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Fisheries-Harmonious
Offshore Wind Farm Basic Concept and Some Alternative Menu
1
Norway-Japan Marine Seminar 2014 Parallel session II: Synergetic and Multipurpose utilization of marine resources
June 4th, 2014
Tokyo International Exchange Center
Hiroyuki Nakahara, Managing Director
Yasushi Shiobara, Chief Researcher
Research Institute for Ocean Economics
(Source:The influence of offshore windpower on demersal fish
Dan Wilhelmssona,∗, Torleif Malmb and Marcus C. Öhmana)
They observed the biota around
a foundation for three years
after construction.
Biomass around foundation
was richer than the contrast
study area.
It has functional as
artificial reef.
Can a foundation structure of offshore wind turbine
be functional as a fish reef ?
Observational study results
in Sweden
2
1.Impact on Marine Ecosystem
by Offshore Wind Turbine
(Source:Monitoring and evaluation program near shore wind farm, IMARES Report , 2012)
Offshore Windpark Egmond aan Zee (demonstratie project) , Netherlands.
Full operation since January 2007
Project Capacity 108 MW, Turbine Capacity 3 MW
Number of Turbines 36, Foundation Grounded: Monopile
Depth range 15 m - 18 m, Distance From Shore 10 km
The amount of fish varies?
3
Biomass research by the fish finder and trawl net
Fish did not
decrease, but
did not increase
either.
4 (source:Monitoring and evaluation program near shore wind farm, IMARES Report , 2012)
The amount of fish varies?
Biomass research by the gill net
タラ
アジ
サバ
ボラ
キス
ニシン
スプラット
コマイ
大きさ 数
風車15m
以内
風車20m
以遠 風車15m
以内
風車20m
以遠
Commercial fish, such as cod, was caught
more around the foundation while mackerel
and herring were caught more in open water.
>
>
<
<
<
<
<
>
5
盛り石
風車の基礎(パイル)
(出典:Monitoring and evaluation program near shore wind farm, IMARES Report , 2012)
The amount of fish varies?
6
Fishery cooperation activity such as
setting up a fish aggregating device,
or floating artificial reef, around the
floating wind turbine in order to increase
fish aggregation effectiveness.
(Photo and figure by Okabe Co., ltd)
Expectation for the fishing grounds creation
Statement of the Danish government about the
Environmental Impact of Offshore Wind Farm
Offshore Wind Farms and the Environment
Danish Experiences from Horns Rev and Nysted, 2006
7
<鳥類>
・鳥類の衝突リスクは低い。
・全体として鳥類の生息数に
対する影響はほとんどない。
<海産哺乳類>
・アザラシは杭打設作業時に影響あるも、それ以外、挙動に影響は見られない。・ ネズミイルカはHORNS REVでは、施工期間中
減少したが、運転期間中は再び増加した。
NYSTEDでは、施工期間中大幅に減少し、運転開始後2年間では若干の回復しかみられない。
<底生生物>
・風車基礎部および洗掘防止用構造物による大幅な変化が見られるが、種類数やバイオマスは増大している。
Horns Rev wind farm, Nysted wind farm
<魚類>
・風車基礎部人工魚礁群の完成後は、魚群に良い影響をもたらす新しい人工的な生態系が導入されている。
・電磁界の強さと魚類の挙動の間に関連はない。(海底送電ケーブルの影響はない)
Influence of the sound of the offshore
wind turbine on the marine species
(Source : Cape wind energy project final environmental impact report 2007)
While mono-pile driving,
salmon start to escape
at 60m distance from
wind turbine.
Installation work
of wind turbine
should avoid
salmon fishing
season.
Influence of sound on
finfish is smaller than
the other species.
8
ハクジラ類
ヒゲクジラ類
アザラシ類
ウミガメ類
魚類 The sound is just 7 or 21 dB for finfish. It seems harmless.
