04/09/23Dr. Adnan Jaran1

الرحيم الرحمن الله بسم

Al-Imam Mohammed Bin Saud University

College of Medicine

PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE II PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE II BLOCK (PATH 213)

Credit Hours: 4(2+1+1)

MICROBIOLOGY

Adnan S. Jaran BSc. MSc. PhD. AIBMS.

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Nomenclature

and Classification of

human parasites

(protozoa and helminthes) 04/09/23Dr. Adnan Jaran3

CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY

• Parasites of medical importance come under the kingdom called protista and animalia.

• Protista includes the microscopic single-celled eukaroytes known as protozoa.

• Incontrast, helminthes are macroscopic, multicellular worms possessing well differentiated tissues and complex organs belonging to the kingdom animalia.

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• Medical Parasitology is generally classified into:

• Medical Protozoology - Deals with the study of medically important protozoa.

• Medical Helminthology - Deals with the study of helminthes (worms) that affect man.

• Medical Entomology - Deals with the study of arthropods which cause or transmit disease to man.

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Describing animal parasites follow certain rules of zoological nomenclature and each phylum may be further subdivided as follows:

PROTOZOAPhylum SarcomatigophoraSub phylum Sarcodina (Amoebae) Sub phylum Mastigophora (Flagellates)Phylum SporozoaPhylum Ciliates (Ciliophora)

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Sub kingdom: METAZOA (HELIMINTHS)Phylum :Platyhelminthes:Class: Trematodea: class: Cestoda:Phylum: Nemathelminthes (Nematoda)

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PROTOZOAORGAN OF

LOCOMOTION

IMPORTANT HUMAN

PATHOGENS

1. Rhizopoda(Amoeba)

2. Mastigophora(Flagellates)

3. Sporozoa

4. Ciliates

Pseudopodia

Flagella

None, exhibit a

slight Amoeboid

movement

Cilia

Entamoeba

histolytica

Trypanosomes

Leishmania

Trichomonas

Giardia

Plasmodium.Spp

Balantidium coli

TABLE 1. CLASSIFICATION OF THE PATHOGENIC PROTOZOA:

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CESTODETREMATODENEMATODE

Shape

Sexes

"Head" End

Alimentary canal

Body cavity

Tape like, segmented

Not separate (monoecious)

Suckers: with hooks

Absent

Absent

Leaf like, Unsegmented

Not separate(monoecious)

Except blood flukes

which are dioecious

Suckers: no hooks

Present and

but incomplete

Absent

Elongated, Cylindrical

Separate (diecious)

.

No suckers, and Hooks

Present complete

Present

TABLE 2. DIFFERENTIATING FEATURES OF HELMINTHES

I. PROTOZOA1. Amebae (Intestinal)

• Entamoeba histolytica

• Entamoeba dispar

• Entamoeba hartmanni

• Entamoeba coli

• Entamoeba polecki

• Endolimax nana

• Iodamoeba bütschlii• Blastocystis hominis

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Classification of Human Parasites

2. Flagellates (Intestinal)• Giardia lamblia.• Chilomastix mesnili• Dientamoeba fragilis• Trichomonas hominis• Enteromonas hominis• Retortamonas intestinalis3. Ciliates (Intestinal)• Balantidium coli

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4. Coccidia, Microsporidia (Intestinal)

• Cryptosporidium parvum

• Cyclospora cayetanensis

• Isospora belli

• Sarcocystis hominis

• Sarcocystis suihominis

• Sarcocystis “lindemanni”

• Microsporidia

• Enterocytozoon bieneusi

• Encephalitozoon intestinalis

5. Sporozoa, Flagellates (Blood, Tissue)

• Sporozoa (Malaria and babesiosis)

• Plasmodium vivax

• Plasmodium ovale

• Plasmodium malariae

• Plasmodium falciparum

• Babesia spp.

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• Flagellates (Leishmaniae, Trypanosomes)

• Leishmania tropica complex

• Leishmania mexicana complex

• Leishmania braziliensis complex

• Leishmania donovani complex

• Leishmania peruviana

• Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

• Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

• Trypanosoma cruzi

• Trypanosoma rangeli

6 .Amebae, Flagellates (Other Body Sites)

• Amebae

• Naegleria fowleri

• Acanthamoeba spp.

