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S. PARAMANANTHAN
B.Sc. (Hon), Dip. Trop. Agron., D.Sc.,
FIGM, FMSSS, FISP, FASc
Param Agricultural Soil Surveys (M) Sdn. Bhd.
13TH ISP NATIONAL SEMINAR 2017
100 YEARS OF OIL PALM: SURGING FORWARD
17-19TH JULY 2017 SUBANG DORSET HOTEL
SUBANG JAYA, SELANGOR
Temperate Soils
Alternating Hot/Cool temperatures
Wet/dry season
Partial weathering/ Leaching
Moderate/ High Fertility soils
Soya Bean/ Rapeseed/ Citrus
Tropical Soils
Continuously high temperature
Continuously high Rainfall
Low Fertility
Oil Palm/ Rubber/ Cocoa/ Coconut
Acidic – pH <5.5
• [<12 cmol (+) kg-1 clay]
Low Cation Exchange Capacity
Often Low Base Saturation (<10%)
• leaching losses are high
Profiles deep (>2 m)
• leaching and soil erosion
High rainfall (>200 mm/month)
OBJECTIVE OF PAPER
Oil Palms first planted:
• TENNAMARAM Estate – in 1917, 100 Years Ago
How did Oil Palm perform over the 100 years?
What is the future outlook?
What was the role of soils?
● Soils did not play a role in land selection /
Management
● Early crops: Rubber / Sisal Hemp / Coffee /
Coconut / Oil Palms
● No land selection
● Systematic soil surveys only since 1950
● Based on land availability/ Accessibility
● Planted on problematic soils
● Carey Island
Acid sulfate soils
Below sea level
● Highland/ Lowland Coastal Areas
Acid Sulfate soils/ Organic soils/
● Guthrie
Lateritic soils
● Sabah - BAL Estate
Highly weathered soils
● Sarawak
Organic soils / Steepland
● Iron-rich parent material
Serpentinite/ Basalt/ Andesite/ Schist
● Earlier considered class 1 soil – rubber Oil Palm
Deep, friable, red coloured soils
Low CEC <2 cmol (+) kg-1 clay
Very low base saturation <10%
High levels of Ni, Cr
High porosity – Pseudosands / Silts – aggregation by
iron
Moisture stress
Leaching losses of applied fertilizers
High P fixation
Example TOP SOIL SUB SOIL
Total Available Total Available
Pinianakan 813 1 819 1
Jeram 301 2 241 1
Tanjong Lipat 183 8 113 2
Kumansi 154 2 114 1
Kuah 202 4 183 4
Lundang 313 3 236 3
Buran 506 2 393 5
Organic Clay 453 10 224 7
Notes:
Release of P – Band Placement
– Frond Heap
– Organic Manures
– EFB
Crop selection
Time of planting
Mulching EFB / Frond stacking
No lime or maintenance dose
Band placement / Organic manure / Compost / EFB
Comparison of ASYP and actual yields achieved for mature
palms on Kawang Series soils (Source: Kee et al., 1998)
Tan and Thong (1975) – Dunlop Estate
2 years delay to harvest
Yields 30% lower than deep soils (>100 cm)
High fertilizer
Frequent moisture stress rates
● Soil map – delineate shallow (<50 cm) soils
● Special attention – additional fertilizers
● Frond stacking / EFB mulching
Comparison of yield performance of oil
palms on Malacca and Bungor Series soils (Source: Phang et al., 1977; Goh et al., 1994)
Yield performance on Malacca series with
old and new management practices (Source: Phang et al., 1977; Goh et al., 1994)
ACID SUFATE SOILS
SULFIDIC MARINE CLAY
FeS2 Microbical
Oxidation
Yellow
Jarosite
KFe3 (SO4)2 OH6 + 9H+
MICROBICAL OXIDATION UNDRAINED
Potential acid sulfate soils
smell of Hydrogen Sulfide(rotten eggs)
Pyrite (FeS2)
DRAINED
True acid sulfate soils
Yellow jarosite mottles
pH <3.5
ORGANIC POOR
Light Grey, Wet sticky,
Dry harder
e.g., Kranji Series
ORGANIC RICH
Brown, Friable
e.g., Linau Series
ORGANIC POOR
Light Grey, Jarosite,
pH<3.5, Wet sticky, Dry hard
e.g., Parit Botak Series
