PAPER2: SCENARIO ANALYSIS OF FUTURE BIOFUEL PERSPECITVES · Web viewThese auxiliary systems comprise three 1.0/1,12 MVA 13.8 kV/480 V load centre transformers and three 1 MW diesel

Appendix A - Life cycle inventory

Structures and improvements

The structures and improvements of the solar tower power plant include the clearing of the power

plant site of all vegetation prior to site work, the building of a road infrastructure at the power plant

site and the fencing of the area. The yard piping necessary to ensure drainage, domestic water, piping

for fire protection, primary water treatment, raw water and sanitary sewer accounts for 5.2 km and

requires excavation and backfill during installation. Additionally the basic structure at the power plant

site comprises maintenance and warehouse buildings, control and administration buildings, a water

treatment facility, the turbine generator control building, the cooling tower control building and the

gatehouse. During operation of the power plant the occupation of industrial area is considered. For the

end of life of this section it is assumed that the piping system stays in ground, whereas dismantling

LCA data for all other processes was found in the ecoinvent database and can be obtained from Table

A.1.

Table A.1 Process and material demand for the section “Structures and Improvements” and

corresponding LCA datasetsLife cycle phase Component Material/Process Corresponding LCA process Value Unit

Manufacturing Site Improvements Clearing of power plant site Transformation, to industrial area, RER 12.5 [km²]

Site Improvements Road infrastructure road, CH 423.6 [km∙a]

Site Improvements Site fences wire drawing, steel, RER 36.4 [t]

steel, converter, unalloyed, at plant,

RER 36.4 [t]

Piping

Yard piping (domestic water,

fire protection, primary water

treatment, raw water, sanitary

sewer and drains water supply network, CH 5.2 [km]

Piping Yard Piping - Excavation excavation, hydraulic digger, RER 11468 [m³]

Piping Yard Piping - Back Fill excavation, hydraulic digger, RER 11468 [m³]

Buildings Buildings building, hall, steel construction, CH 2411 [m²]

Use phase

Occupation of power plant

site Occupation, industrial area, RER 319.4 [km²∙a]

End of life Disposal road infrastructure disposal, road, RER 423.6 [km∙a]

Recycling “Structures and

Improvements”

disposal, building, reinforcement steel,

to recycling, CH 12.8 [t]

Disposal “Structures and

Improvements”

disposal, building, reinforcement steel,

to final disposal, CH 23.7 [t]

Collector systems

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The LCI datasets of the three heliostat concepts include processes which describe the life cycle of

the heliostat, the main wiring, the subordinate wiring, the transformers, the emergency generators, the

components of the autonomous solar heliostat systems, the operational and maintenance efforts, the

transport services and the disposal services.

The heliostat is modelled based on the weight of steel per aperture area reported as 10.18 kg/m2 of

aperture area (von Reeken, 2015). LCI -data on gear drives is obtained from technical datasets of the

manufacturers of slew gear units (AUMA, 2016; GFC, 2012). The mass of motors and control units

are estimated by extrapolating the values given in Kolb et al. (2007) based on the aperture area of the

heliostat. The material demand for mirrors is calculated from the geometry of the LH2.3 Brightsource

heliostat reflector and the specific density of glass mirrors (2430 kg/m3) (Koretz, 2014). The

connection between the steel structure and the reflective mirrors is achieved by an industrial adhesive

tape along six vertical supporting arms. Data on weight and composition of the adhesive tape is

derived from technical datasheets (3M, 2004). It is assumed that the width of the adhesive tape is

40 mm, whereas the length per heliostat equals the length of the six cantilever arms. The concrete

foundation of the heliostat is cylindrical and its mass is dimensioned according to the investigated

reflector area, extrapolated from the foundation of the Abengoa 66 heliostat (Weinrebe, 2000).

Moreover, the excavation of the foundation holes and the welding of the steel structure (1.3 m welding

per heliostat) are considered (Kolb et al., 2007).

The conventional wiring concept can be divided into main field wiring and subordinate field wiring

consisting of two-core copper cables with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) insulation. For main field wiring

and the subordinate field wiring copper cable dimensions of 2x10re (re = round-solid core) and 2x4re

are used (Lapp Kabel, 2016). The total masses of copper and PVC are calculated based on required

length of main field wiring and subordinate wiring in section Error: Reference source not found. The

wiring processes include standard LCA processes for the manufacturing of cables and the extrusion of

PVC pipes.

