ParaphrasingParaphrasing

A paraphrase is…A paraphrase is…

To restate a passage in your own To restate a passage in your own words. words.

About the same length as the About the same length as the original passage. original passage.

States fully and clearly the States fully and clearly the meaning of a complex piece of meaning of a complex piece of writing.writing.

Steps to Steps to paraphrasing…paraphrasing…1.1. Reread the original passage until you understand Reread the original passage until you understand

its full meaning.its full meaning.2.2. Note any words or phrases that are too specific Note any words or phrases that are too specific

to that piece of writing. Words that you need to to that piece of writing. Words that you need to avoid. avoid.

3.3. Set aside the original and write your phrase on a Set aside the original and write your phrase on a separate sheet of paper.separate sheet of paper.

4.4. Check your interpretation with the original to Check your interpretation with the original to make sure that your version accurately make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information. Look at expresses all the essential information. Look at the words or phrases you wanted to avoid from the words or phrases you wanted to avoid from step 2. step 2.

5.5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique terms Use quotation marks to identify any unique terms you have exactly borrowed from the source. you have exactly borrowed from the source.

6.6. Record the source so you can credit it if Record the source so you can credit it if necessary. necessary.

Some examples:Some examples:

Much of the ancient Greek Much of the ancient Greek civilization has survived either civilization has survived either directly or through permutations to directly or through permutations to our day. The ancient Greek dialects our day. The ancient Greek dialects are influential even to this day with are influential even to this day with much Greek vocabulary embedded much Greek vocabulary embedded in the Modern Greek and English in the Modern Greek and English languages. languages.

Phrases to avoid:Phrases to avoid:

Much of the ancient Greek Much of the ancient Greek civilizationcivilization has survived either has survived either directly or through directly or through permutationspermutations to our day. The ancient Greek to our day. The ancient Greek dialects are dialects are influential even to influential even to this daythis day with much Greek with much Greek vocabulary vocabulary embedded in the embedded in the Modern Greek and English Modern Greek and English languageslanguages. .

Change the order of Change the order of ideas, grammar, and ideas, grammar, and vocabulary:vocabulary:

We can still recognize parts We can still recognize parts of the Ancient Greek culture in of the Ancient Greek culture in our languages today, both English our languages today, both English and Modern Greek. Although it and Modern Greek. Although it may be direct or indirect, we still may be direct or indirect, we still use some bits and pieces of the use some bits and pieces of the ancient Greek culture. ancient Greek culture.

Let’s see that again:Let’s see that again:

Herodotus (484 – 425 BCE) is Herodotus (484 – 425 BCE) is considered the Father of History, as considered the Father of History, as he was the first who attempted to he was the first who attempted to record events and human actions record events and human actions for the sole purpose of preserving for the sole purpose of preserving them for future generations. them for future generations.

Phrases to avoid:Phrases to avoid:

Herodotus (484 – 425 BCE) Herodotus (484 – 425 BCE) is is consideredconsidered the Father of the Father of History, as he was the first who History, as he was the first who attempted to record events and attempted to record events and human actionshuman actions for the for the sole sole purposepurpose of of preservingpreserving them for them for future generations. future generations.

How does yours match How does yours match up?up?

The first man to try and The first man to try and record history was Herodotus. He record history was Herodotus. He lived from 484 BCE to 425 BCE. lived from 484 BCE to 425 BCE. He is often considered the He is often considered the “Father of History” because of his “Father of History” because of his efforts to document events in efforts to document events in order to save them for future order to save them for future generations. generations.

What do you think of What do you think of this? Why?this? Why?ORIGINALORIGINAL Ancient Greece was known as the “Cradle of Ancient Greece was known as the “Cradle of

Western Civilization.” From this mountainous Western Civilization.” From this mountainous peninsula and scattered group of islands came peninsula and scattered group of islands came the first democracy, epic stories, and the first democracy, epic stories, and advancements in math, science, medicine, advancements in math, science, medicine, and philosophy. and philosophy.

PARAPHRASEPARAPHRASE Its’ mountainous peninsula and scattered Its’ mountainous peninsula and scattered

group of islands came the first democracy, group of islands came the first democracy, epic stories, and advancements in science, epic stories, and advancements in science, math, philosophy, and medicine. Therefore, math, philosophy, and medicine. Therefore, ancient Greece was known as the “Cradle of ancient Greece was known as the “Cradle of Western Civilization.” Western Civilization.”

