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CHAPTER 16

Reconstruction: High Hopes and Shattered Dreams, 1865-1877

LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter you read and analyze this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Describe the approach to Reconstruction advocated by Presidents Lincoln and Johnson and explain what they expected to accomplish.

2. Analyze what African Americans in the South looked forward to, now that they were free, and describe the actual conditions they encountered during the first years of Reconstruction.

3. Explain how Republicans in Congress took control of the Reconstruction process and what they intended to accomplish.

CHAPTER OUTLINEI. Presidential Reconstruction

A. Republican War Aims1. Radical Republicans sought political and civil rights for emancipated African

Americans and punishment of the South.a) Thaddeus Stevens in the House and Charles Sumner in the Senate led this wing

of the Republican Party.2. Moderate Republicans did not seek southern punishment or believe in equal rights for

former slaves.B. Lincoln’s Approach to Reconstruction: “With Malice Toward None”

1. Unlike Radical Republicans, Lincoln thought the South should be restored to the Union quickly and leniently.a) He offered full pardons to anyone taking a loyalty oath to the Union and

accepting emancipation.b) When 10 percent of the voters took the oath, they could write a constitution

abolishing slavery and organize their state’s government.c) The Radical Wade-Davis Bill raised the number required to 50 percent; Lincoln

pocket-vetoed it.2. Moderate Republicans began to move toward the Radical position.

a) Governments formed under Lincoln’s plan discriminated against blacks.C. Abolishing Slavery Forever: The Thirteenth Amendment

1. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery.a) Under the Emancipation Proclamation, slavery was still legal in many places.b) It won ratification because eight southern states reconstructed under Lincoln’s

plan approved its adoption.D. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction

1. Johnson’s ideas about Reconstruction resembled Lincoln’s.a) He believed in states’ rights and rejected the Radicals’ ideas about a strong

federal government.

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186 Chapter 16: Reconstruction: High Hopes and Shattered Dreams, 1865-1877

b) He gave amnesty to most former Confederates who took a loyalty oath and accepted emancipation.

2. In states not yet reconstructed, he authorized constitutional conventions elected by pardoned voters, to be followed by elections and restoration to the Union.a) These conventions rejected voting by blacks.

E. The Southern Response: Minimal Compliance1. By April 1866, all states had met Johnson’s requirements for readmission to the Union.

a) Former Confederates won many positions in the new state governments.II. Freedom and the Legacy of Slavery

A. Defining the Meaning of Freedom1. Former slaves achieved their freedom in different ways.

a) Many simply abandoned their masters toward the end of the war.b) Others had to wait until ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.

2. Expressions of freedom took many forms:a) In celebrations throughout the South.b) In new names and clothing.c) In moving away, often to urban locations where shantytowns developed.

B. Creating Communities1. African Americans quickly began to create their own institutions after the war’s end.

a) The church rapidly became the most important community organization.b) Schools were established; often, they were the first public schools in many

regions of the South.c) The Freedmen’s Bureau, along with other northerners, extended support to help

establish the schools.d) Other institutions included benevolent societies and newspapers.

2. Blacks also began to organize politically.a) At political conventions in 1865, they called for equality and voting rights.

C. Land and Labor1. Most freedmen did not own any means of support.

a) Former masters did not provide any assistance or compensation.2. Freedmen came to believe that the federal government would distribute land in the

South to them.a) In South Carolina, General Sherman had redistributed land (40 acres per family)

and lent out army mules.b) The Freedmen’s Bureau followed suit, with abandoned or confiscated land.

3. Johnson reversed this practice and ordered restoration of the land to former owners.4. Sharecropping grew rapidly.

a) Many found it preferable to wage labor.5. Sharecroppers quickly came under the control of landlords and merchants.

a) They were often required to patronize the landlord’s store.b) They were usually in debt to local merchants.c) In the absence of a secret ballot, landlords and merchants exerted control over

their voting.D. The White South: Confronting Change

1. Poorer whites also frequently became sharecroppers.a) Many had lost savings and homes during the war.

2. Although hostility had often divided wealthy and poor whites, the two now shared a common hatred of the North.

3. Legislatures enacted restrictive black codes.a) The codes represented an effort to control black farm labor and, in general, to

relegate blacks to a subordinate position.