To operate the heliostat field continuously and to ensure system reliability auxiliary systems are

needed, which were originally allocated to the inventory list of the EPGS of (Kelly et al., 2010). These

auxiliary systems comprise three 1.0/1,12 MVA 13.8 kV/480 V load centre transformers and three

1 MW diesel emergency generators. To electrify the heliostats in the conventional field design two

2.5 MVA load centre transformers are used. The transformer LCI data is derived by creating a

parameterised dataset from EPDs of the transformer manufacturer ABB (ABB, 2003a, 2003b, 2003c,

2003d, 2003e, 2003f, 2003g).

The electricity supply of the investigated autonomous solar heliostat concepts is modelled by a

standard LCI dataset of a photovoltaic panel according to (Ecoinvent, 2010).

The battery systems are analysed by using the LCI datasets on LiFPO4 batteries and LiNMC

batteries reported in Majeau-Bettez et al. (2011a, 2011b). Based on the energy density of the total

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battery packs (88 Wh/kg and 112 Wh/kg of LiFPO4 and LiNMC, respectively) and the battery

capacities investigated in this study, an adjusted LCI dataset of the two battery systems is generated.

Operational demands during the use phase of the plants life cycle encompass the replacing of

reflector glass (0.1% of aperture area per year), the water demand (0.044 m³ per m² aperture area and

year) for cleaning the reflectors and the calculated energy demand for tracking (Turchi and Heath,

2013; Viebahn et al., 2008).

Additional end-of-life transport processes are modelled for LCA processes which do not include

transport to disposal.

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Table A.2 Process and material demand for the three investigated collector concepts and used LCA datasets

Life cycle phase Part of system Components Corresponding LCA process unit

Solar collector field with

conventional energy supply

Solar collector field with

autonomous solar energy supply (a)

Solar collector field

with autonomous solar energy supply (b)

Manufacturing HeliostatStructural steel (Pylon, Torque Tube, supports) reinforcing steel, at plant, RER [kg] 73145674.18 73145674.18 73145674.18Gear drives (slew gear units) reinforcing steel, at plant, RER [kg] 9359413.16 9359413.16 9359413.16Motors & Controls (Steel, Copper) electronics for control units, RER [kg] 1007863.234 1007863.234 1007863.234Glass mirrors flat glass, coated, at plant, RER [kg] 69847806.94 69847806.94 69847806.94Adhesives adhesive for metals, at plant, DE [kg] 207333.4 207333.4 207333.4Foundation (concrete) concrete, normal, at plant, CH [m3] 190517.5475 190517.5475 190517.5475Excavation/drilling of holes excavation, hydraulic digger, RER [m3] 190517.5475 190517.5475 190517.5475Welding (20min =10m) welding, arc, steel, RER [m] 488295 488295 488295

WiringMain wiring Field wiring (copper) copper, at regional storage, RER [kg] 662577.60 0 0

Field wiring (wire drawing) wire drawing, copper, RER [kg] 662577.60 0 0PVC Coating/Insulation polyethylene, HDPE, granulate, at plant, RER [kg] 1076212.57 0 0Extrusion of insulation extrusion, plastic pipes, RER [kg] 1076212.57 0.00 0.00

Subordinate wiring Field wiring (copper) copper, at regional storage, RER [kg] 72216.32 72216.32 72216.32

Field wiring (wire drawing) wire drawing, copper, RER [kg] 72216.32 72216.32 72216.32PVC Coating/Insulation polyethylene, HDPE, granulate, at plant, RER [kg] 206764.83 206764.83 206764.83Extrusion of insulation extrusion, plastic pipes, RER [kg] 206764.83 206764.83 206764.83

Auxiliary systems Load Center Transformer - 12kV / 400 V, 2.5 MVA [#] 2 0 0Electrical steel, steel sheet, steel

profiles/construction steel reinforcing steel, at plant, RER [kg] 21671.60625 0 0Glass fiber glass fibre, at plant, RER [kg] 978.8805 0 0Kraft paper kraft paper, unbleached, at plant, RER [kg] 931.7395 0 0Copper wire wire drawing, copper, RER [kg] 10008.10125 0 0

copper, at regional storage, RER [kg] 10008.10125Presspan/ Wood particle board, cement bonded, at plant, RER [m3] 0.6922 0 0Porcelain ceramic tiles, at regional storage, CH [kg] 10531.6225 0 0Aluminium aluminium, primary, at plant, RER [kg] 282.46925 0 0Paint alkyd paint, white, 60% in solvent, at plant, RER [kg] 376.0565 0 0Transformer oil silicone product, at plant, RER [kg] 10531.6225 0 0Resin polyurethane, rigid foam, at plant, RER [kg] 0 0 0

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Red brass brass, at plant, CH [kg] 0 0 0Insulation material expanded perlite, at plant, CH [kg] 934.89 0 0Silver silver, at regional storage, RER [kg] 0 0 0Electrical energy electricity mix, CH [kWh] 0 0 0Heat energy heat, unspecific, in chemical plant, RER [kWh] 0 0 0

