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INDEPENDENT STATE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA Papua New Guinea National Food Security Policy 2018-2027 Growing agriculture for food security, good nutrition and health Department of Agriculture and Livestock Central Government Office, Waigani National Capital District Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea National Food Security Policy …...Papua New Guinea National Food Security Policy 2018-2027 ii Foreword The National Goals and Directive Principles in our Constitution

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Page 1: Papua New Guinea National Food Security Policy …...Papua New Guinea National Food Security Policy 2018-2027 ii Foreword The National Goals and Directive Principles in our Constitution

PapuaNewGuineaNationalFoodSecurityPolicy2018-2027

INDEPENDENT STATE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA

PapuaNewGuineaNationalFoodSecurityPolicy

2018-2027

Growing agriculture for food security, good nutrition and health

DepartmentofAgricultureandLivestockCentralGovernmentOffice,Waigani

NationalCapitalDistrictPapuaNewGuinea

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Foreword

TheNationalGoalsandDirectivePrinciplesinourConstitutioncallforimprovementinthelevelofnutritionandstandardofpublichealthtoenableourpeopletoattainselffulfilment.However,some40yearssincetheadoptionoftheConstitutiontheproblemofmalnutritioncontinuestobeasignificantimpedimentinournation’shealth,socialandeconomicdevelopment.Thepoorpublichealthsituationreflectsweaknessesinthecountry’sfoodandnutritionsecuritywhichisunderminingoureffortstoreachtheVision2050targetsofbeingahealthy,empowered,educated,happypopulationandtheplacingofourcountryinthetop50intheHumanDevelopmentIndexranking.

Foodsecurityisabasichumanright.Ensuringournation’sfoodsecurityisfundamentalforsustainablehumanandeconomicdevelopmentandiscentraltosocialandpoliticalstability.ThePapuaNewGuineaFoodSecurityPolicy2018-2027affirmsourGovernment’scommitmenttostrengtheningnationalfoodsecuritytosustainablyimproveourpeople’swellbeingandqualityoflivesinboththeruralandurbanareasofthecountry.

IntermsfoodsecurityandnutritionPapuaNewGuinea’sagriculturesectorhasspecialimportance.Itcontinuestobethemainsourceoffood,employmentandincomeforover85percentofthepopulation,whomainlyliveinruralareas.Therefore,agriculturalgrowthremainsoneofthebestwaystogenerateincomeforthepoorestininourcountrywhoneedthemosthelpbuyingnutritiousfood.

Moreover,becauseoftheprominentroleourwomenplayinfoodproductionandmarketing,agriculturecanprovideanimportantentry-pointforenhancingwomen’scontrolandmanagementofresources,knowledgeandstatus;pluschildnutritionoutcomescanimprovealongwithwomen’sempowermentthroughagriculture.Agriculturealsoprovidesasignificantamountoffoodtotownspeopleandearnsanimportantamountofforeignexchangefromcropexportproducts,thusenablingthenationtobetteraccessfoodimports.

Therefore,investmentinagricultureprovidesacriticallyimportantopportunitytobuildfoodsecurity,improvenutritionandpromotegoodhealth.However,whilegrowing,valueaddingandmarketingmorequalityfoodisessentialtomeetthedemandofarapidlyincreasingpopulation,itmaynotalonebesufficienttoachievegoodnutritionandhealthoutcomes.Inparticular,alongwithimprovingthequalityofdiet,therearealsoimportantelementsrelatingtonutritionoutcomesandhealthpractices,includingreproductivehealth(familyplanning),infantfeedingpracticesandissuesofcleanwateraccessandsanitation,andeducationtoimproveunderstandingongoodnutritionpractices.

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Onlybyensuringself-reinforcing,synergisticinterventionsacrossalltheseareaswillwegainsustainablefoodandnutritionsecurityinourcountry.

Consequently,theGovernmentiscommittedtotakingactiontoaddressfoodandnutritionsecurityissuesthrougharangeofmeasuresacrossallthekeysectorssuchasagriculture,fisheries,trade,health,educationplustransportinfrastructureandwater,sanitationandhygieneservices(WaSH).ANationalNutritionPolicy,aNationalFoodSafetyPolicyandaWaSHPolicyandtheNationalRicePolicycomplementthisNationalFoodSecurityPolicyandtogethertheywillprovidetheframeworkforstrengthenedfoodandnutritionsecurityinPapuaNewGuineagoingforward.

TheNationalFoodSecurityPolicywillstrengthentheplatformforjointplanning,andguidecoherentprogramsandactionsfromallkeystakeholderstobuildandsustainfoodsecurityinPapuaNewGuinea.TheGovernmentrecognizesthevitalroletheprivatesectorhasindrivingthefoodeconomyanddevelopingtheefficientfoodvaluechainsnecessarytosupplyqualityfoodthroughoutthecountry.Aprimaryaimofthepolicywill,therefore,betofosterstrongpublic-privatepartnershipstoleverageagriculture’spotentialtopromoteimprovednutritionandhealthbybringingprofitablesmallholderfarming,efficientfoodvaluechains,smallandmediumenterprisedevelopment,women’sincomeandchildnutritiontogether.

ThesuccessfulimplementationofthispolicywillcontributetowardsimprovingthelivesofthemajorityofPNG’scitizens,enhancingtheirproductivityandparticipationinthesustainabledevelopmentofourcountrythroughgrowingagricultureforfoodsecurity,goodnutritionandhealth.

Hon.BennyAllan,MP

MinisterforAgricultureandLivestock

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Acknowledgements

ThedevelopmentoftheNFSPwasaccomplishedthroughtheeffortsofmanyindividualsandinstitutionsandwewouldliketoexpressoursinceregratitudetothemall.

WethankallmembersoftheDALManagementteamandinparticulartheNationalProjectCoordinationdesk,thestaffofPolicyDivisionandtheFoodSecurityBranchwhocommittedtheirtimeandtechnicalexpertiseintheevolutionofthispolicy.

WearegratefultotheFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)oftheUnitedNationsforfinancialandtechnicalsupport.

Ourspecialthanksmustbeaccordedtothestakeholdersatnational,provincialanddistrictlevelsthatgavefreelyoftheir

timeandsharedvaluableinformationwhichunderpinnedthedevelopmentofthisdocument.

DALseniormanagementbelievethattheNationalFoodSecurityPolicy2018-2027chartsasmartpathwaytosustainablefoodsecurityandtorealizingournationalvision2050andthetargetforfoodandnutritionsecuritysetintheglobalSustainableDevelopmentGoal2.Wethereforecommendthispolicyandtrustthatallstakeholderswillgivetheircontinuedandfullsupporttoensuresuccessfulpolicyimplementation.

MrFrancisDaink

ActingSecretary

DepartmentofAgricultureandLivestock

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TableofContentsListofAcronymsandAbbreviations............................................................................................................vi

1. Background..........................................................................................................................................1

IntentofPolicy.............................................................................................................................................1

Audience......................................................................................................................................................1

PolicyDevelopmentProcess........................................................................................................................1

2. DefinitionsandConcepts.....................................................................................................................2

3. PolicyContextandDirections..............................................................................................................4

Vision 4

Principles......................................................................................................................................................4

Goal 5

Keyindicatorsandtargets............................................................................................................................5

FivePriorityStrategicActionAreas..............................................................................................................5

CoreGovernmentLegislationandPolicies...................................................................................................6

4. PoliciesandStrategies..........................................................................................................................8

StrategicActionArea1:Productivityandfarmoutputgrowthofthemainfoodstaples,horticulture,smalllivestockandfishfarmingandincreasingefficienciesalongtheentirefoodvaluechain..........8

StrategicActionArea2:Buildingstabilityandresilienceintofoodproductionandsupplysystems.11

StrategicActionArea3:Enhancednutrientcontentandbalanceoffoodproductsconsumedbynutritionallyvulnerablehouseholdsandindividuals.........................................................................14

StrategicActionArea4:Empowermentofwomeninagriculture.....................................................16

StrategicActionArea5:Strengthenedgovernance,coordination,monitoringandcommunication17

5. OrganizationalResponsibilities..........................................................................................................19

InstitutionalStructureforFoodandNutritionSecurityGovernanceandCoordination............................19

InstitutionalRolesandResponsibilities......................................................................................................21

Partnerships.......................................................................................................................................21

6. PolicyImplementation.......................................................................................................................22

7. MonitoringandEvaluation.................................................................................................................23

Annexes......................................................................................................................................................24

1. SummaryFoodSecurityPolicyFramework....................................................................................24

2. SummaryM&EMatrixfortheFoodSecurityPolicy.......................................................................28

3. FoodSecurityLandscape................................................................................................................33

4. Listofreferencesandkeydocumentsrelevanttofood&nutritionsecurity................................56

Frost&droughtdamagedfamilyfoodgarden

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ListofAcronymsandAbbreviations

CEPA ConservationandEnvironmentProtectionAuthorityDAL DepartmentofAgricultureandLivestockDALFSB DepartmentofAgricultureandLivestockFoodSecurityBranchDALWiADU DepartmentofAgricultureandLivestockWomeninAgricultureDevelopmentUnitDSIP DistrictServicesImprovementProgram(DSIP)DOH DepartmentofHealthDNPM DepartmentofNationalPlanningandMonitoringENSO ElNiñoSouthernOscillationFAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsFPDA FreshProduceDevelopmentAgencyHAZ HeightforAgeZScoreHIES HouseholdIncomeandExpenditureSurveyINA InstituteofNationalAffairsLLGSIP LocalLevelGovernmentServicesImprovementProgram(LLGSIP)M&E MonitoringandEvaluationMTDP MediumTermDevelopmentPlanNAQIA NationalAgricultureQuarantineandInspectionAuthorityNARI NationalAgricultureResearchInstituteNCD Non-CommunicableDiseaseNEC NationalExecutiveCouncilNFA NationalFisheriesAuthorityNFSP NationalFoodSecurityPolicyNGO Non-GovernmentalOrganizationNNP NationalNutritionPolicyNNS NationalNutritionSurveyNRI NationalResearchInstituteNSO NationalStatisticsOfficeOCCD OfficeofClimateChangeDevelopmentPEM Protein-EnergyMalnutritionPGK PapuaNewGuineaKinaPNGDSP PapuaNewGuineaDevelopmentStrategicPlanUNITEC UniversityofTechnologyWAZ WeightforAgeZScorePNGCCI PapuaNewGuineaChamberofCommerceandIndustryPNGWiADF PapuaNewGuineaWomeninAgricultureDevelopmentFoundationPNGWCCI PapuaNewGuineaWomen’sChamberofCommerceandIndustryVC ValueChainWASH Water,SanitationandHygieneServicesWHO WorldHealthOrganizationWHZ WeightforHeightZScore

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1. Background

IntentofPolicyThispolicyreplacesthePapuaNewGuineaNationalFoodSecurityPolicy(NFSP)2000-2010.Thepolicysetsthemediumtolong-termdirectionandsignalspriorityareastofocusresources(financialandhuman)tobuildsustainablefoodsecurityforallPapuaNewGuineans.ItprovidesaplatformforjointplanningtoguidecoherentprogramsandactionsfromallkeystakeholderstostrengthenfoodsecurityinPapuaNewGuinea.Aprimaryaimofthepolicyistofosterstrongpublic-privatepartnershipsandthusleverageagriculture’spotentialtopromoteenhancednutritionandhealthbybringingprofitablesmallholderfarming,efficientfoodvaluechains,women’sincomeandchildnutritiontogether.SuccessfulimplementationofthepolicywillcontributetoadvancingthenationtowardstheVision2050ofbeingasmart,wise,fairandhappysociety,andachievingtheglobalSustainableDevelopmentGoal2toendhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture.

ThepolicycomplementsotheragriculturepoliciessuchastheNationalRicePolicyandthepromotionofexportcropsunderthenationalagricultureplanframeworkwhicharealsoareasvitalforlivelihoods,employment,economicdevelopmentandfoodsecurity.

AudienceTheNFSP2018-2027willbenefitallPapuaNewGuineanswhoeachhaveasharedresponsibilityandstakeinachievingsustainablefoodsecurity.ThepolicywillguideallkeystakeholdersworkingtoimprovefoodsecurityinPNG;includingrelevantgovernmentagentsatnational,provincial,districtandlocallevels,academicandresearchinstitutions,developmentpartners,non-governmentorganizations,faith-basedorganizations,privatesectorandcommunitystakeholders.

PolicyDevelopmentProcessTheNationalExecutiveCouncilDecision(NEC)No.347/2013pertainingtothereviewofthePNGDevelopmentStrategicPlan(PNGDSP)2010-2030andMediumTermDevelopmentPlan(MTDP)2011-2015inthecontextofresponsiblesustainabledevelopmentapprovedimmediateinterventionsonstrategicfoodsecuritypolicydevelopment.Consequently,thepolicydevelopmentprocesswasinitiatedbytheGovernmentofPNGthroughtheDepartmentofAgricultureandLivestock(DAL)andsupportedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)oftheUnitedNations.

FacilitatedbyDAL’sFoodSecurityBranchapolicydevelopmentteamwasassembledinSeptember2014.Theteamincludedexpertiseinfoodpolicy,foodproduction,nutritionandgenderissues.TheteamwasguidedbyaFoodSecurityPolicyAdvisoryGroup.TheteamconductedadeskreviewonthefoodsecuritylandscapeinPNGandundertookextensiveconsultationwithkeystakeholderstoreviewtheNFSP2000-2010implementationandgaininsightsandinputsintotheformulationofthenewfoodsecuritypolicyframework.Abroadrangeofstakeholderswereconsultedinbilateralmeetingsandfocusgroupsessions,includingnationaldepartmentsandagencies,developmentpartners,NGOs,provincialadministrationsandprogrammanagers,CBOs,farmers,privatesectorandagricultureindustryrepresentatives.Provincialanddistrictagricultureprogramvisitsandconsultationswerealsoheldin

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theprovincesofEastSepik(Wewak,Maprik),SandaunProvince(Nuku),Madang(Madang,UsinoBundi),andMorobe(Markham,Lae).Duringthesemissionsmeetingswereheldwithgovernmentofficers,farmers,women’sgroups,andyouthgroups.

InApril2015anationalworkshop,attendedbyover50interestedstakeholders,washeldinPortMoresbytodiscussoutcomesofthepolicyreviewandstrategicprioritiesforfoodsecuritypolicygoingforward.Subsequenttothisworkshop,buildingonthereviewfindingsanddiscussionsheldwithstakeholders,adraftpolicydocumentwaspreparedandcirculatedtostakeholdersfortheircommentsinSeptember2015.FurthercommentsanddirectionwassoughtthroughaseriesofsevenfocusgroupmeetingsheldwithvariousinterestgroupsinOctober2015.BenefittingfromthecommentsmadeontheinitialpolicydraftthepolicydocumentwasfinalizedinNovember2015readyforendorsement.

2. DefinitionsandConcepts

DefinitionsFoodSecurity:Foodsecurityexistswhenallpeoplehave,atalltimes,physical,socialandeconomicaccesstosufficient,safeandnutritiousfoodtomeettheirdietaryneedsandfoodpreferencesforanactiveandhealthylife(reaffirmeddefinitionattheWorldFoodSummit,2009).

AverageDietaryEnergyRequirement:Theaveragedietaryenergyrequirementreferstotheamountofenergyconsideredadequatetomeettheenergyneedsfornormativeaverageacceptableweightforattainedheightwhileperformingmoderatephysicalactivityingoodhealth.

BalancedDiet:thefoodconsumptionpatternisbalancedwhenthecontributionofenergy-yieldingnutrientstototalenergyiswithinacceptablerangesasfollows:proteinsfrom10to15percent;fatsfrom15to30percent;andcarbohydratesfrom55to75percent.

Malnutrition:Isabroadtermcommonlyusedasanalternativetounder-nutrition,buttechnicallyitalsoreferstoover-nutritionandimbalancednutrition.Malnutritioncanresultfromalackofmacronutrients(carbohydrates,proteinandfat),micronutrients(vitaminsandminerals),orboth.Peoplearealsomalnourishediftheyconsumetoomanycalories(over-nutrition).'HiddenHunger’,ormicronutrientdeficiency,iswidespreadindevelopingcountries.Itoccurswhenessentialvitaminsand/ormineralsarenotpresentinadequateamountsinthediet.ThemostcommonmicronutrientdeficienciesarevitaminA,iron,folate(vitaminB9),iodineandzinc.

Stunting:Isaconditionwhenachildistooshortfortheirage.Itiscausedbylong-terminsufficientnutrientintakeand/orfrequentinfections.

Underweight:Isaconditionwhenachildweighslessthanthenormativeaverageacceptableweightfortheirage.Underweightisacombinationofstuntingandwasting,withoutdistinguishingbetweenthetwo.

Wasted:Isaconditionwhenachildistoothinfortheirage.Itisusuallytheresultofacutesignificantfoodshortageand/ordisease.Wastingisconsideredthebestindicatorfordeterminingachild’scurrent

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nutritionriskbecauseitreflectsthepresentsituationandisagoodpredictorofimmediatemortalityrisk.

Stuntingandotherformsofunder-nutrition(underweight,wasting)reduceachild’schanceofsurvivalandimpedeoptimalhealthandgrowth,impactingnegativelyonbraindevelopment,whichislikelytoresultinlong-lastingharmfuleffectsforcognitiveability,schoolperformance,productivityandthusfutureearnings.Theconsequencesofstuntingareserious,life-longandirreversible.Figure1belowdepictstheprevalenceoftheaboveconditionsinchildrenacrossthecountry.

Source:NSO2009-2010HIESSummaryReport,Table5.14

Resilience:istheabilityofasystemanditscomponentpartstoanticipate,absorb,accommodateorrecoverfromtheeffectsofahazardouseventinatimelyandefficientmanner,includingthroughensuringthepreservation,restorationorimprovementofitsessentialbasicstructuresandfunctions.1

VulnerableGroup:Agroupofpeoplewithcommoncharacteristics,ahighproportionofwhomarefoodinsecureoratriskofbecomingfood-insecure.2

ConceptsItisnowwidelyacceptedthatfourkeydimensionsoffood(andnutrition)securityare:1)availability(sufficientquantitiesofappropriatequalityfood,throughdomesticproductionorimportsandtheircost-effectivedistributiontoconsumers);2)access(ofindividualstoadequateresourcesforacquiring

1IPCC(2012)Managingtherisksofextremeeventsanddisasterstoadvanceclimatechangeadaptation,SpecialReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC):Geneva,IPCCSecretariat2FAO(2009)GlossaryonRighttoFood,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,December2009,Rome

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

National Southern Highlands Momase Islands

Prevalen

ce%

Figure1:Nutritionalstatusofchildrenunder5acrossPNG

underweight(WAZ˂-2) stunting(HAZ˂-2) wasting(WHZ˂-2)

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appropriatefoodsforahealthydiet);3)utilization(throughadequatediet,cleanwater,sanitation,healthcareandnutritionalawarenesstoreachastateofnutritionalwell-being);and4)stability(theabilitytomaintaintheabovethreefactorsduringsuddenshocksorcyclicalevents).ThesepillarswiththeirkeydimensionsdetailedareshowninFigure2below.

Gendersensitiveapproach:Theconceptofgender-sensitivityhasbeendevelopedasawaytoreducebarrierstopersonalandeconomicdevelopmentcreatedbydiscriminationagainstwomen.Ithelpstogeneraterespectfortheindividualregardlessofsexorgenderroles.Italsoopensupthewidestpossiblerangeoflifeoptionsforbothwomenandman.Applyingagendersensitiveapproachmeansgoingbeyondequalityinthelegalsystem,byconsideringthedifferencesinlivingconditionsandinterestsof

AvailabilityAfunctionof:

domesticproduction

foodimports

foodstocks

donations(foodaid)

AccessAfunctionof:

houseeholdsubsistencefood

production

purchasingpower(atnationaland

household level)

transport/marketinfrastructure

formalsafetynets

informalcopingstrategies

StabilityAfunctionof:

seasonality

humanmade/naturaldisasters

wateravailability

marketprice

political&lawandorderenvironments

UtilizationAfunctionof

healthstatus

foodsafety&nutritionalquality

potablewatersupply

sanitationfacilities/practices

caringandfeedingpractices

knowledge/education

Figure2:TheFourPillarsofFoodSecurity

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womenandmenfromtheoutset,andinaconsistentmanner,whenformulatingandimplementingasocialpolicy,programorproject.3

SustainableFoodValueChain(VC):referstothefullrangeoffarmsandfirmsandtheirsuccessivecoordinatedvalue-addingactivitiesthatproduceparticularrawagriculturalmaterialsandtransformthemintoparticularfoodproductsthataresoldtofinalconsumersanddisposedofafteruse,inamannerthatisprofitablethroughout,hasbroad-basedbenefitsforsociety,anddoesnotpermanentlydepletenaturalresources.4

Fourcorefunctions(links)canbedistinguishedinthevaluechain:production(e.g.farmingorfishing),aggregation,processinganddistribution(wholesaleandretail).TheaggregationstepisespeciallyrelevantforfoodVCsinPNG;efficientlyaggregatingandstoringthesmallvolumesofproducefromwidelydispersedsmallholderproducersisoftenamajorchallenge.Theaggregationfunctioncanbetakenonbyproducergroups,byintermediariesspecializedinaggregation,byfoodprocessorsorbyfooddistributors(wholesalersorretailers).