Chapter 16: Reconstruction: High Hopes and Shattered Dreams, 1865-1877 187

4. Some southerners also used violence to subordinate blacks.a) The Ku Klux Klan was created for this purpose, as well as to undermine the

Republican Party in the South.b) Many African Americans were killed during riots in Memphis and New Orleans.

III. Congressional ReconstructionA. Challenging Presidential Reconstruction

1. Many moderate Republicans came to agree with the Radicals that the South had to be brought to heel.a) The black codes and violence against African Americans in the South convinced

them.2. Congressional Republicans took control of Reconstruction.

a) They refused to seat southern representatives.b) They extended the existence of the Freedmen’s Bureau.c) They enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

B. The Civil Rights Act of 18661. The act included several provisions.

a) It granted all persons born in the United States citizenship.b) It listed the rights possessed by all citizens.c) It authorized federal prosecution and trial for violations of civil rights.

2. The act expanded federal power and restricted that of the states.3. Republicans’ motives were reflected in the act.

a) Radical Republicans believed in equality under the law.b) Some moderate Republicans encouraged freedmen to stay in the South, rather

than move to the North.4. Congress passed the act over Johnson’s veto.

a) His veto prompted most moderate Republicans to believe that there was no chance of future cooperation with him.

C. Defining Citizenship: The Fourteenth Amendment1. The amendment had three basic provisions.

a) It prohibited interference by any state with the civil rights of any citizen and guaranteed equality under the law.

b) It reduced representation when African Americans were barred from voting.c) It barred anyone who had sworn to uphold the Constitution but then supported

the Confederacy from public office, unless Congress decided otherwise by a two-thirds vote.

2. The amendment did not please everyone.a) Some Radical Republicans would have preferred an explicit guarantee for blacks

to vote.b) Women’s suffrage leaders objected to the inclusion of the word “male” in

connection with voting.3. Johnson clashed with Congress over the amendment.

a) He objected to submitting it to the states for ratification.4. The congressional elections of 1866 were a referendum on congressional

Reconstruction.a) In his “Swing around the Circle,” Johnson attacked Congress.b) The election resulted in a Republican sweep.



D. Radicals in Control: Impeachment of the President1. Moderate Republicans supported new Radical Republican measures:

a) Military Reconstruction Act of 1867: Divided the South into five military districts; prescribed that southern states would be readmitted to the Union after ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment and approving black suffrage.

b) Command of the Army Act: Required the president to issue military orders only through the General of the Army.

c) Tenure of Office Act: Prohibited the president from removing any official approved by the Senate until it approved a successor.

2. Johnson now faced impeachment.a) He challenged Congress over the Tenure of Office Act by firing Secretary of War

Edwin Stanton.b) The House of Representatives voted to impeach him.c) At the trial in the Senate, removal fell only one vote short of the required two-

thirds majority.E. Political Terrorism and the Election of 1868

1. The Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant for president.a) Unlike Johnson, he agreed with congressional Reconstruction.

2. Extreme violence in the South characterized the 1868 election campaigns.a) The goal of the Ku Klux Klan and other groups was to defeat the Republicans

and intimidate black voters.F. Voting and Civil Rights

1. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibited denial of the right to vote on the basis of race.a) Many northern states had not yet enfranchised African Americans, as all

reconstructed southern states were required to do.2. The amendment did not please everyone.

a) African Americans and Radical Republicans preferred including still other prohibitions on denials of the right to vote.

b) Women’s suffrage supporters wished for a prohibition on denying the right to vote on the basis of gender.