Hazardous wastedisposal, hazardous waste, 25% water, to

hazardous waste incineration, CH [kg] 690.02 0 0

Regular Waste (incl. Waste water)disposal, municipal solid waste, 22.9% water, to

municipal incineration, CH [kg] 1765758 0 0Energy losses [kWh] 0 0 0


hazardous waste incineration, CH [kg] 1765758 0 0

Regular Waste (incl. Waste water)disposal, municipal solid waste, 22.9% water, to

municipal incineration, CH [kg] 690.02 0 0


hazardous waste incineration, CH [kg] 51188.25 0 0

Recycled wastedisposal, building, reinforcement steel, to

recycling, CH [kg] 15632.85 0 0

Landfill wastedisposal, municipal solid waste, 22.9% water, to

sanitary landfill, CH [kg] 976.045 0 0Subordinate distribution transformer [#] 8012 0 0Transformer 0.5 kVA 400V/ 48V transformer, high voltage use, at plant, GLO [kg] 65698.4 0 0Emergency power supply, Emergency Diesel-Generator, 3000 kVA industrial furnace 1MW, oil, CH [#] 3 0 0

Autonomous solar energy system Photovoltaic panels [#] 0 3920 4936

photovoltaic panel, multi-Si, at plant, RER [m2] 0 6389.6 8045.68LiNMC battery [#] 0 784 0

LiNMC battery, assembled (kg) [kg] 0 42490 0LiFPO4 battery [#] 0 0 1234

LiFPO4 battery, assembled (kg) [kg] 0 0 56604Transport Manufacturing Transport, Fracht, Schiene, RER transport, freight, rail, RER [tkm] 152249612.3 152050839 152050839

Use phase Replacing Glass flat glass, coated, at plant, RER [kg/a] 69847.80694 69847.80694 69847.80694Water demand tap water, at user, RER [m3/a] 313963.4726 313963.4726 313963.4726Energy demand (Tracking/heliostat) [Wh/d] 17.4 17.4 17.4

Tracking conventional electricity, low voltage, at grid, US[MWh/a] 1201 0 0

Disposal Disposal services disposal, electronics for control units, RER [kg] 1007863.234 1007863.234 1007863.234

Recycling steel componentsdisposal, building, reinforcement steel, to recycling, CH [kg] 28876780.57 28876780.57 28876780.57

Disposal steel componentsdisposal, building, reinforcement steel, to final disposal, CH [kg] 53628306.77 53628306.77 53628306.77

Disposal concrete components disposal, building, concrete, not reinforced, to final [kg] 419138604.5 419138604.5 419138604.5

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disposal, CH

Disposal copper componentsdisposal, copper, 0% water, to municipal incineration, CH [kg] 734793.92 72216.32 72216.32

Transport Disposal Transport services [tkm] 220438.176 34411.9544 38646.1608

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Receiver system

In the receiver system pumps are used to pump the heat transfer fluid (‘cold’ salt at 292°C) to the

receiver, which is located at the top of the solar tower. Each of the two receiver systems is fed by three

pumps with a power capacity of 3.4 MW capable to deliver 1380 m3/h of molten salt. Additionally the

power plant is equipped with a spare pump at a rated capacity of 1.9 MW. Inventory data for all inputs

of process pumping devices were found in the environmental product declarations (EPD) of the pump

manufacturer Sulzer (Sulzer, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d, 2012e, 2012f, 2012g, 2012h, 2012i, 2012j,

2012k). These datasets were used to create synthetic datasets at the respective power capacity of the

pumps via parametrisation of all input flows.

The two molten salt receivers have each a thermal power of 910 MWth and are made of nickel alloy

steel tubes (Inconel 625), to prevent damage during operation through high temperatures. The

corresponding LCA data was found in the ecoinvent database and considers all life cycle stages for the

provision of material and the manufacturing of the receiver components. For the manufacturing of the

receivers, an average metal product manufacturing ecoinvent process was used. Additionally the

welding of the receiver tubes onto the header was modelled. Therefore the number of tube-to-header

welds and the outer tube diameter were obtained from (Kelly et al., 2010) and the length of all welds

was calculated by assuming that each tube’s circumference is welded.

