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Parameter Passing Mechanisms. Reference Parameters §10.1 - §10.3. 1. Find/locate IP address. ipv6 16 bytes. Problem. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Parameter Passing Parameter Passing MechanismsMechanisms
Reference ParametersReference Parameters
§10.1 - §10.3§10.1 - §10.3
1
ProblemProblem
Using OCD, design and implement a function that, given a string containing an IP address, decomposes it into its four network/host information blocks (aaa, bbb, ccc, ddd) and returns these values.
2
IPv4 (Internet Protocol) addresses are expressed using "dotted decimal" notation:
aaa.bbb.ccc.dddwhere aaa, bbb, ccc, and ddd are 1-byte (8-bit) integers that provide network or host information.
ipv616 bytes
Find/locate IP address
Preliminary AnalysisPreliminary Analysis
Our function can receive the IP address through a string parameter.
This problem requires that our function somehow communicate four values (the network/host information blocks ) back to its caller.
A function cannot return multiple values — the return statement only returns one value:
return expression;
3
BehaviorBehavior
Our subprogram should receive from its caller an IP address (a string). It should compute and pass back its four network/host information blocks or halt execution if it did not receive a valid IP address.
4
ObjectsObjects
Description Type Name
IP address string ipAddr
first block string info1
second block string info2
third block string info3
fourth block string info4
5
Movement
to
back
back
back
back
Where?
main() or in
function
OperationsOperations
Description Predefined? Library? Name
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receive a stringyes built-in none
select part of a yes string substr()
string
search a string yes string find()
halt if error yes cassert assert()
pass back 4strings
yes built-in ??
AlgorithmAlgorithm
0. Receive ipAddress from caller and declare four variables info1, info2, info3, and info4.
1. Fill info1 with appropriate substring of ipAddr or halt if it can't be found.
2. Fill info2 with appropriate substring of ipAddr or halt if it can't be found.
3. Fill info3 with appropriate substring of ipAddr or halt if it can't be found.
4. Fill info4 with appropriate substring of ipAddr or halt if it can't be found.
7
DiscussionDiscussion
Since a function cannot return 4 strings, we will instead require the caller to pass it four string variables as arguments, which our function will then assign values.Parameters used up to now are called value parameters; they are built as copies of their arguments.Changing a value parameter changes the copy,not its corresponding argument.So, we need a different kind of parameter.
8
Solution: Reference Parameters
A reference parameter is an alias (i.e., another name) for its corresponding argument.They share memory locations.
Changing the value of a reference parameter changes the value of its corresponding argument.
In C++, reference parameters are declared with an ampersand (&) following the parameter’s type (and before its name).
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& is also the"address of"
operator
CodingCoding
void chopIPAddress(string ipAddr, // value: TO string & info1, // reference: BACK string & info2, // reference: BACK string & info3, // reference: BACK string & info4) // reference: BACK{ int dot1 = ipAddr.find(".", 0); assert(dot1 != string::npos); info1 = ipAddr.substr(0, dot1);
int dot2 = ipAddr.find(".", dot1 + 1); assert(dot2 != string::npos); info2 = ipAddr.substr(dot1 + 1, dot2 - dot1 - 1);
int dot3 = ipAddr.find(".", dot2 + 1); assert(dot3 != string::npos); info3 = ipAddr.substr(dot2 + 1, dot3 - dot2 - 1);
assert(ipAddr.find(".", dot3 + 1) == string::npos); info4 = ipAddr.substr(dot3 + 1, ipAddr.size() - dot3 - 1);}
10
TestingTesting
The caller must now supply a variable for each reference parameter, to be "filled in" by the function.
11
cout << "Network/Host blocks are:\n" << part1 << endl << part2 << endl << part3 << endl << part4 << endl;
cout << "Enter an IP address: ";string ipAddress, part1, part2, part3, part4;cin >> ipAddress;
chopIPAddress(ipAddress, part1, part2, part3, part4);
NotesNotesWhen function chopIDAddress() is called:
– ipAddr is allocated a memory location and a copy of the argument ipAddress is stored there
– Each of the parameters info1, info2, info3, info4 is an alias of the corresponding argument — part1, part2, part3, part4; they share the same memory location; that is,info1 and part1 are names of the same memory location, as areinfo2 and part2, info3 and part3,info4 and part4.