SummarizingSummarizing

In order to summarize, you need to In order to summarize, you need to find the main idea of the passage. find the main idea of the passage.

You are essentially reducing a large You are essentially reducing a large text to the bare essentials (the key text to the bare essentials (the key ideas, main points).ideas, main points).

For a summary you are only going to For a summary you are only going to write down the main points; just get write down the main points; just get the material down to the general the material down to the general idea. idea.

Read the following Read the following passage:passage: A number of recent books with titles like A number of recent books with titles like Raising CainRaising Cain, , Real BoysReal Boys, ,

and and Lost BoysLost Boys all focus on the same issue: Today’s teenaged boys all focus on the same issue: Today’s teenaged boys are feeling more anxiety than ever before about their physical are feeling more anxiety than ever before about their physical appearance. Bombarded by advertising featuring well-muscled, appearance. Bombarded by advertising featuring well-muscled, semi-clad young men, teenage boys are experiencing what semi-clad young men, teenage boys are experiencing what teenage girls have been coping with for years. They are afraid teenage girls have been coping with for years. They are afraid that they cannot possibly live up to the media’s idealized image that they cannot possibly live up to the media’s idealized image of their gender. Young boys below the average in height, weight, of their gender. Young boys below the average in height, weight, or both suffer the most. Often, they are brutally teased by their or both suffer the most. Often, they are brutally teased by their brawnier peers. Some react to the ridicule by heading for the gym brawnier peers. Some react to the ridicule by heading for the gym and lifting weights. Yet even those who successfully “bulk up” and lifting weights. Yet even those who successfully “bulk up” don’t like feeling that they are considered worthless if they lose don’t like feeling that they are considered worthless if they lose their hard-won muscle tone. Others, convinced that no amount of their hard-won muscle tone. Others, convinced that no amount of body building can help, often withdraw from social contact with body building can help, often withdraw from social contact with their peers. This is their way of avoiding taunts about their size or their peers. This is their way of avoiding taunts about their size or shape. Still, they are understandably angry at being badly treated shape. Still, they are understandably angry at being badly treated because of their body type. Although school psychologists because of their body type. Although school psychologists generally recognize that boys today are having severe body generally recognize that boys today are having severe body image problems, they are at a loss about what to do to solve image problems, they are at a loss about what to do to solve those problems.those problems.

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a summary or the main idea?summary or the main idea?

A.A. More than in previous generations, More than in previous generations, teenaged boys are getting into body teenaged boys are getting into body building.building.

B.B. Teenaged boys today are showing more Teenaged boys today are showing more anxiety about their physical appearance anxiety about their physical appearance than did boys of previous generations.than did boys of previous generations.

Let’s try that again…Let’s try that again…

In 1997, the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission In 1997, the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission reported that skateboarding injuries were up by 33 percent. reported that skateboarding injuries were up by 33 percent. Mountain climbing injuries were also up by 20 percent. Similarly, Mountain climbing injuries were also up by 20 percent. Similarly, snowboarding injuries showed an increase of thirty-one percent. snowboarding injuries showed an increase of thirty-one percent. By all accounts, many Americans are having a love affair with By all accounts, many Americans are having a love affair with risky sports; as a result, they are injuring themselves in ever risky sports; as a result, they are injuring themselves in ever greater numbers. One reason for the growing participation in greater numbers. One reason for the growing participation in risky, or extreme, sports has been put forth by Dan Cady, a risky, or extreme, sports has been put forth by Dan Cady, a professor of popular culture at California State University. professor of popular culture at California State University. According to Cady, previous generations didn’t need to seek out According to Cady, previous generations didn’t need to seek out risk. It was all around them in the form of disease epidemics, risk. It was all around them in the form of disease epidemics, economic instability, and global wars. At one time, just economic instability, and global wars. At one time, just managing to stay alive was risky, but that feeling has all but managing to stay alive was risky, but that feeling has all but disappeared, at least for members of the privileged classes. To disappeared, at least for members of the privileged classes. To a degree Cady’s theory is confirmed in the words of adventure a degree Cady’s theory is confirmed in the words of adventure racer Joy Marr. Marr says that risk has been “minimized” in racer Joy Marr. Marr says that risk has been “minimized” in everyday life, forcing people to seek out challenges in order to everyday life, forcing people to seek out challenges in order to prove themselves. (Source: Karl Taro Greenfield. “Life on the prove themselves. (Source: Karl Taro Greenfield. “Life on the Edge.” Edge.” TimeTime. September 6, 1999, p.29).. September 6, 1999, p.29).