The vertical piping describes the part of the piping infrastructure which delivers the heat transfer

fluid and compressed air up to (riser) and down from (downcomer) the receivers in the tower. Pipe

dimensions of carbon steel and stainless steel pipes in this subsection range between 2” and 28” for the

compressed air supply and the downcomer, respectively (Kelly et al., 2010). The material demand of

these different steel pipes was calculated by considering the pipe dimensions and weight factors of the

alloy according to the formula for standardised steel pipes (Multalloy, 2015):

mpipe=(d−s )⋅( s⋅10 . 68 )⋅f metal (11)

where, mpipe denotes the specific mass of the pipe [lbs/feet], d is the pipe outer diameter [inch], s

stands for the wall thickness of the pipe [inch] and f metal is the weight factor of the alloy (e.g. steel =

1, carbon steel = 0.993, nickel alloy= 1.146). The horizontal piping, which is located before the riser

and after the downcomer, was modelled. Pipe dimensions of carbon steel pipes range between 2” and

30” for the compressed air supply and the downcomer, respectively. Moreover, the drawing of pipes

was considered and the number of welds for vertical and horizontal piping was used to calculate the

total length of welds. Valves for the reported dimensions of vertical and horizontal piping have

pressure ratings between 150 lbs and 900 lbs. In the LCA model the valves were considered based on

their weight, which is reported by the valve manufacturer Powell Valves (PowellValves, 2015). For

simplification it is assumed that the main components of the valves are made of cast iron, the

appropriate process was found in the ecoinvent database.

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Structural steel in form of low-alloyed steel and chromium steel sheets (deck plates) is used for the

scaffolding and staircases. All major piping in the receiver system requires insulation to prevent heat

losses. The insulation is made of calcium silicate blocks and coats the horizontal and vertical pipes in a

thickness between 6” to 8”. Based on the volume and density of the insulation coating the mass was

calculated and suitable LCA data for the insulation was found in the ecoinvent database.

The electrical engineering of the receiver component includes the power distribution systems, the

electric heat tracing, wire and cable, cable trays, and the electric infrastructure for lighting,

communication, fire-smoke detectors and grounding. The power distribution includes a

4000/5000 kVA substation transformer, which was modelled based on the transformer weight and data

obtained from the electric component manufacturer Schneider Electric (SchneiderElectric, 2013). The

power distribution of the heat tracing infrastructure comprises 15 heat trace power transformers with a

rated capacity of 50 kVA each, specific data for modelling was found in (SWGR, 2015). Electric heat

tracing cables are attached onto all pipes which transport fluids to ensure freeze protection. This

results in a total length of 95 km of heat tracing cables. It was assumed that heat tracing cables are

made of an iron-nickel-chromium alloy (Alloy 825) with a density of 8140 kg/m3 (Thermon, 2013).

The material demand of the electric infrastructure for lighting, communication, fire-smoke detectors,

grounding and general wiring is mainly made of copper cables.

The concrete work in the receiver system stems from the construction of the receiver towers and the

tower foundations. The sitework includes excavation and backfill at the tower construction sites. LCA

process data on concrete, the embedded materials and sitework was obtained from ecoinvent database.

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Table A.3 Process and material demand for the section “Receiver System” and used LCA datasets

Life cycle phase Component Material/Process Corresponding LCA process Value UnitManufacturing Pumps Cast iron cast iron, at plant, RER 24.7 [t]

Pumps Chromium steel chromium steel 18/8, at plant, RER 35.3 [t]Pumps Oil silicone product, at plant, RER 0.8 [t]

Receiver Nickel alloy steel (Inconel 625)

iron-nickel-chromium alloy, at plant, RER 130.8 [t]

Receiver Metal product manufacturing metal product manufacturing, average metal working 130.8 [t]

Receiver Welding “Receiver” welding, arc, steel, RER 295.6 [m]Receiver Maintenance Crane reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 5 [t]

Vertical Piping Steel and stainless steel pipes (2” to 28”) reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 911.1 [t]

Vertical Piping Drawing of steel pipes (2” to 28”) drawing of pipes, steel, RER 911.1 [t]

Vertical Piping Welding “Vertical piping” welding, arc, steel, RER 2780.3 [m]Vertical Valves Valves (150lbs to 900lbs) cast iron, at plant, RER 46.8 [t]

Horizontal Piping Steel and stainless steel pipes (2” to 30”) reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 1777.4 [t]

Horizontal Piping Drawing of steel pipes (2” to 30”) drawing of pipes, steel, RER 1777.4 [t]

Horizontal Piping Welding “Horizontal piping” welding, arc, steel, RER 7734.4 [m]Horizontal Valves Valves (150lbs to 900lbs) cast iron, at plant, RER 29.7 [t]Structural Steel Light structural steel steel, low-alloyed, at plant, RER 100 [t]

Structural Steel Deck plates tin plated chromium steel sheet, 2 mm, at plant, RER 278.7 [m2]

Insulation Pipe insulation (thickness 6” to 8”) expanded perlite, at plant, CH 1817.1 [t]

ElectricalPower distribution substation transformer 4000/5000 kVA, 4.16kV-480V, OA/FA

transformer, high voltage use, at plant, GLO 14.8 [t]