3FAO(2009)Ibid4FAO(2014)Developingsustainablefoodvaluechains–Guidingprinciples.Rome

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3. PolicyContextandDirectionsVisionAllPapuaNewGuineanswillbefoodsecureprincipallyfromdomesticallyproducednutritiousfoodandleadhealthy,activeandproductivelives.

PrinciplesThispolicyisframedinthecontextof:

v Basichumanrights,childrightsandwomen’srights,includingtheuniversal‘RighttoFood’.

v Equity,respectandinclusionofthevoicesofthevulnerable(includingwomen,youth,elderlyandthosewithdisabilities).

v Respectingculturalvaluesandtraditionaldecisionmakingstructures.v Respectingandpromotingbiodiversityandenvironmentalsustainability.v Buildingonthenation’sstrategicassetsandcomparativeadvantage.v Decentralization,withcentralauthorityperformingonlythosetaskswhichcannotbe

performedeffectivelyatamoreimmediateorlocallevel.v Privatesector-ledfoodsectorgrowthv Adoptingagender-sensitiveapproachv Adoptingamulti-stakeholderandmulti-sectorapproachtotacklingfoodandnutrition

security.v Beingnutritionsensitive,gearedatachievingnutritionalimpact.v Utilizingscience-basedresources.v Strengtheningfoodandnutritionsecurityinformationinordertobettertarget

vulnerablegroups.

Theseprinciplesareconsideredessentialtoprotecthumanrightsandculturalvalues,sustaintheresourcebaseandpromoteequitablesocialandeconomicdevelopmentandtheyunderpinthedevelopmentandorientationofthispolicy.TheimplementationofstrategicactionsunderthispolicywillbeguidedbytheseprincipleswhichrespectthefiveNationalGoalsandDirectivePrinciplesoftheConstitutionwhichare:1.IntegralHumanDevelopment;2.EqualityandParticipation;3.NationalSovereigntyandSelfReliance;4.NaturalResourcesandEnvironment;and5.PapuaNewGuineanWays.

PNGVision2050Targets:• Healthy,Empowered,Educated,HappyPopulation• Top50inUnitedNationsHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)ranking

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GoalToenableallPapuaNewGuineanstoaccessandconsumesufficient,safe,affordable,andnutritiousfoodatalltimes.

KeyindicatorsandtargetsBy2027:

ü Inchildrenaged6-59months,theprevalenceofmoderatestunting(HAZ˂-2and˃-3)willbereducedtolessthan30percent,moderateunderweight(WAZ˂-2and˃-3)willbereducedtolessthan10percent,andmoderatewasting(WHZ˂-2and˃-3)willbereducedtolessthan2percent.

ü PrevalenceofAnemiainchildrenaged6-59monthsandnon-pregnantwomenaged15-49yearswillbereducedtolessthan25percentand15percentrespectively.

ü Prevalenceofoverweightintheadultpopulation≤20percentü Principallythroughsustainableincreaseinsmallholderyields,thecompositestaplefood

productionindexwillincreasefromthe2000level5(=100)by70percent(=170).ü Theaveragepercapitaconsumptionofricewillbe≤30kgü Theratio:FoodandBeverageImports/TotalImports≤11percentü Theaverageconsumptionoffoodproteinprincipallyfromdomesticallyproducedmeat,

fishandplantsourceswillbe≥0.8g/kgbodyweight/dayü Householddietarydiversityscore:≥5numberoffoodgroupsconsumedfor≥50percent

ofpopulation.ü CPIannualaveragefoodpriceinflation≤3percentü Women’sshareofhouseholdincomeincreased

Toachievethesetargetscoordinatedactionswillberequiredtosuccessfullyimplementthispolicytogetherwiththenationalnutritionpolicyandnationalfoodsafetypolicy.Additionally,significantimprovementinthetransportinfrastructure,water,sanitationandhygiene(WaSH)environmentsmustbeadvanced.

Whilstrecognizingthecrucialimportanceofmulti-sectorinterventionstoaddressthefoodandnutritionsecurityissuesthecountryfaces,thispolicyprincipallyidentifiesandprioritizesactionsinfivestrategicactionareaswhichwillmakeagricultureworkbetterforgoodnutritionandhealth.Thisfocusischosenbecauseultimatelyfoodinsecurityresultsinmalnutritionandhealthissues.Thepolicycomplementsotheragriculturepoliciessuchasthericepolicyandthepromotionofexportcropsunderthenationalagricultureplanframeworkwhicharealsoareasvitalforlivelihoods,employment,economicdevelopmentandfoodsecurity.

FivePriorityStrategicActionAreas

1. Productivityandfarmoutputgrowthofthemainfoodstaples,horticulture,smalllivestockandfishfarmingandincreasingefficienciesalongtheentirefoodvaluechain.

2. Buildingstabilityandresilienceintofoodproductionandsupplysystems.

5Thelatestnationalsurveyandevidence-baseddataassessmentavailable

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3. Enhancednutrientcontentandbalanceoffoodproductsconsumedbynutritionallyvulnerablehouseholdsandindividuals.

4. Empowermentofwomeninagriculture.5. Strengthenedgovernance,coordination,monitoringandcommunication.

CoreGovernmentLegislationandPolicies

Policies,PlansandLegislationrelevanttonationalfood(andnutrition)securitypolicy:

PolicyArea Policies/plans LegislationMacro-overarching

DevelopmentFiscal/Monetary/ExchangeRateTradeLabour/WagePopulationSecurity

Vision2050DevelopmentStrategicPlan(DSP)2010-2030NationalStrategyforResponsibleSustainableDevelopmentforPapuaNewGuinea(2014)AlotauAccord2012MediumTermDevelopmentPlan2(2016-2017)BankofPapuaNewGuineaMonetaryPolicyStatements(6monthly) NationalPopulationPolicy(NPP3)2015-2024PNGNationalSecurityPolicyPNGSocialProtectionPolicy2015(draft)

ConstitutionoftheIndependentStateofPapuaNewGuineaCustomsActCustomsTariffAct(Import&ExportCustomsTariff)PNGLaborAct1978PublicFinancialManagementAct1995PNGPublicServicesManagementAct1995

Decentralization ProvincialDevelopmentPlansDistrictDevelopmentPlansDistrictServicesImprovementProgram(DSIP)LocalLevelGovernmentServicesImprovementProgram(LLGSIP)

OrganicLawonProvincialandLocalLevelGovernments(OLPLLG)1998ProvincialAuthoritiesAct2007DistrictDevelopmentAuthoritiesAct2014

PrivateSector PublicPrivatePartnership(PPP)Policy(2008)SmallandMediumEnterprise(SME)Policy2015(draft)

Land SpecialAgricultural&BusinessLeases(SABLs) LandAct1996LandTenureConversionActRevisedLandGroupIncorporationAct2009LandRegistrationAct

Agriculture NationalAgricultureDevelopmentPlan(NADP)2007-2016NationalRicePolicy2015-2030NARIStrategyandResultsFramework2011-2020

(Bill)NationalAgricultureAdministrationAct2014(Bill)AgricultureInvestmentCorporationAct2014NationalAgricultureResearchInstituteAct1997AnimalDiseaseandControlAct1952AnimalsAct1952

Fisheries NationalTunaManagementPlanBechdemerManagementPlanBarramundiManagementPlanGulfofPapuaPrawnFishery(GOPPF)ManagementPlan

FisheriesManagementRegulation2000FisheriesManagementAct1998

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SharkFisheryManagementPlanLobsterFisheryManagementPlanFishingAggregatingDevice(FAD)ManagementPolicyTrialFishingPolicyNationalAquacultureDevelopment.PolicyOrangerieBayManagementPlanLiveReefFishFoodPolicy

NationalFisheriesAuthorityAct1987

Biosecurity NationalAgricultureQuarantine&InspectionAuthorityAct1997

Environment–ForestryBiodiversityConservationClimatechange

NationalForestPolicy1991NationalForestryGuidelines2009ForestryandClimateChangeFrameworkforAction2009–2015NationalBiodiversityActionPlanNationalClimateChangePolicy

EnvironmentAct2000National Forestry AuthorityAct1988ForestryAct1991

DisasterManagement NationalDisasterRiskManagementPlan

Health PNGNationalHealthPlan2011–2020PNGChildHealthPolicy(2009)PNG National Early Childhood Care andDevelopmentPolicy(2007)InfantandYoungChildFeedingPolicy2014SchoolHealthPolicy2005–2015NationalHealthPartnershipPolicy(2013)(draft)NationalNutritionPolicy2015-2024(draft)NationalFoodSafetyPolicy2014-2024

NationalHealthAdministrationAct1997PNGPublicHealthAct1973PNGFoodSanitationAct1991&Regulation2007

Education NationalPlanforEducation2005-2014

Infrastructure PNGNationalWaterSanitationandHygiene(WaSH)Policy2015-2030

NationalWaterandSewerageAct1986NCDWaterSupplyandSewerageAct1996

Gender NationalPolicyforWomenandGenderEquality2011-2015

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4. PoliciesandStrategies

StrategicActionArea1:Productivityandfarmoutputgrowthofthemainfoodstaples,horticulture,smalllivestockandfishfarmingandincreasingefficienciesalongtheentirefoodvaluechain

Outcome1:Localfoodproductionincreasedandproducersbetterlinkedthroughefficientvaluechainstoprofitablemarketsandconsumers

Athrivingagriculturalsectorisneededtoreducepoverty,providefoodandnutritionsecurityandpromoteeconomicgrowthinruralareasandournationasawhole.Agrowingagriculturesectorwillalsopromoteruraldevelopment.Adequatepublicandprivateinvestmentforagriculturesectordevelopmentwithanappropriatelevelofinvestmentinsmallholderagriculture,foodmarketingandthefoodvaluechainwillthereforebeessentialtoachievingthefoodsecuritygoal.

Enhancingsmallholderproductivity,productioncapacityandrelatedvaluechaincompetivenessiscriticalforprotectingandsustainingfoodsecurityinPNG.Increasedagriculturalproductivitycanimprovenutritioninseveralways—byincreasingconsumptionfromone’sownproduction,bygeneratingmoreincometobuymorenutritiousfoodandobtainhealthcare,andbyreducingfoodprices.

Thenecessarysustainableincreaseinagriculturalproductionandproductivitytostrengthenfoodsecurityisultimatelydependentonprivatesectoractivity(particularlythecurrentlandholdersandvaluechainserviceproviders)andGovernmentwillthusstrivetocreateastablemacroeconomicandtransparentcoherentpolicyenvironmentconducivetogreaterengagementofprivate-sector,smallandmediumenterprises(SMEs)andsmallholderagriculturalinvestments.Theaimwillbetoimprovefoodvaluechainefficienciesandtargetinvestmentsintoprogramswhichhavethebestpotentialtoincreasecountry-widenutritiousfoodsupply,distributionandmarketing.

Investmentinagriculturalresearchandextensionwillalsobevitaltomeetthegrowingfooddemandsandbuildresilientfarmingsystems.PNGhasastrongnationalagricultureresearchcapacitythroughitsnationalinstituteanduniversitieswhichmustbesustainedandexpanded.StrongcoordinationbetweentheresearchagenciesandtheDALwillbeessentialtogetherwithincreaseddeliveryofimprovedtechnologyoutputsofresearchtofarmers’fields,andtovaluechainserviceproviders.Particularlyimportantwillbetoimprovevalueadditionandreducevalue-chainwastage.

Extensionservicesarelikelytoinvolveavarietyofwell-coordinatedarrangementsofpublic,NGOandprivateplayersincludingfarmerandsupply

Strategy1.1:Improvesmallholderagriculturalproductionandproductivityfocusingonmaintainingcontinuityinsupplyofarangeofqualityproductstoimprovenutritionalhealthstatus.

Strategy1.2:Increaseinvestmentinadaptiveresearchanddevelopmentbuildingonlocalknowledgeandagro-biodiversitytoincreaseoveralldomesticfoodproduction,relatedvaluechaindevelopmentandsupportforcompetitivesmallholderagriculturalenterprises.

Strategy1.3:Improvethedeliveryofextensionservicestosmallholderfarmersandfoodvaluechainparticipants.

Strategy1.4:Inthecropsector,increasefocusongreaterproductivityandconsistentsupplyofadiverserangeofqualitynutritiousfoodcropsinrain-fedlowinputsystems.

Strategy1.5:Increasecompetivenessoflivestockproductionandproductivityofvaluechainsforsmallanimalsandtheirproducts(pigs,goatsandpoultryincludingegglayers).

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chaingroups.Theywillbefarmerandsupplychaindemand-driven,marketorientedanduseparticipatoryapproaches.Althoughextensionserviceswillbedirectedtoallproducersandvaluechainserviceproviders,specialattentionwillbegiventowomeninrecognitionoftheircriticalroleinfamilyhouseholdmanagementandfoodproduction.WhilsttheprimaryroleoftheCommodityBoardsistopromoteexportcropdevelopmenttheyalsocanplayanimportantroleinfacilitatingtransferofimprovedinputs,informationandtechnologiesfornutritiousfoodproduction.Iffarmhouseholdsarewell-fedandfoodsecurityisassuredgreaterattentionwillbepaidtoproductiveexportcropenterprises.Thisapproachwillenhancethevitalrolethatcashearnedfromtheexportscropsplaysinimprovingaccesstofoodforfarmhouseholds.

Recognizingthatalargeproportionofourfarmersdonothaveaccesstoirrigatedfarmlandincreasedattentionwillbefocusedonimprovingrain-fedfoodproductionsystemsparticularlyinuplandandhillsidelocations.Priorityinterventionswillincludepromotingconservationagricultureandincreaseddiversificationofdomesticfoodproductiontoimprovehouseholdaccesstoawiderrangeofnutritionallyadequatefoods.

Waterwillincreasinglybeaconstraintinagriculturalproductionthereforeimprovedirrigatedwatermanagementwillalsobeimportant.Protecting,maintainingandbuildingwaterstorageandsupplycapacityforagriculturalpurposes(includingstrategicallyplaceddams)willbecritical.

Agriculturalpracticesshouldpromoteadequate,healthyfoodwhileprotectingandcontributingtoenvironmentalsustainability.Governmentwillpromotefarmingsystemsandecosystemsperspectiveswhichencourageenvironmentallyfriendlyproductionsystems,includingintegratedcropmanagement,integratedpestmanagement,soilfertilitymanagement,agroforestryandaquaculture.Increasedattentionwillbegiventolandcapabilityassessmentinguidingchoiceofappropriatefarmingsystemsandagriculturalpractices.

Anessentialpreconditionforanysuccessfulproductiveenterpriseisthattheremustbeanidentifiedandsustainedmarketfortheproductthathaspotentialtoprovideproducersconsistentandattractivefinancialbenefits,andaviableproductdistributionandvalue-managementchainlinkingtheproducerstothemarketandtotheconsumerstogivetheconfidencetomakethenecessaryinvestmentsandchangesinpracticetosupplythesemarkets.Ademonstratedmarketdemandandfacilitatedaccesstomarketsisnecessarytostimulatesmallholdercommercialization.Forthistoberealizedimprovementinmarketlinkagesandproductqualityareneeded.Intimesofastrongandsustainedmarketdemandfarmerswillmoreactivelyseekandadoptproductivityenhancingtechnologyandmanagementmethodsaswellasimprovedpost-harvesthandlingandvalueaddingtechnologies.

Strategy1.6:Protectandenhancewatersourcesandstrengthenwaterandsoilusemanagementandapplicationofappropriate-scaleirrigationtechnologies.

Strategy1.7:improvethemanagementofcoastalandinlandfisheriesandsupportthedevelopmentofsustainableaquacultureandthevaluechainsfortheiroutputs.

Strategy1.8:Promoteandstrengthenpartnershipsforawholeofvaluechainapproachtofacilitatetheestablishmentofefficientviablecompetitivefoodproduction,distributionandmarketingfrominputsupplies,throughfarmproduction,distributionandprocessingtoendmarketsandconsumers.

Strategy1.9:Encourageandsupporttheformationofsmallandmediumenterprises(SME)inthefoodsector.

Strategy1.10:Strengthenvaluechain/marketinfrastructure,marketinformationandbusinesssupportservices(includingfinancialinclusionandaffordablecreditfacilities,businessskillsdevelopmentandtraining)tosmallfarmers,fishersandSMEsinthefoodsector.

Strategy1.11:Ensurethatallinterventionprogramsaregenderfocusedandgenderresponsive.

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AneffectiveNationalFoodMarketingSystem(NFMS)isessentialtoprovidereliableandaffordablelocalfoodproducetothegrowingPNGpopulation.ThereforeGovernmentwillpromoteawholeofvaluechainapproachworkinginpartnershipwiththefarmingcommunity,traders,transporterswholesalers,retailersandagri-businessesinthefoodindustrytofacilitateandsupporttheestablishmentofefficientviableandcost-effectivefoodvaluechainsfrominputsupplies,throughfarmproduction,distributionlogisticstoendmarketsandconsumers.

InlinewiththeNationalAquaculturePolicyandfisheriesprioritiesgreaterfocuswillbegiventoensuringabettersupplyoffisheryproductstodomesticmarketsandraisingnationalconsumptionoffisheryproducts.

Reinforcingmarketchainsforproductsbasedonlocalandtraditionalnutritiousfoodcropsandseafood,wheresmall-farmersandfishershavespecialisedknowledgewillbeencouraged.Theseproductsstrengthenresilienceandreduceriskforsmallfarmersbecausetheycanflexiblyshiftbetweenproductionforhomeconsumptionandthemarketdependingonopportunity.

AtthepresentstageofPNG’seconomicandprivatesectordevelopment,supportingmarketlinkagesforthemajorityofsmallholders/ruralpopulationremainsapublicgood.Alsopossibleuseoftargetedtimeboundsubsidiestoaddressmarketfailuresneedtobeconsidered(examplescouldbeforfarminginputs/improvedplantingmaterialsandseeds,transport,coldstorageanddistributioninfrastructureandinformation).Whensubsidiesareprovidedthesewillaimtoimprovequalityfoodproduction,supplyanddistribution,butnotdistortmarketsforprivatesectoractivity.Itistheprivatesectortraderswhoultimatelywillbethemostimportantandsustainablelinkforfarmers’accesstomarketsforoutputs,inputsandusefulinformation.

Improvedroadtransportservicesalongwithstrategicallylocatedcoolstoragefacilitiesandimprovedmarketinfrastructure(alongwithessentialutilities,includingreliablepowersupply,safewaterandtelecommunications)areessentialrequirementsforboostingdomestictradeinagricultureandfisheriesproducts.Whenmunicipalmarketplacesofferagoodarrayandqualityofproducetheymakeamajorcontributiontosmallbusinessenterprisedevelopmentandfoodsecurity.Apolicyprioritythereforeistocontinuetoimprovedomesticmarket,storageanddistributioninfrastructureandpost-harvestmanagementforperishableproducts(includingforlivestockandfisheriesproducts)asameanstostimulatelocalfoodproduction,enhancefoodqualityandsafetyandreducewastage,thusincreasingmarketopportunities,employmentandruralincomes.Domesticmarketingislargelytheresponsibilityofwomenandtheyshouldbefullyinvolvedandleadinginitiativesandindecision-makinginplanningofmarketdevelopmentsandmarketmanagement.

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StrategicActionArea2:Buildingstabilityandresilienceintofoodproductionandsupplysystems.

Outcome2:Enhancedstabilityandresilienceinfoodproductionandsupply

Sustainablemanagementofagriculture,forestandfisheriesresourcesandsoilandwaterresourcesunderpinstheachievementofsustainablelivelihoodsandfoodandnutritionsecurityforallPapuaNewGuineans.Theseresourcesareasourceoffood,shelterandeconomicdevelopment,thusmanagingthemsustainablyiscrucialtoensuringtheycontinuetoprovideimportantecosystemservicessuchasclimatechangemitigation,watershedprotection,biodiversityconservationandfoodproduction.

SteepslopeswithshallowsoilswhereagricultureisfrequentlypracticedinPapuaNewGuineaareverysusceptibletoerosion.Unsustainablelanduseandforestdegradationhasalreadytakenaheavytollonthewatercycle,resultinginperiodicwatershortages,flashfloodsandlandslides.Theinevitableconsequencesarelowercropyields,cropfailuresandfoodshortages.Healthywatercatchments,rivers,forestsandsoilsarenecessaryforproductivefarmsandahealthypopulation.PNG’slandandwaterresourcesmustbemanagedtoavoidfurtherdegradationandtominimizetheriskofenvironmentaldamageandlossofbiodiversity.Forestprotection,reforestationandsustainableland,soilandwatermanagementremainhighpriorities.

ClimatestudiespredictthattheclimateinPapuaNewGuineawillbecomewarmerandwetterandtheintensityofextremerainfalleventswillincrease.FormostofPNG,anincreaseintotalrainfallandalessseasonaldistributionwouldhaveanegativeimpactonagriculture.IfENSOeventsoccurmoreoftenassomemodelspredict,morefrostswillresultathigh-altitudelocationswhichwillalsohavenegativeimpactonagriculture.Suchpotentialimpactsofclimatechangeposefurtherchallengesforfarmersandthreatstostabilityinfoodproduction.Increaseinrainfallintensityandchangingrainfallpatternswouldexacerbatesoilerosion,landslides,localfloodingandwateravailability.

