Paragraphs

Paragraphs• A group of related sentences set off by

a beginning indention or sometimes, extra space

• Paragraphs give you and your readers a breather from long stretches of text and they indicate key steps in the development of your thesis.

Unity

• “ An effective paragraph develops one central idea- in other words, it is unified.”

Coherence:• “When a paragraph is coherent,

readers can see how it holds together : the sentences seem to flow logically and smoothly into one another.”

Paragraph organization

• General to specific: “…a downshift from more general statements to more specific ones.”

• Climactic: “Sentences increase in drama or interest, ending in a climax.”

Paragraph Organization:

• Spatial: “Sentences scan a person, place, or object from top to bottom , from side to side, or in some other way that approximates the way people actually look at things.”

• Chronological: “ Sentences present events as they occurred in time ; earlier to later.”

Parallelism:• Parallelism helps tie sentences

together with the use of similar language structures.

• I came. I saw. I conquered.

Repetition and Restatement:

• “Repeating or restating key words helps make a paragraph coherent and also reminds readers what the topic is.”

Consistency:

• Be consistent in person and number with pronoun usage and verb tense.

Transitional Expressions:

• Transitions forge specific connections between sentences and paragraphs. They form a bridge between what has been said and what is going to be said.

Paragraph Development:

• Narration : retells a significant sequence of events, usually in the order of their occurrence ( that is, chronologically).” Storytelling.

Description :• Description details the sensory

qualities of a person, scene, thing or feeling using concrete and specific words to convey a dominant mood, illustrate an idea or achieve some other purpose.”

Illustration or support :

• Use of several specific examples Providing reasons for stating a

general idea

Definition:• “ Defining a complicated, abstract or

controversial term often requires extended explanation.”

Division or Analysis:

• Separation of a subject into its elements to provide an analysis through examination of its parts.

Classification:• Sorting items or ideas into specific

groups.

Comparison and Contrast:

• Illustrating similarities and differences.

Cause and Effect:• Explanation for the reason something

happened or for what did or may happen.

• What led to an event. The reason- the “Why?”

Process Analysis:• Analysis of how something is done or

how something works.

Source:• Aaron, Jane E. , The Little Brown

Compact Handbook, New York: Pearson, 2010.