Which of the following Which of the following is the best summary?is the best summary?

a.a. According to Professor Dan Cady if According to Professor Dan Cady if California State, many Americans California State, many Americans yearn for the days when just yearn for the days when just staying alive was a difficult task.staying alive was a difficult task.

b.b. More and more Americans are More and more Americans are taking up high-risk sports; as a taking up high-risk sports; as a result, injuries from these sports result, injuries from these sports are increasing.are increasing.

Let’s try something Let’s try something else:else: During World War I, a number of severe shortages alerted During World War I, a number of severe shortages alerted

the world’s scientists to the need for synthetic, or man-the world’s scientists to the need for synthetic, or man-made materials. Thus by 1934, a research team headed by made materials. Thus by 1934, a research team headed by Wallace H.Carothers had developed the first synthetic fiber, Wallace H.Carothers had developed the first synthetic fiber, called nylon. As it turned out, the development of nylon had called nylon. As it turned out, the development of nylon had a surprisingly profound effect on world affairs. True, it’s first a surprisingly profound effect on world affairs. True, it’s first use was in fashion, and in 1939, the Dupont company began use was in fashion, and in 1939, the Dupont company began marketing sheer nylon hose for women. Nylons were a marketing sheer nylon hose for women. Nylons were a spectacular hit and sold off the shelves almost immediately. spectacular hit and sold off the shelves almost immediately. But they disappeared with the coming of World War II, as But they disappeared with the coming of World War II, as nylon became essential to the war effort. It was used in nylon became essential to the war effort. It was used in everything from parachutes and ropes, to insulation and everything from parachutes and ropes, to insulation and coat linings. Sadly Carothers never witnessed the impact of coat linings. Sadly Carothers never witnessed the impact of his creation. He committed suicide two years before the first his creation. He committed suicide two years before the first pair of nylons ever went on sale.pair of nylons ever went on sale.

Finish the summary:Finish the summary:

In 1934, Wallace H. Carothers In 1934, Wallace H. Carothers developed nylon, the first developed nylon, the first synthetic fiber synthetic fiber _______________________________________________________________________________________________.___________________________.

Read the following:Read the following:

Over the last two centuries, America’s soldiers have been given Over the last two centuries, America’s soldiers have been given several nicknames, among them “yanks,” “grunts,” “doughboys,” several nicknames, among them “yanks,” “grunts,” “doughboys,” and “Johnny Reb.” However, none of those nicknames has had the and “Johnny Reb.” However, none of those nicknames has had the staying power of the nickname “G.I.” Derived from the words staying power of the nickname “G.I.” Derived from the words “government issue,” the term “G.I.” emerged in World War II and “government issue,” the term “G.I.” emerged in World War II and gave birth to its own masculine and feminine forms, “G.I. Joe” and gave birth to its own masculine and feminine forms, “G.I. Joe” and “G.I. Jane.” It was even attached to one of the most famous “G.I. Jane.” It was even attached to one of the most famous educational bills in American history, the G.I. Bill. At one point, the educational bills in American history, the G.I. Bill. At one point, the military tried to rid itself of the name G.I. claiming that it military tried to rid itself of the name G.I. claiming that it dehumanized the people to whom it referred. Military manuals and dehumanized the people to whom it referred. Military manuals and pamphlets began substituting the supposedly more favorable term pamphlets began substituting the supposedly more favorable term “service members.” But the public would have none of it. “service members.” But the public would have none of it. Newspapers, radio, television, and most importantly, World War II Newspapers, radio, television, and most importantly, World War II veterans themselves clung to the nickname. Particularly for the veterans themselves clung to the nickname. Particularly for the veterans of World War II, being a G.I. was a badge of honor, and veterans of World War II, being a G.I. was a badge of honor, and they were not about to give up the name.they were not about to give up the name.

Does the following Does the following summary work?summary work? Throughout the last two Throughout the last two

centuries, America’s soldiers have centuries, America’s soldiers have been given many different been given many different nicknames.nicknames.

NO! NO! It is too general.It is too general.