Paralinguistics and SuprasegmentalsAREJA | DELA CRUZ | SANCHEZ | FERNANDEZ | NEPOMUCENO | VALLINAS

Paralinguistics

Is the study of:

•Vocal

•Non-vocal

signals that are beyond the verbal message or speech.

How do you convey your message?

•Tone

•Pitch

•Rhythm

•Timber

•Loudness

Effective Use Of Paralinguistics

• Try to vary your tone

- Awareness of the underlying message

• Concentrate on how you phrase

- Tones and facial expressions emphasize ideas

•Use soft/low voice that your participants can hear

Forms of Non-vocal Communication

Facial Expression

Facial Expression

• Motions of muscles beneath the face’s skin

• Convey emotional state of an individual

• Convey social information between humans

• Maybe voluntary or involuntary

• Stronger understanding of what others feel

Examples of Facial Expression

Shocked

Disgust / Revolting

Confused

Hunger / Sadness/ Discomfort

Disappointment

Dismay

Effective use of Facial Expression

• Smile regularly

• Smiling is often contagious

Eye Contact

Eye Contact

• Eyes : “Windows to the soul”

•Helps regulate the flow of communication

• Important part of communication

• Can establish relationship between the parties

Examples of Eye Contact

Eyes GazeHow eyes focus on speaker

Avoiding Eye Contact

• evading or trying to hide something

Breaking Eye Contact• distracted, uncomfortable, disinterested

Prolonged Eye Contact• confrontational, intimidating, threatening

Looking Directly to Eyes• interested, paying attention

Looking Up and Down

•sizing up

BlinkingRapid closing and opening of eye lids

Blinking

• Rapid blinking – uncomfortable, lying, fluttered

• Blinking on pause – listening carefully

• Single blink – surprised, “unbelievable”

Pupil SizeDilation and contraction of pupils

Pupil Size

• Bedroom Eyes – interested, attracted, sexually aroused

• Contracted Pupils – disinterested, threatened

Which is more attractive?

Effective use of eye contact

•Maintain eye contact

• Intervals of eye contact:

• lasting 4 to 5 seconds

Gesture

Gesture

• Visible bodily actions that has meanings

• Can sometimes substitute speech

• Shows your intentions and emotions

• Reinforce and support your words

Examples of Gesture

Thumbs Down• Bad

• Rude way of saying failure

• To not approve

Stop

The Dog Call• Summoning someone towards you

• tempting woman to her man

O.K• everything is good, well or O.K.

• Zero (Australia)

•Homosexual (Turkey)

I am Running Out of Time

Hand Kissing

• respect

Face Palm

• Frustration and embarrassment

Effective use of gestures

• Be lively

• Be animated

Reference

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_contact

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesture

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_expression

Posture and Body Orientation

• Important aspect of non verbal communication

• Conveys one’s feelings and attitudes

Standing Sitting Slouching Lying

Standing vs. Sitting

• Signals confidence and honesty

Stand to present when:

• Formalizing a group

• Filling the space, creating a dynamic movement while speaking

• Drawing attention

• Signals Intimacy and informality

Sit to present when:

• Focusing on building trust and rapport first

• Drawing people in

Appearance

• Impression

• Clothes, colors, hairstyle, etc.

Dress Code: Casual

• “Laid back”

• Translates to road trips, mall visits, school, etc

Dress Code: Smart Casual

• Includes trousers, collared shirt, leather loafers, blouse, sweater, and the like

• “Informal but neat”

• It’s like wearing business clothes in a relaxed fashion

Dress Code: Business

• Includes long sleeves, tie slacks, business skirts, blazers, and the like

• “let’s work like a boss”

Dress Code: Formal

• Includes evening gowns, tuxedo jackets, black shoes, high-heels, and the like

• “Elegance and beauty”

• Can be worn during formal events like formal parties, formal gatherings, and the like

Effective Use of Appearance

•Different colors can invoke different moods

•Warm colors: vary from warmth to anger and hostility

• Cool colors: vary from calm to feelings of sadness

• Appearance can also change physiological reactions, judgment, and interpretations

Proxemics

• also known as personal space

Social

Personal

Intimate

Distance Between Faces Tone of Voice Type of Message

Very close (3-6 inches)Close (8-12 inches)

Soft whisperAudible whisper

Top secret or sensualVery confidential

Neutral (20-36 inches) Soft voice, low volume Personal subject matter

Neutral (4.5-5 feet) Full voice Non-personal information

Across the room (8-20 feet) Loud voice Talking to a group stretching the limit

Effective Use of Proxemics

•Move around the area

- May increase interaction

• Closeness allows better eye contact

- May increase opportunity for participants to speak

Game

3. What posture/position is more effective if you want to formalize a group?

4. What dress code is conveyed by this:

“informal but neat”

Suprasegmentals

"It a'int what you say but the way you say it."