Warmertemperaturesarealsolikelytoincreasetheincidenceofsomecropandlivestockdiseasesandvector-bornediseasessuchasmalariaanddenguefever.Floods,droughtandothernaturaldisasters—madeworsebyclimatechange—cantransformmarginalformsofpovertyintochronicvulnerabilityandfoodandnutritioninsecurity.Boldactionsareneededtoprotect,restore,andmanageland,soil,andwatersustainablytoalleviateruralpovertyandhungerandensurelong-termfoodsecurity.Increasedattentionneedstobepaidtolandcapabilityandlanduseplanning.

Strategy2.1:Enhancecapacitiesinruralcommunities,landownersandfarmerstousenaturalresourcesinasustainablemannertosupportanadequateandstablesupplyofdomesticallyproducednutritiousfood.

Strategy2.2:Conserveandincreasetheuseoftraditionalcropbiodiversity(andindigenoussmalllivestockbreeds),andcautiouslyintroducenewcropvarietieswhichcanextendthetolerancerangeofcropgrowingconditions(e.g.todrought,excessmoisture,salinesoilconditionsandhighertemperatures).

Strategy2.3:Developandextend‘climatesmart’traditionalandscience-basedagriculturaltechnologiesandpractices.

Strategy2.4:Ensureawell-functioningbiosecurityservicetoensureadequatelevelsofmanagementandcontrolofspreadofendemicallyoccurringpestsanddiseasesandprotectionofPNG’splantandanimalhealthstatusfromestablishmentandspreadofintroducedexoticpestsanddiseases.

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PNG is blessed with a wide diversity of plant genetic resources. The broadgeneticbaseof foodcropscurrentlyavailable inPNGprovides resilienceandtoleranceagainstmajorpest anddiseaseoutbreaks andwill provide farmerswithmoreoptionstomeetfuturethreatsandchallengesincludingthepotentialimpactsofclimatechange.Maintainingandutilizingthisrichgeneticpoolforfood crop improvement including increased productivity, quality andnutritionalvaluewillbevitaltoensuresustainablefoodsecurityinPNG.

Additionally,ensuringnationalbio-securityisalsoessentialtoprotectingbiodiversityandmaintainingproductivecapacityforfoodsecurityandtoprotectplant,animalandhumanhealth.Strengtheningbiosecuritycontrolandinterventionstargetingendemicemergingpestsanddiseases,particularlyinrespectofmeasurestopreventandmangerisksoftheirspreadandadaptationtoadditionalhostcrops.;strengtheningquarantinebordercontrols,harmonizationofbiosecurity,foodsafetyandcustomsclearancecontrolsthrough‘singlewindow’processingintegration,andensuringthatimportandexportactivitiescomplywithinternationalquarantinestandardsarethereforehighpriorities.Asisdevelopingcontingencyresponseplansforinvasivepestanddiseaseincursions.

Establishingriskmanagementsystemsandtools,toprovidefood-basedsafetynetsthatofferimmediaterelieftodisadvantagedgroupsduringcrises;buildingadequateemergencyfoodreservesandreliefsystems(includingseedbanks)asabuffertonaturalandhuman-madedisasters;andoverthelonger-termpreservingandextendingfoodcropgeneticbiodiversityandadopting‘climatesmart’agriculturalpracticestosustainagriculturalproductivitywillallbenecessarytoprotectfoodandnutritionsecurity.

Systemsforimproveddisastermitigationandaddressingrisksarebeingputinplaceanddisasterpreparednessandmanagementplansshouldindicatehowfoodandagriculturalsystemswillbeeffectivelymanagedandprotectedintimesofdisastersandcrisis.TheFoodSecuritypolicyframeworkwillbealignedtonationaldisasterpreparednessandmitigationpolicy.

Maintainingstrategicfoodreservesprovideacriticalbufferduringtimesofdisasterorcrisisforvulnerablecommunities.Thesebufferstocksneedtobewellmanagedtoensuresufficientavailabilityofgoodqualityfoodintimesofneed.Thispolicywillpromoteandsupportimprovedstrategicfoodstoragefromfarmhouseholdlevel,throughtovillage,districtandnationallevels.Recognizingthehighcostsofmaintainingphysicalfoodstocksandthepotentialthesehavetodistortmarketsignals,approacheswhichinvolvecommercialsectorfoodtradersholdingmandatedstrategicbufferstockstomitigateshort-termsupplyshockswillbeexplored.

Inaddition,processing,preservationandconsumptionoffoodgrainandespeciallypulsecropsbecauseoftheirbetterstorageattributes,comparedtotraditionalrootandtubercropswillbepromoted.Athouseholdlevelbuildingcapacityinsmallscalefoodprocessing,preservationandsafestorage(e.g.

Strategy2.5:Exploreandpromoteappropriateapproachestomaintainingadequatestrategicfoodreserves.

Strategy2.6:Buildcapacityinsmallscalefoodprocessing,preservationandstorageathouseholdandcommunitylevels.

Strategy2.7:Streamlineandimprovecoordinationofhumanitarianfooddistributiontovulnerablehouseholdsandcommunitiesintimesofdisastersandextremeneed.

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cassavaflour,driedfruitsetc.)tosupplementhouseholdfoodsuppliesduringleanperiodswillbesupported.Processingoffoodstoallowforlongerpreservationalsocontributestodietdiversity.

Theprivatesectorfood(e.g.rice)distributionnetworkappearedtofunctionwellfollowingthe1997drought–relativetothepublicsector/aiddistributionsystems-thereforeanappropriateapproach,undersuchcircumstanceswhereprivatefoodmarketsareoperating,maybeforgovernment(andaidagencies)todeliverfoodvouchers(ratherthanbagsofrice)tohouseholdsinvulnerablecommunitieswhohaveaccesstopurchasericefromthecommercialdistributionsystem.Thisshouldalsobetteraccommodatetargetingtotheneediestandstrengthenratherthancompetewithprivatebusinessoperations.However,thereshallremainacriticalneedforaid-distributedfoodsuppliesforthesubsectorofPNGsocietythatdoesnothaveaccesstofoodmarketsofanykind.

Fromtheperspectiveofimprovingtargetingofinterventions(particularlytodisadvantagedandvulnerablegroups),aspromulgatedinthispolicy,itwillbenecessarytodevelopamoredisaggregateddatabaseatthedistrictandlocallevels.TheGovernmentalsorecognizestheneedtohaveinplaceaneffectiveearlywarningsystemthatprovidesalertsonnutritionandfoodinsecuritywhichmaybeprecipitatedbyemergenciessuchasdrought,floods,tsunami,earthquakeorunfavorablefoodmarketconditions.Thisinformationisnecessarytoimprovegovernment’sabilitytoquicklyrespondtoreducefoodinsecurityandefficientlyallocateitsmaterialandfinancialresourcestowheretheyaremostneeded.

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StrategicActionArea3:Enhancednutrientcontentandbalanceoffoodproductsconsumedbynutritionallyvulnerablehouseholdsandindividuals.

Outcome3:Vulnerablehouseholdsandindividualsconsumingahealthybalancednutritiousdiet

ToaddressmalnutritioninPNGagriculturalpolicies,programs,andinvestmentsneedtobedesignedandimplementedtoachieveclearnutritiongoals.Effectivestrategiestoenhancefoodandnutritionsecuritymustalsotakeintoaccounttheneedsofthosewhoalreadylackfoodandnutritionsecurityandthosevulnerabletoalackoffoodandnutritionsecurity.Healthyfood,alongwithhealthcareandeducation,mustbeavailabletoallregardlessofincome.

PapuaNewGuineadisplaysanenormousdiversityinitsgeography,ecologyandhumanbiology;thediversityofthelandscape,andagricultureandculturalpracticesresultinwidedifferencesinthenutritionoutcomesamongtheregions.Athouseholdlevel,familywealthandgeographiclocationaresignificantfactorsassociatedwithmalnutritionofchildren,withchildrenfrompoorerfamiliesbeingsignificantlymorelikelytobemalnourished.

AdequatenutritionofchildreninPNGiscloselyassociatedwiththefoodproductionsystemswheretheyliveandbydifferencesindiet.MostofthefactorsassociatedwithchildgrowthcanberelatedinoneformoranothertodifferencesinlocalsubsistenceagriculturemakingagricultureoneofthemaindeterminantsofchildgrowthandnutritionpatternsinPNG.Qualityofthefoodconsumedisasimportantasthequantity,fortheimprovementinnutritionalstatus.Thequalityoffood(forexample,intakeofproteinandfats)resultsingreatvariationintheextentofprotein-energymalnutritionamongchildren.Thereforeincreasingavailabilityandaccesstonutrientdense/proteinrichfoodssuchfish,animalmeats,eggsandlegumepulsesisastrategicpriority.Additionally,peopleneedtobeempoweredeconomicallytoaccessandconsumethesenutritiousfoodsandprovidedwithinformationtoenablethemtomakehealthyfoodchoices.

Ournationalfoodsecuritystrategieshaveoftenfocusedmoregenerallyonagricultureandfoodsupply,neglectingtheimportanceoffoodqualitytonutrition.Goingforward,effectiveprogramsandprojectswillneedtobelocationspecific,designedtomeetthespecificneedsofparticularregions,areasordistricts.Moreover,acknowledgingresourceconstraints(bothhumanandfinancial)meansthatprogramresponseswillneedtobenutritionfocusedandtargetedtothoseareasingreatestneed.Therefore,improved

Strategy3.1:Strengthencapacitytomapallcommunitiesnationallythatareparticularlyvulnerabletolackoffoodandwatersecurityandgoodnutritionandensurethatappropriateinterventionsaretargetedtoreachthesegroups.

Strategy3.2:Boostresearchintonutrientrichcropsandimprovedlivestockbreeds.

Strategy3.3:Increaseavailabilityoffoodfromanimal(includingfish)sourcesathouseholdlevel.

Strategy3.4:UseagricultureasaplatformfordeliveryofmessagingonnutritionknowledgeandpracticesandworkcloselywiththeVocationalSchoolsineachdistrict.

Strategy3.5:Promoteincreasedconsumptionofdiversediets(includingprotein-richproductsespeciallymeat,eggs&fish)particularlyamongpregnantwomen,adolescentgirls,andyoungchildren.

Strategy3.6:Throughpartnershipsbetweeneducation,agricultureandhealth,trialschoolfeedingprogramsincorporatinglocallyproducednutritiousfoods.

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foodandnutritionsecurityinformationwillbevitalforbetterdecisionmakingonprograminterventionsindifferentlocations.

Peoplefromallincomegroupsareexperiencinghealthproblemsandsometimesprematuredeathsduetoarangeoffactorsincludingpoorqualitydiet,lessthanoptimalnutrition,andexposuretounsafefoodandwater.Poordietarypracticesresultfromlimitedaccesstoqualitynutritioninformationandservicesandthelowpurchasingpowerfornutritiousfood.Consequently,manyofourchildrenandadultsdonoteatabalanceddietwiththerecommendedamountofcarbohydratestaples,protein-richfoods(meatandfish),vegetablesandfruit.Studentswithdecreasedoveralldietqualityaremorelikelytoperformpoorlyinschool,andhavemorebehavioralandemotionalproblems.Butlowawarenessonnutritionbymothers,fathersandcommunityleadersremainsoneoftheprimaryfactorsunderminingnutritionrelatedprograms.Agricultureprogramsthatdirectlyinteractwithfarmersofferasignificantopportunitytodeliverinformationaboutpracticesandbehaviorsthatimprovenutritionalongsideinformationonagriculture.

Governmentwillthereforestrengthenandexpandthisintegrationofnutritioneducationintoouragriculturalprograms.Particularattentionwillbefocusedonlocally-adaptedcropvarietiesrichinmicronutrientsandproteintogetherwithincreasingavailabilityoffoodfromanimal(includingfish)sourceathouseholdlevel.Supportwillbedirectedtoproductionofsmalllivestock,poultryandegglayersandaquaculturebecausetheyofferuniqueopportunitiestoimprovedietarydiversityandnutritionatthehouseholdlevel.Extendingthedistributionofimprovedsmalllivestockbreedsandaquaculturefingerlingsaswellasimprovinglocallivestockfeedsourceswillbeimportant.Inparticular,wewillworktoreachwomenfarmersandtoensurethattheirincreasedproductivitywilltranslateintoimprovedhealthandnutritionfortheirfamilies.Schoolfoodgardenswillalsobeencouraged.

Whilstunder-nutritionremainsacriticalchallengeoverweightandobesityisashighas25percentamongadultsinsomecommunitieswhichisasignificantriskfactorfortheincreaseinlifestylerelatednon-communicablediseases(NCDs).Improvingtheavailabilityoflowercost,nutritionallysuperiorandlocalfoodproductswillbeacriticalstrategytoimprovingdiets,healthandfoodsecurityinPNG.ThroughpartnershipwithourcivilsocietyandNGOsgovernmentwillfacilitateandpromotesustainedcommunitycampaignsthatpromotehealthyfoodchoices.

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StrategicActionArea4:Empowermentofwomeninagriculture

Outcome4:Sustainableincomegeneratingopportunitiesforwomenincreasedtoenhanceeconomicaccesstonutritiousfoodforchildrenandfamilies

InPNG,womenmakeupalmost50percentofthepopulationwithnearly90percentofthemengagedinagriculture,fisheriesandforestry.Theyproducethebulkofthenation’sfoodbutoftenwithouttheircontributionsbeingrecognized.Also,theyfacesignificantchallengesinfoodproductionandtrade.Law-and-orderproblemsincludinghold-ups,theftandsexualharassmentbymenmeantheycannotparticipatefreelyinmarketingwhichgreatlylimitswomen’saccesstoincome.Socialconstraintsplacebarriersaroundwomen’saccesstoscientificandtechnologicalinformation.InmanyPNGsub-culture(butnotall),lackofcollateraldenieswomenaccesstoagriculturalcredit,whilecultureortraditionsaccordownershipoflandandotherresourcestomen.Toenhancethecontributionofwomeninfoodproductionandsupplyandtoensurefoodsecurityatthehouseholdlevel,theempowermentconstraintsfacingwomeninagricultureneedtobeadequatelydealtwith.

Globalexperiencehasclearlyshownthatwherewomenhaveincreasedaccesstoincomegeneratingopportunitiesandsocialdecision-makingempowermentatcommunitylevel,householdnutritionimproves.Amongagricultureprojectsthathaveimprovednutrition,women’sactiveinvolvementhasbeenaconsistentelement.Villageconsultationsduringthepreparationofthispolicyindicatedthatwomenputaveryhighpriorityontheirchildren’seducationandnutrition.Thispolicythereforepromotesopportunityforincreasedincomeearningbywomenandtheirempowermentindecision-makingprocesses.

Thesmall-scalefisheriessector(seafishers,reefgleaners,shellfishgathers,andaquaculture)offersthepotentialforcreatingsignificantincomegeneratingandemploymentopportunitiesforbothcoastalandinlandcommunitiesandparticularlyforwomen.Developingthefisheriessectorwillservethedualpurposeofimprovingnutritionalstatusandhouseholdincomes.

Women’saccesstofinancetofacilitatedevelopmentofsmall-scaleruralenterpriseswillneedtobestrengthenedandexpandedalongwithappropriatesmallbusinesstrainingandmentoringprograms.

Womenhaveaveryhighworkload,whichaffectstheirhealth.Thenutritionalstatusofwomenisdependentontheirdietandtheirworkload,andontheirnutritionalstatusdependstheirabilitytocareforandproperlyfeedtheirchildren.Giventhesignificanttimeconstraintsonwomen,interventionsthat

Strategy4.1:Tomaximizeimpactofhouseholdincomeonthefamily’snutrition,increasewomen’saccesstoincome-generatingopportunities,especiallyviaincreasedattentiontocrops/livestockproducedbywomen.

Strategy4.2:Increasefocusandresourcestosustainabledevelopmentofthesmall-scalefisheriessectorbydevelopingviabledistribution,valueadditionandmarketingchains.

Strategy4.3:Expandmicro-financeaccessandsmallenterprisecreation,mentoringandsupportprogramsforwomen.

Strategy4.4:Improvewomen’saccesstoextensionservices,technology,inputs,marketsandinformationandsupportcapacitybuildingthroughstrengthenedruralresourcecentres.

Strategy4.5:Investinlaborandtime-savingandproductivityenhancingtechnologiesfortasksperformedbywomen(e.g.weeding,foodprocessing,firewoodandwatercollection).

Strategy4.6:Providesupportandworkthroughwomen’sorganizations(e.g.PNGWiADF,WomeninBusiness,andtheProvincialCouncilofWomen.

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affectwomen’stimeallocationcanhelpimprovetheirownnutritionaswellasthatoftheirchildren.Improvementofvillagewaterandfirewoodsupplies,includingbringingthemclosertovillages,andincreasedsupportforlabour-savingfarmtechnologieswouldhelptoreducewomen’sworkload;alsoimportantwillbeprovidinghealthyandefficientenergysourcesandcookingfacilities.

Therearenumerousnon-governmentorganizationsworkingongendersensitivefoodandnutritionsecurityprojects.DALwillcoordinateitsactivitiesandforgepartnershipswiththeseestablishednetworkstopromotebestpracticesthatreachfamiliesandwomenfarmersatthecommunity/villagelevel.

Womenhavelongbeentrainedasextensionofficers(didimeri)inserviceprovisionforagriculture,butthefemale-to-maleratioofemployeesasapercentageoftotalagriculturesectoremployeesactivelyinvolvedinextension,trainingandresearchhasfallen.Restoringthebalanceoftrainedwomeninagricultureextensionserviceswillbepursued.

StrategicActionArea5:Strengthenedgovernance,coordination,monitoringandcommunication

Outcome5:Successfulimplementationoffoodsecuritypolicyandprogramsatnational,provincial,districtandlocallevels

Policyimplementationwillrequirebringingtogethermultipleagenciesandgroupsincludingtheprivatesectorandbusinessorganizations(atnational,provincial,districtandlocal-level)thatareintendedtoworkinconcert;thereforeeffectivecoordinationwillbefundamentaltosuccess.

Thefirstandperhapsmostimportantsteptowardsencouraginggreaterinvestmentinimprovedfoodandnutritionsecuritybyboththepublicandprivatesector,istheeffectiveco-ordinationofstakeholders,andtheirclearcommunicationofpolicyneedsandobjectives.Thisisparticularlyimportantinthecontextoflinkinglocallevel,districtandprovincialneedsandplanningprocessesintothenationalpolicyimplementationframework.

TheBillforthe‘NationalAgricultureAdministrationAct2014’ prescribestheadministrativegovernancestructureforimplementationandmonitoringofnationalagriculturepolicyandplans-implementationoftheNFSPwillbealignedtothislegislativeframework.FollowingareviewandreformulationofanewNationalAgriculturePlan(NAP),thefoodsecurityimplementationplanandprogramswillbesubsumedundertheNAP.DAL(FoodSecurityBranch)will

Strategy4.7:Promoteawholeoffamilyapproachtogenderandmaleadvocacytoenhancewomen’sroleindecisionmakingrelatingtoagriculture,agribusinessandhouseholdnutrition.

Strategy4.8:Ensureagenderbalanceinagriculturetrainingandprovisionofextensionservices.

Strategy5.1:Strengthenpublic-privatesectorgovernancesystemsandarrangementstoenhanceprivatesectorroleindecisionmakingtoenhancedevelopmentoffoodvaluechainsandthefoodeconomymorebroadly.

Strategy5.2:Strengthenthegovernanceandcoordinatingstructureessentialforeffectivemulti-sectoralfoodsecuritypolicyoversight,implementation,monitoringandresponseatnational,provincialanddistrictlevels).

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havealeadershiproleinfoodsecuritypolicyformulationandcoordinationofimplementingpartners,securingfinanceandmonitoringandreportingonprogress.TheFreshProduceDevelopmentAgency(FPDA)andNationalAgricultureResearchInstitute(NARI)willassumeanexpandedroleinimplementationofsupportforfoodsecurityprogramsandactions.

RecognizingtheimportanceofgooddataandanalysisforsoundpolicydecisionmakingandtheverysignificantissuesthatcurrentlyexistrelatedtodataqualitythisPolicypromotesacoordinatedcapacitybuildingefforttoimprovetheflowandqualityofinformationonfoodandnutritionsecurityintendedtoguideandsupporteffectiveevidence-basedpolicymakingandprogramming.

Thedatacollectedshouldaimtobetterlinkfoodsecurityandnutritionstatusandoutcomestomacroeconomic,poverty,agriculture,health,education,socialprotectionandotheraspectsoftheunderlyingcausesoffoodandnutritioninsecurityandincludeclimatevariabilityandtrendsinthemonitoringsystems.Itwillalsobenecessarytobuildcapacityin-countrytoundertakepolicy-relevantanalysisoffood,nutritionandhealthproblems.

ResponsibilitiesandrequirementsforagriculturedatacollectionandreportingarelaidoutintheNationalAgricultureAdministrationBill.Relevantagriculturedataforfoodsecurityplanningandmonitoringwillbecollected.Thisdatawillinformpolicyimplementationmonitoring,anintegratedmulti-sectoralmonitoringsystemforfoodandnutritionsecurityandthenationalstatisticalsystem.