Electrical15 heat trace power transformers, 50 kVA, 480 V- 50 V, AA


Electrical 480 V motor control centre control cabinet cogen unit 160kWe, RER 1 [#]

Electrical Switchgears control cabinet cogen unit 160kWe, RER 2 [#]

Electrical Electric heat tracing (Alloy 825)

iron-nickel-chromium alloy, at plant, RER 3859.1 [t]

Electrical Steel conduit reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 45.0 [t]Electrical Drawing of steel conduit drawing of pipes, steel, RER 45.0 [t]

Electrical

Wire and Cable (Electric power distribution, lighting, communication, fire-smoke detectors, grounding and general wiring)

copper, at regional storage, RER 7.5 [t]

Electrical Wire drawing “Receiver” wire drawing, copper, RER 7.5 [t]

Concrete work Reinforced steel “receiver tower” reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 4967.0 [t]

Concrete work Concrete “receiver tower” concrete, normal, at plant, CH 22337 [m3]

Concrete work Embedded metals “receiver tower” reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 132.5 [t]

Concrete work Reinforced steel “tower foundation” reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 2591.0 [t]

Concrete work Concrete “tower foundation” concrete, normal, at plant, CH 19810 [m3]

Concrete work Embedded metals “tower foundation” reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 132.5 [t]

Sitework Excavation excavation, hydraulic digger, RER 23772 [m3]Sitework Backfill and compaction excavation, hydraulic digger, RER 3962 [m3]

Transport Transport services transport, freight, rail, RER 59.9 [106 tkm]

Use phase Pumps Particle board particle board, cement bonded, at plant, RER 2423.8 [m²]

Pumps Tap water tap water, at user, RER 221.4 [t]Pumps Oil silicone product, at plant, RER 18.3 [t]Pumps Cast iron cast iron, at plant, RER 2.8 [t]Pumps Disposal hazardous waste disposal, hazardous waste, 25% water, 2.6 [t]

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to hazardous waste incineration, CH

Pumps Disposal municipal solid waste

disposal, municipal solid waste, 22.9% water, to municipal incineration, CH 1.6 [t]

Pumps Recycling disposal, building, reinforcement steel, to recycling, CH 9.3 [t]

End of life Pumps Disposal hazardous waste “Pumps”

disposal, hazardous waste, 25% water, to hazardous waste incineration, CH 2.1 [t]

Pumps Recycling “Pumps” disposal, building, reinforcement steel, to recycling, CH 63.4 [t]

Recycling steel components disposal, building, reinforcement steel, to recycling, CH 4276.9 [t]

Disposal steel components disposal, building, reinforcement steel, to final disposal, CH 7942.9 [t]

Disposal concrete components disposal, building, concrete, not reinforced, to final disposal, CH 187x103 [t]

Disposal copper components disposal, copper, 0% water, to municipal incineration, CH 7.1 [t]

Additional transport services Disposal transport, freight, rail, RER 2135 [tkm]

Thermal Storage System

The thermal storage system is used to extend the plant’s operation during the night-time or times of

lower insulation. The investigated storage system stores the energy in three pairs of molten salt storage

tanks. The storage tanks containing molten salt are vertical cylindrical tanks with a self-supporting

roof. The tanks containing the hot and cold molten salt have a diameter of 41.2 m and 43.0 m,

respectively. The height of the storage tanks is 12.2 m. The hot storage tanks including the internal salt

distribution system are made of stainless steel with a weight of 517.1 tons each. The cold storage tanks

are made of carbon steel and have a weight of 476.2 tons each (Kelly et al., 2010). For both tanks LCA

data was found in the ecoinvent database.

As no detailed LCA dataset was available for the molten salt inventory, the modelling of the heat

transfer fluid was made by performing a stoichiometric calculation. The nitrate salt is a composition of

60% sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and 40% potassium nitrate (KNO3). Sodium nitrate is synthesized

industrially by neutralizing nitric acid with sodium carbonate

Na2 CO3+2 HNO3→2 NaNO3+ H 2 O+CO2 (12)

where, one gram of NaNO3 requires 0.62 g Na2 CO3 and 0.74 g HNO3 . Analogously, the

production of potassium nitrate is modelled

K2CO3+2HNO3→2 KNO3+H2 O+CO2 (13)

where, one gram of KNO3 requires 0.68 g K2 CO3 and 0.62 g HNO3 . LCA data for sodium

carbonate, nitric acid and potassium carbonate was found in the ecoinvent database. Additionally the

amount of heat necessary to melt the salt was obtained from (Viebahn et al., 2008) and accounts for

0.38 MJ/kg.

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Structural steel in form of low-alloyed steel and chromium steel sheets (deck plates) is used for the

scaffolding and staircases. Moreover the elevated platforms in the thermal storage system are made of

heavy structural steel.