3. Southern violence against Republican and black voters remained a serious problem.a) Congress enacted Enforcement Acts, making such crimes punishable under

federal law.b) Aided by the military, the federal government prosecuted widely and broke the

power of the Ku Klux Klan.4. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the last congressional Reconstruction measure.

a) It prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection, transportation, and public facilities (except in schools, churches, and cemeteries).

IV. Black ReconstructionA. The Republican Party in the South

1. Able to vote, blacks affiliated with the Republican Party.a) They participated in constitutional conventions and were elected to office.b) Officeholders generally had some education, had been free before the Civil War,

and had some prior experience in public service.2. Carpetbaggers were one source of white support for the Republican Party.

a) As northerners, they were usually well-educated and middle class and (for the men) had served in the army.

b) They often occupied key political leadership positions.3. Scalawags were the other source of white support.



a) As southerners, they were usually small merchants, craftsmen, professionals, and small farmers; many had opposed secession.

4. All three groups sought to modernize the South.a) They developed schools, hospitals, prisons, and orphanages.

B. Creating an Educational System and Fighting Discrimination1. All the state Reconstruction governments established public schooling.2. The new schools institutionalized racially discriminatory practices.

a) Most were segregated.b) Black schools received less funding than white ones.

3. State Reconstruction governments attempted to prohibit discrimination and protect civil rights.a) These attempts usually collapsed because of opposition by scalawags.

C. Railroad Development and Corruption1. Like everywhere else, Republicans sought to stimulate economic development.

a) State government aid went especially to railroad construction.2. Political corruption mushroomed everywhere in the United States.

a) Railroads sometimes bribed public officials.b) The South was especially vulnerable to corruption.

V. The End of ReconstructionA. The “New Departure”

1. Some Democrats in the South decided to go along with congressional Reconstruction.a) They accepted the Reconstruction legislation and African American voting.b) They supported moderate Republicans.c) They began to win state governorships.

2. Their rise overlapped with violence aimed at Republicans and African Americans.B. The 1872 Election

1. Disagreement among party factions and corruption in the Grant administration led to a split in the Republican Party.a) The Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley for president in 1872; the

Democrats followed suit.2. Regular Republicans—including the Radicals—re-nominated Grant.3. Grant won the presidency again.

C. The Politics of Terror: The “Mississippi Plan”1. Democrats in the South began to return to power after 1872.

a) The Redeemers swept out the Republicans in the 1874 congressional elections.2. The Redeemers benefited from violence against African Americans and Republicans.

a) Violence peaked in Mississippi in 1875: the so-called Mississippi Plan.D. The Compromise of 1877

1. Corruption and reform were the issues in the 1876 presidential election.a) Both the Democrats and the Republicans nominated reform candidates: Tilden

(Democrat) and Hayes.2. The election led to a grave political crisis.

a) Tilden seemed to have won.b) Disputes over who had won the Electoral College votes in Florida, South

Carolina, Louisiana, and Oregon erupted.3. The Compromise of 1877 gave the election to Hayes.

a) Southern Democrats agreed to his election if all federal involvement in southern affairs ceased.

4. Hayes withdrew all remaining military forces from the South when he became president, thereby ending Reconstruction.a) All remaining Republican governments thereafter fell from power.



b) Election violence and fraud subsequently became the norm.5. Most northern Republicans now lost interest in the condition of black southerners.

a) The South successfully portrayed Reconstruction as a disaster.b) The majority of Republicans deplored racial conditions in the South but did not

wish to take action.E. After Reconstruction

1. The Redeemers established white supremacy.a) They repealed Reconstruction legislation at the state level.b) African Americans withdrew from political activity because it was too

dangerous.c) During the 1890s, racial segregation and disenfranchisement were established

throughout the South.d) The South became a single-party region (Democrat).

2. The South portrayed Reconstruction as a terrible period.a) This view permeated the national culture.b) On the other hand, historical works by African American writers countered the

southern view of Reconstruction.

