Parallel I/OParallel I/O

Introduction

This section focuses on performing parallelinput and output operations on the 68HC11 3 operation types– Simple, blind data transfers– Strobed transfers– Transfers with handshaking

Contd

SEGMENT code

Look at examples of each transfer

operation

Reading:

– Text, Chap 9:

» Read: 9.1, 9.4-9.8.1

» Scan: 9.2, 9.3

– E9: Section 6

Recall the block diagram of the 68HC11

Simple I/O operations

These I/O operations take place under the direction

of the processor

Operations are performed without regard to the

status of the I/O port –

the port is always assumed to be "ready“

contd

Since the current status of the port is not known, it

is possible to

– Read the same value in more than once on input

operations

– Overwrite the current value in an output port that is

waiting to be transferred

"Good" examples of use:

– Input initialization values from a port -- port is in

known state as a result of system reset

– I/O when overwrites or multiple reads don't matter --

writing to the hex display’s port in the labs, for

example

Simple I/O example -- keypad interface

– Consider the simple 12-key keypad shown

below

High-level procedure to detect key closures

» Drive Row 1 input low

» Read Columns -- any =0?

» Repeat this process for all remaining rows until

“see” a column=0

» If no column=0, then no key has been depressed

CONTD

Knowing which row and column were low permits

you to calculate the key number that was pressed

» Can use a simple equation (similar to the

approach of Listing 9.5)

– Key# = col# + (3*row#) -3

– Assumes row and col numbers start with 1

– Listing 9.5 is for 2-of-7 keyboard!

» Or use a lookup table (similar to the approach in

Listing 9.10)

– Assumes row and col use same port (port C

– Key debounce

» Need to avoid the multiple make/break closures

associated with key bounce

» “Simple” approach is ID the key closed and then

wait for a period of time to see if the key is still

closed (therefore not bouncing)

» Then and only then, return the key value

» The waiting period will vary from switch to

switch -- 10s to 100s of ms

CONTD

– How will the system react if you hold a key down for

a long time?

» Should an action (in response to a key closure) be

repeated over and over despite there being only 1

switch closure “action”

» Should the action take place only once and then

wait for the key “break” before recognizing

another closure?

» Consider routines to recognize key makes and

breaks

Strobed I/O

This method of performing I/O operations uses a

control line, the strobe, to notify the receiving unit

of the availability of data at its (input) port

CONTD

Strobed I/O

Contd…

The process:

– Device performing the write places data onto data

bus (its output port)

– Strobe signal is asserted (for 2 cycles in 68HC11)

– Strobe signal causes an I/O interrupt to occur or a

flag to be set -- in either case the receiving device is

signaled that new data has arrived

– It is up to the receiving device to read the new data at

its input port in a "timely" fashion

Problem

– If a second data item arrives at the input port and is

strobed in (latched) before the input device has read

the first item, the first item will be overwritten and

lost

68HC11 register support for strobed I/O

– DDRC -- data direction register for port C

– PORTCL -- port C input latch -- data is latched

on STRA edge

– PORTC -- input pins for port C -- not latched

– PORTB -- latched output data port B -- outputs

data using STRB

– PIOC -- parallel I/O control register

– PORTD -- bits 6 and 7 are STRA and STRB

Strobed input operations using port C– Data is placed at the input pins of port C

– STRA is asserted by peripheral device, causing

» Data to be latched into PORTCL

» STAF flag to be asserted

» Interrupt initiated, if interrupts are enabled

– Data is read into to processor from PORTCL

– To clear STAF, read PIOC first then PORTCL

Strobed Output– Peripheral device is connected to Port B

– When the MCU writes to Port B, . . .

» Data is placed on Port B pins

» STRB is asserted for 2 clock cycles

– Peripheral device should use STRB to latch the

data

– STRB can be configured as active-high or

active-low

Handshaking I/O

In this mode, the sending and receivingdevices exchange positive sent/receivedsignals to one another

– Insures that each transmitted word is receivedbefore the next word is transmitted