The storage tanks are insulated using a 12” (cold tank) to 16” (hot tank) thick lagging made of

calcium silicate and mineral wool. Appropriate LCA data on the insulation of the tanks was found in

the ecoinvent database.

Similar to the electrical engineering of the receiver component, the thermal storage system includes

a power distribution system for the electric heat tracing, wire and cable, cable trays, and the electric

infrastructure for lighting, communication, fire-smoke detectors and grounding. The power

distribution includes a 4000/5000 kVA substation transformer, which was modelled based on the

transformer weight and data obtained from the electric component manufacturer Schneider Electric

(SchneiderElectric, 2013). The material demand of the electric infrastructure for lighting,

communication, fire-smoke detectors, grounding and general wiring is mainly made of copper cables

and ¾” steel conduits.

The concrete work and the site work of the storage system stems from the construction of elevated

platforms and the construction of the storage foundations. This includes the excavation and backfill

works, concrete, embedded metals, reinforced steel and foamglas, sand and refractory bricks for the

tank foundations.

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Table A.4 Process and material demand for the section “Thermal Storage System” and used LCA datasets

Life cycle phase Component Material/Process Corresponding LCA process Value Unit

Manufacturing Tanks 3 cold salt storage tanks, vertical cylindrical tank, carbon steel reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 1429 [t]

Tanks 3 hot salt storage tanks, vertical cylindrical tank, stainless steel

chromium steel 18/8, at plant, RER 1551 [t]

Molten salt Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) [t]

Molten salt Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

sodium carbonate from ammonium chloride production, at plant, GLO

30409 [t]

Molten salt Nitric acid (HNO3) nitric acid, 50% in H2O, at plant , RER 36143 [t]

Molten salt Potassium nitrate (KNO3)

Molten salt Potassium carbonate (K2CO3)

potassium carbonate, at plant, GLO 22221 [t]

Molten salt Nitric acid (HNO3) nitric acid, 50% in H2O, at plant , RER 20259 [t]

Molten salt Energy demand for initial melting of heat transfer fluid (salt)

diesel, burned in building machine, GLO 31.2 [TJ]

Structural Steel Light structural steel steel, low-alloyed, at plant, RER 57 [t]

Structural Steel Deck plates tin plated chromium steel sheet, 2 mm, at plant, RER 204 [m2]

Structural Steel Heavy steel (elevated platforms) reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 372 [t]Insulation Cold tank insulation (thickness 12”) Rock wool, at plant, CH 476 [t]Insulation Hot tank insulation (thickness 14”) Rock wool, at plant, CH 596 [t]

ElectricalPower distribution substation transformer 4000/5000 kVA, 4.16kV-480V, OA/FA


Electrical 480 V motor control center control cabinet cogen unit 160kWe, RER 1 [#]

Electrical Steel conduit reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 2.1 [t]Electrical Drawing of steel conduit drawing of pipes, steel, RER 2.1 [t]Electrical Cable trays reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 90.0 [t]

Electrical



Electrical Wire drawing “Receiver” wire drawing, copper, RER 1.3 [t]Concrete work Reinforced steel “Storage” reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 54.0 [t]Concrete work Concrete “Storage” concrete, normal, at plant, CH 414.4 [m3]Concrete work Embedded metals “Storage” reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 2.6 [t]

Sitework Excavation excavation, hydraulic digger, RER 6682.0 [m3]

Sitework Backfill and compaction excavation, hydraulic digger, RER 4454.3 [m3]

Sitework Tank foundation insulation (foam glass) foam glass, at plant, RER 262.9 [t]

Sitework Refactory bricks (tank perimeter foundation)

refractory, basic, packed, at plant, DE 930.9 [t]

Sitework Sand (tank foundation) sand, at mine, CH 261.5 [t]

Painting Painting of structural steel alkyd paint, white, 60% in solvent, at plant, RER 1.6 [t]

Transport Transport services transport, freight, rail, RER 26.4 [106 tkm]

End of life Recycling steel components disposal, building, reinforcement steel, to recycling, CH 1245 [t]

Disposal steel components disposal, building, reinforcement steel, to final disposal, CH 2312 [t]

Disposal concrete components disposal, building, concrete, not reinforced, to final disposal, CH 1843 [t]

Disposal “Molten salt” disposal, inert waste, 5% water, to inert material landfill 81 [103 t]


Disposal glass components disposal, glass, 0% water, to inert material landfill, CH 263 [t]

Disposal mineral wool components disposal, building, mineral wool, to final disposal, CH 1072 [t]

Disposal paint disposal, paint, 0% water, to inert 1.6 [t]

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material landfill, CHTransport services transport, freight, rail, RER 24.5 [106 tkm]

Steam Generation System

The two steam generators were modelled based on the heat exchanger area of the preheaters, the

superheaters, the reheaters and the evaporators. Based on the dimensions of these components the

weight of the steam generator was calculated.