IDENTIFICATIONS Identify the following items and explain the significance of each. While you should include any relevant historical terms, using your own words to write these definitions will help you better remember these items for your next exam.

1. Andy Andersen

2. Federal Writers’ Project

3. freed people/freedmen

4. emancipation

5. secede

6. Reconstruction

7. abolitionist

8. Radical Republicans

9. racial integration

10. moderates

11. pardon

12. amnesty

13. suffrage

14. Thirteenth Amendment

15. empower

16. provisional

17. repudiate

18. states’ rights

19. autonomy



20. patrollers

21. pass system

22. Freedmen’s Bureau

23. cholera

24. fraternal order

25. benevolent society

26. land redistribution

27. sharecropping

28. capital

29. crop lien

30. coercion

31. black codes

32. vagrancy

33. Ku Klux Klan

34. white supremacy

35. civil rights

36. Fourteenth Amendment

37. enfranchise

38. Susan B. Anthony

39. impeach

40. terrorists

41. Fifteenth Amendment

42. disfranchisement

43. nativity

44. discrimination

45. Civil Rights Act of 1875

46. public accommodations

47. Black Reconstruction

48. carpetbagger

49. scalawag

50. equal access

51. segregation

52. underwrite

53. New Departure

54. coalition



55. Redeemers

56. depression

57. Mississippi Plan

58. Rutherford B. Hayes

59. voting fraud

60. Compromise of 1877

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSSelect the correct answer.

1. A major example of Abraham Lincoln’s policy of leniency toward the defeated South is provided by hisa. willingness to have the federal government assume responsibility for all debts incurred by

the government of the Confederacy.b. choice of a southerner as his vice president in the 1864 election.c. offer to consider revoking the Emancipation Proclamation.d. decision that a state government could be organized after only 10 percent of the voters took

an oath of loyalty to the Union.2. The Thirteenth Amendment

a. stripped many leaders of the Confederacy of their citizenship.b. barred the president from defining how southern states could reenter the Union.c. was necessary because the Emancipation Proclamation had not abolished slavery

everywhere.d. was later repealed by the Fifteenth Amendment.

3. Sharecropping arose becausea. many southerners, white as well as black, had no means of acquiring land.b. the Freedmen’s Bureau advised people that it would lead to landownership in the not-too-

distant future.c. the government provided loans that made it possible for poor farmers to become landowners.d. southern banks lent money on easy terms to anyone who agreed to become a sharecropper.

4. Black codes were enacteda. by Radical Republicans in Congress to punish the Deep South.b. to force African Americans into a legally subordinate position in southern society.c. during Black Reconstruction in order to protect former slaves from abuse.d. under the terms of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

5. In the aftermath of emancipation, freedmena. quickly undertook to establish schools and churches.b. tried to emigrate en masse to the North.c. hoped to return to their ancestral lands in Africa.d. by and large stayed with and continued to work for their former masters.

6. Radical Republicans in Congress advocated all of the following EXCEPTa. an equal distribution of wealth to all Americans.b. immediate emancipation.c. civil liberties for freedmen.d. full citizenship for former slaves.

7. All of the following statements about Andrew Johnson are correct EXCEPTa. he was a southerner who remained loyal to the Union.



b. he agreed with the Radicals about Reconstruction and the future of former slaves.c. he disliked the southern planter elite.d. he wished to strengthen the white middle class in the South.

8. By removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, Andrew Johnsona. successfully reasserted the concept of separation of powers.b. had to face the possibility of removal from office.c. was then able to remove the popular Ulysses S. Grant as general in chief.d. violated the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

9. The congressional Reconstruction amendments to the Constitution did NOTa. address the issue of the right of African Americans to vote.b. extend the Bill of Rights to the states.c. prohibit disenfranchisement on the basis of sex.d. settle the issue of citizenship for African Americans.