ORGANIC RICH
Brown, Jarosite,
pH<3.5, Friable
e.g., Sedu Series
ACID SUFATE SOIL CROSS SECTION
PROBLEMS – True Acid Sulfate
Strongly acidic pH <3.5
Poor rooting
Potassium locked in Jarosite
(Source: Paramananthan and Noordin Daud, 1986)
Water management
No liming
Flush drains in rainy season
Close controls to retain water end of dry season
EFB application (Prudent use)
Yields in Carey Island – increased to over 30 mt/ha/yr
Effect of increased drainage
and subsequent raising of
water table on yield of oil
palms on severe acid
sulphate soils (Source: Toh and Poon, 1982)
Effect of water management on FFB
production in oil palm planted on acid
sulfate soils (adapted from Hew et al., 1974)
SANDY SOILS
Soils with clay content
<15%
Bleached albic horizon
Cemented / weakly cemented
spodic horizon
Spodic can be humus-rich
Frequent moisture stress
No spodic to 100 cm – deep
sandy soils
SANDY TERRACES
Rudua Series (moderately deep
spodic)
Jambu Series (deep sandy)
Baging Series (deep sandy)
BEACH
RIDGES
Baiayo Series (shallow spodic)
Buso Series (shallow spodic)
Karamatoi Series (moderately deep
spodic)
Miri Series (moderately deep
spodic)
Serai Series (deep sandy)
Organic Sand Lintang Series (deep sandy)
Sg. Buloh Series
(deep sandy)
IN-SITU
SOILS
Silantek Series (moderately deep
spodic)
Bako Series (moderately deep
spodic)
Tika Series
Sandy textures
- Low fertility
- Low water holding capacity
Cemented spodic horizon
- Flooding in wet season
- Moisture stress in dry season
Erosion above spodic on undulating land
Poor vegetation
- Heath / Kerangas forests
Wind damage to Oil Palm
Soil erosion on
sandy soils (Source: Paramananthan, 2014)
Vegetation on sandy
soils (Source: Paramananthan, 2014)
Mulching with EFB
Maintain good cover - Mucuna - planted near stack row
Additional rock phosphate
Scupper drain
construction (Source: Paramananthan, 2014)
Yield
performance
of oil palms
On podzols
and deep
sandy soils (Source: Goh, 1974)
Yield
performance
on Rudua
Series (Xaviar et al., 2004)
Temperate Area
Sphagnum / grasses, sedges
Little or no wood
Sapric / Hemic / Fibric pyrophosphate test
Tropical Area
Wetland forests
Wood common – No wood / Decomposed wood / Undecomposed wood
Sapric / Hemic / Fibric rubbing test
Dome shaped
CATEGORIC LEVEL CRITERIA USED EXAMPLE
ORDER
• Minimum thickness
– 50 cm in upper 100 cm or 50% of
Solum if less than 100 cm
HISTOSOLS
SUB-ORDER • Well drained
• Poorly drained
FOLISTS
GAMBISTS
GREAT GROUP
• Thickness of organic layer
– 50-150 cm
– 150-300 cm
Topogambist
Ombrogambist
SUB-GROUPS • Dominant material in Middle (50-100
cm) Tier Sapric Ombrogambist
SOIL FAMILY • Nature of substratum
• Soil temperature regime
Marine clayey
Isohyperthermic
SOIL SERIES • Wood Classes
• Mode of origin
Kenyana Series
Undecomposed wood
Autochthonous
SOIL PHASE
• Ash content
• Reaction Class
• Salinity
• Nature of Surface Tier
• Drained Phases
• Depth Phase
Low ash, dysic, non-saline, sapric,
drained, very deep
Categoric Level
Keys to Soil Taxonomy
(Soil Survey Staff, 2010)
Malaysian soil Taxonomy – Revised
Second Edition (Paramananthan, 2010)
Naman Series Kenyana Series Naman Series Kenyana Series
ORDER HISTOSOL HISTOSOL HISTOSOL HISTOSOL
SUBORDER SAPRIST SAPRIST GAMBIST GAMBIST
GREAT GROUP HAPLOSAPRIST HAPLOSAPRIST OMBROGAMBIST OMBROGAMBIST
SUB-GROUP Typic Haplosaprist Typic Haplosaprist Sapric Ombrogambist Sapric Ombrogambist