The pumps in the storage system comprise hot salt pumps, spare pumps, attemperation pumps, a

startup boiler feedwater pump and two evaporation recirculation pumps. Each of the two steam

generating systems use pumps with power capacities between 200 kW and 1 MW. Inventory data for

all inputs of process pumping devices were found in the environmental product declarations (EPD) of

the pump manufacturer Sulzer (Sulzer, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d, 2012e, 2012f, 2012g, 2012h,

2012i, 2012j, 2012k). These datasets were used to create synthetic datasets at the respective power

capacity of the pumps via parametrisation of all input flows.

The piping includes the nitrate salt pipes in the steam generation system and the recirculation water

pipes which are the inlets, outlets and connections between the superheater, the evaporator, the

reheater, the preheater and the steam drum.

Pipes are made of carbon and stainless steel at dimensions between 6” and 30”. Moreover, the

drawing of pipes was considered and the number of welds was used to calculate the total length of

welds. The valves used in the steam generation system have pressure ratings between 300 lbs and

900 lbs. In the LCA model the valves were considered based on their weight which is reported by the

valve manufacturer Powell Valves (PowellValves, 2015). For simplification it is assumed that the

main components of the valves are made of cast iron, the appropriate process was found in the

ecoinvent database.

Insulation is needed for all major piping systems and the heat exchangers. Therefor a 4” to 8” thick

isolation made of calcium silicate is used as a coating.

Electrical components of the steam generating system cover the power distribution of the pumps by

a distribution 500/600 kVA transformer, a motor control center and two switchgears. Moreover all

piping is equipped with electric heat tracing cables (Thermon, 2013). The power distribution

components were modelled based on their mass found in SWGR (2015). The material demand of the

electric infrastructure for lighting, communication, fire-smoke detectors, grounding and general wiring

is mainly made of copper cables and steel conduits.

The concrete work and the sitework include the construction of the foundations of the steam

generator, heat exchangers and the excavation and backfill works.

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Table A.5 Process and material demand for the section “Steam Generation System” and corresponding

LCA datasets


Manufacturing Heat exchangers2 steam generators (preheater,superheater, reheater, evaporator)

reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 535 [t]

Pumps Cast iron cast iron, at plant, RER 4.9 [t]Pumps Chromium steel chromium steel 18/8, at plant, RER 16.9 [t]Pumps Oil silicone product, at plant, RER 127 [kg]

Piping Steel and stainless steel pipes (6” to 30”) reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 73.2 [t]

Piping Drawing of steel pipes (6” to 30”) drawing of pipes, steel, RER 73.2 [t]

Piping Welding “Piping” welding, arc, steel, RER 355.6 [m]Valves Valves (300lbs to 900lbs) cast iron, at plant, RER 37.3 [t]

Insulation Pipe insulation (thickness 4” to 8”) expanded perlite, at plant, CH 123.9 [t]

ElectricalPower distribution substation transformer 500/600 kVA, 4.16kV-480V, AA/FA


Electrical 480 V motor control centre control cabinet cogen unit 160kWe, RER 3 [#]

Electrical Switchgears control cabinet cogen unit 160kWe, RER 2 [#]

Electrical Electric heat tracing (Alloy 825) iron-nickel-chromium alloy, at plant, RER 194.8 [t]

Electrical Steel conduit reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 5.0 [t]Electrical Drawing of steel conduit drawing of pipes, steel, RER 5.0 [t]Electrical Cable trays reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 11.1 [t]

Electrical



Electrical Wire drawing “Steam Generation System” wire drawing, copper, RER 1.8 [t]

Concrete work Reinforced steel “Steam Generation System” reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 14.0 [t]

Concrete work Concrete “Steam Generation System” concrete, normal, at plant, CH 147.6 [m3]

Concrete work Embedded metals “Steam Generation System” reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 0.4 [t]

Sitework Excavation excavation, hydraulic digger, RER 73.4 [m3]Sitework Backfill excavation, hydraulic digger, RER 36.7 [m3]

Painting Painting of structural steel alkyd paint, white, 60% in solvent, at plant, RER 1.6 [t]

Transport Transport services transport, freight, rail, RER 411 [103 tkm]


Pumps Tap water tap water, at user, RER 190.3 [t]Pumps Oil silicone product, at plant, RER 80 [kg]Pumps Cast iron cast iron, at plant, RER 0.8 [t]