10. The term “New Departure Democrats” describesa. northern Democrats who opposed Radical Reconstruction.b. southern Democrats who accommodated themselves to black suffrage and emancipation.c. freedmen who supported the southern Democratic Party.d. northern Republicans who often voted with southern Democrats in Congress.

11. Black political participation wasa. almost always in the Republican Party.b. frequently in the Democratic Party.c. often through a third party that catered to new black voters.d. rare and ineffectual.

12. In Reconstruction jargon, a scalawag was aa. white southerner who joined the Republican Party.b. former slave who voted Democratic.c. northern Democrat who voted with Republicans in Congress.d. northern Republican who joined the Democratic Party during Reconstruction.

13. Republicans in southern state governments during Reconstruction sought to contribute to the region’s development bya. underwriting railroad expansion.b. creating public school systems.c. building orphanages and penitentiaries.d. All of these

14. In agreeing to the election of Rutherford B. Hayes as president in 1876, southern Democratsa. agreed not to disenfranchise African American voters.b. promised to disarm the Ku Klux Klan.c. extracted an agreement that federal intervention in southern affairs would cease.d. agreed that they would denounce the Mississippi Plan and prosecute anyone who tried to

implement it.15. The southern view of Reconstruction long included all of the following EXCEPT the statement

thata. carpetbaggers were unscrupulous northerners who descended on the defeated South as

opportunists.b. scalawags were traitors to their southern neighbors.c. thugs and vicious criminals comprised the Ku Klux Klan.d. freedmen and carpetbaggers often behaved corruptly.



ESSAY QUESTIONS1. Radical Republicans sought through congressional Reconstruction to guarantee social and

political equality for African Americans in the South. To a stunning degree, they succeeded. Do you agree or disagree?

DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: If you choose to agree, you will want to emphasize the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fifteenth Amendment, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875. You should explain how each, at least in law, guaranteed the rights of African Americans. You should also discuss the steps taken to break up the Ku Klux Klan during the early 1870s.

If you choose to disagree, you would have good reason to argue that, despite their idealistic intentions, the egalitarian program of the Radical Republicans did not succeed. Once conservative white southerners regained control of their states, terror tactics against blacks and election frauds proved to be the norm. So public was this development that it was even acknowledged by a name: the Mississippi Plan. By the 1890s, the segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans had become the norm all over the South, despite the civil rights acts and the constitutional amendments listed previously.

2. Compare and contrast the South before and after the Civil War.

DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: The question requires that you describe similarities (“compare”). These include, perhaps above all else, the seeming permanence of white supremacy. Although slavery had ended, the subordination of African Americans continued after the war, either through violence and intimidation or, by the 1890s, through legalized segregation and disenfranchisement. The postwar system of sharecropping also operated in ways that kept blacks under control, this time economically.

On the other hand, change did come to the South as a result of the Civil War, making it feasible for you to discuss differences (“contrast”). For one, African Americans tasted political equality as a consequence of Reconstruction. They voted and served in office. Moreover, they helped establish public school systems during Reconstruction, thereby introducing public education for the first time to many parts of the region, for whites as well as blacks. They also created many new community institutions of their own.

The structure of political life is another major difference worthy of attention. Prior to the war, the South had a two-party system. After Reconstruction, the region for all intents and purposes had only one party, the Democrats, as a direct consequence of both the war and Reconstruction. This state of affairs continued well into the twentieth century.

3. In retrospect, Reconstruction brought about a dramatic shift in power away from the states to the federal government and away from the executive branch of the federal government to Congress. What evidence is there to support this assessment of Reconstruction?

DEVELOPING YOUR ANSWER: The power of the states declined as a consequence of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments to the Constitution. Moreover, the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1875 imposed additional limitations on their powers.

At the federal level, Radical Republicans expanded congressional power at the expense of the executive branch in the Tenure of Office Act. Explain how it constrained the power of the president as the government’s chief executive. The impeachment and trial of President Johnson dramatized, of course, the plunge in presidential power because of this act.