9
Objectives: Effects of wind farm on upstreaming chum salmon
Offshore of Sanriku in
Tohoku area
Rebuilding after the
earthquake in 2011Considering to built windfarm
However, here is typical site of salmon spawning migration
To assess the effect
of sound generating
from windfarm on
the salmon
spawning behaviour
The audiogram of chum
salmon was measured.
Comparing the sound from
windfarm with the fish audiogram
Impact on the chum salmon of offshore wind turbine
10
Protocols of Auditory Brainstem Response Methods
Immobilization
Using muscle relaxant (gallamine triethiodide)
On the dorsal
Into the
ventral cavity
Injected 9.3 mg/ kg body weight
Fixed test fish in the tub immersing
water except head portion
Test fish survived more than 6 hours after immobilizing,
the the experiment was successfully conducted.
The site attaching electrodesBetween the eyes (recording) , and around 15
mm ahead from recording electrode (reference)
Air speakerMetal
mesh
Electrodes
Impact on the chum salmon of offshore wind turbines
11
Discussions: Characteristics of hearing ability of chum salmon
Comparing the salmon hearing sensitivity with other fishes
Using ABRUsing heart beat
intervals
Frequency (Hz)
Th
resh
old
s so
un
d p
ress
ure
(d
B)
Chum salmon Masu salmon
Rainbow troutCarp
Hearing thresholds in chum salmon was
higher in 100 – 300 Hz than other fishes
Differences of experimental conditions
Should use juvenile fish?
Should fix whole fish body under water?
Can chum salmon hear the sound generated from wind farm?
Hearing thresholds of chum
salmon
Pressure wave
Pressure wave and the
effect of particle motion
Example of foreign assessment of windfarm
When wind speed is 14 m/s, 83 m apart from the
generator which consists of 7.5 MW rotator
(Ingemansson Technology,2003)
Distance of range where particle motion arrive
Particle motion decreases to 1/10,000 after
progressing ½ wave length
180 Hz components was remarkable
in the noise, then the area inside 5 m
from sound source, particle motion
will be more dominant than pressure
wave
Cum salmon existing near the
windfarm may sense the sound
using lateral line?Frequency (Hz)
Th
resh
old
s so
un
d p
ress
ure
(d
B)
Impact on the chum salmon of offshore wind turbines
menu
1.Marine information services in real time basis
2. Utilization of offshore wind’s foundation for an artificial reef
2-1.For fisheries resource conservation
2-2.For fishing operation
3.Combination of aquaculture facilities for fishes, oysters and algae
4.Combination of fishing gears such as set net
5. Combination of recreational facilities
5-1. For recreational fishing park
5-2. For diving spot
6. Use of the electric power generated
6-1.Power supply to the fisheries and fisheries port facility
6-2.Electric fishing boat (e-boat)
7. Project participants of fishermen
7-1.Use of fishing boat for
Maintenance survey of wind turbines
Assistance to construction work of a wind farm
7-2.Investments in power generation project/business 12
2.For the Fisheries-Harmonious
Offshore Wind Farm
The proposal on Fisheries-Harmonious Alternative Menu for bottom-mounted 100MW Offshore Wind Farm
<Specification> Generation capacity ・・・・・about 100MW (3.6MW ×28) Layout ・・・・ 2 rows (14 ×2). Divided into two blocks for vessel traffic. Project construction cost ・・・・・About 50 billion yen Distance & Depth ・・・・・nearshore side 2,000 m & Depth in 20m offshore side 3,200 m & Depth in 30m Distance between the wind turbines ・・・・・360m side by side and 1,200m between rows Foundation ・・・・・mono-pile for nearshore side, jacket structure for offshore side
・Taking into account the feasibility in the near future, not the floating type wind farm but the bottom-mounted wind farm is suitable.
・It is not examined upon some specific location but upon as a general case.