SHR

Transfers can occur in either the pulsed or

the interlocked method

– Pulsed input operations

» Peripheral pulses STRA to indicate that data

is present

» When 68HC11 reads the data (from

PORTCL), it automatically generates an

acknowledgment strobe on STRB for 2

Cycles

CONTD

SAR

» This mode is selected by initializing the PLS

bit (bit 2 of the PIOC) to 1

– Interlocked input operations

» Here, STRB acts as a READY signal

» Asserted = 68HC11 ready to receive data

» Negated = 68HC11 is not ready -- do not

send data now

Output operations with handshaking

– Port C is used for output handshake operations, along

with STRB and STRA

– STRB is the output "data available" strobe

– STRA is the acknowledgment / input ready strobe

line

– PIOC bit 3, OIN, set to 1 for output operations

– Pulsed operations

» 68HC11 writes data to PORTCL and

automatically asserts STRB for 2 cycles

» Peripheral device reads data upon receipt of the

STRB strobe

» Peripheral asserts its READY line (68HC11's

input STRA line) to signal receipt of data

» PIOC bit 2, PLS set to 1 for pulsed mode

– Interlocked mode

» Upon writing data to PORTCL, STRB is asserted

» STRB negated only upon ACK

Handshaking example:

Centronics parallel printer interface

– The "Centronics" definition of a printer port

interface has become the standard parallel

printer interface

– Using the 68HC11 as the output device (to the

printer) requires a software interface

(note the errors in the text!)

; I/O service routines to control "Centronics" interface

; part of printer control system. Also demonstrates

; software handshaking because port C configured

; for simple input strobe. Main program would call

; service routines to store input data in a RAM print

; buffer for later output to print mechanism.

CONTD

;;;

CONNECTIONS

; Computer Printer Port MCU as Printer Controller

; DATA -----------------> Port C

; STB -----------------> STRA

; ACK <----------------- PD2

; BUSY <----------------- PD

CONTD

PIOC CONFIGURATION DETAILS

; INVB=x STRB not used

; EGA=0 STRA/ACK active on falling edge

; PLS=x Pulsed/Interlocked not used

; OIN=x Output/input handshake not used

; HNDS=0 Simple strobe mode

; CWOM=0 Normal CMOS outputs

; STAI=0 Disable interrupt

; STAF=x Sets on falling STRA line

; To clear STAF, read PIOC, then read PORTCL

ORG $100

; Subroutine INIT_INTRF

; Initializes parallel interface part

; of printer upon power-up reset.

; Calling Registers:

; IX = Address of register block

; No Return Registers except CCR affected

CONTD

INIT_INTRF:

psha ; preserve registers

ldaa PIOC,X ; clear STAF if set

ldaa PORTCL,X

bset PORTD,X $0C ; PD2, 3 output and

bset DDRD,X $0C ; BUSY, ACK high

ldaa #00 ; configure PIOC

staa PIOC,X

pula ; restore registers

rts ; and return

; Subroutine INPUT

; Reads parallel port to get byte sent

; by an external device

; Calling registers

; IX = Address of register block

; Return registers

; ACCA = input data byte

; CCR affected

INPUT:

bclr PORTD,X $0C ; BUSY low and pulse ACK

nop ; for approx 5 us (E=2MHz)

bset PORTD,X $04 ; set ACK high again

CIN:

brclr PIOC,X $80 CIN ; wait for STB pulse

ldaa PORTCL,X ; get input and clear STAF

bset PORTD,X $08 ; set BUSY high

rts ; return

Parallel subsystem summary Ports B and C are available for I/O only in the

single chip mode -- can be replaced by the PRU

when in expanded mode

Port A

– 3 input, 3 output, 2 bi-directional pins

– Bits DDRA7 and DDRA3 in PACTL set direction

for A7 and A3

Port C

– Data register is PORTC

– Latched register is PORTCL

– Each bit is bi-directional

» Direction set using register DDRC

Port D

– 6 bi-directional pins, directions set by DDRD

– Pin 6 = STRA, Pin 7 = STRB

» These pins become AS and R/W* in expanded multiplexed

mode

Port E

– 8-bit input only

Conditions on reset

– All data direction bits set to 0 (input)

– Output port bits set to 0

– Input port bits high impedance

Strobed I/O

– Strobed output via Port B, strobed input via Port C

– Detected edge on STRA causes input data to be

latched in PORTCL and flag set (and interrupt, if

enabled)

– Writing data to Port B also pulses STRB

Handshake I/O

– Port C used for either input or output operation

– Input: read data from PORTCL

– Output: write data to PORTCL