papers (telphone always connect us).docx

8/12/2019 papers (telphone always connect us).docx

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1.1History of TelephoneDuring the 1870's, two well known inventors both independently designed

devices that could transmit sound along electrical cables. Those inventors were

Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray. Both devices were registered at the

patent office within hours of each other. There followed a bitter legal battle over

the invention of the telephone, which Bell subsequently won.

The telegraph and telephone are very similar in concept, and it was through

Bell's attempts to improve the telegraph that he found success with the telephone.

The telegraph had been a highly successful communication system for about

30 years before Bell began experimenting. The main problem with the telegraph

was that it used Morse code, and was limited to sending and receiving onemessage at a time. Bell had a good understanding about the nature of sound and

music. This enabled him to perceive the possibility of transmitting more than one

message along the same wire at one time. Bell's idea was not new, others before

him had envisaged a multiple telegraph. Bell offered his own solution, the

"Harmonic Telegraph". This was based on the principal that musical notes could

be sent simultaneously down the same wire, if those notes differed in pitch.

By the latter part of 1874 Bell's experiment had progressed enough for him to

inform close family members about the possibility of a multiple telegraph. Bell's

future father in law, attorney Gardiner Green Hubbard saw the opportunity tobreak the monopoly exerted by the Western Union Telegraph Company. He gave

Bell the financial backing required for him to carry on his work developing the

multiple telegraph. However Bell failed to mention that he and his accomplice,

another brilliant young electrician Thomas Watson, were developing an idea

which occurred to him during the summer. This idea was to create a device that

could transmit the human voice electrically.

Bell and Watson continued to work on the harmonic telegraph at the insistence

of Hubbard and a few other financial backers. During March 1875 Bell met with a

man called Joseph Henry without the knowledge of Hubbard. Joseph Henry was

the respected director of the Smithsonian Institution. He listened closely to Bell's

ideas and offered words of encouragement. Both Bell and Watson were spurred

on by Henry's opinions and continued their work with even greater enthusiasm

and determination. By June 1875 they realised their goal of creating a device that

could transmit speech electrically would soon be realised. Their experiments had

proven different tones would vary the strength of an electric current in a wire.

Now all they had to do was build a device with a suitable membrane capable

of turning those tones into varying electronic currents and a receiver to reproduce

the variations and turn them back into audible format at the other end. In early

June, Bell discovered that while working on his harmonic telegraph, he could hear


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a sound over the wire. It was the sound of a twanging clock spring. It was on

March 10th 1876 that Bell was to finally realise the success and communications

potential of his new device. The possibilities of being able to talk down an

electrical wire far outweighed those of a modified telegraph system, which was

essentially based on just dots and dashes.

According to Bell's notebook entry for that date, he describes his most

successful experiment using his new piece of equipment, the telephone. Bell

spoke to his assistant Watson, who was in the next room, through the instrument

and said "Mr Watson, come here, I want to speak to you".

Alexander Graham Bell was born on 3rd March 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland.

His family were leading authorities in elocution and speech correction. He was

groomed and educated to follow a career in the same speciality. By the age of just29 in 1876 he had invented and patented the telephone. His thorough knowledge

of sound and acoustics helped immensely during the development of his

telephone, and gave him the edge over others working on similar projects at that

time. Bell was an intellectual of quality rarely found since his death. He was a

man always striving for success and searching for new ideas to nurture and

develop.

The Telephone - Important dates

1. 1874 - Principal of the telephone was uncovered.

2. 1876 - Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone, beating Elisha Gray by a

matter of hours.

3. 1877 - The very first permanent outdoor telephone wire was completed. It

stretched a distance of just three miles. This was closely followed in the U.S. by

the worlds first commercial telephone service.

4. 1878 - The workable exchange was developed, which enabled calls to be

switched between subscribers rather than having direct lines.

5. 1879 - Subscribers began to be designated by numbers and not their names.

6. 1880's - Long distance service expanded throughout this period using metallic

circuits.

7. 1888 - Common battery system developed by Hammond V. Hayes, allows one

central battery to power all telephones on an exchange, rather than relying on each

units own battery.


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8. 1891 - First automatic dialling system invented by a Kansas City undertaker.

He believed that crooked operators were sending his potential customers

elsewhere. It was his aim to get rid of the operators altogether.

9. 1900 - First coin operated telephone installed in Hartford, Connecticut.

10. 1904 - "French Phone" developed by the Bell Company. This had the

transmitter and receiver in a simple handset.

11. 1911 - American Telephone and Telegraph (AT & T) acquire the Western

Union Telegraph Company in a hostile takeover. They purchased stocks in the

company covertly and the two eventually merged.

12. 1918 - It was estimated that approximately ten million Bell system telephoneswere in service throughout the U.S.

13. 1921 - The switching of large numbers of calls was made possible through theuse of phantom circuits. This allowed three conversations to take place on two

pairs of wires.

14. 1927 - First transatlantic service from New York to London became

operational. The signal was transmitted by radio waves.

15. 1936 - Research into electronic telephone exchanges began and was

eventually perfected in the 1960's with the electronic switching system (SES).

16. 1946 - Worlds first commercial mobile phone service put into operation. It

could link moving vehicles to a telephone network via radio waves.

17. 1947 - Microwave radio technology used for the first time for long distance

phone calls.

18. 1947 - The transistor was invented at Bell laboratories.

19. 1955 - Saw the beginning of the laying of transatlantic telephone cables.

20. 1962 - The worlds first international communications satellite, Telstar was

launched.