Premise for the proposal
13
Overall Image of the Fisheries-Harmonious Offshore Wind Farm
2. High-rise artificial fish reef
6. Power supply to the
fisheries facility
2. Sea-bottom artificial fish reef
1. Marine information services
4. Set net
2. Sea-bottom artificial
fish reef
3. Aquaculture facilities
2. Fish aggregating devices (FADs),
floating fish reef, payao
5. Recreational facilities
7. Project participants of
fishermen
Fishing boat
Fishing boat
14
5. Recreational facilities
Relationship between menu and coastal fishing
Coastal
Fisheries
Menu
Set net Gill net Purse Seine Long line Aquaculture
図:全国漁業就業者確保育成センターhp 図:全漁連hp 図:浜田市hp 図:長崎県hp 図:神奈川県hp
1.Marine information services in real time basis
〇 〇 〇 〇 〇
2. Utilization of offshore wind turbines’ foundation as an
artificial reef
〇 〇
〇 〇
〇 〇
〇 〇
- -
3.Combination of aquaculture facilities for fishes, oysters and algae
- - - - 〇
4.Combination of fishing gears such as set net
〇 △ - - -
5. Combination of recreational facilities (fishing park, diving
spot, etc,)
Use of fishing boat
Project participants of fishermen
6. Utilization of the electric power generated
Ice making facility
Refrigerators, etc.
7. Project participation by fishermen
Use of fishing boat for access, light inspection, etc
Project participants of fishermen
It is important to consider the menu in accordance with the actual situation of fishing operation in the target area. 15
Period: From August 23, 2013 (Friday) to October 25 (Friday), 2013
16
Target Number Responses Rate of
response
①Fishery-related
Organizations
Fishery cooperatives in the coastal
prefecture(39), JF Zengyoren, and
Japan Fisheries Association 41 16(3) 39.0%
②Companies Wind power industry
Marine industry 93 33 35.5%
③Coastal Prefectures
1. Fisheries department
39 26(1) 66.7%
2. Energy-related department 39 27(1) 69.2%
Total 212 102(5) 48.1%
** The number in parentheses is answers from non shipping address.
3.A questionnaire survey on this menu
Evaluation
Menu Very good Good Average Not good Bad
1.Marine information services in real time basis 27 34 27 4 0 2-1.Artificial reef for fisheries resource
conservation 9 40 30 12 0 2-2.Artificial reef for fishing operation 12 30 31 18 0 3.Combination of aquaculture facilities 6 24 38 21 2 4.Combination of fishing gears such as set net 5 16 37 26 7 5-1.Combination of recreational facilities
(fishing park) 5 15 39 27 6 5-2.Combination of recreational facilities
(diving spot) 2 12 46 23 9 6-1.Use of the electric power generated
(for fisheries facility) 18 30 40 5 0 6-2.Use of the electric power generated
(for electric fishing boat; e-boat) 8 31 37 12 4 7-1.Project Participation
(Use of fishing boat for access, light
inspection and others) 27 25 32 7 0
7-2.Project Participation
(Investments in power generation business) 17 29 31 11 3
- Question -
We propose a set of alternative menu with 7 categories, 11 items.
Put your evaluation rate for each item of menu.
Note ; Pink shows top and yellow shows the second evaluation of each proposed menu.
17
(Total answers of all menu items.)
Evaluation
Menu Very good Good Average Not good Bad
1.Marine information services in real time basis 5 7 5 1 0
2-1.Artificial reef for fisheries resource
conservation 1 10 4 2 0
2-2.Artificial reef for fishing operation 2 7 4 4 0
3.Combination of aquaculture facilities 2 5 8 1 1
4.Combination of fishing gears such as set net 1 1 11 4 0
5-1.Combination of recreational facilities
(fishing park) 0 2 12 1 2
5-2.Combination of recreational facilities
(diving spot) 0 2 12 1 2
6-1.Use of the electric power generated
(for fisheries facility 3 6 7 1 0
6-2.Use of the electric power generated
(for electric fishing boat; e-boat) 2 3 7 5 0
7-1.Project Participation
(Use of fishing boat for access, light
inspection and others)
6 4 5 2 0
7-2.Project Participation
(Investments in power generation business) 1 3 8 3 2
Answer from fishery-related organizations
The display in yellow the highest rating votes of each menu plan.