Keyagricultureminimumdatasetswillbeidentifiedformonitoringfoodsecurityandwillbeusedtodefineindicatorsinacommonresultsmonitoringframeworkforfoodandnutritionsecurity(referalsotoChapterFive–MonitoringandEvaluationintheNationalNutritionPolicy2015-2024).

Strategy5.3:Reviewinstitutional/humanresourceneedstoeffectivelyimplementthefoodsecuritypolicy,andwhereneededensuredesignatedfoodrelatedpositionsareestablishedandadequatelyresourcedateachlevel.

Strategy5.4:Providetrainingandadvocacyonrolesandresponsibilitiesofstakeholdersintheeffectiveimplementationofthefoodsecuritypolicy.

Strategy5.5:Buildacriticalmassofhumancapabilitytogetherwithappropriateresourcestoeffectivelycollect,integrate,analyzeandreportcredible(genderdisaggregated)foodandnutritionstatisticsinatimelyway.

Strategy5.6:Continuetoimprovestandardizationofapproachesandindicatorsusedinthemultiplenationalsurveyswhichcollectinformationrelevanttofoodandnutritionsecurity(e.g.PopulationCensus,HIES,SurveyofLivingStandards,DemographicHealthSurveys,NutritionSurveysetc.).

Strategy5.7:Strengthenthefoodsecuritydatamanagement,informationandcommunicationsystemsincludingappropriateintegratedinformationmanagementsystemsinpublicandprivatesectors.

Strategy5.8:Supportthestrengtheningandtimelydistributionofdemand-drivenfood,nutritionandfoodvaluechaininformationproducts.

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5. OrganizationalResponsibilities

InstitutionalStructureforFoodandNutritionSecurityGovernanceandCoordinationCurrentlytheinstitutionalstructureofsupportservicesforfoodandnutritionsecurityisfragmentedwitharangeofgovernmentdepartments,NGOs,faith-basedorganizationsandprivatesectorentitiesallhavingimportantrolestoplay.Thereisaneedtoconsolidate,focusandcoordinatefunctionsacrosstheagenciesandtheprivatesectoractorswhodrivethefoodeconomy.DALwillworkcloselywiththeprivatesectorrepresentativeorganizationsandkeygovernmentagenciesincluding,departmentsofHealth,NationalPlanningandMonitoring,Education,CommunityDevelopmentandReligion,CommerceandTrade,TransportandCommunications,Environment,OfficeofClimateChangeandDisasterManagementCentre)togetherwithprovincialanddistrictauthoritiestocoordinatetheimplementationofthenutrition,foodsafety,WaSHandfoodsecuritypolicies(Figure3).

Viableapproacheswillbesoughttoleverageintegratedactionsacrossthemultiplesectorstoachievegainsinagriculture,nutrition,andhealthsimultaneously.Theaimwillbetoensurethatminimum(essential)packagesareprovidedineachsector,withgainsfromeachachievedinthecommunitiestargeted;hencebyexploitingsynergiesgaincompoundedfoodandnutritionsecuritybenefits.

Nutritionpolicy&programs

WaSHpolicy&programs

Foodsafetypolicy &programs

Foodsecuritypolicy&programs

CoordinatedDelivery

Figure3:FoodandNutritionSecurityPolicyImplementation

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TheNationalNutritionCommittee(NNC)6willbeanimportantbodyforcoordinationofthemulti-sectorinterventionstoimprovefoodandnutritionsecurity.TheNNCisintendedasaninterimbodytooperateforaninitialperiodoftwoyearswiththeintentionoftransitioningtoaNationalFoodandNutritionCouncilasthepinnaclecoordinationbodyforfoodandnutritionpolicycoordinationandmonitoring.

Alongwith(horizontal)centralcoordinationitwillalsobenecessarytoensureadequate(vertical)coordinationatdistrictandlocal-levelswheresupportforlocaldemand-drivendevelopment,particularlywiththeprivatesectorwillbeimplemented.Figure4belowillustratesthestructureforcoordinationthroughthedifferentpoliticalandadministrativetiersofgovernment.ThestructureisinlinewiththeBillfortheNationalAdministrationAct,whichprovidesanationalpolicyframeworkrelatingtoagriculturemattersanddefinestheadministrativearrangements,functionsandresponsibilitiesofProvincialGovernmentsandLocalLevelGovernmentsandtherelationshipbetweenthemandtheNationalDepartmentofAgriculture.

Notes:NAAAct=NationalAgricultureAdministrationAct;AICAct=AgricultureInvestmentCorporationofPapuaNewGuineaAct;NAP=NationalAgriculturePlan;NFSP=NationalFoodSecurityPolicy;NHAAct=NationalHealthAdministrationAct;NNP=NationalNutritionPolicy;PDP=ProvincialDevelopmentPlan;DDP=DistrictDevelopmentPlan;PA=ProvincialAuthority;DDA=DistrictDevelopmentAuthority;DAL=Departmentof

6TheNationalNutritionCommitteeestablishedbytheHealthBoardwillbeahighlevelExecutivecommittee,atnationallevelforharmonizeddelivery,liaisonandcoordinationofnutritionspecificandnutritionsensitiveactivitiesincludingfoodsecurityactions.

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Agriculture&Livestock;FSB=FoodSecurityBranch;FSWG=FoodSecurityWorkingGroup;TAG=TechnicalAdvisoryGroup;TWG=TechnicalWorkingGroup.

TheNFSPwillbeimplementedaspartofanapprovedNationalAgriculturePlan(NAP)7whichwillbedeclaredthenationalagriculturepolicyforthewholecountry,andwillbecoordinatedandmonitoredatprovincial,districtandlocallevelsbyagriculturecommitteesasprescribedintheNAA.TheDALFoodSecurityBranch(FSB)willfacilitatetheformationofaFoodSecurityTechnicalAdvisoryGroup(FSTAG)atnationallevelandFoodSecurityWorkingGroups(FSWG)atprovincial,districtandlocallevelstoadvisetheDALmanagementandtheagriculturecommitteesonmattersrelatedtoimplementationandmonitoringoftheNFSP.TheFSTAGandFSWGswillincludefoodsecurityandagricultureexpertisefromrelevantgovernmentagencies[e.g.DAL(includingarepresentativeongenderissues),NationalAgricultureResearchInstitute(NARI),FreshProduceDevelopmentAgency(FPDA);NationalQuarantineInspectionAuthority(NAQIA),NationalFisheriesAuthority(NFA)etc.]andalsodrawonexpertisefromtheprivatesector,non-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)andthefoodpolicyresearchcommunity[e.g.UniversityofPapuaNewGuinea(UPNG),UniversityofGoroka,NationalResearchInstitute(NRI),InstituteofNationalAffairs(INA)etc.].WherenecessarytheFSTAGwillprovidesupportandmentoringtotheprovincial,districtandlocallevelFSWGs.Toensuremulti-sectorhorizontalcoordinationoffoodandnutritionsecurityactionstheFSTAGwilladvisetheDALDeputySecretaryPolicy,whowillbeamemberoftheNationalNutritionCommittee.Atprovincial,districtandlocallevelstherelevantFSWGwillhavearepresentativeinthenutritioncommitteeatthatlevel.

Foodsecuritystrategiesandactionswillbeincludedaspartofagriculturedevelopmentplansinprovincialdevelopmentplansandstrategicimplementationplans.TheNFSPwillalsoformthebasisforthedistrictsandLLGstodevelopfoodsecuritycomponentsintheirrollingfive-yeardevelopmentplansandotherrelevantstrategies.

InstitutionalRolesandResponsibilitiesInter-sectorcollaborationonfoodsecurityandnutritionwillrequireclarityonrolesandresponsibilities,includingjointplanning,jointresourcemobilization,jointmonitoringandjointimplementation.KeygovernmentdepartmentsandagenciesandotherstakeholderswithimportantrolesforachievingthefivedevelopmentoutcomesarelistedintheSummaryFoodSecurityPolicyFrameworkinAnnex1.However,thispolicyframeworkdoesnotattempttostipulateanexhaustiveandall-inclusivelistofstakeholdersandtheirroles.Whenoperationalplansaredetailedtheyshouldidentifyanddefinewhoisresponsibleforimplementationofspecificactivitiesandthecostsshouldbeincludedintherelevantsector/corporateplansandfoodsecuritybudgetline.Itisalsorecognizedthatcloseworkingrelationshipsandpartnershipbetweenthepublicagencies,privatesectorandcivilsocietyorganizationswillbeessentialtoachievingthedesireddevelopmentoutcomes.

PartnershipsDALwillplayaleadershiproleinpolicyformulation,coordination,monitoringandreportingimplementation,andsourcingfinancialresourcesfromthenational,provincialanddistrictlevelgovernmentsandinternationaldevelopmentpartnerstoimplementactivitiestoachievetheanticipated

7CurrentlytheNationalAgricultureDevelopmentPlan(NADP)2007-2016whichwillbereviewedandrevisedtoanewnationalagricultureplangoingforward

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policydevelopmentoutcomes.Theimplementationofthevariousstrategiesofthepolicywilldrawstronglyuponpartnershipswithprivatesector,establishedNGOs,developmentagencies,andothergovernmentdepartmentstoutilizetheirexistingnetworks,technicalknowledgeandexperienceontheground.LeveragingtechnicalsupportforareasimportanttofoodsecuritythatareoutsideofthecorebusinessofDALwillrequireeffectivecommunicationofthepolicyandcoordinationwithrelevantpartnerstogettheirbuyinandcollaborationintheirareasofcomparativeadvantage.

6. PolicyImplementationAdetailedandcostedimplementationplanwillbeprepared.Implementationofthepolicystrategicactionswillbebrokendownintoanumberofmutuallysupportingpriorityprogramsdesignedtodeliverthefoodsecuritydevelopmentoutcomes.Eachprogramshallbetranslatedintoafullycostedoperationalplanforimplementationduringtheperiod2018-2027.Annualworkplansatprovincial,district,andlocallevelswillcomefromthese,reflectinglocalcapacity,prioritiesandneeds.

Thedevelopmentoftheimplementation/operationalplanswillbedoneincloseconsultationwithimplementingandsupportingagenciesincorporatingjointplanningandparticipation(facilitatedbytheDALFoodSecurityBranch)toensurethatmultipleviews,needsandconcernsinresolvingpriorityfoodandnutritionsecurityissuesatdifferentlevelsaretakenintoaccountandnegotiated.Manyactionsnecessarytoachievethefourkeydevelopmentoutcomeswillalreadybeintegraltoothersectorandagencyactionprogramse.g.fisheries,FPDA,NARIandotherresearchanddevelopmentinstitutions,health/nutrition,environment(includingdisasterriskmanagementandclimatechange),education,andinfrastructure.Carewillbetakenthatallfoodandnutritionsecurityprogramsarecoordinatedandnotduplications.

Toensureproperalignmentofresultsdowntheplanninglevels,thedevelopmentofimplementationplansshallpickuptheplanningprocessfromtheinterventionstrategylevelundereachofthedevelopmentoutcomeresultareas,asoutlinedinthePolicyFrameworkMatrix(Annex1),andunpackeachinterventionstrategyintoitsnecessarybroad-basedactivities.Activitydeliverytimeframe,responsibilityforcarryingouteachactivityandtheexpectedoutputsandintendedbeneficiariesshouldalsobedetailed.Thecostofimplementingthestrategywillbesharedamongrelevantsector/agencybudgetsatnationalandprovinciallevelsanddistrictsupportgrants,developmentpartners’foodandnutritionsecuritysupportandprivatesectorinvestments.TheMinistryofFinancewillworktogetherwithDAL,theProvincialAuthoritiesandtheDistrictDevelopmentAuthorities(throughtheDistrictDevelopmentBoard)andotherstakeholderstoensurecoordinationofinvestmentsinfoodandnutritionsecurityandsubsequentlythattheseinvestmentsaredeliveringtheanticipatedresults.

Theimplementationofintegratedactionsthroughpartnershipswillbeacentralfocusalongwithconsistencyandcoherencebetweenfoodandnutritionsecuritypolicy,andmacroeconomic,trade,agriculture,fisheries,health,education,infrastructure,disastermanagementandclimatechangepolicy.Thecombinedfoodandnutritionsecuritypolicyframeworkshouldhelptoalignfoodsecurityandnutritionrelevantprogramswithinacommonresultsframework.

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7. MonitoringandEvaluationAneffectiveandaffordablemonitoringandevaluation(M&E)systemwillbeessentialtoensurethatpolicydirectionsareachievingdesiredpolicyoutcomesandimpact.Thiswillrequireinitiallythatthereissufficientbaselinedatainplace,andsubsequently,systematicdatacollectiononrelevantindicators.Goodmonitoringwillallowappropriateadjustmentstothepolicyframeworkasimplementationunfolds.Effectivelydemonstratingthequalityandimpactofresourcesshouldhelpfacilitateincreasedcommitmentstostrengtheningfoodandnutritionsecurity.

Currentlytherearedatalimitationsformonitoringpolicyoutcomesandafirstprioritywillthereforebetoestablishaminimumsetofcoreindicatorsthatneedtobemeasured.Itwillthenbeimportanttoensuretherelevantdataiscollectedinanyfutureagricultureandcommunitysurveys,HouseholdIncomeandExpenditureSurveys,DemographicHealthSurveys,NutritionSurveys,andPopulationCensus.

AttheimpactanddevelopmentoutcomelevelstheM&EMatrixinAnnex2identifiesbroadindicatorsthatshouldbetracked.Atthestrategyoutputlevelindicators,dataandtargetswillneedtobeestablishedatamoredisaggregatedleveltoreflectregionalcontextandpriorities.Gender,ageandgeographicaldisaggregationwillhelptofacilitatemonitoringofbothpositiveandnegativeimpactsonvulnerablecommunitiesandgroups.

TheDALinclosecooperationwiththeNationalStatisticsOffice(NSO)andtheDepartmentofHealthwillberesponsibleforestablishingtheM&Eframeworkandpreparingregularpolicyimplementationreports.

ReportingonpolicyandprogramimplementationwillfollowtheprocessforagriculturepolicyreportingdescribedintheNationalAgricultureAdministrationBill.TheFoodSecurityBranchwillfurnishtotheSecretaryofDAL,onorbeforethe30Marcheveryyear,anAnnualReportonprogressandperformanceoffoodsecuritypolicyprogramsimplementationfortheyearending31Decemberpreceding.Thepolicywillbesubjecttoamid-termevaluationnolaterthanfiveyearsafteritsendorsementbytheNationalExecutiveCouncil(NEC).

Goodreportingonresultswillprovidepolicymanagersandstakeholderstheopportunitytoreflectonwhathasandwhathasnotworkedandfeedtheselessonsintofutureplanning.ThePolicywillbeupdatedafterthecompletionoftheevaluationorsoonerifnecessary.

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Annexes

1. SummaryFoodSecurityPolicyFrameworkPOLICYGOAL

Ø EnableallPapuaNewGuineanstoaccessandconsumesufficient,safe,affordable,and

nutritiousfoodatalltimes.

DEVELOPMENTOUTCOMES STRATEGICACTIONSFoodSecurityAvailabilityPillar

ActionArea:Productivityandfarmoutputgrowthofthemainfoodstaples,horticulture,smalllivestockandfishfarmingandincreasingefficienciesalongtheentirefoodvaluechain

Outcome1.Localfoodproductionincreasedandproducersbetterlinkedthroughefficientvaluechainstoprofitablemarketsandconsumers.Keystakeholdersfordeliveringthisoutcome:Buildingandstrengtheningpartnershipswiththeprivatesectorwillbeessentialinalloutcomeareas.DAL;ProvincialandDistrictDivisionsofPrimaryIndustry;NARI,FPDI,NAQIA,UNITECHandUniversityofGoroka.TheNationalFisheriesAuthority(NFA)willleadsupportforfisheriesandaquaculture.TheDepartmentofTrade,CommerceandIndustrywillhaveanimportantsupportingroleforimprovedtradepracticesandstrengtheningintheareasofmarketingandcreditprovision.ChamberofCommerceIndustry(PNGCCI)PapuaNewGuineaWomen’sChamberofCommerceandIndustry(PNGWCCI),PNGManufacturersCouncilNationalDevelopmentBank(andmicrofinanceintuitions).CentreforExcellenceinFinancialInclusion.PNGWiADF;NGOshavebeenandwillcontinuetobevitalplayersinthedeliveryofactionstoachievethisdevelopmentoutcome.GovernmentwillseektostrengthenpartnershipswithNGOsandcommunityorganizationsworkinginthesectorandwherepossibleandappropriateencourageandsupportserviceprovisionbythem.

Strategy1.1:Improvesmallholderagriculturalproductionandproductivityfocusingonmaintainingcontinuityinsupplyofarangeofqualityproductstoimprovenutritionalhealthstatus.

Strategy1.2:Increaseinvestmentinadaptiveresearchanddevelopmentbuildingonlocalknowledgeandagro-biodiversitytoincreaseoveralldomesticfoodproduction,relatedvaluechaindevelopmentandsupportforcompetitivesmallholderagriculturalenterprises.

Strategy1.3:Improvethedeliveryofextensionservicestosmallholderfarmersandfoodvaluechainparticipants.

Strategy1.4:Inthecropsector,increasefocusongreaterproductivityandconsistentsupplyofadiverserangeofqualitynutritiousfoodcropsinrain-fedlowinputsystems.

Strategy1.5:Increasecompetivenessoflivestockproductionandproductivityofvaluechainsforsmallanimalsandtheirproducts(pigs,goatsandpoultryincludingegglayers).

Strategy1.6:Protectandenhancewatersourcesandstrengthenwaterandsoilusemanagementandapplicationofappropriate-scaleirrigationtechnologies.

Strategy1.7:improvethemanagementofcoastalandinlandfisheriesandsupportthedevelopmentofsustainableaquacultureandthevaluechainsfortheiroutputs.

Strategy1.8:Promoteandstrengthenpartnershipsforawholeofvaluechainapproachtofacilitatetheestablishmentofefficientviablecompetitivefoodproduction,distributionandmarketingfrominputsupplies,throughfarmproduction,distributionandprocessingtoendmarketsandconsumers.

Strategy1.9:Encourageandsupporttheformationofsmallandmediumenterprises(SME)inthefoodsector.

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Strategy1.10:Strengthenvaluechain/marketinfrastructure,marketinformationandbusinesssupportservices(includingfinancialinclusionandaffordablecreditfacilities,businessskillsdevelopmentandtraining)tosmallfarmers,fishersandSMEsinthefoodsector.

Strategy1.11:Ensurethatallinterventionprogramsaregenderfocusedandgenderresponsive.

FoodSecurityStabilityPillar

ActionArea:Buildingstabilityandresilienceintofoodsupplyandproductionsystems.Outcome2:Enhancedstabilityandresilienceinfoodproductionandsupply.

Keystakeholdersfordeliveringthisoutcome:OfficeofClimateChangeDevelopment(OCCD);ConservationandEnvironmentProtectionAuthority(CEPA);NationalForestryAuthority;DAL;NARI;NAQIA;NationalDisasterCentre;NGOs;Faith-basedorganizations.

Strategy2.1:Enhancecapacitiesinruralcommunities,landownersandfarmerstousenaturalresourcesinasustainablemannertosupportanadequateandstablesupplyofdomesticallyproducednutritiousfood.

Strategy2.2:Conserveandincreasetheuseoftraditionalcropbiodiversity(andindigenoussmalllivestockbreeds),andcautiouslyintroducenewcropvarietieswhichcanextendthetolerancerangeofcropgrowingconditions(e.g.todrought,excessmoisture,salinesoilconditionsandhighertemperatures).

Strategy2.3:Developandextend‘climatesmart’traditionalandscience-basedagriculturaltechnologiesandpractices.

Strategy2.4:Ensureawell-functioningbiosecurityservicetoensureadequatelevelsofmanagementandcontrolofspreadofendemicallyoccurringpestsanddiseasesandprotectionofPNG’splantandanimalhealthstatusfromestablishmentandspreadofintroducedexoticpestsanddiseases.

Strategy2.5:Exploreandpromoteappropriateapproachestomaintainingadequatestrategicfoodreserves.

Strategy2.6:Buildcapacityinsmallscalefoodprocessing,preservationandstorageathouseholdandcommunitylevels.

Strategy2.7:Streamlineandimprovecoordinationofhumanitarianfooddistributiontovulnerablehouseholdsandcommunitiesintimesofdisastersandextremeneed.

FoodSecurityUtilizationPillar

ActionArea:Enhancednutrientcontentandbalanceofproductsconsumedbynutritionallyvulnerablehouseholdsandindividuals.

Outcome3:VulnerablehouseholdsandindividualsconsumingahealthybalancednutritiousdietKeystakeholdersfordeliveringthisoutcome:

Strategy3.1:Strengthencapacitytomapallcommunitiesnationallythatareparticularlyvulnerabletolackoffoodandwatersecurityandgoodnutritionandensurethatappropriateinterventionsaretargetedtoreachthesegroups.

Strategy3.2:Boostresearchintonutrientrichcropsandimprovedlivestockbreeds.

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DAL;DepartmentofHealth(DOH);NARI;FPDA;NFA;EducationDepartment;NGOs;Faith-basedorganizations;NationalMedia

Strategy3.3:Increaseavailabilityoffoodfromanimal(includingfish)sourcesathouseholdlevel.

Strategy3.4:UseagricultureasaplatformfordeliveryofmessagingonnutritionknowledgeandpracticesandworkcloselywiththeVocationalSchoolsineachdistrict.