FAMILY Dysic, isohyperthermic Dysic, isohyperthermic Marine-clayey,
isohyperthermic
Marine-clayey,
isohyperthermic
SOIL SERIES Criteria used,
non-applicable
Criteria used,
Non-applicable
Non-woody,
autochthonous
Woody-
undecomposed,
autochthonous
PHASE Criteria used,
Non-applicable
Criteria used,
Non-applicable
Low ash, dysic, non-
saline, sapric, drained,
very deep
Low ash, dysic, non-
saline, sapric, drained,
very deep
Soil
Management
Group
Soil Map Units
(examples)
Characteristic/
Limitation
Management Practices
Needed
Yield Potential
(mt/ha/yr)
Oa
Erg/sh/1
Erg/md/1
Lku/d/1
Lku/vd/1
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep
(100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very
deep (300+ cm) sapric material, non-
woody. Poorly drained. Low fertility.
Compaction of planting rows.
High planting density.
Water control and management.
Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B
and Zn.
26-28
Oawd
Kba/sh/1
Kba/md/1
Tel/d/1
Tel/vd/1
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep
(100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very
deep (300+ cm) sapric material with
decomposed wood. Poorly drained.
Stunted growth common after five years.
Termites. Low fertility.
Compaction of planting rows.
High planting density.
Water control and management.
Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B,
Zn.
Thinning of stunted palms.
24-26
Oawu
Sui/d/1
Sui/vd/1
Krp/d/1
Krp/vd/1
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep
(100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very
deep (300+ cm) sapric material with
undecomposed wood. Poorly drained.
Stunted growth common after five years.
Termites. Low fertility. High cost of drain
construction.
Compaction of planting rows.
High planting density.
Water control and management.
Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B,
Zn.
Thinning of stunted palms.
22-24
Oe Nps/sh/1
Nps/md/1
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep
(100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very
deep (300+ cm) hemic material, non-
woody. Poorly drained. Low fertility.
Compaction of planting rows.
High planting density.
Water control and management.
Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B
and Zn.
24-26
Oewd
Gli/sh/1
Gli/md/1
Gdg/d/1
Gdg/vd/1
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep
(100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very
deep (300+ cm) hemic material with
decomposed wood. Poorly drained .
Stunted growth common after five years.
Termites. Low fertility. Moderate drain
construction costs.
Compaction of planting rows.
High planting density.
Water control and management.
Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B,
Zn.
Thinning of stunted palms.
22-24
Soil
Management
Group
Soil Map Units
(examples)
Characteristic/
Limitation
Management Practices
Needed
Yield Potential
(mt/ha/yr)
Oewu
Aln/d/1
Aln/vd/1
Tku/d/1
Tku/vd/1
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep
(100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very
deep (300+ cm) hemic material with
undecomposed wood. Poorly drained .
Stunted growth common after five years.
Termites. Low fertility. High cost of drain
construction.
Compaction of planting rows.
High planting density.
Water control and management.
Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B, Zn.