18
4. The case study ; Hirono-cho, Iwate Prefecture
Number of
union
members
Quasi-
union
members
Owned
fishing
boat
main product
Production
value
(Millions of
yen)
Tane-ichi FC 291 82 120 Sea urchin,
Abalone, 322
Tamagawa-
hama FC 28 3 17 Sea urchin,
Abalone, Seaweed 47
Heruke FC 28 1 11 Sea urchin,
Abalone, Seaweed 45
Tane-ichi-
minami FC 275 69 103 Sea urchin,
Abalone, Salmon 668
Okonai-hama
FC 80 10 63 Sea urchin, Abalone,
Salmon, Seaweed 151
Fishery cooperatives(FC) in Hirono-cho
19
Date Place Content
1st
November 19,
2013
Hirono-cho
Cultural Center General description
Introduction of fisheries-harmonious
menu
2nd
February 13,
2014
Hirono-cho
Cultural Center Case study intermediate result report
Salmon audiogram report
3rd March 20, 2014 Hirono-cho
Cultural Center The introduction of the JF Zengyoren
efforts
Report the results of this year
Workshop on the wind farm project with local fishermen
Local needs in Hirono-cho on the menu
20
Menu Needs Comment of fisherman, etc.
1.Marine information services in real time
basis ◎ There was a need for data of wave height.
There was a suggestion of poaching surveillance camera from the
fishermen. 2-1.Artificial reef for fisheries resource
conservation ○ Reef for larvae of sea cucumber is useful.
2-2.Artificial reef for fishing operation ○ Sea-squirts substrate such as natural stone is useful.
3.Combination of aquaculture facilities ◎ Algae cultivation for food of sea urchin.
4.Combination of fishing gears such as set net × Set net fishermen do not accept the wind farm installation.
5-1.Combination of recreational facilities
(fishing park) ?
5-2.Combination of recreational facilities
(diving spot) × Fun-making, sport and recreational diving is not welcomed
because it may becomes abalone and/or sea urchin poaching 6-1.Use of the electric power generated
(for fisheries facility) ○ Fishermen feel beneficial if electricity is cheap.
6-2.Use of the electric power generated
(for electric fishing boat; e-boat) ?
7-1.Project Participation
(Use of fishing boat for access, light
inspection and others) ○
Fishermen’s concern is how frequently the fishing boats be used
and whether or not fishing boats be fit for such activities.
7-2.Project Participation
(Investments in power generation
business) ?
一共
第1号
一共
第2号
一共
第3号
一共
第4号
一共
第5号
一共
第6号
一共
第7号
一共
第8号
二共
第1号
Set net
一共
第9号
一共
第10号
Taneic
hi
Tam
agaw
a
Heru
ke Taneic
h m
inam
i
八木
Okonaih
am
a
角浜
平内
大谷
地
川尻
鹿糠
今回
のア
ワビ
今回
のア
ワビ
今回
の南
部潜
り
Set net fishermen pointed out these eight wind turbines would bring some impact on their catch.
21 ( Original layout of the above figure, 2MW× 41=820MW, by Report of NEDO, Offshore wind farm FS, Iwate Prefecture Hirono-cho, 2013 )
(1) Proposed layout of wind turbines
22
Proposed Layout of offshore wind turbines by RIOE
Layout was changed to reduce 12 turbines, upon the needs and request of the local set net fishermen.
Size of wind turbines was also changed from 2MW to 3.6MW in order to cover the reduced turbines,
and, as a result, the total capacity of electric power generation increased. (3.6MW×30=108MW).
Both of fishermen and wind farm project sides were satisfied.
23
Camera visibility is 3km. The cameras from wind
farm can monitor wide view of the coast. Three
cameras are enough to cover the area.
Monitoring from the offshore side can provide
more effective watch, covering dead angle from
the coast .