Strategy3.5:Promoteincreasedconsumptionofdiversediets(includingprotein-richproductsespeciallymeat,eggs&fish)particularlyamongpregnantwomen,adolescentgirls,andyoungchildren.

Strategy3.6:Throughpartnershipsbetweeneducation,agricultureandhealth,trialschoolfeedingprogramsincorporatinglocallyproducednutritiousfoods.

FoodSecurityAccessPillar

ActionArea:Empowermentofwomeninagriculture.

Outcome4:Sustainableincomegeneratingopportunitiesforwomenincreasedtoenhanceeconomicaccesstonutritiousfoodforchildrenandfamilies.

Keystakeholdersfordeliveringthisoutcome:DALWomeninAgricultureDevelopmentUnit(WiADU),WomeninAgricultureDevelopmentFoundation(WiADF),FoWIADInc.,NationalCouncilofWomen,ProvincialCouncilofWomen,districtwomen’sassociations;NARI,FPDA,NFA;Microfinanceinstitutions;NationalDevelopmentBank;VocationalSchools,Faith-basedorganizations.

Strategy4.1:Tomaximizeimpactofhouseholdincomeonthefamily’snutrition,increasewomen’saccesstoincome-generatingopportunities,especiallyviaincreasedattentiontocrops/livestockproducedbywomen.

Strategy4.2:Increasefocusandresourcestosustainabledevelopmentofthesmall-scalefisheriessectorbydevelopingviabledistribution,valueadditionandmarketingchains.

Strategy4.3:Expandmicro-financeaccessandsmallenterprisecreation,mentoringandsupportprogramsforwomen.

Strategy4.4:Improvewomen’saccesstoextensionservices,technology,inputs,marketsandinformationandsupportcapacitybuildingthroughstrengthenedruralresourcecentres.

Strategy4.5:Investinlaborandtime-savingandproductivityenhancingtechnologiesfortasksperformedbywomen(e.g.weeding,foodprocessing,firewoodandwatercollection).

Strategy4.6:Providesupportandworkthroughwomen’sorganizations(e.g.PNGWiADF,WomeninBusiness,andtheProvincialCouncilofWomen.

Strategy4.7:Promoteawholeoffamilyapproachtogenderandmaleadvocacytoenhancewomen’sroleindecisionmakingrelatingtoagriculture,agribusinessandhouseholdnutrition.

Strategy4.8:Ensureagenderbalanceinagriculturetrainingandprovisionofextensionservices.

FoodSecurityGovernance Strategy5.1:Strengthenpublic-privatesectorgovernancesystemsandarrangementstoenhanceprivatesectorroleindecisionmakingtoenhance

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ActionArea:Governance,coordination,monitoringandcommunication.

Outcome5:Successfulimplementationoffoodsecuritypolicyandprogramsatnational,provincial,districtandlocallevelsKeystakeholdersfordeliveringthisoutcome:DAL;MOH;DNPM;NationalStatisticsOffice(NSO)DepartmentofProvincialandLocalGovernmentAffairs,WardDevelopmentCommittees.NationalResearchInstitute(NRI);InstituteofNationalAffairs(INA)

developmentoffoodvaluechainsandthefoodeconomymorebroadly.

Strategy5.2:Strengthenthegovernanceandcoordinatingstructureessentialforeffectivemulti-sectoralfoodsecuritypolicyoversight,implementation,monitoringandresponseatnational,provincialanddistrictlevels).

Strategy5.3:Reviewinstitutional/humanresourceneedstoeffectivelyimplementthefoodsecuritypolicy,andwhereneededensuredesignatedfoodrelatedpositionsareestablishedandadequatelyresourcedateachlevel.

Strategy5.4:Providetrainingandadvocacyonrolesandresponsibilitiesofstakeholdersintheeffectiveimplementationofthefoodsecuritypolicy.

Strategy5.5:Buildacriticalmassofhumancapabilitytogetherwithappropriateresourcestoeffectivelycollect,integrate,analyzeandreportcredible(genderdisaggregated)foodandnutritionstatisticsinatimelyway.

Strategy5.6:Continuetoimprovestandardizationofapproachesandindicatorsusedinthemultiplenationalsurveyswhichcollectinformationrelevanttofoodandnutritionsecurity(e.g.PopulationCensus,HIES,SurveyofLivingStandards,DemographicHealthSurveys,NutritionSurveysetc.).

Strategy5.7:Strengthenthefoodsecuritydatamanagement,informationandcommunicationsystemsincludingappropriateintegratedinformationmanagementsystemsinpublicandprivatesectors.

Strategy5.8:Supportthestrengtheningandtimelydistributionofdemand-drivenfood,nutritionandfoodvaluechaininformationproducts.

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2.

SummaryM&EMatrixfortheFoodSecurityPolicy

Results

Indicator

Target

2027

Baseline

Source

Impact:Be

tternutritiona

lhea

lthstatus

forP

apua

New

Guine

ans,

particu

larly

vulne

rablegrou

ps

andindividu

als

PrevalenceofStuntinginchildren≤5

PrevalenceofUnderw

eightinchildren≤5

PrevalenceofWastinginChildren≤5

Prevalenceofoverw

eightinAdults(BMI25-29.9)

PrevalenceofAnemia(Hb˂11.0g/l)inchildren≤5

PrevalenceofAnemia(Hb˂12.0g/l)inwomenof

reproductiveage

Moderate≤30%

Moderate˂10%

Moderate≤2%

≤20%

≤25%

≤15%

48%(2010)

27%(2010)

16%(2010)

169%(m

en˃18

years),17.4%

(women15-49)

48%(2005)

26%(2005)

NNS,HIS,HIES

NNS,HIS,HIES

NNS,HIS,HIES

NNPindicators

NNS

NNS

Outcome1:Localnutritiousfo

od

prod

uctio

nincrea

sedan

dprod

ucersb

etterlinked

throug

hefficientvalue

chains

toprofitab

lem

arkets.

Compositestaplefoodproductionindex

Yield/haofmainstaplefoodcrops

Diversificationofcropsgrownonfarm

s

Aquacultureproduction

Livestocknumbers

Ratio:food&beverageimports/totalim

ports

CPIAnnualAverageFoodInflation

Increase70%from

(2000level=100)

increased

Increased

Tobedeterm

ined

Increasedby20%

≤11%

≤3%

4.5m

illionM

t(2000)

10.5%(2014)

AgricultureSurvey

DAL/NSO

DAL/NARI

DAL/NARI

NFA

DAL/NARI

Tradestats.

NSOCPI

Outcome2:Enh

ancedstab

ilityand

resilienceinfo

odprodu

ction

andsupp

ly.

Proportionoftotallandunderforest

Incidenceandgeospatialdistributionofendemicand

foreignpests,diseasesandinvasivespeciesincursions

Cerealim

portdependencyratio

Disaster-relateddamagesandlossesinfoodand

agriculturesectors.

72%

Reduced

Reduced

Reduced

71.7%(2014)

MTDP2(Table4.2)

NAQIA

Outcome3:Vulne

rableho

useh

oldsand

individu

alsc

onsuminga

healthyba

lanced

nutritious

diet

Shareofenergycomingfromprotein,fatand

carbohydrateintotaldietaryenergy

Ave.foodproteinconsumption(g/kgbody

weight/day)

Amountofproteinindietsuppliedfromdomestic

anim

al(includingfish)sources

Averagepercapitaconsumptionofrice

Amounts(numberofdailyservings)offruitand

vegetablesindiets

Householddietarydiversityscore

Protein10-15%;fat15-

30%;carbohydrates55-

75%

≥0.8g

Increased

≤30kg

Increased(WHO

recommended6)

≥5for≥50%population

22kg(2014)

HIES

HIES

Tradestats,DAL,

PopulationCensus

STEPSSurvey

DietarySurvey(24

hourrecall)

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Outcome4:Sustaina

bleincome

gene

ratin

gop

portun

itiesfo

rwom

enin

crea

sedtoenh

ance

econ

omicaccessto

nutritious

food

forchildrenan

dfamilies.

Medianpercapitaruralincome

Women’sagriculturalassets

Women’sshareofhouseholdincome

Share(%)ofruralhouseholdexpenditureonfood

Childnutritionindicators

Increasedrelativeto

inflation

increased

increased

Reduced

Improved

HIES,CPI

HIES

HIES

HIES

NNS,HIES

Outcome5:Successfulimplem

entatio

nof

food

securitypo

licyan

dprog

rams.

Foodsecuritycoordinatingstructure

Foodsecuritym

edium-term

&annualfoodsecurity

implementationplansatnational,andprovinciallevels

Foodandnutritionsecuritydatacollectionand

managementsystem

Regularqualityreportsonfoodsecuritypolicy

implementation

Monitoringtargetsforoutcomes1-4

Unintendedimpactsofgenderfocusedprograms+ve

&-ve

Multi-sector

coordination

mechanismsfunctional

atnationalandsub-

nationallevels

Preparedinatim

ely

way

Inplaceandwell-

functioning

AnnualReport

producedand

distributed

≥75%achieved

Recorded-notarget

Dysfunctional

Nonprepared

Notavailableand

operating

Notprepared

DALreportsand

minutes

Availabilityofdata

DALreports

Monitoring&

EvaluationReports

Abbreviatio

ns:N

NS=NationalNutritionSurvey;HIS=HealthInform

ationSystem;HIES=HouseholdIncomeandExpenditureSurvey;NNP=NationalNutritionPolicy;

DAL=DepartmentofAgricultureandLivestock;NARI=NationalAgricultureResearchInstitute;NAQIA=NationalAgricultureQuarantineandInspectionAuthority;NFA=National

FisheriesAuthority;NSO=NationalStatisticsOffice;CPI=ConsumerPriceIndex;M

TDP2=M

ediumTerm

DevelopmentPlan2

Notes:Datafornutritionalstatusindicatorsofchildrenunder5reflectW

orldHealthOrganizationChildGrowthStandardsforclassificationofstunting,wastingandunderw

eightstatus.

Childrenareclassifiedasstunted,wastedandunderw

eightiftheirheight-to-ageZ-score,weight-to-heightZ-scoreandweight-to-ageZ-scorearebelow2respectively.8

Compositestaplefoodindexcomprisesallm

ainstaples(sweetpotato,banana,cassava,Co

locasia

taro,Chinesetaro,lesseryam(Dioscoreaesculenta),coconut,greateryam(D.

alata),sago,Irishpotato,taro(Alocasia),Queenslandarrowroot,taro(Am

orph

opha

llus),sw

amptaro,yam(D.num

mularia),aerialyam(D.bulbifera),rice,yam(D.

pentap

phylla).

9

Householddietarydiversityscore(HDDS)-thenumberofdifferentfoodgroupsconsumedoveragivenreferenceperiod(usually24hourrecall)canbem

easuredat

householdorindividuallevel.Tobetterreflectaqualitydiet,thenumberofdifferentfoodgroupsconsumediscalculated,ratherthanthenumberofdifferentfoods

consumed.Knowingthathouseholdsconsume,forexample,anaverageoffourdifferentfoodgroupsim

pliesthattheirdietsoffersomediversityinbothm

acro-and

8W

HOM

ulticentreGrowthReferenceStudyGroup(2006)WHOChildGrowthStandards:Length/height-for-age,weight-for-age,weight-for-length,weight-for-

heightandbodym

assindex-for-age:Methodsanddevelopment,Geneva:WorldHealthOrganization.

9 Source:BourkeandVlassak(2004)

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micronutrients.Thisisamoremeaningfulindicatorthanknowingthathouseholdsconsumefourdifferentfoods,whichmightallbecereals.Thefollowingsetof12foodgroupsisusedtocalculatetheHDDS:Cereals;Fishandseafood;Rootandtubers;Pulses/legumes/nuts;Vegetables;Milkandmilkproducts;Fruits;Oil/fats;Meat,poultry,offal;Sugar/honey;Eggs;Miscellaneous.10

10SwindaleA,BilinskyP(2006)HouseholdDietaryDiversityScore(HDDS)forMeasurementofHouseholdFoodAccess:IndicatorGuide,USAID

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3. FoodSecurityLandscape

BackgroundFoodsecurityremainsacrucialyetpoorlydefinedissueonPNG’sdevelopmentagenda.Ingeneral,thedatanecessarytoassessthefourdimensionsoffoodsecurity–availability,access,utilizationandstability–haseithernotbeensystematicallycollected,orwhereitisavailableitisnotbeingutilizedtoprovidetheevidencebaseforsounddecisionmaking.

Consequently,diametricallyconflictingpolicyperspectiveshavebeenarticulatedoverthepastyearsrangingfrom,“Thelong-termsustainabilityofnationalfoodsecurityisprecarious,onthepresenttrendofover-dependenceonimportedfood”11,to“FoodsecurityisgenerallygoodinmodernPNG.Thisisbecauseahighproportionofthepopulationisengagedinsubsistenceagriculture;mostpeoplehaveaccesstolandforfoodproduction;thereisadiversityofsubsistencefoodsources;andmostpeoplehaveaccesstocashincomewithwhichtobuyfoodwhensubsistencesuppliesareinadequate.”12

Afurthercloudedissueinpolicydiscussionsisthedistinctionbetweenfoodsecurityandnationalfoodself-sufficiency–i.e.theextenttowhichourcountrycanmeetitsownfoodneedsfromhome-grownproduction.Butfoodsecurityandfoodself-sufficiencyarenotsynonymous–acountrycanbeasubstantialimporteroffoodandenjoyahighleveloffoodsecurityprovidedithasmorethansufficientforeignreservestocoverthoseimportsandthatthefoodimportedissuitablynutritious,thereisaneffectivefooddistributionandmarketingsysteminplace,andpeoplecanaffordtobuyit.

Nevertheless,thecontinuingvolatilityinfoodcommoditypriceshascalledintoquestionthereliabilityoftheglobalfoodmarketandhasraisedimportantquestionsforfoodsecuritypolicy,including:

Ø Howmuchfooddoweneedtoproduceourselves?Ø Whatistheoptimumlevelofsustainablefoodself-sufficiency?Ø Howresilientisthenationalfoodeconomyanditsunderpinningsystems(includingtradedfood

commodities)?

Whatisclear,however,isthatintermsoffoodsecurityforPNGtheagriculturesectorhasspecialimportancebecauseitcontinuestobethemainsourceoffood,employmentandincomeforover85percentofthepopulation,whomainlyliveinruralareas.Therefore,agriculturalgrowth,includinggrowthindownstreamvaluechainsforagriculturalproducts,remainsoneofthebestwaystogenerateincomeforthepoorestinPNGwhoneedthemosthelpbuyingnutritiousfood.Moreover,becauseoftheprominentrolewomenplayinfoodproduction,agriculturecanprovideanimportantentry-pointforenhancingwomen’scontroloverresources,knowledgeandstatus;pluschildnutritionoutcomescanimprovealongwithwomen’sempowermentinhouseholdsandsocietythrough

11DAL(2000)TheNationalFoodSecurityPolicy2000–2010page22,DepartmentofAgricultureandLivestock,May2000.12BourkeRM(2001)AnoverviewofFoodSecurityinPNG,in:BourkeRM,AllenMG,andSalisburyJG(eds)FoodSecurityforPapuaNewGuinea.ProceedingsofthePapuaNewGuineaFoodandNutrition2000Conference,ACIARProceedingsNo.99AustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearch,Canberra.pp.5–14.

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agriculture.Agriculturealsoprovidesasignificantamountoffoodtotownspeopleandearnsanimportantamountofforeignexchangefromcash-cropexports,thusenablingthenationtobetteraccessfoodimports.Insum,agriculturecaninfluencefoodsecurity,nutritionandhealththroughmultiplepathways(directandindirect),butonlyoneofthosepathwaysrelatestotheconsumptionofmorefood.13

Inlightoftheimportantroleagricultureprogramscanplayinimprovingfoodsecurityandhealthydiets,theDepartmentofAgricultureandLivestock(DAL)formulatedtheNationalFoodSecurityPolicy2000-2010.Thispolicyhadastrongemphasisonstrengtheningcapacitytoincreasedomesticfoodproduction,processingandmarketingtoreachahigherlevelofnationalfoodself-sufficiency.Additionally,thepolicyalsorecognizedthatfoodinsecurityisacomplexmulti-facetedissuethatmustbeaddressedthroughcoordinatedactionsacrossmanygovernmentdepartments(atnational,provincialandlocallevels)togetherwithnon-governmentandprivatesectoragents.Thepolicydocumentspecificallymentionededucation,nutritionandhealth,andenvironmentinteractionswithfoodsecurityandtheneedforstrengthenedroadandtransportinfrastructure.TheNFSP2000-2010complementedbythe1995NationalNutritionPolicyreplacedthe1978NationalFoodandNutritionPolicy.CurrentlytheHealthDepartmenthasledthedraftingofanewNationalNutritionPolicy2015-2024andaNationalFoodSafetyPolicy.OnceadoptedthesepoliciestogetherwiththenewFoodSecurityPolicywillprovidetheframeworkforstrengthenedfoodandnutritionsecurityinPNGgoingforward.

DevelopmentofthisnewNFSPhasbenefitedfromreviewsoftheearlierfoodsecurityandnutritionpolicyframeworks.Akeyfindingisthatstrategicdecision-makingandimprovedpolicyimplementationforfoodandnutritionsecurityarecriticallyconstrainedbyalackofco-ordinationbetweenpublicsectoragenciesandbetweenthepublicandprivatesectors.Therefore,thefirstandperhapsmostimportantsteptowardsencouraginggreaterinvestmentinimprovedfoodand

nutritionsecuritybyboththepublicandprivatesector,istheeffectiveco-ordinationof

stakeholders,andtheirclearcommunicationofpolicyneedsandobjectives.Thisisparticularlyimportantinthecontextoflinkingprivatesector,locallevel,districtandprovincialneedsandplanningprocessesintothenationalpolicyimplementationframework.

Additionally,gainingabetterunderstandingofthesocio-cultural(includinggender)reasonsforfoodsecurityandnutritionissuesisalsovitaltounderstandingthecurrentsituationanddevelopingappropriatepolicyandinstitutionalsettingsthatwillhelppoorandvulnerablecommunitiesstrengthenlocalfoodsystems,managechangingfoodpricesandmakeimprovementsinthenutritionalvalueoftheirdiets.

Malnutrition FoodsecurityunderpinsallotherdevelopmentandtheConstitutionoftheIndependentStateofPapuaNewGuinea,underNationalGoalsandDirectivePrinciples1–IntegralHumanDevelopment,callsforimprovementinthelevelofnutritionandthestandardofpublichealthtoenableourpeopletoattain

13WebbP(2013)ImpactPathwaysfromAgriculturalResearchtoimprovedNutritionandHealth:LiteratureAnalysisandResearchPriorities,FoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO),Rome

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selffulfilment.However,some40yearssincetheadoptionoftheConstitution,therecentlydraftedNationalNutritionPolicy2015-2024statesthattheproblemofmalnutritioncontinuestobeasignificantimpedimentinthehealth,socialandeconomicdevelopmentofPapuaNewGuinea.14

Analysisofdatapertainingtomalnutritioninchildrenaged5oryoungerfromthelatestnationalrepresentativesurvey,thePNGHouseholdIncomeandExpenditureSurvey(HIES)2009-2010,indicatesthatmalnutritioninPNGremainsprevalentandsevere,andvariesacrosstheregions.Theoverallstunting,underweightandwastingratesarehigh,48.2percent,27.2percentand16.2percent,respectively(Figure1).Notonlyaretheoverallrateshigh;theseverecasesamongthestunted,underweightandwastedchildrenarealsohighataround50percentineachcategory.ThestuntingrateintheHighlandsregionisveryhighat58percentwhilsttheIslandsRegionhasthelowestrateat39.1percent.Incontrasttothedistributionofstuntingrate,theprevalenceofwasting(at19.3percent)andunderweight(at31.2percent)arehighestamongtheIslandsRegion(Figure2).TheHIES2009-2010dataindicatesimilarfindingsforprevalenceofstuntingtotheNationalNutritionSurvey1982-83andtheNationalNutritionSurvey2005.15161718Butthenationalprevalenceofunderweight,wastingandalsooverweightappearstobeincreasing(Figure1).