• Hartmanella spp.

• Balamuthia mandrillaris (Leptomyxid ameba)

• Entamoeba gingivalis• Flagellates

• Trichomonas vaginalis

• Trichomonas tenax

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7 .Coccidia, Sporozoa, Microsporidia (Other Body Sites)

• Coccidia• Toxoplasma gondii• Sporozoa• Pneumocystis carinii

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Microsporidia• Nosema

• Brachiola

• Vittaforma

• Pleistophora

• Trachipleistophora

• Encephalitozoon

• “Microsporidium”

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II. NEMATODES (Roundworms)• 1. Intestinal• Ascaris lumbricoides• Enterobius vermicularis• Ancylostoma duodenale• Necator americanus• Strongyloides stercoralis• Trichostrongylus spp.• Trichuris trichiura• Capillaria philippinensis

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• 2. Tissue• Trichinella spiralis

• Visceral larva migrans (Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati)

• Ocular larva migrans (Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati)

• Cutaneous larva migrans (Ancylostoma braziliense or Ancylostoma

• caninum)

• Dracunculus medinensis

• Angiostrongylus cantonensis

• Angiostrongylus costaricensis

• Gnathostoma spinigerum

• Anisakis spp. (larvae from saltwater fish)

• Phocanema spp. (larvae from saltwater fish)

• Contracaecum spp. (larvae from saltwater fish)

• Capillaria hepatica

• Thelazia spp.

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• 3. Blood and Tissues (Filarial Worms)• Wuchereria bancrofti• Brugia malayi• Brugia timori• Loa loa• Onchocerca volvulus• Mansonella ozzardi• Mansonella streptocerca• Mansonella perstans• Dirofilaria immitis (usually lung lesion; in dogs,

heartworm)• Dirofilaria spp. (may be found in subcutaneous nodules

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• 1. Intestinal• Diphyllobothrium latum• Dipylidium caninum• Hymenolepis nana• Hymenolepis diminuta• Taenia solium• Taenia saginata

III. CESTODES (Tapeworms)

2. Tissue (Larval Forms)• Taenia solium• Echinococcus granulosus• Echinococcus multilocularis• Multiceps multiceps• Spirometra mansonoides• Diphyllobothrium spp.

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IV. TREMATODES (Flukes)1. Intestinal• Fasciolopsis buski• Echinostoma ilocanum• Heterophyes heterophyes• Metagonimus yokogawai

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2. Liver/Lung• Clonorchis (Opisthorchis) sinensis• Opisthorchis viverrini• Fasciola hepatica• Paragonimus westermani• Paragonimus mexicanus

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3. Blood• Schistosoma mansoni• Schistosoma haematobium• Schistosoma japonicum• Schistosoma intercalatum• Schistosoma mekongi

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V. ARTHROPODS1. Arachnida• Scorpions• Spiders (black widow, brown recluse)• Ticks (Dermacentor, Ixodes, Argas, Ornithodoros)• Mites (Sarcoptes)2. Crustacea• Copepods (Cyclops)• Crayfish, lobsters, crabs3. Pentastomida• Tongue worms4. Diplopoda• Millipedes5. Chilopoda• Centipedes

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• 6. Insecta• Anoplura: sucking lice (Pediculus, Phthirus)• Dictyoptera: cockroaches• Hemiptera: true bugs (Triatoma)• Coleoptera: beetles• Hymenoptera: bees, wasps, etc.• Lepidoptera: butterflies, caterpillars, moths, etc.• Diptera: flies, mosquitoes, gnats, midges

(Phlebotomus, Aedes,• Anopheles, Glossina, Simulium, etc.)• Siphonaptera: fleas (Pulex, Xenopsylla, etc.)

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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT PARASITES

• Medically important protozoa, helminthes, and arthropods, which are identified as causes and propagators of disease have the following general features.

• These features also differ among parasites in a specific category.

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Thank you

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