Currently, surveillance camera monitoring has been working from a shed
along the coast to protect abalone fishing grounds of Hirono town and
fishing port Shukudo, as shown below. But it is not effective enough because
of the dead angles by the winding coastline
(2) Proposed Menu 1)Installation of poaching surveillance
camera on the wind farm side
2)Foundation for Artificial fish Reef with natural stones
24
Jacket type foundation Mono-pile type foundation
Seabed Scour Control Systems Ltd.
http://www.portmillom.co.uk/Energy_Coast/energy_coast.html
NAUE Soft Rock® http://www.geosynthetica.net/an-alternative-for-alternative-energy/
<Reference: Case of Scar protection >
3) Installation of artificial reef
for sea-squirts and sea
cucumber resource development (plus poaching surveillance cameras)
25
4) Kelp farming on the jacket
structure for bait to abalone
and sea urchin
餌用コンブの養殖 資源培養型魚礁の設置
26
5.Basic Concept ; from compensation to Collaboration (1)Scheme of Win-Win (benefit sharing) system; Both of wind farm developer
and fishermen enjoy the fruits of the project together.
(2)Contribution to the local coastal communities
(3)Transparency of consensus building process
Required basic attitude for initiation of wind farm project 1. Take care to avoid reverse impact on marine species and ecosystem.
2. Site selection must be oriented primarily non-fishing operation sea area first.
Required basic attitude for the wind farm developer and fishermen
For wind farm developer • should have the right and correct knowledge about fisheries and fishery rights.
• should contact fisherman as fore-runner of sea users with respectful manner.
• should promote and plug in the fisheries harmonious system positively.
• should consider to contribute to re-vitalization of local coastal fisheries and
communities.
For Fishermen • should understand the significance of marine renewable energy use, and should
be cooperative for wind farm project from the point of view of multiple sea use.
• should try to make use of the wind farm project to activate and vitalize coastal
fisheries sustainably as well as local communities.
27
Categorization of the fisheries harmonious menu 1. Menu to contribute directly to the fisheries operation
ex. Ocean data service in real time basis.
Resource development and fishing ground creation by
artificial reef installation,
Combination with aquaculture facilities
2. Menu to contribute secondary to the fisheries operation
ex. Employ fishing boats for access, light inspection work, others
Make use of wind farm for recreational fishing as side business.
3. Menu to contribute to enhance fisheries activity foundation
ex. Use of generated electricity to the ice-making facilities,
refrigerator, e-boats, etc.,
4. Participation to the wind farm project
ex. join the project as one of the partners (with investment?)
Necessary to make suitable arrangement of menu upon local
needs and situation.
Thank you
very much
for your attention
Research Institute
for
Ocean Economics
Website:www.rioe.or.jp
E-mail: rioe @ rioe.or.jp Tel : 03-3581-8777
Member List of RIOE’s study committee
Chair Prof. Emeritus Yuji Matsuyama, Tokyo Univ. of
Marine Science and Technology
Member
C. Arakawa, Professor, The University of Tokyo
J. Fujita, President, Fishing Boat & System Engineering Association
H. Nagai, Associate Professor, Nihon University
T. Nakao, Japan Wind Power Association
N. Nagaya, managing Director, JF Zengyoren
S. Shige, Executive Director, Japan Fisheries Association
H. Suzuki, Professor, The University of Tokyo
T. Waseda, Associate Professor, The University of Tokyo
N. Yagi, Associate Professor, The University of Tokyo
K.Yasuda, Professor, Nagoya University
Participants from RIOE Member Companies
Fukada Salvage and Marine Works Co.Ltd
Hitachi Zosen Corporation Kajima Corporation
Kanso Technos
Kokusai Kogyo Co.Ltd
Nippon Steel and Sumikin Engineering Co. Ltd
Penta Ocean Construction Co.Ltd
Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co.Ltd
Observers
Headquarters of Ocean Policy, Cabinet Secretariat
Fisheries Agency
Natural Resource and Energy Agency
NEDO
And others
28