Source:NSO2009-2010HIESSummaryReport;WHOLandscapeInformationSystemCountryProfile:PapuaNewGuinea(http://apps.who.int/nutrition/landscape/report.aspx?iso=pngaccessed6/7/15)

14DepartmentofHealth(2015)PapuaNewGuineaNationalNutritionPolicy:2015-2014,FinalDraftMarch2015,NationalDepartmentsofHealth,AgricultureandLivestock,Education,CommunityDevelopment,NationalPlanningandMonitoring,pg.715NationalStatisticsOffice,2009-2010PapuaNewGuineaHouseholdIncomeandExpenditureSurvey,SummaryTables(Tables5.14&5.15)16DepartmentofHealthofPapuaNewGuinea(2011)NationalNutritionSurveyPapuaNewGuinea,2005;PacificJournalOfMedicalSciences:Vol.8,No.2,SpecialIssueMay201117WHO(2014)Globaldatabaseonchildgrowthandnutrition,dataforPapaNewGuinea,WorldHealthOrganization16August201418HouX(2015)StagnantStuntingRateDespiteRapidEconomicGrowthinPapuaNewGuinea,FactorsCorrelatedwithMalnutritionamongChildrenunderFive,PolicyResearchWorkingPaper7301,WorldBankHealthNutritionandPopulationGlobalPracticeGroup,June2015

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1982-83 2005 2009-2010

Prevalen

ce%

Figure1:PrevalenceofChildMalnutritioninPNG;under5yearsanthropometry

underweight(WAZ˂-2)

stunting(HAZ˂-2)

wasting(WHZ˂-2)

overweight(WHZ˃+2)

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Note:ThedatainFigures1&2reflecttheWorldHealthOrganizationChildGrowthStandardsfortheclassificationofstunting,wastingandunderweightstatus.Childrenareclassifiedasstunted,wastedandunderweightiftheirheight-to-ageZ-score,weight-to-heightZ-scoreandweight-to-ageZ-scorearebelow-2respectively;childrenareclassifiedasoverweightiftheirweight-to-heightZ-scoreareabove+2.19

Source:NSO2009-2010HIESSummaryReport,Table5.14

ThesefindingsimplythatmalnutritioninPNGisnotimprovingdespitethecountryhavingwitnessedstrongeconomicgrowthoverthelastdecade.Furthermore,whilsthigherlevelsofmalnutritionareevidentamongpoorerhouseholds(55percent)evenricherhouseholds,withanticipatedlessfoodaccessproblems,experiencerelativelyhighlevelsofmalnutritionwith36percentofchildreninhouseholdsfromhighestincomequintilereportedstunted.Butdespitetheseeminglyweaklinkagebetweeneconomicgrowthandchildunder-nutritionatthemacrolevel,analysiscarriedoutbytheWorldBankHealthNutritionandPopulationGlobalPracticeGroupshowsthatathouseholdlevelfamilywealthandgeographiclocationaresignificantfactorsassociatedwiththestuntingratewithchildrenfrompoorerfamiliesbeingsignificantlymorelikelytobestunted.Inaddition,qualityoffood(forexample,intakeofprotein)andthehistoryofincidenceofmalariaarehighlycorrelatedwiththelikelihoodofstunting.Theevidencealsosuggeststhatwomenlackknowledgeofqualityfeedingfortheirchildrenevenamongbetter-offhouseholdsandthathighfertilityrateandclosebirthgapsalsomakeitdifficulttogiveinfantssufficientexclusivebreastfeedinginthefirstsixmonths.20

PapuaNewGuineadisplaysanenormousdiversityinitsgeography,ecologyandhumanbiology;thediversityofthelandscape,andagricultureandculturalpracticesresultinwidedifferencesinthenutritionoutcomesamongtheregions.ThePapuaNewGuineaNationalNutritionSurvey1982/83foundgreatvariationintheextentofprotein-energymalnutrition(PEM)amongchildrenunder5yearsbetweendifferentregions.

19WHOMulticentreGrowthReferenceStudyGroup(2006)WHOChildGrowthStandards:Length/height-for-age,weight-for-age,weight-for-length,weight-for-heightandbodymassindex-for-age:Methodsanddevelopment,Geneva:WorldHealthOrganization20HouX(2015)OptCit.

010203040506070

National Southern Highlands Momase Islands

Prevalen

ce%

Figure2:Prevalenceofunderweight,stuntingandwastingbyregions

underweight(WAZ˂-2) stunting(HAZ˂-2) wasting(WHZ˂-2)

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Unfortunately,thereislimitedpopulationbaseddataonmicronutrientdeficiencyinPNG;neitherthe1982/83nutritionsurveynorthe1996householdconsumptionsurveylookedatmicronutrientdeficienciesinPNG.The2005NationalNutritionSurvey(NNS)providesthelatestandmostcomprehensiveinformationwhichfoundmicronutrientdeficienciestobeprevalentinlocalandselectedpopulationsacrossthecountry,butthattherewereconsiderabledifferencesintheprevalenceofmicronutrientdeficienciesanddiseaseburdensbetweenregionsandevenbetweendistricts.Asignificantlackofdietarydiversityleadstomicronutrientdeficiencies.Themostseriousdeficienciesrelatetothelowintakeofiron,folicacid,iodineandzinc,whichcanpresentsignificantpublichealthproblemsamongchildrenunderfiveandwomenofreproductiveage.

Source:PNGNationalNutritionSurvey2005

Almosthalfthechildrenincludedinthe2005surveywereanemicandoveronethirdofnon-pregnantwomenofchildbearingagewereanemic;ruralwomenwerealmosttwiceaslikelytobeanemiccomparedtourbanwomen.Amongmen(18yearsandolder)26.3percentwereanemicwithruralmenhavingsignificantlyhigherprevalenceofanemia(Figure3).Nationallyirondeficiencyaccountsforalmost50percentoftheanemiaamongchildrenunderfive,withMomaseandtheSouthernregionshavingthehighestprevalence.Generally,acrossPNGthesurveyfoundvitaminAdeficiencytobeamoderateproblem,butwassevereinMomase.TheprevalenceofbothanemiaandvitaminAdeficiencyaresignificantlyassociatedwithmalarialinfections.

AnalysisofnutritiondatahasledresearcherstoconcludethatadequatenutritionofchildreninPNGiscloselyassociatedwiththefoodproductionsystemswheretheyliveandbydifferencesindiet.Mostofthefactorsassociatedwithchildgrowthcanberelatedinoneformoranothertodifferencesinlocal

National Southern Highlands Momase IslandsChildren(6-59months) 48.1 55.6 24.3 67.5 49.8

women(non-pregnant) 35.7 44.2 12.2 59.8 46.3

men(18years&older) 26.3 32.6 8.3 46.4 30.3

01020304050607080

Prevalen

ce%

Figure3:PrevalenceofanemiaacrossregionsofPNG(2005survey)

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subsistenceagriculturemakingagricultureoneofthemaindeterminantsofchildgrowthandnutritionpatternsinPNG.2122

WhileoverallfoodavailabilityisconsideredgenerallygoodinPNG,foodsecurityproblemsarisethroughqualityandnutritionalvarietyconstraintsandavailabilityofproteininthediet.Generallylowruralincomesmeanthatthereislimitedopportunityforimportsandhigh-proteinlocalproduce(mainlyofanimalorigin)tocontributetodietaryvariation.23Consequently,proteinintakeisrelativelylowcomparedtotheglobalaveragewhichsignalstheneedtoincreaseavailabilityandaccesstonutrientdense/proteinrichfoodssuchfish,animalmeats,eggsandlegumepulses.Clearly,enlargementofan

affordablenutritiousfoodbasketinadditiontoincreasingstaplefoodproductionisneededto

improvethefoodandnutritionsituationinPNG.

Whilstunder-nutritionremainsacriticalchallenge,overweightandobesityisashighas25percentamongadultsinsomecommunitieswhichisasignificantriskfactorfortheincreaseinlifestylerelatednon-communicablediseases.24Datafromthe2005NNSshowsthatoverweightmenandwomenweremostprevalentinSouthernRegion(includingPortMoresby)andinurbanareas.TheWHOestimatesthatNCDscurrentlyaccountforabout42percentoftotaldeathsinPNG(Figure4).ThelatestWHOSTEPSsurvey(2007-2008)foundahighrateofundiagnoseddiabeteswiththepotentialtocauseahugeburdenofmorbidityandmortality.Furthermore,childrenwhowerestuntedintheirearlyyearsfaceanincreasedriskofbecomingoverweightlaterinlife.25Improvingtheavailabilityoflowercost,

nutritionallysuperiorandlocalfoodproductswillbeacriticalstrategytoimprovingdiets,health

andfoodsecurityinPNG.

21MuellerI,Smith,TA(1999).PatternsofchildgrowthinPapuaNewGuineaandtheirrelationtoenvironmental,dietaryandsocioeconomicfactors–furtheranalysesofthe1982–1983PapuaNewGuineaNationalNutritionSurvey.PapuaNewGuineaMedicalJournal42(3–4):94–113,citedinRMBourkeandTHarwood(2009)pg.46422AllenB(2009)Part6:AgriculturalDevelopment,PoliciesandGovernance,in:FoodandagricultureinPapuaNewGuinea’,ed.byR.M.BourkeandT.Harwood.ANUEPress,AustralianNationalUniversity:Canberra.23OmotN(2012)FoodSecurityinPapuaNewGuinea,in:TempletonD.(ed.)FoodsecurityinEastTimor,PapuaNewGuineaandPacificislandcountriesandterritories.ACIARTechnicalReportsNo.80.AustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearch:Canberra.53pp.24PapuaNewGuineaNationalNutritionPolicy2015-2024,FinalDraftMarch201525GillespieS,HaddadL(2001)AttackingthedoubleburdenofmalnutritioninAsiaandthePacific,AsianDevelopmentBank,Manila,PhilippinesandtheInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute,WashingtonDC,UnitedStates

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Source:WHONon-CommunicableDiseases(NCD)CountryProfiles,2014(*NB.PNGmortalityrateshaveahighdegreeofuncertainty)Whilefoodpreferencesareimportantindietarychoices,priceandfoodavailabilityarethedrivingfactorsinfoodconsumptionpatterns.Therefore,poordietisnotsimplyahealthissuesbutaneconomicone.Householdsmakeeconomicallyrational,butsometimesnutritionallydetrimentaldecisionstoconsumecertainfoods,becauseoftherelativepricedifferencebetweennutritiousfoodandlesshealthyalternatives.

ToaddressmalnutritioninPNGagriculturalpolicies,projects,andinvestmentsneedtobedesigned

andimplementedtoachieveclearnutritiongoals.Policiesthataffectthepriceoffoodbyfacilitating

investmentinimprovingagriculturalproductionefficienciesandpublicinvestmentsinroadsandports

thatsupportimprovedlogisticsandlowerunitcostsforfooddistributionshouldbeprioritized.However,internationalexperiencehasshownthatagriculturalinterventionsthataimtoimproveproductivityandincometendtobemoresuccessfulinimprovingnutritionstatusofchildrenwhentheyalsoincludeanutritioneducationcomponent.26Additionally,policiesthatincentivizehealthierfoodchoicesshouldalsobeconsidered.Aclearaimofthisnewfoodsecuritypolicyshallbetomakeagricultureworkforbetternutritionandamoreproductiveandfunctionalfoodeconomy.

Furthermore,recognizingthattheextentofmalnutritionvariesenormouslyacrossdifferentlocationsandthatitcannotbeassumedthattheproblemscausingmalnutritioninonecommunityarethesameasthosecausingitinnearbyareas-farmingsystemsdiffer,accesstocashdiffers,infrastructureandhealthandeducationservicesdiffer,andcustomsrelatingtofoodandhealthdiffer.Consequently,effectiveprogramsandprojectswillneedtobelocationspecific,designedtomeetthespecificneeds

ofparticularregions,areasordistricts.27Moreover,acknowledgingresourceconstraints(bothhuman

andfinancial)meansthatprogramresponseswillneedtobenutritionfocusedandtargetedtothose

areasingreatestneed.

26HouX(2015)OptCit.27MarksG,FeredayNS(1992)SummaryofProceedingsPapuaNewGuineaNationalNutritionPolicyWorkshop,PapuaNewGuineaNationalNutritionPolicyWorkshop,InstituteofNationalAffairs,DiscussionPaperNo.54

Injuries10%

Communicable,maternal,

perinatalandnutritionalconditions

48%Cardiovascular

diseases8%

Cancers9%

Chronicrespiratorydiseases

6%

Diabetes6%

otherNCDs13%

Figure4:Proportionalmortality(%oftoaldeaths,allages,bothsexes)*

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Accesstonutritiousfoodisessentialtogoodhealth,butnationalfoodsecuritypolicymustalsorecognizethedistinctionbetweenfoodinsecurityandmalnutrition.Whilefoodinsecurityisoneoftheunderlyingcausesofmalnutritionotherfactors,suchasdiseases,poorhealthandchildcare,lackofsafewaterandimprovedsanitation,hygieneandhousing,arealsocriticalcausalfactors(Figure5).Infrastructureisparticularlylacking:only40percentofpopulationhaveaccesstoanimproveddrinkingwatersourceand19percentareusinganimprovedsanitationfacility.Eightypercentofurbanhouseholdslackaccesstolatrines,94percentofallcitiesandtownsareunsewered,and80percentofallseweragegeneratedisdischargeduntreated.Furthermore,alargepartofthecountry’sruralroadsnetworkisinapoorconditionimpactingadverselyonaccesstohealthcentresandschools.28Thefoodandnutritionsecuritysituationisalsocompoundedbyagenerallackofknowledgeathouseholdlevelongoodnutritionandfeedingpracticeswhichiscomplicatedalsobyculturalbeliefsandtaboos.

Figure5:ConceptualFrameworkofFoodandNutritionSecurity

Adaptedfrom:AcademyofNutrition&Dietetics,2013

PNGwomenareatthenexusofagriculture,nutrition,andhealth.Assmallholderfarmersandcaretakersofchildrentheymakedailyfoodproductionandconsumptiondecisionsfortheirfamilies.Theyarealso

28Datasources:WHOLandscapeInformationSystemCountryProfile:PapuaNewGuinea(http://apps.who.int/nutrition/landscape/report.aspx?iso=pngaccessed6/7/15);ADB(2015)CountryStrategyPaperPNG,AsianDevelopmentBank,March2015

ProductionPurchaseDonation

NutritionalStatus

FoodIntake

HealthStatus

Food,AvailabilityAccess,Stability

CaringCapacityUtilisation

HealthServices

Environmentalconditionswater,sanitation&

housing

FoodandNutritionSecurity

Manifestation

Immediatecauses

Underlyingcauses

FoodSecurity

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muchmorelikelythanmentospendadditionalincomeonfoodandhealthcare,soincreasingwomen’sincomeislikelytohaveaproportionallygreaterimpactonchildren’shealthandnutritionthancomparableincreasesinmen’sincome.Giventhesignificanttimeconstraintsonwomen,interventionsthataffectwomen’stimeallocationcanhelpimprovetheirownnutritionaswellasthatoftheirchildren.

TheNationalHealthDepartmentisintroducingevidence-basednutritioninterventionsthroughnationalnutritionpolicyincludingstrategicactionsaimedatnutritionbehaviorchange,improvedbreastfeeding,andinfantandyoungchildfeedingpracticesandscalingupofcommunitymanagementofacutemalnutritionthroughsupplementaryandtherapeuticfeedingprogramsnationwideandtrainingoffamilyhealthpromotersonnutrition.

Globalexperienceindicatesthatotherkeyfactorsforimprovingnutritionthroughagricultural

investmentsincludeworkingwithwomenfarmers(toensuretheygainaccesstotechnologiesand

inputs),nutritioneducation,tailoringprojectstothespecificneedsofeachcommunity,andrigorous

monitoringandevaluation.

FoodAvailabilityAtthetimeofthe2011censustherewerealmost7.3millionmouthstofeedinPNG.Populationgrowthrateishighandaverageannualgrowthrateshavebeenincreasing(Figure6).Atanaverageannualgrowthrateofaround3percentthepopulationwilldoubleinjustover30years’timeimplyingatleastadoublinginthedemandforfood.TheestimatedarablelandareainPNGis44,438km2givinga‘physiological’densityof164personspersquarekilometer,anincreaseof78personsfrom86personsin2000.29 Landdegradationisbecomingamajorriskfactoraspopulationdensityincreases.

Source:NSO,NationalPopulation&HousingCensus2011ReportFigure1.1

29NSONationalPopulationandHousingCensus2011ReportTable1.2,pg.18

2.72.9

3.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

1980- 2000 1980- 2011 2000- 2011

Percent

Period

Figure6:Averageannualgrowthrates,PNG,1980,2000and2011Censuses

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IntermsoflandpotentialsomedistrictsintheprovincesofMadang,Sandaun(WSepik),Enga,ENewBritain,MorobeandtheSouthernHighlandsareparticularlydistressed.30Locallyhighandgrowingpopulationdensitiesareplacingsomeagriculturalsystemsunderstressthroughreducedfallowperiodsandextendedintensifiedcroppingperiods.Agriculturalstressislikelytobeaprimarycauseofmalnutritionwhichinfluencessecondarycausessuchasdiseaseandpoverty.31

Increasingpopulationalsomeansincreasingdemandforimportedfood.However,amajorchallengeinanalyzingtrendsinfoodproductionandfoodimportstomeettherisingdemandisaccessingreliabledata.Dataiseitherabsentorweakandfrequentlythereareconflictingdatasetsrecordedbydifferentsources.Aparticularlychronicproblemisthelimitedavailabilityofsubsistenceproductiondatawhichmeansthataveryimportantpartofthecountry’sfoodsupplyispoorlyaccountedfor.Absenceofarecentagriculturecensus32andlackofaregularsupplyofdomesticmarketdataalsomakesitdifficulttoestimateaccuratelythesizeofthecommercialdomesticfoodproductionsector.Consequently,thenationhasnocrediblefoodbalancesheet.Tostrengthenfoodpolicyanalysisandformulation

improvingagriculturedatacollectionandsystematizationisthereforeahighpriorityneed.

Recognizingthatmanyaspectsofagricultureareinherentlydifficultandexpensivetomeasure,includingvaluationofsmallholderagriculturaloutputandfieldmeasurementsofcropyieldsandproduction,regularmonitoringoffood-relateddomesticmarketactivitywouldprovideausefulproxytomeasure

the‘pulse’offoodproductionandcommercializationandtheimpactofbothdomesticandexternal

factorsonthis.

Subsistencefoodproductionintraditionalfoodgardenstogetherwithsubsistenceandartisanalfishing33,huntingandfoodgatheringcontinuestobethefundamentalbasisoffoodsecurityinPapuaNewGuinea;providingresilienceagainstexternalshocks,eithereconomic(pricespikes,globalrecession)ornatural(cyclones,floods,droughts,pestsanddiseasesetc.).Forthelargemajorityofthepopulationsubsistencefoodproductionisbyfarthemostimportantsourceoffoodandagrowingportionofdomesticallygrownfoodsurplusisbeingmarketed(Figure7).Indeed,cashearnedfromsellingfreshfoodisexceededonlybycashearnedfromcoffeesales.Themostcommonlymarketedfreshfoodsaresweetpotato,otherrootcrops,corn,peanuts,greenvegetablessuchasaibika,cabbage,beansandamaranthus,fruitincludingpawpaw,pineapple,mangoandwatermelon,andnutssuchaskarukaand

30AllenB,BourkeRM,GibsonJ(2005)‘PoorruralplacesinPapuaNewGuinea,AsiaPacificViewpoint,24,2,Aug200531HideRL,AllenBJ,Bourke(1992)AgricultureandNutritioninPapuaNewGuinea:SomeIssues,PapuaNewGuineaNationalNutritionPolicyWorkshop,InstituteofNationalAffairsDiscussionPaperNo.5432Thelastnationalagriculturesurveywasundertakeninthe1961-62;mostrecentcredibleestimatesfornationalfoodcropproductionarefortheyear2000.33Traditionalfisheriesinvolvingfishinghouseholds(asopposedtocommercialcompanies),usingrelativelysmallamountofcapitalandenergy,relativelysmallfishingvessels(ifany),makingshortfishingtrips,closetoshore,mainlyforlocalconsumption(FAOdefinition).

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galip.34Additionally,increasingamountsofdomestically-grownintroducedvegetablesarenowbeingsold.

Source:NSO,NationalPopulation&HousingCensus2011ReportTable6.1

Atthetimeofthe2011Censusgrowingfoodcrops,vegetablesandrootcropsandrearinglivestockwerethemainactivitiesthat74percentand44percentofhouseholdswereengagedin,respectively.Forthehouseholdsengagedingrowingfoodcrops,vegetablesandrootcrops,77percentdidsofortheirownconsumption.Clearly,PNG’sfoodsecurityremainsreliantontheabilityoftheruralcommunitytogrowsubsistencecropsandtomarketproducethatprovidethecashtopurchasefood.

Researchershaveestimatedthat83percentoffoodenergyand76percentofproteinconsumedinPNGin2006wasproducedinPNG.Thebalancewasimported(Figure8).Ingeneral,crop-basedenergyfoodsareconsumedinlargerquantitiesthananimaland/orplantprotein-basedfood.However,people’sdietsvaryacrossthecountry,particularlybetweenruralandurbanareas.Thebroadpatternisthatmostfoodenergyinruralareascomesfromrootcrops,bananaandsago,withcoconut,othernutsandgreenvegetablesmakingasmallbutsignificantcontributiontoenergyandagreatercontributiontotheintakeofothernutrients,particularlyprotein.35

Figure8:SourcesofdietaryenergyandproteinbymajorfoodgroupsinPNG,2006

34AllenM,BourkeRM,McGregorA(2009)Part5CashIncomefromAgriculture,in:FoodandagricultureinPapuaNewGuinea’,ed.byR.M.BourkeandT.Harwood.ANUEPress,AustralianNationalUniversity:Canberra.35Manygreenvegetablesusedtraditionallydonotconstitutestaplecrops,buttheyareveryimportantsupplementaryfoods,providingadditionalprotein,vitaminsandmineralsinthediet.Studiesofdietaryintakesuggestthatgreenvegetablescontributeatleast20-30%ofthedailyproteinintakeandsometimesmuchmoreaswellas4to6%ofthedailyenergyintakeinthehighlands.