MAP EXERCISEWas there, in your opinion, any relationship between the size of the African American population in each southern state and the date of its readmission to the Union? Examine the chapter’s opening map to formulate your opinion. If you believe that there was such a relationship, how would you explain it?

INDIVIDUAL CHOICES

Andy AndersonTo answer the following questions, consult the Individual Choices section at the beginning of the chapter.

1. How much time had passed since Anderson had been a slave and when he was interviewed about being a slave? Why is this time passage important?

2. Read ahead in your text to get an idea of the racism that was still prevalent in the United States at the time of this interview. Do you think Anderson’s awareness of this racism affected his answers and/or how he phrased his answers?

3. Despite its possible limitations, why is this interview so important to gaining a better understanding of the institution of slavery in the United States?

INDIVIDUAL VOICES

Examining a Primary Source: A Freedman Offers His Former Master a PropositionTo answer the following questions, consult the Individual Voices section at the end of the chapter.

1. How does the author indicate the lives of these freed people have changed by leaving Tennessee for Ohio?

2. How does the author use this letter to raise a wide range of issues about the nature of slavery and about the uneasiness of freed people about life in the South in 1865?

3. Evaluate the likelihood that this letter was actually written by a former slave. What are the other possibilities? Why do you think this letter appeared in newspapers in August of 1865?



RUBRIC: Do further research on the conditions of slaves and how their lives changed once they were freed. There is a large collection of interviews from the same WPA project mentioned in the text (the Federal Writers Project).

FREED SLAVES

LIVING CONDITIONS DURING SLAVERY

LIVING CONDITIONS AFTER SLAVERY

EVALUATION OF CHANGE IN STATUS

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS1. d. This so-called Ten-Percent Plan also included a requirement that slavery be abolished in

each reconstructed state’s constitution. See pages 460-461.

a. Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan for Reconstruction did not contain this provision. See pages 460-461.

b. That decision reflected Lincoln’s desire to attract votes from Unionists and Democrats in the border states. See pages 460-461.

c. For Lincoln’s Reconstruction terms, see pages 460-461. They included accepting the abolition of slavery.

2. c. On the day that it went into effect, the Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery only in states still in rebellion. See page 458.

a. It abolished slavery everywhere. See page 458.

b. The Thirteenth Amendment prohibits slavery. See page 458.

d. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits any racial requirement for voting. See pages 474-475.

3. a. Unable to buy land, they rented a plot of land and paid the owner a share of the crop they grew. See page 467.

b. The Freedmen’s Bureau had originally given former slaves 40 acres per family but was later ordered to reclaim all such lands and return them to their original owners. See pages 466-467.

c. The federal government did not provide such assistance, which compelled poor farmers to rent land and pay with a share of the crop they grew. See pages 466-467.

d. One became a sharecropper by renting land from a landowner. See pages 466-467.

4. b. Southern legislatures enacted these laws in order to restrain African Americans in a variety of ways and to assure a ready supply of labor. See pages 468-469.

a. They were enacted by southern state legislatures. See pages 468-469.

c. They were enacted by state legislatures during the brief period of presidential Reconstruction. See pages 468-469.



d. The Fourteenth Amendment sought to protect the civil rights of African Americans; the black codes sought to restrict their freedom. See pages 468-469.

5. a. See pages 463-466.

b. Those who chose to travel almost always went only a short distance. See pages 463-466.

c. There is no evidence of such among freed African Americans in the aftermath of the Civil War. See pages 463-466.

d. Many left their former homes, sometimes moving to the South’s cities and towns. See pages 463-466.