Thinning of stunted palms.
20-22
Oi
Clk/sh/1
Clk/md/1
Arg/d/1
Arg/vd/1
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep
(100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very
deep (300+ cm) fibric material, non-woody.
Poorly drained. Low fertility.
Compaction of planting rows.
High planting density.
Water control and management.
Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B and
Zn.
22-24
Oiwd
Mkh/sh/1
Mkh/md/1
Slh/d/1
Slh/vd/1
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep
(100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very
deep (300+ cm) fibric material with
decomposed wood. Poorly drained.
Stunted growth common after five years.
Termites. Low fertility. High cost of drain
construction.
Compaction of planting rows.
High planting density.
Water control and management.
Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B, Zn.
Thinning of stunted palms.
20-22
Oiwu
And/d/1
And/vd/1
Tjr/d/1
Tjr/vd/1
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep
(100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very
deep (300+ cm) fibric material with
undecomposed wood. Poorly drained.
Low bulk density. Stunted growth common
after five years. Termites. Low fertility.
High cost of drain construction.
Compaction of planting rows.
High planting density.
Water control and management.
Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B, Zn.
Thinning of stunted palms.
18-20
YEARS YIELD OF
OIL PALM
(2003-2013) (Source: VELOO ET AL, 2015)
Soil Series Soil Management Group Mean Range Standard
Deviation
Naman/deep Oa (organic, sapric, no wood) 19.50 18.71-
20.62 0.89
Telong/deep Oawd (organic, sapric, decomposed
wood) 22.92
19.65-
25.18 2.26
Bayas/very
deep
Oewd (organic, hemic, decomposed
wood) 13.37
11.71-
15.33 1.31
Gedong/very
deep
Oewu (organic, hemic,
undecomposed wood) 9.467 8.17-10.70 0.91
Bako Mineral soil 13.65 10.28-
16.01 2.19
MEAN COST OF DEVELOPMENT (COD) TO MATURITY BY SOIL
TYPE AND SOIL MANAGEMENT GROUP (Source: VELOO ET AL, 2015)
Soil Series Description of Soils N
Cost of Development
Mean Range Standard
Deviation
Naman/deep
(150-300 cm)
Oa (organic soil, sapric, with no wood);
underlying material marine clay. 4 5,552 5,470-5,630 75.19
Suai/very deep
(>300 cm)
Oawu (organic soil, sapric with undecomposed
wood); underlying material marine sand. 6 7,123 7,000-7,196 79.79
Bayas/very deep
(>300 cm)
Oewd (organic soil, hemic with decomposed
wood); underlying material marine clay. 5 6,037 5,925-6,120 71.37
Gedong/very deep
(>300 cm)
Oewu (organic soil, hemic with undecomposed
wood); underlying material marine clay. 5 8,545 8,480-8,612 55.02
Bako (weakly
cemented)
(spodic 50-100 cm)
Mineral soil, underlying material sandstone. 6 5,068 4,810-5,820 184.84
Half-truth by NGO’s
- GHG emission
NGO’s zero peat
- Global peats high GHG emission
- Moisture stress in dry season
Emission depends on management group
- New findings by MPOB
Social Impact Assessment
High Conservation Value Assessment
Preliminary Soil Survey
Semi-detailed Soil Survey (MUCOS)
If approved
Technically suitable Economically viable
CERTIFY AND PLANT
UNSUITABLE AREAS Soils Unsuitable
High HCV (delineated) Economically not viable
DO NOT CLEAR FOR PLANTING
EXISTING AREAS
Carry out Semi-Detailed Soil Survey using MUCOS
Technically suitable Economically viable
BMPs Compliant
Delineate areas for biodiversity
The next cycle for replanting – re-survey
using MUCOS
Technically unsuitable OR
Economically not viable REHABILITATE TO FORESTRY
OR CONDITIONAL CERTIFICATION
IF BMPs USED (Review at time of replanting)
Soil
Management
Group
Main Characteristic / Limitation Management Practices Needed
Peak
Yield
Potential
Baram River
Basin
Kuala Suai
Complex
Retus (Sibu)
Complex
Melur Gemilang
Complex Total
Mt / ha / yr Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha %
Oa
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep (100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very deep (300+ cm) Sapric material, non-woody. Poorly drained. Low fertility.