73.9

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Figure7:HouseholdsagriculturalactivitiesinPNG,2011Census

Ownuse Cash Engaged

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Source: Bourke and Harwood (2009) Table 2.1.2 pg.133

Urbanpeopleconsumemorerice,wheat-basedfoods,softdrinkandbeer,andlessrootcropsandbanana.ButsweetpotatoremainsbyfarthemostimportantstaplefoodinPNG.Itprovidesaroundtwo-thirdsofthefoodenergyfromlocallygrownfoodcropsandisanimportantfoodfor65%ofruralvillagers.Annualproductionofsweetpotatowasestimatedatabout2.9milliontonnesin200036Regardingstaplefoodofplantoriginalone,itwasestimatedthat15yearsagoPNGproducedannuallyabout4.5milliontonnesandimportsannuallyanaverageof0.3milliontonnes.3738Unfortunately,up-to-datereliableestimatesoffoodproductionarenotavailable.

Anoverallproxyindicatorofacountry’sself-sufficiencyinfoodistheleveloffoodimportsasaproportionoftotalimports.Acountrywherefoodimportsmadeuponlyasmallproportionoftotalimportswouldbedeemedtobemorefoodself-sufficient.FoodimportsintoPNGaccountforonlyabout10.5%oftotalimports–whichisverylowbydevelopingcountrystandardsandthelowestinthePacificislandsregion(seeTable1).

Table1:PNGFoodandLiveAnimalasaproportionoftotalimports

2010 2011 2012 2013 AverageTotalmerchandizeimportsFOBPNGKmillions

9,576.2 10,033.5 9,911.8 12,141.8 10,415.8

Food&liveanimals

1,111,3 1,119.1 970.5 1,146.6 1,086.9

36BourkeRMetal(2009)FoodinPapuaNewGuinea:Part1AnOverview,in:FoodandagricultureinPapuaNewGuinea’,ed.byR.M.BourkeandT.Harwood.ANUEPress,AustralianNationalUniversity:Canberra.37BourkeRM,VlassakV(2004).EstimatesoffoodcropproductioninPapuaNewGuinea.LandManagementGroup,ResearchSchoolofPacificandAsianStudies,theAustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra38Omot(2012)OptCit.

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FOBPNGKmillionsF&LAas%ofTotalImports

11.6% 11.1% 9.8% 9.4% 10.5%

Sourceofdata:BankofPNGQuarterlyEconomicBulletin,DecemberQuarter,2014

Riceisthelargestvaluefoodcommodityimport;in2012riceimportshadaCIFvalueofUS$218m(approx.PGK440m39)andrepresented2.6percentoftotalimports.40Butintermsofvolumewheatimportshavenowovertakenrice.Thelong-termtrendinnationalriceandwheatimportsisshowninFigure9.

Source:indexmundi;UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureWhilsttherehasbeenasteadilyincreasingtrendinriceimports,takingintoaccountpopulationgrowththepercapitaconsumptionseemstohaveplateaued.Since1990theimportsofricehaveaveragedabout180,000tonnesperyear,in2013,170,000tonnesofricewereimported.ThelargepeakinriceimportsshowninFigure5isaconsequenceoftheseveredroughtexperiencedinthecountryin1997.

Table2:Trendinpercapitaconsumptionofimportedrice

Year EstimatedPopulation(million)

Riceimports(Kgmillions)

Estimatedpercapitaconsumption(kgimportedrice)

1981 3.0 104 351991 3.6 150 422001 5.2 150 292011 7.3 160 22

392012inter-bankmid-yearrate40UNComtradePapuaNewGuinea2013TradeProfile

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es'000s

Figure9:TrendinPNGriceandwheatimports

wheat

rice

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Theslowinginricedemandhasbeendescribedasa‘maturation’ofthericemarketinPNG.4142Nevertheless,riceremainsimportantforfoodsecurity,particularlyinurbanareasandattimesofnationaldisasterssuchasthe1997drought.Thefavorablepricecomparisonofricewithotherstaples(onanenergyperkgbasis–Figure10),togetherwithitsgoodtransportabilityandstoragequalitiesandconvenienceinpreparationwillcontinuetomakeitapopularchoiceinPNGhousehold’sfoodbasket.

Source:Omot(2010),citedinOmot(2012)

Note:thepriceisbasedonfoodenergycontent.Thepriceforeachfoodwasconvertedtothericeequivalentusingtheenergycontentofeachfood,becausefoodssuchasbanana,taro,yam,sweetpotatoandcassavahavehighmoisturecontent,whilerice,flourandsagohavelowmoisturecontentandpricesmaynotbedirectlycomparableifusingthegivenmarketprices.

Localstaplesinurbanareasaregenerallyconsiderablymoreexpensivethaninruralareas.Sowhenruraldwellersmovetourbanareasthereisreductionintheconsumptionoflocalstaplesandanincreaseinriceconsumption.However,Gibson(1995)assertsthatlowconsumptionoflocalstaplesinurbanareasisduemoretohighpricesthanconsumerpreferences.43Thereforeakeypolicyimperativeistoget

localstapleproductsintodomesticurbanmarketsatcompetitiveprices.

Recentreliableestimatesfordomesticriceproductionarehardtocomeby.Domesticriceproductionwasestimatedtohavebeenintherange60–2,200tonnesovertheperiod1962to2000.44Currentindustryestimates45arethatlocalannualproductionisabout30,000tonnes,whilstDALestimatesof15,000tonnes46arealittlehigherthanNARIresearcher’sestimateofabout10,000tonnes.47Ifan

41GibsonJ(2001)RicedemandinPapuaNewGuinea,PacificEconomicBulletin16(2):27-3542BourkeRMetal(2009)Part2FoodProduction,ConsumptionandImports,in:FoodandagricultureinPapuaNewGuinea’,ed.byR.M.BourkeandT.Harwood.ANUEPress,AustralianNationalUniversity:Canberra.43GibsonJ(1995)FoodConsumptionandFoodPolicyinPapuaNewGuinea,InstituteofNationalAffairsDiscussionPaperNo.6544BourkeRMetal(2009)OptCit.45BusinessAdvantagePNG3June2015,Trukai’sCEOestimatescurrentlocalriceproductionof30,000tonnes46DAL(2015)PapuaNewGuineaNationalRicePolicy2015-2013,pg.4747LarakiJ()RiceResearchandDevelopment,NARI

8.017.2

6.31

4.463.95 3.65 3.39

2.71

0123456789

Banana Taro Yam Potato Rice Sago Flour SweetPotato

Estimated

price(P

NGK/kg)

Figure10:Estimatedprice(PNGK/kg)ofstaplefoodsinLaein2008

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optimisticcurrentlocalproductionof30,000tonnesisaddedtotheimportsof170,000tonnesin2013,thecurrentpercapitaconsumptionwouldbeabout26kgwhichisalittlelowerthantheconsumptionof29kgpercapitaestimatedfor2001(Table2).However,consumptionlevelsarenotevenacrossthecountrywithsignificantlymorericeconsumedbyurbandwellers,beingpossibly30kghigherthanthenationalaverage(i.e.50–60kg/capita/annum).48

Riceproductionisimportantforthenation’sfoodsecurity,butexpansioninproductionmustbe

producerdrivenbasedonhouseholdconsumptionneeds(e.g.themountaincommunitiesinlandofFinschhafeninMorobeProvince,whereaccessisdifficult,importedriceisexpensiveandcoffeeiscostlytomarket),49oronfullcommercialviabilityofthericeproductionsystem.

Figure11:TrendsinGlobalRiceTrade(source:InternationalRiceResearchInstitute)

Intheinternationalarenamostriceisconsumedwhereitisproducedwithlessthan10percentofworldproductionbeingtradedontheglobalmarket(Figure11).Thiscangiveriseto“thinness”intheworldricemarketsthatmaycontributetopricesurges.Governmentrestrictionsonriceexportspracticedinsomecountriesalsoexacerbatesscarcityandpushesupprices.Thissituationdecreasesconfidenceintheglobalmarketsupplyofriceandinvigoratesnationalimportsubstitutionpolicies.Sincethe2007-08ricecrisis,manyrice-consumingcountrieshavebeenreluctanttodependonimportedriceandhaverolledoutmeasurestoimproveself-sufficiencythroughprogramstoexpandtheirriceproductionandreducetheirdependenceonforeignrice.50Consequently,thePNGGovernment’slong-termpolicyforriceremainstostrengthennationalself-sufficiency.51Asthebiggestpercapitariceconsumptionisinurbanareas,andthepooresthouseholdspendthehighestproportionoftheirbudgetonfood,keepingthepriceofriceaslowaspossibleisacriticalfactorfortheirfoodsecurity.

48GibsonJ(2001)OptCit.49BourkeRMetal(2009)OptCit.50MohantyS(2015)TrendsinGlobalRiceTrade,InternationalRiceResearchInstitute51DAL(2015)OptCit.

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However,intermsofnutritionsecurity,thereisamorepressingneedforsupporttoenhance

productivityandsustainabilityofsmallholderfarmingsystemsforthetraditionalstaplesandnutrient

rich(particularlyprotein)foods-including,legumes,smalllivestockandaquaculturefish.Enhancing

competivenessandfunctionofvaluechainsfordomesticallyproducedproteinrichfoodswillalsobe

criticalforlivelihoodsandfoodsecurity.

Livestockmakesasignificantcontributiontothelivelihoodsandhealthofmorethan600,000smallholderfarmersinPNGmainlythroughsubsistenceandsmallscalecommercialproductionofpigsandpoultry.Smallruminants(goats&sheep),cattleandinlandaquaculturecanalsoplayanincreasingroleinthissector.However,thefoodsecurityandeconomicbenefitsfromtheselivestockenterprisesareconstrainedbyalackoflivestockhealthservicesandpoormanagementpractices.Inadequatehousingandnutrition,poorreproduction,highmortalityofyoungstockandpooraccesstoemergingurbanmarketsareconsistentissuesrestrictingproductivity.CompoundingthesituationaretheeffectsofHIV/AIDSonthelabourmarketandanincreasedsusceptibilitytocommonzoonoticconditions,thusaddingtothediseaseburdenoftuberculosisandmalariawithinsmallholderfarmingcommunities.52

SetagainstabackdropofhighcostoffuelandimportedfoodandcoupledwiththegrowingthreatofdiseaseintroductionthereisconsiderablepotentialforlivestocktomakeagreatercontributiontofoodsecurityandsustainablelivelihoodsinPNG.Keychallengesforlivestockdevelopmentarebuildinglocal

capacityinanimalhealthandproduction,developingcosteffectivelocalfeedsources,andimproving

hygieneandslaughteringfacilities.Otherlocalizedchallengestodevelopingcommerciallivestock

venturesarewaterandpowersupply,investmentforfencingandtheftofstock.

Withthemanykilometersofshorelineandlargelyunpollutedcoastalwatersaswellashighelevationlakesandstreams,PNGhasgoodpotentialfordevelopmentofaquacultureenterprises.Thereisalsogoodpotentialforsmallscalefishpondcultureunderappropriateextensionapproaches.Consequentlyaquacultureisslowlybeingdevelopedandiscurrentlyatthesubsistencetosemi-commerciallevel,particularlywheresmallpondsaredugtofarmGIFTtilapia,carportrout.Estimatednumberofsmallaquaculturefarmsstandsataround100,000withmorethan80percentoftheselocatedintheHighlands.BarramundicagecultureisalsogainingmomentumintheFlyRiverareaandcagecultureofprawnsintheSepikRiver.Thereisscopeforexpandingcagecultureandinlandfishproduction,whichoffersagoodopportunityforsmall-businessinvolvement.Themajorconstrainttotheexpansionofaquacultureremainsthehighcostandavailabilityofimportedfeedformulationsandtheavailabilityoffingerlings.Aquacultureremainsanimportantcomponentinsustainablecoastalfisheries

managementprovidinganimportantsourceofproteinforthelocaldietwhilstrelievingthepressure

onlocalfisheryresources.

WhilesustainablefoodproductiontomeettheneedsofPNG’srapidlyincreasingpopulationwillrequiregreaterproductivityofexistingstaplefoodsandbettermanagementoflandresources,thekeystimulustoincreasefoodproductionandproductivitywillbeanincreasedmarketdemand.Forthistoberealizedimprovementindomesticandoverseasmarketlinkagesareneeded.Overthepastmuchfocusonagriculturedevelopmenthasbeenontheproductioncomponentofsupplysideissueswithoutsufficient52EnablingSmallholderLivestockServicesinPNGhttp://www.nari.org.pg/node/266

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attentionpaidtohowthedownstreamcomponentsofthevaluechainwillassistthefarmertoaccessviablemarketsforthenewsurplus.Basically,ifafarmercannotgenerateworthwhilevaluefromsaleofsurplustohissubsistencerequirementswhygrowit?OfteninPNG,theincentivetogrowmorehasn’tbeentherebecausethevaluechainopportunitieshaven’tbeenavailabletofarmers.Intimesofastrongandsustainedvaluechaindemandfarmerswillmoreactivelyseekandadoptproductivityenhancingtechnologyandmanagementmethods.Functioningvaluechainssupportbetterlivelihoodssopoorhouseholdscangrowfoodandgenerateincometobuyaffordablefood,especiallyduringseasonalfoodshortages.

Butthecurrentcriticallackofeffectiveextensionandoutreachservicesmeansthatsmallholderfarmersandvaluechainparticipantsgenerallyhavelittleaccesstoinformation,newtechnologiesandimprovedplantingmaterialsresultinginlowfarmandvaluechainproductivity.Becauseofinformationasymmetries,fewfarmersandvaluechainparticipantshaveknowledgeaboutthequalityandstandardsrequirementsofhighervaluemarkets.Theseobstaclescoupledwithgeneralfarmremotenessandlackofaccessroadscontinuestoimpedemarketaccessandfarmcommercialization.Furthermore,facilitiesinurbanopenmarketsareoftenofpoorquality,withlackofshadeandpoorwaterandsanitationfacilities.Consequently,lossesinfoodchainsareexpectedtobehighandtherearepotentialpublichealthrisksfromfoodcontaminationandtransmissionoffoodbornedisease.53Addressingtheprincipalconstraintsinfoodproducevaluechainsincludingthelackofsectorcoordination,lackof

valuechainstandardsandthelackoffoodsafetystandardsarethereforepolicypriorities.Building

thecapacityforrobustdomesticvaluechainswillrequirecoordinatedinvestmentsinimproved

qualityproductiontogetherwithenhancedcapacityinvaluechaininfrastructure,processingand

marketing.Upgradingphysicalmarketplacesandfacilitieswillalsobenecessary.

Plantgeneticdiversityiscrucialtoimprovingproductivitybyprovidingfarmerswithavarietyofcrop

productionoptionstochoosetosuittheirparticularcircumstances. PNGisblessedwitharichdiversityofplantgeneticresources.Itisthecenteroforiginfor‘noblecane’(sugarcane)andwingedbeanandthesecondarycenterofdiversityforsweetpotato,taro,banana,yam,cassavaandaibika.Thediversityofthesecropsincludesmorethan1000sweetpotatovarieties,800taro,200banana,300yam,100cassavaand50aibika(islandcabbage)varieties.54ThebroadgeneticbaseoffoodcropscurrentlyavailableinPNGprovidesresilienceandtoleranceagainstmajorpestanddiseaseoutbreaksandwillprovidefarmerswithmoreoptionstomeetfuturethreatsandchallengesincludingthepotential impactsofclimatechange.Maintaining and utilizing this rich genetic pool for food crop improvement including increase

productivity,qualityandnutritionalvaluewillbevitaltoensuresustainablefoodsecurityinPNG.

Additionally,ensuringnationalbio-securityisalsoessentialtoprotectingbiodiversityandmaintaining

productivecapacityforfoodsecurityandtoprotectplant,animalandhumanhealth.Strengtheningandimprovingthecost-effectivenessofinternalcontrolsandregimestolimitspreadandcontrol

53PNGhassufferedfromseveralhigh-impactoutbreakswhichcanatleastpartiallybeattributedtofoodbornetransmission,suchascholerain2009-2011,whichledto1500+recordedcasesand500+deaths,andfrequentshigellosis(bacillarydysentery)outbreaks,whichledto1000+casesandatleast13deathsin2013(DraftNationalFoodSafetyPolicy2014-2024,pg.10)54FAO(2009)StateofPlantGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculture,PapuaNewGuineaCountryReport

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endemicallyoccurringpestsanddiseases,andquarantineborderriskmanagementandcompliancemanagementcontrols,includingharmonizationofbiosecurityandcustomsclearancethrough‘singlewindow’processingintegration,ensuringthatimportandexportactivitiescomplywithinternationalquarantinestandardsanddomesticatingintoPNGlegislationinternationaltradeobligations,rulesandprocessesarethereforehighpriorities.Asisdevelopingcontingencyresponseplansforinvasivepestanddiseaseincursions.

UnderanappropriateimplementedpolicyframeworkPNG’ssubstantiallandandmarineresourcesandstrongagriculturalbaseretainasolidfoundationforfoodavailability,bothintermsofself-sufficiencyinproductionofstaplefoodsandalsointhecapacitytodevelopandgenerateexportearningsfromtheprimarysector(agriculture,forestryandfisheries).Additionally,PapuaNewGuineamineralresources(miningandpetroleum/gasproducts)considerablystrengthenthecounty’spotentialexportearningcapacityandthusthecountryfoodimportcapability.However,whilstavailabilityofsufficientfoodisclearlyanecessaryconditionforfoodsecurity,astheNobelprizewinnerAmartyaSeneloquentlystatesinhisclassicessayPovertyandFamines55,availabilityofenoughfoodintheaggregateisnotsufficientforfoodsecurity.Thereforethereisalsoaneedforapolicyfocusonaccess,whichreferstotheabilityofpeopletophysicallyobtainandeconomicallyprocurethebalancednutritiousdiettheyneed.

AccesstoNutritiousFoodPovertyandfoodsecurityareinextricablyinterlinked.Eveninruralsettings,thepoorestfarminghouseholdstendtoproducelessfoodthantheyconsumeandspendthelargestproportionoftheirincomeonfood,leavingthemvulnerabletohighfoodpricesanddeclinesinagriculturaloutput.The2009-10HIESdataindicatethatnearlyone-quarterofthepopulationsufferfoodpoverty(householdsconsuminglessthanthevalueof2200caloriesofmoderatenutritionalquality)and40percentofthepopulationconsumedlessthanaminimumbasketoffoodandothergoodsandservices.56Furthermore,povertyratevariesconsiderableacrossregionsandissignificantlymoreprevalentinruralareas.Withtheirgreaterpopulations,theHighlandsandruralMomaseaccountfor37.5percentand29.2percentofPNG’spoorhouseholds,respectively.Only8.5percentofthepoorpopulationlivesinurbanareas,andthesehouseholdsappeartobeonlyjustbelowthepovertyline,unlikeruralMomaseinparticularwherepoorhouseholdsreportverylowconsumptionlevels.5758Essentially,theworstsocialindicatorsareassociatedwithenvironmentalconditionsinwhichthepracticeofsubsistenceagricultureisleast

55SenA(1982)PovertyandFamines:AnEssayonEntitlementandDeprivation,OxfordNewYork:ClarendonPress56Inrecognitionofthewidespreadinformalsocialsafetynetsprovidedbyaccesstoproductivelandassets,assessmentsofpovertyinPNGhavetypicallynotbeensolelybasedoncashincomesbuthavealsotakenaccountoftheeconomicvalueofsubsistenceproduction.Forthe2009–2010HIES,a“costofbasicneeds”povertylinewasdetermined,calculatingthecostofanindividualconsuming2,200caloriesperadultequivalentperdayplusthecostofessentialnonfooditemssuchasclothing.57GibsonJ(2012)TwoDecadesofPovertyinPapuaNewGuinea,presentationatPNGUpdate,UPNG,June12,201458IMF(2013)PapuaNewGuineaStaffReportforthe2013ArticleIVConsultation,IMFCountryReportNo.13/339,Box1pg.5

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productive.59Lowruralincomesmeanthatthereislimitedopportunityforimportsandhigh-proteinlocalproduce(mainlyofanimalorigin)tocontributetodietaryvariationexacerbatingproteinenergymalnutrition(PEM).Foratrulyfoodsecuresociety,PNGneedstoensurethatthepoorestandmost

vulnerablehaveaccesstosufficientnutritiousfoodtomeettheirdietaryneeds.

PNGhasanopentradepolicyregimeandfoodpricevolatilitythereforebecomesaparticularlyimportantvariableinassessingthenation’sfoodsecurity.Inflationspikedfollowingtheriseinglobalcommoditypricesin2008,importedfoodandfuelbeingmajordriversofinflation(Figure12).Inrural

areasfoodtransportedfromthecapitalandotherregionsissubjecttohigherpriceslargelyduetotransportcostsandexcessivelyhighwastagerateswithinthevaluechainswhichcontributedirectlytoendprices.Highinflationaddsfurtherpressuretothealreadyweakpurchasingpowerofvulnerablehouseholds.

Source:indexmundi:BankofPapuaNewGuinea

Thequalityoffoodthatpeoplecanaccessisimportant,particularlyforthepoorestpeople,butalsoforpeoplewithlimitedinformationaboutnutrition.Whenfoodpricesrise,ortherealincomesofpoorpeoplefallforotherreasons,thereisariskofhiddenhunger,wherepeopleswitchtolower-pricedfoodsthatfailtoadequatelymeettheirnutritionalneeds.Policiesforthisproblemneedtoensurethattherealincomesofthepoorareprotected,andtoprovideinformationtohelppoorpeoplemakebetterchoicesaboutthefoodtheyeat.WithalargeproportionofPNG’spoorpopulationdependentonsemi-

subsistencefarmingsupportingsmallfarmstobeamajorsourceofnutritiousfoodandofincomefor

womenandfamiliesisafoodandnutritionsecuritypolicypriority.

Tobuyenoughfood,thepoorruralhouseholdsneedhighercashincomesandefficientvaluechainsandlocalmarkets,toaugmentthevariablesupplyfromsubsistenceproduction.Investmentisneededinfoodvaluechainsandothermarkets,aswellasinsocialprotectionsystems,tohelpdisadvantagedpeoplecopewithchronicpovertyaswellashousehold-levelandmacropriceshocks.

CurrentlyinPNGtherearenoformalsystemsinplacetosupportthesocialprotectionofcommunitiesvulnerabletofoodinsecurityandmalnutrition.ThewantoksystemofreciprocitycontinuestobethemajorinformalsocialsafetynetoperatinginPNG.However,whilsttransfers(cashorkind)remainaveryimportantmeansofassistinghouseholds,theproportionofallhouseholdsrecordedthatreceived59HansonL.Wetal(2001)PapuaNewGuineaRuralDevelopmentHandbook.LandManagementGroup,DepartmentofHumanGeography,ResearchSchoolofPacificandAsianStudies,TheAustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra

0

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2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015

percen

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Figure12:CPIaverageannualinflationrate%

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transfersinthe2009-2010HIESwasabout49percent,downfromover90percentrecordedasreceivingtransfersinthe1996HouseholdSurvey.Theimportanceofwantoksnotwithstanding,thepossibilitiesforinter-householdincometransfersremainslimitedbylowhouseholdincomesinpoorercommunities.Furthermore,intimesofshock,particularlythosebroughtaboutbynaturaldisasters,communitysupportarrangementsoftenfail,unlessthecommunityincludesasubstantialnumberofwantokmembersoutsidetheaffectedarea(suchasurbandwellers).Thereisthusaneedtosupplementtheseinformalsafetynetarrangementswithtargetedformalinterventions.

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StabilityofPNG’sFoodSupplyStabilityoffoodsupplyatthenationallevelisdependentontheresilienceofthenationalfoodeconomyandsupplysystem(comprisingvaluechainsfordomesticproductionandimports)toshocks–suchasfoodpricespikes,naturaldisasters(floods,droughts,frosts,cyclones,tsunamiandvolcaniceruptionsetc.),outbreaksofpest/diseases,andalsotolonger-termtrends–includingdownturnsintheglobaleconomy,changingclimaticconditionsandlabormigrationfromruralareas.

Thelargestproportionsofthepopulationaresmallholderfarmerswholiveinthedenselysettledvalleysofthecentralhighlandsorwithin10kilometersofthecoastline,regionswhicharevulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Almosttwo-thirds(63percent)oflandusedforagricultureisonmountainsandhills.TheprovinceswiththegreatestproportionoflandusedforagricultureonmountainsandhillsareEasternHighlands(91percent),Enga(90percent),Simbu(86percent),Madang(76percent),Sandaun(76percent),Morobe(76percent)andGulf(75percent).60Intensificationoflanduseinthesefarmingenvironmentsexacerbatessoilerosionandlanddegradationandlowerstheresilienceoftheagriculturalsystems.Lossofsoilorganicmaterialreducessoilsmoistureholdingcapacityandincreasestheriskofdroughtdamage.Withincreasingpopulationpressureandreducedfallowperiods,underexistingculturalsystemsandpracticesthereislowrateofsoilfertilityreplenishmentandthuslanddegradationisbecomingamajorriskfactorforthestabilityoffoodsupply.TheliteratureindicatesthatitisnolongerpossiblethatmostpeopleofPNGareabletoeatwellfromtheirgardensorlabor.Vulnerabilityisincreasing,thoughhowsusceptibletoshocksapersonisdependsonthequalityoftheirland.61Thereisthereforeacriticalneedforwellresearchedlowinputtechnologytoenhancetheresourcebaseand

sustainsmallholderfarmproductivityandtostrengthenavailabilityandaccessibilityofrural

householdstofoodvaluechainsthatareabletodeliveralternativefoodstothemaswellastaketheir

foodproductionanddeliverittomarketsandconsumerswithminimalwastage.

Heavyrainorearthquakesfrequentlycauselandslidesthatmayoccuroverawidearea.Eachyear,betweenMayandOctober,thehighlandsexperiencefrostsataltitudesabove2,100meters.Wherethesefrostsremaininfrequent,cropscanrecoverfromthetemporarydamagetheycause.Ifthefrequencyordurationofthefrostsincreases,cropscanbedestroyed.Asthestaplerootcropshavealonggrowthperiodincoolerareas,thiscanleadtofoodshortageslastingmanymonths;aswasthecaseduringthe1997droughtandfrosts.

Withtheloomingthreatofclimatechangethereisacriticalandurgentneedtoaddresstheimpactof

changingweatherpatternsonfoodproductionandstabilityoffoodsupply.Therearealreadyindicationsthatrisingsealevelsarehavinganegativeimpactonverysmallislandsandothercoastallocationsbecauseofcoastalerosionandseawaterinundation.Manyoftheseareasdependontaro,

60AllenB,BourkeRM(2009)Part1People,LandandEnvironment,in:FoodandagricultureinPapuaNewGuinea’,ed.byR.M.BourkeandT.Harwood.ANUEPress,AustralianNationalUniversity:Canberra.61CammackD(2008)ChronicPovertyinPapuaNewGuinea,BackgroundPaperfortheChronicPovertyReport2008-2009,ChronicPovertyResearchCentre

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cassava,sagoandbananasasstaples,andyieldsfromthesecropshavebeenonadecline.6263Thereareabout140islandssmallerthan100km2

insizeandwithpopulationdensitiesgreaterthan100persons/km2.Itisthesepeoplewhoarelikelytosufferthemostsevereconsequencesofrisingsealevels.64Thepossibleincreasingthreatsoffloodsandexcessivesoilmoisture,droughts(oftenassociatedwithElNiñoconditions)andfrostsarealsobecomingimportantconcerns.

Thedevastatingimpactofthe1997and2015droughtsondomesticfoodsupplyhavehighlightedthatfoodsecuritystrategies,includingdroughtcontingencyplans,mustincludetheuseofimportedfoodstofeedasignificantproportionofthepopulationforashorttimefromtime-to-time.65Attimesofsuchnaturaldisastersriceisaveryimportantfoodbecauseofitstransportabilityandstorability,butdisasterslikethe1997droughtwouldlikelyalsodisruptanylocalriceproduction-sowhatiscrucialforthericesectoristomaintainandstrengthenthenationaldistributionandmarketingsystemandkeepthepriceofriceatalowmarketlevel.Theprivatesectordistributionnetworkappearedtofunctionwellfollowingthe1997drought–relativetothepublicsector/aiddistributionsystems66-thereforeanappropriateapproach,undersuchcircumstances,maybeforgovernment(andaidagencies)todeliverfoodvouchers(ratherthanbagsofrice)toenablevulnerablecommunitieswhohaveaccesstopurchasericefromthecommercialdistributionsystem.Thisshouldalsobetteraccommodatetargetingtotheneediest.Therewill,however,remainaneedforpublicsectoraiddistributionduringperiodsofsupply-sidefoodsecuritycrisistosupportthesubstantialproportionofthepopulationthatlacksaccesstomarketsofanykind.

TheFrameworkfortheNationalClimateChangeStrategyandActionPlanidentifiestheagricultureandwatersectorsasparticularlyvulnerabletoclimatechange.Acrossallsectors,themainconcernsraisedrelatedtochangesinrainfallandtemperaturepatternsandtheireffectsondrought,floodingandlandslides.Sustainablemanagementoftheenvironmentandbuildingresilienceinthefaceofclimatechangeandnaturaldisastersarefundamentalforachievinglastingfoodandnutritionsecurity.ResiliencewillbetheultimatemeasurebywhichPNG’sfarmingandfoodsecuritywillbejudged.Notjustresiliencetoshort-termshocks,butamoreenduringresilienceinthefaceofthenewfundamentalsassociatedwithglobalizedtrade,highenergycosts,labourmigrationandclimatechange.

KeyLessonsfromreviewofthe2000-2010FoodSecurityPolicyTheNationalFoodSecurityPolicy(NFSP)2000-2010wasoverlyambitiouswith14sub-programsandanestimatedbudgetfordeliveryofPGK500millionover10years.Lackofdetailedimplementationplans

62GovernmentofPapuaNewGuineaandWorldBank(2010)ClimateChangeinPapuaNewGuinea:FrameworkfortheNationalClimateChangeStrategyandActionPlan63DAL(2014)TowardsAgricultureTransformationandaNewDirectionforEnhancingProductivityinAgriculture,FunctionalandExpenditureReviewofAgriculturalCommodityBoardsandAgencies,DepartmentofAgricultureandLivestock,April201464AllenB,BourkeRM(2009)OptCit.65Ibid66WhitecrossN,FranklinP(2000)Theroleofriceinthe1997PNGdrought,in:BourkeRM,AllenMG,andSalisburyJG(eds)FoodSecurityforPapuaNewGuinea.ProceedingsofthePapuaNewGuineaFoodandNutrition2000Conference,ACIARProceedingsNo.99AustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearch,Canberra.pp.255–259

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withallocatedresponsibilitiesandamonitoringframework,particularlyrelatedtotheinvolvementandactionsrequiredatprovincialanddistrictlevel,andinrelationtoengagementofprivatesectorandthevaluechainsthatitoperates,resultedinlowanderraticallocationofbudgetresources.Furthermorethepolicyfailedtocapturethewidelyvaryingfoodsecurityneedsacrossthedifferentprovincesandregionsorthepressingfoodsecurityissuesrelatedtoclimatechange.Atthehouseholdlevelfoodsecurityisonlypossiblewhenconstraintsoflocalfoodsourcesandtheirdistributionarefullyaddressed.Consequently,therewasverylimitedpolicybuy-inattheprovincialanddistrictlevelswhereprogramprioritiesoftenvariedfromthosearticulatedatthenationallevel.Asaresultonlyfourprovinces(Manus,Madang,EastHighlandsandSimbu)adoptedprovincialfoodsecurityprogramslinkedtotheNFSP.67

Thepoorimplementationofthe2000-2010FoodSecurityPolicyindicatesthatthereisneedforgreatlyimprovedcoordinationofmulti-sectorserviceprovisionespeciallyinlinkingagricultureandnutritioninterventionsandbetweennational,provincialanddistrictlevelsandespeciallylinkingthepublicsectoratalllevelswiththeprivatesectorandthevaluechainsthatareprivatesectordrivenandmanaged.Itisalsoessentialtodesignprogramstomeetthespecificneedsofparticularregions,areasordistricts.Moreover,acknowledgingresourceconstraints(bothhumanandfinancial)meansthatprogramresponsesgoingforwardwillneedtobenutritionfocusedandtargetedtothoseareasingreatestneed.

Ensuringcoherenceinthepolicyenablingenvironmentisalsoessential-ifpoliciesareconflictingtheyneedtobereconciled.Furthermore,foodandnutritionsecuritypoliciesmustbealignedwiththecountry’snaturalresourceendowments,macroeconomicenvironment,infrastructuredevelopmentandbeintunewiththesocio-economicandculturalcontext.Additionally,informationsystemsneedtobestrengthenedwithimproveddataqualityandtimelinesstoenablepolicymonitoringandinvestmentdecisionmaking.

WomenareattheforefrontofsmallholderfoodproductionandmarketinginPNG,womenalsoplaythekeyroleinchildandfamilynutrition;thereforenationalfoodsecuritypolicyneedstofullyempowerwomeninagriculturedevelopmenttomaximizenutritiongains.

Areviewofinternationalexperienceidentifiesthatlimitedcommunicationbetweentheagricultureandnutritionsectorsandinadequatejointplanningatthenationallevelhasreducedtheimpactofinterventionsinbothareas.Thecreationofanenablingenvironment,encompassingeffectivenationalinstitutions,forthedevelopmentandimplementationofnutrition-sensitiveagriculturalpoliciesandprogramsiscritical.Keycontributorstosuccessinimprovingnutritionthroughagriculturalinvestmentsincludeworkingwithwomenfarmers,nutritioneducation,tailoringprojectstothespecificneedsofeachcommunity,andrigorousmonitoringandevaluation.

67DAL(2014)OptCit.

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4. Listofreferencesandkeydocumentsrelevanttofood&nutritionsecurity

AllenB,BourkeRM,GibsonJ(2005)PoorruralplacesinPapuaNewGuinea,AsiaPacificViewpoint,24,2,Aug2005

AllenB(2009)Part6:AgriculturalDevelopment,PoliciesandGovernance,in:FoodandagricultureinPapuaNewGuinea’,ed.byR.M.BourkeandT.Harwood.ANUEPress,AustralianNationalUniversity:Canberra.

AllenB,BourkeRM(2009)Part1People,LandandEnvironment,in:FoodandagricultureinPapuaNewGuinea’,ed.byR.M.BourkeandT.Harwood.ANUEPress,AustralianNationalUniversity:Canberra.

AllenM,BourkeRM,McGregorA(2009)Part5CashIncomefromAgriculture,in:FoodandagricultureinPapuaNewGuinea’,ed.byR.M.BourkeandT.Harwood.ANUEPress,AustralianNationalUniversity:Canberra

BourkeRM(2001)AnoverviewofFoodSecurityinPNG,in:BourkeRM,AllenMG,andSalisburyJG(eds)FoodSecurityforPapuaNewGuinea.ProceedingsofthePapuaNewGuineaFoodandNutrition2000Conference,ACIARProceedingsNo.99AustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearch,Canberra.pp.5–14.

BourkeRM,VlassakV(2004).EstimatesoffoodcropproductioninPapuaNewGuinea.LandManagementGroup,ResearchSchoolofPacificandAsianStudies,theAustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra

BourkeR.M.andHarwood,T.(eds)2009.FoodandAgricultureinPapuaNewGuinea,ANUEPress,AustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra

BourkeRMetal(2009)FoodinPapuaNewGuinea:Part1AnOverview,in:FoodandagricultureinPapuaNewGuinea’,ed.byR.M.BourkeandT.Harwood.ANUEPress,AustralianNationalUniversity:Canberra

BourkeRMetal(2009)Part2FoodProduction,ConsumptionandImports,in:FoodandagricultureinPapuaNewGuinea’,ed.byR.M.BourkeandT.Harwood.ANUEPress,AustralianNationalUniversity:Canberra

CammackD(2008)ChronicPovertyinPapuaNewGuinea,BackgroundPaperfortheChronicPovertyReport2008-2009,ChronicPovertyResearchCentre

DAL(2000)PapuaNewGuineaNationalFoodSecurityPolicy2000–2010,DepartmentofAgricultureandLivestock,May2000

DAL(2014)TowardsAgricultureTransformationandaNewDirectionforEnhancingProductivityinAgriculture,FunctionalandExpenditureReviewofAgriculturalCommodityBoardsandAgencies,DepartmentofAgricultureandLivestock,April2014

DAL(2015)PapuaNewGuineaNationalRicePolicy2015-2013,DepartmentofAgricultureandLivestock,

DNPM(2010)PapuaNewGuineaDevelopmentStrategicPlan2010–2030,DepartmentofNationalPlanningandMonitoring,PortMoresby

DNPM(2014)NationalStrategyforResponsibleSustainableDevelopmentforPapuaNewGuinea,DepartmentofNationalPlanningandMonitoring,January2014,PortMoresby

DNPM(2015)PNGNationalWater,SanitationandHygiene(WaSH)Policy2015-2030,DepartmentofNationalPlanningandMonitoring,PortMoresby

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DNPM(2015)PapuaNewGuineaMediumTermDevelopmentPlan2,2016-2017,DepartmentofNationalPlanningandMonitoring,March2015,PortMoresby

DepartmentofHealthofPapuaNewGuinea(2011)NationalNutritionSurveyPapuaNewGuinea,2005;PacificJournalofMedicalSciences:Vol.8,No.2,SpecialIssueMay2011

DepartmentofHealth(2015)PapuaNewGuineaNationalNutritionPolicy:2015-2024,FinalDraftMarch2015,NationalDepartmentsofHealth,AgricultureandLivestock,Education,CommunityDevelopment,NationalPlanningandMonitoring

FAO(2009)StateofPlantGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculture,PapuaNewGuineaCountryReport

FAO(2009)GlossaryonRighttoFood,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,December2009,Rome

FAO(2014)Developingsustainablefoodvaluechains–Guidingprinciples.Rome

GibsonJ(1995)FoodConsumptionandFoodPolicyinPapuaNewGuinea,InstituteofNationalAffairsDiscussionPaperNo.65

GibsonJ(2001)RicedemandinPapuaNewGuinea,PacificEconomicBulletin16(2):27-35

GibsonJ(2012)TwoDecadesofPovertyinPapuaNewGuinea,presentationatPNGUpdate,UPNG,June12,2014

GillespieS,HaddadL(2001)AttackingthedoubleburdenofmalnutritioninAsiaandthePacific,AsianDevelopmentBank,Manila,PhilippinesandtheInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute,WashingtonDC,UnitedStates

GovernmentofPapuaNewGuineaandWorldBank(2010)ClimateChangeinPapuaNewGuinea:FrameworkfortheNationalClimateChangeStrategyandActionPlan

HansonL.Wetal(2001)PapuaNewGuineaRuralDevelopmentHandbook.LandManagementGroup,DepartmentofHumanGeography,ResearchSchoolofPacificandAsianStudies,theAustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra

HideRL,AllenBJ,Bourke(1992)AgricultureandNutritioninPapuaNewGuinea:SomeIssues,PapuaNewGuineaNationalNutritionPolicyWorkshop,InstituteofNationalAffairsDiscussionPaperNo.54

HouX(2015)StagnantStuntingRateDespiteRapidEconomicGrowthinPapuaNewGuinea,FactorsCorrelatedwithMalnutritionamongChildrenunderFive,PolicyResearchWorkingPaper7301,WorldBankHealthNutritionandPopulationGlobalPracticeGroup,June2015

IMF(2013)PapuaNewGuineaStaffReportforthe2013ArticleIVConsultation,IMFCountryReportNo.13/339

IPCC(2012)Managingtherisksofextremeeventsanddisasterstoadvanceclimatechangeadaptation,SpecialReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC):Geneva,IPCCSecretariat

MarksG,FeredayNS(1992)SummaryofProceedingsPapuaNewGuineaNationalNutritionPolicyWorkshop,PapuaNewGuineaNationalNutritionPolicyWorkshop,InstituteofNationalAffairs:DiscussionPaperNo.54

MuellerI,Smith,TA(1999).PatternsofchildgrowthinPapuaNewGuineaandtheirrelationtoenvironmental,dietaryandsocioeconomicfactors–furtheranalysesofthe1982–1983PapuaNewGuineaNationalNutritionSurvey.PapuaNewGuineaMedicalJournal42(3–4):94–113,citedinRMBourkeandTHarwood(2009)

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NARI(2011)StrategyandResultsFramework2011-2020:AStrategicContributiontoRealizingPNGVision2050,CorporateDoc.No.8.2011,NARI,Lae39p

NationalStatisticsOffice,2009-2010PapuaNewGuineaHouseholdIncomeandExpenditureSurvey,SummaryTables

NSONationalPopulationandHousingCensus2011Report

OmotN(2012)FoodSecurityinPapuaNewGuinea,in:TempletonD.(ed.)FoodsecurityinEastTimor,PapuaNewGuineaandPacificislandcountriesandterritories.ACIARTechnicalReportsNo.80.AustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearch:Canberra.53pp

PNGVision2050DevelopmentCentre(2011)PapuaNewGuineaVision2050StrategicPolicyDirectionsandExpectedOutcomes,PortMoresby

SenA(1982)PovertyandFamines:AnEssayonEntitlementandDeprivation,OxfordNewYork:ClarendonPress

VincentD,LowS(2000)AReviewofthePapuaNewGuinea’sRedMeatIndustry,ACIARMonographSeries,No.66.ACIAR,Canberra

WebbP(2013)ImpactPathwaysfromAgriculturalResearchtoimprovedNutritionandHealth:LiteratureAnalysisandResearchPriorities,FoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO),Rome

WhitecrossN,FranklinP(2000)Theroleofriceinthe1997PNGdrought,in:BourkeRM,AllenMG,andSalisburyJG(eds.)FoodSecurityforPapuaNewGuinea.ProceedingsofthePapuaNewGuineaFoodandNutrition2000Conference,ACIARProceedingsNo.99AustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearch,Canberra.pp.255–259

WHOMulticentreGrowthReferenceStudyGroup(2006)WHOChildGrowthStandards:Length/height-for-age,weight-for-age,weight-for-length,weight-for-heightandbodymassindex-for-age:Methodsanddevelopment,Geneva:WorldHealthOrganization

WHO(2014)Globaldatabaseonchildgrowthandnutrition,dataforPapaNewGuinea,WorldHealthOrganization16August2014


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