6. a. This is the correct choice. Because Radical Republicans did not insist on land redistribution when Congress took control of Reconstruction, sharecropping emerged. See pages 466-467.

b. This is not the correct choice. Radical Republicans did insist on complete, immediate emancipation. See pages 458-460.

c. This is not the correct choice. Radical Republicans sought to guarantee the civil rights of the freedmen through the civil rights acts of 1866 and 1875, the Ku Klux Klan acts, and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments. See pages 470-475.

d. This is not the correct choice. They defined former slaves as citizens in the Fourteenth Amendment (as defined in the Civil Rights Act of 1866). See pages 470-475.

7. b. Because this statement is not true, it is the correct choice. He did not agree with Radical Reconstruction, instead favoring the formula proposed by Lincoln, and he believed that the freedmen should be subordinate to white southerners. See pages 462-463.

a. Because this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. He was the only senator from the South who did not support secession in 1860-1861. See pages 462-463.

c. Because this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. He opposed the large plantation owners. See pages 462-463.

d. Because this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. He wished to enhance the power of groups other than the wealthy plantation owners. See pages 462-463.

8. b. The House impeached him, but the Senate failed to remove him from office by one vote. See pages 472-473.

a. Because he attempted to disregard the Tenure of Office Act and thereby reassert presidential power over appointments in the executive branch, he was impeached by the House and tried by the Senate. See pages 472-473.

c. He did not attempt to do this. See pages 472-473.

d. He violated the Tenure of Office Act. See pages 472-473.

9. c. Neither the Fourteenth nor the Fifteenth amendments addressed the issue of the women’s vote. See pages 471-475.

a. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibited a racial requirement for voting. See page 474.

b. The Fourteenth Amendment purportedly did this. See pages 471-472.

d. According to the Fourteenth Amendment (repeating the Civil Rights Act of 1866), a citizen is any person born in the United States. See pages 471-472 and any copy of the Constitution.

10. b. They decided to accept these new realities in order to bring an end to federal involvement in their states under Radical Reconstruction. See pages 479-480.



a. They were southern members of the party who decided to accommodate the Radical Reconstruction. See pages 479-480.

c. African Americans in the South supported the Republican Party. See pages 479-480.

d. They were southern Democrats who accepted the reality of Radical Reconstruction. See pages 479-480.

11. a. Southern African Americans supported the party of emancipation. See pages 480-481.

b. They almost always supported the Republican Party. See pages 480-481.

c. The Republican Party served their purposes. See pages 480-481.

d. Blacks were members of state constitutional conventions and were elected to state legislatures. See pages 480-481.

12. a. See page 476.

b. See page 476.

c. See page 476.

d. See page 476.

13. d. Because a, b, and c are true, this is the correct choice.

a. Although this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. Reconstruction governments in southern states made land grants and underwrote bonds for railroad development. See pages 475-476.

b. Although this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. Reconstruction constitutions required creation of public schools. See pages 475-476.

c. Although this statement is true, it is not the correct choice. Reconstruction governments established a variety of social-welfare institutions. See pages 475-476.

14. c. This was termed home rule—and it effectively meant the end of Reconstruction. See pages 481-483.

a. They made no such agreement; in the 1890s, disenfranchisement of southern African Americans became the norm. See pages 481-483.

b. This was not part of the Compromise of 1877. See pages 481-483.

d. This was not required by the Compromise of 1877. See pages 481-483.

15. c. Because this completion is not true, it is the correct choice. Many southerners viewed the Ku Klux Klan as protecting them from the Republican Party and upholding white supremacy. See page 469.

a. Because this completion is true, it is not the correct choice. According to southerners, a carpetbagger was a northern intruder who had come south to enjoy the spoils of war. See page 476.

b. Because this completion is true, it is not the correct choice. According to southerners, a scalawag was a fellow southerner who joined the Republican Party and thereby supported Radical Reconstruction. See page 478.

d. Because this is true, it is not the correct choice. Southerners depicted both in very negative terms. See page 476.


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para 1 - Higher Ed eBooks & Digital Learning …college.cengage.com/history/us/berkin/making_america/4e/... · Web viewc. during Black Reconstruction in order to protect former slaves