21. 1980's - The development of fibre optic cables during this decade, offered the

potential to carry much larger volumes of calls than satellite or microwaves.

22. 1980's, 1990's, to present - Huge advances in micro electronic technology over

the last two decades have enabled the development of cellular (mobile) phones to

advance at a truly astonishing rate. A cellular (mobile) phone has its own central


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transmitter allowing it to receive seamless transmissions as it enters and exits a

cell.

1.2What is Telephone?A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or

more users to conduct a conversation when they are not in the same vicinity of

each other to be heard directly.

The phone is a communication tool used to deliver voice (especially in the

form of conversation messages). Most phones operate using electric signal

transmission in telephone networks that allows phone users to communicate with

other users.

Telephone communication is one tool that is able to receive and transmit

sound through the electric current supplied by the central office. Central office

itself is the center of communications services that make up a telephone network

that allows the communication process using the phone. Along with the times, any

telephone network, which is considered very helpful communication process

began to spread to various regions, including Indonesia.

1.3 How Telephone woks?A telephone convertssound,typically and most efficiently thehuman voice,

into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission

media over long distances, and replays such signals simultaneously in audible

form to its user. The word telephone has been adapted into the vocabulary of

many languages.

To be simple it captures our sound vibrations through coils or plates and then

converts the vibrations to electrical signal and then then amplifies it and then

transfers to the another device where it is converted to voice signal in the reverse

order. It does not matter weather is calling the satellites still work.

When you pick up the phone, the phone connects you with the network.When you dial a phone number, the number is sent to the provider requesting a

connection with the subscriber with that number. The provider times your

connection and bills it.

When a person speaks into a telephone, the sound waves created by his voice

enter the mouthpiece. An electric current carries the sound to the telephone of the

person he is talking to. A telephone has two main parts: (1) the transmitter and (2)

the receiver.

When a person talks into the telephone, the sound waves strike thediaphragm and make it vibrate. The diaphragm vibrates at various speeds,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication


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depending on the variations in air pressure caused by the varying tones of the

speaker's voice.

The electric current passing through the electromagnet becomes stronger or

weaker according to the loud or soft sounds. This action causes the diaphragm to

vibrate according to the speaker's speech pattern. As the diaphragm moves in and

out, it pulls and pushes the air in front of it. The pressure on the air sets up sound

waves that are the same as the ones sent into the transmitter. The sound waves

strike the ear of the listener and he hears the words of the speaker.

1.4The Advantages and Disadvantages using of TelephoneThe Advantages

- You are able to communicate with anyone in the world (as long as you havethe number and the country's state code) at any time. It allows you to keep in

contact with them and know how they are.- Immediate Communication

The telephone allows immediate two-way communication. Unlike instant-

message programs, telephones allow for actual voice communication, with verbal

nuances that cannot be duplicated with words and smiley icons. Land-line

telephone service, especially, is remarkably reliable and stable, with clear voice

transmission.

- Communication at a DistanceTelephone service allows for communication over great distances, across

large bodies of water and even on the slopes of the highest mountains. Instant


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message services usually rely on computers, especially for extended chat sessions,

and do not have the same reach and flexibility as telephone service.

- Safety and EmergenciesMobile telephones can be a lifesaver in an emergency, especially in remote

areas. Young people carry them not only to communicate with their friends, but

also to provide a means to keep in touch with concerned parents.

- Sales and Customer ServiceAlthough telemarketing calls are unwelcome in many homes, the

telephone is an effective sales tool. It is much less expensive to use the telephone

to make a sale or at least scout out a prospect before sending out a salesperson.

The telephone is also an effective means of following up with customers, and for

providing customer service.- Identification of the most trusted symbol- Clearer sound quality- Voice communication comfort- Numbering a shorter- Free calling to the rest of the world (international call)- Very fitting for the home or business- Attached to the home or office- Able to access the internet and faster data (Instant TelkomNet or Speddy)- Terminal diverse and affordable home phoneThe Disadvantages

- Can not be taken anywhere- Expensive installation- Minimal facilities

1.5 Support and Challenge of Telephone in IndonesiaSome of the things that support the development of the telephone network in

Indonesia today is:a. The existence of a more skilled labor and skilled at networking

b. The law established by the government to give freedom in developing the

communications industry such as telephone.

c. The extent of the territory of Indonesia and the spread of population in need of

communication such as telephone networks.

d. Figures demand of the telephone network has increased since the facility was

very

helpful and easy to use.


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The challenge is meant here are the obstacles in the process of development

and deployment of the telephone network in Indonesia. Some of these barriers are:

a. Limited funds provided by the government and the provider of the telephone

network,

b. It is difficult to reach certain areas, such as rural areas that still lack electricity,

c. Fixed telephone network users are turning to mobile phones as it is considered

more practical and can be taken anywhere.

1.6Provider Network for TelephoneNetwork Operator Technology

PSTN Telkom, Indosat, Batam Bintan Copper

Seluler

Telkomsel, Indosat, Excelcomindo,

Sampoerna Tel, Mobile8, Natrindo,

HCI, Smart Telekom

GSM, CDMA450,

cdma20001x, WCDMA

SatelitPSN (ACeS), Satelit Garuda-1,

Amalgam (Iridium)Digital


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.antiquetelephonehistory.com/telworks.hp

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_of_using_a_telephone

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_telepon_di_Indonesia
http://www.antiquetelephonehistory.com/telworks.phphttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_of_using_a_telephonehttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleponhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleponhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_of_using_a_telephonehttp://www.antiquetelephonehistory.com/telworks.php

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papers (telphone always connect us).docx