %)

Control of paratuberculosis on farm HJ with 400 cows


Control of paratuberculosis on farm H with 180 cows


Radical method of control programme

Animal species: 18 cattle herd 1 deer herd 1 flock of goat 1 herd of antelope 1 fallow deer 1 herd of moufflon

23 (38.3 %)

Suspended control programme for financial reasons

8 (13.3%)

Animal species: 8 cattle herds

Risk factors for successful control of the disease

1. Late detection of the first case of infection

2. Rearing of calves with their mothers during the first 3 months

3. Movement of animals between herds

4. Progenies from infected mothers


B. Limiting factors

1. Low motivation of farmers to control the disease

a. without clinical cases of paratuberculosis

b. genetically valuable animals

c. with animals prepared for the market

d. breeding bulls

2. Lack of financial support for slaughtered animals

a. clinical suspects for paratuberculosis

b. clinical healthy shedders of MAP

c. progenies from infected mothers


Occurrence of M.a.paratuberculosis in dairy farm

Floor scrapings

Wall scrapings

Feed

Floor scrapings

Ficher et al., Veterinary Microbiology, 91, 2003, 325-328.

Occurrence of M. a. paratuberculosis in pasture

Sampling of field samples from a septic tank

fixing of a jar with stopper submersion of a jar

release of stopper from a jar pull a jar with a sediment

Occurrence of mycobacteria in a farm

M. fortuitum, M. a. hominissuis serotypes 6 and 9

silagesilage

M. gordonae, M. a. avium

midden silage

M. a. paratuberculosis

Occurrence of M. a. paratuberculosis in milk

M. a. paratuberculosis in non-vertebrates

M. a. paratuberculosis in non-vertebrates

Fischer et al., Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 15, 2001, 208-211.

Drone fly (Eristalis tenax) – larva and pupa

Machackova et al., Veterinary Microbiology, 101, 2004, 225-234 .

Cockroach (Blatta orientalis)

Fischer et al.: Nymphs of the Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) as passive vectors of mycobacterial infections. Med. Vet. Entomology, 17, 2003, 145-150.

Fischer et al.: Findings of Mycobacteria in insectivores and small rodents. Folia Microbiologica, 45, 2000, 2, 147-152.

Earth worms (Lumbricus terrestris)

Fischer et al.: Earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) and mycobacteria. Veterinary Microbiology, 91, 2003, 325-338.

Results

2.0 % of 2 906 samples of the external environment

3.0 % of 33 samples of earth worms

22.2 % of 351 samples of larvae of drone flies (Eristalis tenax)

2.0 % of 202 samples of dipterous flies of the family

Scatophagidae: Scatophaga sp.

Calliphoridae: Calliphora vicina Lucillia caesar

Thank you for your attention

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Paratuberculosis in animals Ivo Pavlik Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic