PARADIGMA PENGEMBANGAN GUNA-

LAHAN

THE LAND DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM

Prof Dr Ir Soemarno MSJURS TNH fpub 2014

Land Development

As our population increases and available land becomes more scarce, land development becomes increasingly challenging.

There are more government regulations and impact fees today than ever before, plus a host of local restrictions that make development difficult.

Use the resources in this section to explore land development topics like Smart As our population increases and available land becomes more scarce,

land development becomes increasingly complex.

There are more government regulations and fees than ever before, plus a host of local restrictions that make development more challenging.

Use the resources in this section to explore land development topics such as infrastructure finance, sustainable development and Smarter Growth,

discover new techniques like FPSFs, or just browse related land development materials.

land development  

Definition

Conversion of raw land into construction ready housing, commercial, or industrial building sites.

Land development process involves improvements that have indefinite life, such as draining, dredging, excavating, filling,

grading, paving, etc.

See also land improvement.

Raw land 

Land in its natural state, with no man-

made improvements as cleaning,

clearing, digging, filling,

grading, etc.

Raw Land in Batangas — Batangas City

http://batangascity.olx.com.ph/raw-land-in-batangas-iid-192170516

Development Regulations & Approval Process

As the land development industry faces more development regulations and

unwieldy approval procedures, ways of removing barriers are more important than

ever.

Green & Sustainable Development

The growing trend towards green and sustainable development offers many

opportunities for builders and land developers.

Learn more about the issues, challenges, and solutions.

Growth / No Growth

While most people see Smart Growth and growth management as legitimate ways to help

communities make sound decisions about growth, some see it as a way to limit growth.

Learn more about the growth debate here.

Infrastructure Finance & Fees

A growing reliance on impact fees is

pushing up the cost of housing in many

communities. But innovative alternatives are

available to forward-thinking jurisdictions.

. Rumah Bogor KPR BTN, BCA, BNI, Mandiri

. http://rumahjabodetabek.com/purinusa-karawaci-tangerang/purinusa-karawaci-8-2/

Livable Communities 

Accessible design or universal design is about creating a

home for all, regardless of age

or ability.

Foto . Marno-2011

Model Cluster permukiman dengan universal design

PENGEMBANGAN LAHAN

Land development refers to altering the landscape in any number of ways such as:

1. Changing landforms from a natural or semi-natural state for a purpose such as agriculture or housing

2. Subdividing real estate into lots, typically for the purpose of building homes

3. Developing property or changing its purpose, for example by converting an unused factory complex into condominiums

Smarter Growth

With our population growing and land resources limited, planning for future

growth is more important than ever.

That’s why Smarter Growth is essential.

Pembangunan jembatan dapat mengarahkan perkembangan wilayah kota

Foto . Marno-2011

Climate Change

Communities across the country as well as the Federal government are considering legislation and regulations

to address this issue. NAHB is staying on top of this issue through research

and review of federal, state and local initiatives.

National Association of Home Builder

Housing Affordability

The recent economic downturn has had a silver lining lower housing prices. However, many

homeowners continue to struggle with the cost of housing and remain priced out of some

markets. Learn the facts about housing affordability

issues and solutions.

Foto . Marno-2011

Kenyamanan lingkungan udara dan keindahan “view” menjadi faktor hedonik dalam property pricing.

A house is a home, building or structure that is a dwelling or

place for habitation by human beings. The term includes many kinds of dwellings ranging

from rudimentary huts of nomadic tribes to free standing individual structures.

In some contexts, "house" may mean the same as dwelling, residence, home, abode, lodging,

accommodation, or housing, among other meanings. The social unit that lives in a house is known as a

household.

Land development : Campuss green openspace

Foto . Marno-2010

REAL ESTATEReal estate is a legal term that encompasses land along with improvements to

the land, such as buildings, fences, wells and other site improvements that are fixed in location—immovable.

In some situations the term "real estate" refers to the land and fixtures together, as distinguished from "real property", referring to ownership of land

and appurtenances, including anything of a permanent nature such as structures, trees, minerals, and the interest, benefits, and inherent rights

thereof.

Real property is typically considered to be Immovable property The terms real estate and real property are used primarily in common law, while civil law

jurisdictions refer instead to immovable property.

Residential real estateThe legal arrangement for the right to occupy a dwelling is known as the

housing tenure. Types of housing tenure include owner occupancy, Tenancy, housing cooperative, condominiums (individually parceled properties in a

single building), public housing, squatting, and cohousing.

The occupants of a residence constitute a household.Residences can be classified by, if, and how they are connected to

neighboring residences and land. Different types of housing tenure can be used for the same physical type. For example, connected residents might be

owned by a single entity and leased out, or owned separately with an agreement covering the relationship between units and common areas and

concerns.

Residential real estate

Major physical categories include: Attached / multi-unit dwellings

Apartment - An individual unit in a multi-unit building. The boundaries of the apartment are generally defined by a perimeter of locked or lockable doors. Often seen in multi-story apartment buildings.

Multi-family house - Often seen in multi-story detached buildings, where each floor is a separate apartment or unit.

Terraced house (a.k.a. townhouse or rowhouse) - A number of single or multi-unit buildings in a continuous row with shared walls and no intervening space.

Condominium - Building or complex, similar to apartments, owned by individuals. Common grounds are owned and shared jointly. There are townhouse or rowhouse style condominiums as well.

Cooperative (a.k.a. "co-op) - A type of multiple ownership in which the residents of a multiunit housing complex own shares in the cooperative corporation that owns the property, giving each resident the right to occupy a specific apartment or unit.

Residential real estateMajor physical categories include:

Semi-detached dwellings : Duplex - Two units with one shared wall.

Single-family detached home

Portable dwellings :Mobile homes - Potentially a full-time residence which can be (might not in practice be) movable on wheels. Houseboats - A floating home Tents - Usually very temporary, with roof and walls consisting only of fabric-like material.

CONDOMINIUM

A condominium, or condo, is the form of housing tenure and other real property where a specified part of a piece of real

estate (usually of an apartment house) is individually owned while use of and access to common facilities in the piece such

as hallways, heating system, elevators, exterior areas is executed under legal rights associated with the individual

ownership and controlled by the association of owners that jointly represent ownership of the whole piece.

Colloquially, the term is often used to refer to the unit itself in place of the word "apartment".

A condominium may be simply defined as an "apartment" that the resident "owns" as opposed to rents.

CONDOMINIUMA condominium is a collection of individual home units along

with the land upon which they sit. Individual home ownership within a condominium is construed as ownership of only the air space confining the boundaries of

the home . The boundaries of that space are specified by a legal document known as a Declaration, filed of record with the local governing

authority. Typically these boundaries will include the drywall surrounding a room, allowing the homeowner to make some interior modifications without impacting the common area.

Anything outside this boundary is held in an undivided ownership interest by a corporation established at the time of

the condominium’s creation. The corporation holds this property in trust on behalf of the homeowners as a group–-it may not

have ownership itself.

CONDOMINIUM

A condominium consists of multi-unit dwellings (i.e., an apartment or a development) where each unit is individually

owned and the common areas, such as hallways and recreational facilities, are jointly owned (usually as "tenants in

common") by all the unit owners in the building. A condominium also consists of bylaws that all the home owners

are supposed to follow such as indoor noise control.

It is also possible for condominiums to consist of single family dwellings: so-called "detached condominiums" where homeowners do not maintain the exteriors of the dwellings, yards, etc. or "site condominiums" where the

owner has more control and possible ownership (as in a "whole lot" or "lot line" condominium) over the exterior appearance. These structures are

preferred by some planned neighborhoods and gated communities.

APARTMENTAn apartment (in American English) or flat (in British

English) is a self-contained housing unit (a type of

residential real estate) that occupies only part of a

building. Such a building may be called

an apartment building or apartment house, especially if it consists of many apartments

for rent. Apartments may be owned by an owner/occupier or rented by tenants (two types of housing

tenure).

Apartment in Bali

http://www.mangkalanproperty.com/apartment-in-bali.php

Apartment types and characteristicsApartments can be classified into several types.

In North America the typical terms are a studio or bachelor apartment (efficiency or bedsit in the UK).

These all tend to be the smallest apartments with the cheapest rents in a given area.

These kinds of apartment usually consist mainly of a large room which is the living, dining, and bedroom combined.

There are usually kitchen facilities as part of this central room, but the bathroom is its own smaller separate room.

Apartment types and characteristics

Large apartments often have two entrances, perhaps a door in the front and another in the back.

Depending on the building design, the entrance doors may be directly to the outside or to a common area inside, such as a

hallway. Depending on location, apartments may be available for rent furnished with furniture or unfurnished into which a tenant

usually moves in with their own furniture.

GARDEN APARTMENTA garden apartment complex consists of low-rise

apartment buildings built with landscaped grounds surrounding them.

The apartment buildings are often arranged around courtyards that are open at one end.

A garden apartment has some characteristics of a townhouse: each apartment has its own building

entrance, or just a few apartments share a small foyer or stairwell at each building entrance.

Unlike a townhouse, each apartment occupies only one level.

GARDEN APARTMENTModern garden apartment buildings are never more

than three stories high, since they typically don't have elevators/lifts. However, the first "garden apartment" buildings in the United States, developed in the early

20th century, were five stories high.Some garden apartment buildings place a one-car

garage under each apartment. The grounds are more landscaped than for other modestly scaled apartments.

Konversi lahan sawah menjadi perumahan, terjadi di kawasan pinggiran kota

Foto . Marno-2010

Pembangunan kawasan pusat pasar di pinggiran kota dilakukan dnegan m,engkonversi lahan sawah irigasi yang produktif. Land development yang

mengorbankan jasa-jasa lingkungan dari ekosistem sawah

Foto . Marno-2011

Integrated Land Development

Project - ILD to improve land use

and water management

efficiency in the basin

Integrated land

development is a key of sustainable

resource management and should be tested

in a pilot project .

Sebagai ekosistem alam, DAS merupakan unit hidrologi (tata air) yang berperan sebagai integrator dan indikator terbaik untuk pengelolaan DAS.

http://nandito106.wordpress.com/2010/02/13/daerah-aliran-sungai-das-sebagai-unit-rehabilitasi-hutan-dan-lahan-rhl/

Lessons In Sustainable Land DevelopmentIncreased rates of deforestation, unsustainable agricultural land

use, and severe soil degradation are creating widespread poverty and environmental degradation in developing countries. Each day; the world loses about 125 square miles of its forests. That’s 34.5 million acres or 14 million hectares every year Most

of this takes place in the developing countries of the humid tropics. Reforestation efforts are limited to only about 10% of the

total area and most efforts are not promising.

Lessons In Sustainable Land Development

Every year, the equivalent of 40 billion tons of carbon dioxide enters the global atmosphere, the result of the ever-increasing use of fossil

fuels. This increase in atmospheric carbon, in combination with the loss of forests has

combined to make global climate change worse.

PENGEMBANGAN LAHAN BERKELANJUTAN

Adopsi Pertaian-berlanjut menjadi solusi terhadfap masalah pengembangan-lahan berkelanjutan.

Sustainable agriculture is concerned with agricultural practices that are economically viable, meet human

needs for food, are environmentally friendly, and improve quality of life.

Agroforestry is one such land use practice that maintains sustainability at its core.

Lessons In Sustainable Land DevelopmentDeforestation is a major unsustainable land use practice. Yet

little is being done to address its economic, environmental and ecological impact.

Clear-cut logging, uncontrolled brush and forest fires, and traditional slash and burn agricultural techniques have damaged

the environment as well as the agricultural resource base. Additionally, every year, reforestation efforts that intend to help communities are actually assisting in planting the wrong types

of tree species, resulting in long term damage. This concerns all of us, especially the families who rely on trees for the basic

necessities of life: fuel, water, food, building materials, and the air we breathe.

Lessons In Sustainable Land DevelopmentDeforestation is a major unsustainable land use practice. Yet

little is being done to address its economic, environmental and ecological impact.

Clear-cut logging, uncontrolled brush and forest fires, and traditional slash and burn agricultural techniques have damaged

the environment as well as the agricultural resource base. Additionally, every year, reforestation efforts that intend to help communities are actually assisting in planting the wrong types

of tree species, resulting in long term damage. This concerns all of us, especially the families who rely on trees

for the basic necessities of life: fuel, water, food, building materials, and the air we breathe.

CUTTING TREES NOT BAD

Cutting trees is NOT a bad thing. Trees are an important resource for everyone on earth. The problem is when people cut trees but do not

replant them. Trees are cut for many reasons. Industries

based on construction and making items such as furniture (beds, tables) are- always in need of

valuable hardwood trees.

Lessons In Sustainable Land DevelopmentCUTTING TREES NOT BAD

Wood (sometimes in the form of charcoal) is the major source of cooking fuel for over half of the

world (FAO 1999). Because populations and industries in every country are growing, there is always a growing pressure on forest resources.

Slash-and-burn agriculture, characterized by periodic burning of the land both to get rid of weeds and to use the ash as fertilizer, is also contributing to the rapid loss of the world’s

forests.

Lessons In Sustainable Land DevelopmentCUTTING TREES NOT BAD

Brush and forest fires not only inhibit the regeneration of tree seedlings (though some grasses, trees and shrubs have evolved the

ability to regenerate after fires), they also destroy what little organic matter remains in the

soil. Fires are often caused by smoking and

cigarettes, unskilled beeking techniques, and uncontrolled burning of fields for cultivation and

grazing.

OVERGRAZING IS BAD

Overgrazing is another major cause of land degradation. Communities all over the world rely on animals for

food, fiber, and labor. Herding animals through

grazing lands, if done correctly, is a viable way to produce livestock, but it is

seldom done correctly. There are always too many animals in too little space, trampling the ground and eating all of

the vegetation, including tree seedlings.

Lahan Kritis merupakan lahan yang keadaan fisiknya demikian rupa sehingga lahan tersebut tidak dapat berfungsi secara baik sesuai dengan peruntukannya sebagai media produksi maupun

sebagai media tata air.

http://edijabonpadalarang.wordpress.com/2010/10/12/menyelamatkan-lahan-kritis/

OVERGRAZING IS BAD

While animals do leave their manure in the places they graze (contributing something positive to the soil) the overall effect of

overgrazing is highly detrimental. Especially destructive are the grazing habits of goats, whose small lips (unlike those of a cow) can graze a plant or even seedling down to the soil. preventing it from resprouting.

Overgrazing also results in soil erosion; stripping the most fertile top soil and with it much of the soil organic matter, further

reducing the land’s productivity.

SOME TREES CAUSE LONG TERM DAMAGE

In the global program of Trees for the Future, we provide seeds of multi-purpose, fast-growing

(MPFG) trees.

In order to extend the program into many

climatic zones, and to make it more beneficial to the participants, we are constantly looking for

promising species, but we approach this with a great

of care when making recommendations.

Sengon kami yang ditanam 3 tahun yang lalu ,akhirnya kami jual , untuk biaya  mengembangkan kebun ini. Harga borongan,

Rp.50.000/tanaman , ada 800 tanaman . Ada yang diameter 25 cm dan ada yang diameter 15 cm .

http://embundaun.wordpress.com/category/tanaman-industri/pohon-sengon/

SOME TREES CAUSE LONG TERM DAMAGE

Eucalyptus trees grow rapidly into true trees at a wide range of elevations, soils, and climatic conditions.

They sustainably produce fuelwood and timber suitable for many local construction needs, and they produce oil used in some medications and

other products,

But eucalyptus trees do not lend themselves to sustainable land management systems (Lisanework and Michelson, 1993).

SOME TREES CAUSE LONG TERM DAMAGE

Farmers quickly discovered that eucalyptus trees are causing problems with their roots by taking all available water and

nutrients from neighboring trees and crops, and also their leaves,

which blanket the ground, inhibiting new growth.

Eucalyptus trees inhibit the growth of other vegetation,

exposing soils to erosion, and causing lakes and ground water

to disappear with their aggressive roots.

. More than 4 billion Eucalyptus trees of over 150 species grow in the different climates of

Brazil.

. http://git-forestry-blog.blogspot.com/2007/10/eucalyptus-paulistana-brazilian-giant.html

SOME TREES CAUSE LONG TERM DAMAGE

Pine trees which are planted throughout much of the world for their valuable timber present a similar problem. Beneath pine trees, you will rarely find a productive understory; you tend to

find a blanket of acidic needles that inhibit the growth of everything.

The needles are also a great fuel for forest fires.

Pine trees do have their benefits, but like eucalyptus trees, they do not lend themselves to sustainable land management

systems. These trees can leave soils in much worse condition than when they were planted.

SOME TREES CAUSE LONG TERM DAMAGE

In any program of Trees for the Future,

it encourage communities to plant multipurpose fast

growing trees that not only produce useful products

within a short time, but also encourage the growth of field crops, vegetables, and other

vegetation around them.

Aneka jenis tanaman sela dapat ditanam di antara barisan tegakan sengon hingga umur 4 tahun

http://sengonalbasia.com/?kontak-kami,2

WATER AND SOIL

Chemical fertilizers and insecticides are unsustainable, temporary solutions that rarely improve the quality of the soil. Pesticides often kill many of the insects and microbes in soils

that are needed for natural processes. There are, in fact, many beneficial insects that eat many of the

pest insects, but most insecticides kill everything indiscriminately.

Furthermore, insecticides get concentrated from smaller insects to the larger animals that eat them, ultimately poisoning the

entire food chain. Alternatives to pesticide use entail (1) giving crops the strength they need to resist infestation by adding nutrients and organic matter to the soil, and (2) using Integrated Pest Management

techniques that ward off and kill insects.

WATER AND SOILFertilizers also cause long term damage, and are often

inadequate in their nutrient composition. Soil need rich organic matter in the form of humus, compost,

manure, etc. Commercial fertilizers, often in the form of NPK pellets, contain

just nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. These are three of the major nutrients, but there are also plenty of other nutrients –

such as manganese, iron, boron, zinc, and copper – that chemical fertilizers tend not to contain.

Furthermore, rains can immediately leach these chemical fertilizers down through the soil, contaminating groundwater and

forcing farmers to apply more fertilizer every year.

SOIL AND FERTILIZERGreen manures are sustainable alternatives to chemical

fertilizers. Agricultural crops which received green manure of Gliricidia

sepium (kakawate) yielded 9.5 tons per hectare of corn in Oromia, Ethiopia.

A similar yield was obtained from plots which received green manure of ipil-ipil and Leucaena diversifalia, but a significantly ‘reduced yield was obtained from plots receiving recommended

levels of chemical fertilizer. This implies that the use of multipurpose fast growing

agroforestry species as a green manure can boost grain production over levels obtained from chemical fertilizer.

Additionally, the multipurpose species provide the farmer with fruit, fuelwood, fodder and construction wood.

JENIS-JENIS TANAMAN PENUTUP TANAH (LCC) DI PERKEBUNAN

Penutup tanah memberikan berbagai keuntungan yaitu meningkatkan kesuburan tanah, melindungi permukaan tanah dari bahaya erosi, memperbaiki sifat-sifat tanah akibat pembakaran, mendorong

pertumbuhan tanaman, menekan serangan penyakit jamur akar, dan menekan biaya pengendalian gulma.

The effects of potential land development on agricultural land prices

We conduct a national-scale analysis of the determinants of agricultural land values.

The empirical model of agricultural land prices is estimated with a cross-section on approximately three thousand counties in

the contiguous US. The results provide evidence that option values associated with irreversible and uncertain land development are capitalized into

current farmland values. For each county, we decompose the current agricultural land

value into components measuring rents from agricultural production and rents from future land development.

Foto . Marno-2011

Agricultural Land Values and the Value of Rights to

Future Land Development

Effects of future land development on current agricultural land values. From a theoretical model of land

markets, we derive a reduced-form expression for agricultural land values

in terms of observable variables.

The estimated model, together with a spatial interpolation algorithm, is used

to generate a surface of estimated development rights values for Orange

County.

This approach overcomes several problems that arise with the use of

standard appraisal methods to value conservation easements.

Pembangunan jalan telah meningkatkan harga lahan sawah di sekitarnya dan mendorong

konversinya menjadi penggunaan lain

Foto . Marno-2010