- Compaction of planting rows. - High planting density. - Water control and management. - Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B and Zn.
26-28 32,788.9 15.9 2,166.1 32.7 7,491.2 45.0 4,677.6 34.9 47,123.8 19.4
Oawd
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep (100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very deep (300+ cm) Sapric material with decomposed wood. Poorly drained. Stunted growth common after five years. Termites. Low fertility.
- Compaction of planting rows. - High planting density. - Water control and management. - Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B, Zn. - Thinning of stunted palms.
24-26 14,504.7 7.0 3,739.9 56.5 2,394.4 14.4 - - 20,639.0 8.5
Oawu
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep (100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very deep (300+ cm) Sapric material with undecomposed wood. Poorly drained. Stunted growth common after five years. Termites. Low fertility. High cost of drain construction.
- Compaction of planting rows. - High planting density. - Water control and management. - Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B, Zn. - Thinning of stunted palms.
22-24 121,665.2 58.9 709.9 10.8 3,339.4 20.0 8,744.1 65.1 134,458.6 55.3
Oe
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep (100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very deep (300+ cm) Hemic material, non-woody. Poorly drained. Low fertility.
- Compaction of planting rows. - High planting density. - Water control and management. - Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B and Zn.
24-26 82.4 - - - - - - - 82.4 -
Oewd
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep (100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very deep (300+ cm) Hemic material with decomposed wood. Poorly drained. Stunted growth common after five years. Termites. Low fertility. Moderate drain construction costs.
- Compaction of planting rows. - High planting density. - Water control and management. - Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B, Zn. - Thinning of stunted palms.
22-24 17,322.6 8.4 - - 1,414.2 8.6 - - 18,736.8 7.7
Oewu
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep (100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very deep (300+ cm) Hemic material with undecomposed wood. Poorly drained. Stunted growth common after five years. Termites. Low fertility. High cost of drain construction.
- Compaction of planting rows. - High planting density. - Water control and management. - Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B, Zn. - Thinning of stunted palms.
20-22 19,347.7 9.4 - - 1,986.5 12.0 - - 21,334.2 8.8
Oi
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep (100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very deep (300+ cm) Fibric material, non-woody. Poorly drained. Low fertility.
- Compaction of planting rows. - High planting density. - Water control and management. - Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B and Zn.
22-24 - - - - - - - - - -
Oiwd
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep (100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very deep (300+ cm) Fibric material with decomposed wood. Poorly drained. Stunted growth common after five years. Termites. Low fertility. High cost of drain construction.
- Compaction of planting rows. - High planting density. - Water control and management. - Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B, Zn. - Thinning of stunted palms.
20-22 747.3 0.4 - - - - - - 747.3 0.3
Oiwu
Shallow (50-100 cm), moderately deep (100-150 cm), deep (150-300 cm) to very deep (300+ cm) Fibric material with undecomposed wood. Poorly drained. Low bulk density. Stunted growth common after five years. Termites. Low fertility. High cost of drain construction.
- Compaction of planting rows. - High planting density. - Water control and management. - Good fertilizer programme with Cu, B, Zn. - Thinning of stunted palms.
18-20 - - - - - - - - - -
Total - 206,458.8 100.0 6,615.9 100.0 16,625.7 100.0 13,421.7 100.0 243,122.1 100.0
New Genomic findings
• Matching planting materials to environment
Use of microbes / Organic matter to improve soil fertility
Increase productivity on existing land
NOT PLANTING OIL PALM NEW LANDS