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0. Before the function 0. Before the function callcall
Memory
ipAddress
part1
part2
part3
153.106.4.23
part4
cout << "Enter an IP address: ";string ipAddress, part1, part2, part3, part4;cin >> ipAddress;
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????
1. ipAddr is created as a
copy of ipAddress
Memory
ipAddress
part1
part2
part3
ipAddr
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153.106.4.23
153.106.4.23
part4
chopIPAddress(ipAddress, part1, part2 part3, part4);
????
2. info1, ..., info4 are created as aliases for
part1, ..., part4
Memory
part1
part2
part3
15
ipAddress 153.106.4.23
153.106.4.23
part4
info1
info2
info3
info4
ipAddr
chopIPAddress(ipAddress, part1, part2 part3, part4);
????
3. The function computes
info1, changing part1
16
Memory
part1
part2
part3
ipAddress 153.106.4.23
153.106.4.23
part4
info1
info3
info4
ipAddr
153
int dot1 = ipAddr.find(".", 0); assert(dot1 != string::npos); info1 = ipAddr.substr(0, dot1);
info2???
4. The function computes
info2, changing part2
17
Memory
part1
part2
part3
ipAddress 153.106.4.23
153.106.4.23
part4
info1
info2
info3
info4
ipAddr
153
106
int dot2 = ipAddr.find(".", dot1 + 1); assert(dot2 != string::npos); info2 = ipAddr.substr(dot1 + 1, dot2 - dot1 - 1);
??
5. The function computes
info3, changing part3
18
Memory
part1
part2
part3
ipAddress 153.106.4.23
153.106.4.23
part4
info1
info2
info3
info4
ipAddr
153
106
4
int dot3 = ipAddr.find(".", dot2 + 1); assert(dot3 != string::npos); info3 = ipAddr.substr(dot2 + 1, dot3 - dot2 - 1);
?
6. The function computes
info4, changing part4
19
Memory
part1
part2
part3
ipAddress 153.106.4.23
153.106.4.23
part4
info1
info2
info3
info4
ipAddr
153
106
4
23
assert(ipAddr.find(".", dot3 + 1) == string::npos); info4 = ipAddr.substr(dot3 + 1, ipAddr.size() - dot3 - 1);
7. The function returns, destroying
all parameters
Memory
20
part1
part2
part3
ipAddress 153.106.4.23
part4
153
106
4
23
. . .
}
info1
info2
info3
info4
ipAddr153.106.4.23
8. part1, ... , part4now contain the information!
21
Memory
part1
part2
part3
ipAddress 153.106.4.23
part4
153
106
4
23
cout << "Network/Host blocks are:\n" << part1 << endl << part2 << endl << part3 << endl << part4 << endl
NotesNotes
By default, parameters are value parameters.
Reference parameters are specified by placing an ampersand after the parameters type.
Reference parameters must be specified in both a function’s prototype and its definition, or a linking error will occur.
Variables must be passed as arguments for reference parameters to fill, or a compiler error will occur.
22
An Alternative to Value An Alternative to Value ParametersParameters
Copying argument ipAddress consumes time.
Creating an alias for an argument takes almost no time.
We could speed up calls to our function by making parameter ipAddr a reference parameter.
However, we then run the risk of changing ipAddress if we mistakenly change ipAddr. 23
Constant reference parameters are reference parameters whose declaration is preceded by the keyword const.
void chopIPAddress(const string & ipAddr, // TO string & info1, // BACK string & info2, // BACK string & info3, // BACK string & info4) // BACK// ... Const reference parameters are read-only reference parameters -- aliases of their arguments -- but they cannot be changed.
24
0. Before the function 0. Before the function callcall
25
Memory
ipAddress
part1
part2
part3
153.106.4.23
part4
????
1. ipAddr is created as a
const reference of originalipAddr
26
read-only
Memory
ipAddress
part1
part2
part3
153.106.4.23
part4
2. The rest of the function proceeds as
before, except:• all accesses to ipAddr now access ipAddress instead of the copy.
• Any attempt to change ipAddr will generate a compiler error (which makes sense, since its movement is IN, not OUT).
27
DiscussionDiscussion
28
Copying time is not significant for simple types (e.g., int, char, double, ...), but it is significant for class types (e.g., string, RandomInt, ...).So use value parameters to store simple type arguments whose movement is TO.
Use reference parameters for arguments whose movement is BACK or TO & BACK
Use const reference parameters to store class arguments whose movement is TO.