Segments and Segmentals

• Vowels

• Consonants

• Phonemes

• Phones

• Allophones

Suprasegmental vs. Segmental

• longer stretches of speech, such as rhythm and voice quality

• individual sounds

Suprasegmentals

• Length or quantity

• Tone

• Pitch accent

• Stress

• Intonation

STRESS

• giving emphasis on certain syllable/s orword/s

• can be classified as word and phrase or sentence stress

WORD STRESS

• stress on syllable/s marked by an acute accent (´)

WORD STRESS

1. Stress on one syllable

• change of meaning

a) from noun to another noun

desert and dessert

b)from noun to verb and vice versa

cónduct and condúct

WORD STRESS

c)from single word to two words

hotdog and hot dog

WORD STRESS

• in other languages:

Filipino

o sáma and samá

Spanish

o término (terminal), termíno (I finish.), and terminó(he finished.)

WORD STRESS

2. Stresses on more than one syllable

• main or primary stress marked by accute accent (´)

• secondary stress marked by grave accent (`)

WORD STRESS

• examples:

a. rèsignátion

b. sỳstemátic

c. rèvolútion

d. fùndaméntal

PHRASE OR SENTENCE STRESS

• stress on word/s

• shift in meaning

• example: “I love you.”

“I love you.”

“I love you.”

“I love you.”

WAYS ON PUTTING STRESS

1. Length

2. Pause

3. Volume

4. Pitch

Intonation

•variation of spoken pitch over

an entire phrase or sentence

Pitch Contours

•serves as a tracking device

that perceives pitch

over a period of time

Pitch Contours

Example:

What did you put in my drink, Jane?

What did you put in my drink, Jane?

Functions of Intonation

• Attitudinal

• Accentual

•Grammatical

•Discourse

Types of Intonation

• Rising Intonation

• Falling Intonation

• Level Intonation

Transcription of Intonation

\ Falling

/ Rising

\/ Dipping (fall - rise)

/\ Peaking (rise - fall)

_ Level

Falling

• definite, final

• used in WH- questions

Examples:Mary likes John.\She hates swimming\.What does it say?\

Rising

• indicates uncertainty, curiosity

• used in yes-no questions

Examples:Mary likes John?/

Did you finish your homework?/

Dipping• surprised, scepticism

• Also used in tag questionsExamples:

She's nice,\ isn’t she?\

The singer was good,\ wasn’t he?\

Peaking• Emphatic statement

• Also used in tag questions

Example:

I'd /love some\!

She’s nice,\ isn’t she?/

Level

• boredom, not interested

Example:

Cool.

Great.

Rhythm

• Relationship between stressed and unstressed syllables

• Patterns of combination of stressed and unstressed syllables

• The liaison or other phonological structures

Examples:

The ‘boy is ‘interested in en’larging his vo"cabulary.

‘Great ‘progress is ‘made "daily.

Rhythm

Language Types (Rhythm)

• Stress-timed

• Syllable-timed

Syllable-timed

• duh-duh-duh-duh-duh-duh

Stressed-timed

• English is a stress-timed language

• duh-DUH-duh-DUUUH-duh

• duh-duh-DUUUH

Stressed-timed

• Dogs chase cats.

• The dogs chase cats.

• The dogs chase the cats.

• The dogs will chase the cats.

• The dogs will be chasing the cats.

Questions

References

• http://grhttp://www.slideshare.net/trinawong/nonverbal-communication-3296384ammar.about.com/od/pq/g/paralinguisticsterm.htm

• http://www.slideshare.net/trinawong/nonverbal-communication-3296384

• http://hrcommunication.blogspot.com/2007/06/body-posture-and-orientation.html

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posture_(psychology)

• http://www.goddessofpublicspeaking.com.au/blog/public-speaking/sitting-versus-standing-position-yourself-powerfully-when-you-speak/

• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811283/

• http://www.emilypost.com/everyday-manners/your-personal-image/69-attire-guide-beach-casual-to-white-tie

Paralinguistics

References

• http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/PROSODY.htm

• http://tkacmaz.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/suprasegmentals.pdf

• http://web.ntpu.edu.tw/~language/workshop/2010-3.pdf

Suprasegmentals