Pumps Disposal hazardous wastedisposal, hazardous waste, 25% water, to hazardous waste incineration, CH

0.6 [t]

Pumps Disposal municipal solid wastedisposal, municipal solid waste, 22.9% water, to municipal incineration, CH

1.1 [t]


End of life Pumps Disposal hazardous waste “Pumps”

disposal, hazardous waste, 25% water, to hazardous waste incineration, CH

80 [kg]




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Disposal concrete components disposal, building, concrete, not reinforced, to final disposal, CH 450.2 [t]


Disposal paint disposal, paint, 0% water, to inert material landfill, CH 0.6 [t]

Additional transport services disposal transport, freight, rail, RER 696 [tkm]

Electric Power Generation System

To ensure the operation of the Electric Power Generation System (EPGS) several pressurised

columns and vessels are used. These include air filters, compressed air receivers, an air dryer, a liquid

N2-storage and an open deaerating feedwater heater. Background data on the material composition and

weight of these vessels were found in the technical data sheets and the technical drawings of Aircel

(2016), Balston (2016), Express (2016) and Manchester (2016). All operational fluids of the power

block are buffered in tanks. The tank materials used are dependent on the proprieties of the fluid stored

and range from standard carbon steel and fiber glass tanks for fuels to PVC tanks to store chemicals

(e.g. chlorine or natrium carbonate).

In the water-steam cycle of the power plant heat exchangers are used as feedwater heaters,

condenser or gland steam condenser. Based on the dimensions of these components the weights of the

heat exchangers were calculated. Moreover, the component heat exchanger includes the dry cooling

towers. Basic process data on the dry cooling system was derived from Adam (2011) and up-scaled to

the exhaust steam mass flow at the condenser of the investigated solar tower configuration. It was

assumed that the material demand of the dry cooling system increases linearly with the exhaust steam

flow that has to be cooled.

Pumps supplying the feedwater, the condensate, the circulating water and the fire water were

modelled based on the LCA data given in the environmental product declarations (EPD) of the pump

manufacturer Sulzer (Sulzer, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d, 2012e, 2012f, 2012g, 2012h, 2012i, 2012j,

2012k). The compressors used in the EPGS were modelled based on two ecoinvent datasets of

compressors. These datasets were used to create synthetic datasets at the respective power capacity of

the pumps and compressors investigated in this study via parametrisation of all input flows.

The analysis of the steam turbine and the generator set was performed by applying the material

dataset of Parthey (2010). A parametrisation to the capacity of the investigated components of this

dataset was made for all processes of the turbine and the generator. For the up-scaling of the datasets a

constant steam flow per cross-sectional area was assumed.

Pipes are made of carbon steel at dimensions between 1” and 54”. The material demand of these

different steel pipes was calculated by considering the pipe dimensions and weight factors of carbon

steel according to the formula for standardised steel pipes (Multalloy, 2015). Moreover, the drawing of

pipes was considered and the number of welds was used to calculate the total length of welds. The

material demand of the pneumatic tubing in the EPGS was calculated by assuming that all pneumatic

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pipes have a diameter of 12.7 mm and a thickness of 1.5 mm (SMC, 2013). Together with the total

length of pneumatic tubes in this system and the density of polyethylene the total mass was obtained.

Structural steel is used for the supports, pipe racks, cable trays, gratings and ladders of the EPGS.

The insulation of major equipment components (e.g. feedwater pumps, feedwater heaters,

deaerator) and piping infrastructure in the EPGS is made by using calcium silicate. The thickness of

the insulation coatings varies from 4” to 6”.

A major contributor to the overall material demand can be found in the electrical engineering of the

EPGS. Especially the power distribution requires significant resources. The power distribution

comprises a main transformer and an auxiliary transformer and three load centre transformers. The

main transformer is operating at a power rating of 490/540 MVA with a primary and secondary

voltage level of 13.8 kV and 230 kV, respectively. The auxiliary transformer has a power rating of

44/50 MVA with a primary and secondary voltage level of 230 kV and 13.8 kV, respectively. Each of

the load-centre transformers is operating at a power rating of 1.0/1.12 MVA and at voltage levels of

13.8 kV and 4160 V. High voltage transformers distributing the electricity at different voltage levels in

the EPGS were modelled based on the LCA data given in the environmental product declarations

(EPD) of the transformer manufacturer ABB (ABB, 2003a, 2003b, 2003c, 2003d, 2003e, 2003f,

2003g). These datasets were used to create synthetic datasets at the respective power rating of the

transformers via parametrisation of all input flows. Additionally the bulk materials used for the

electrical engineering encompass switchgears, circuit breakers, low voltage transformers and cable and

wiring. Based on the dimensions and density of these components masses were calculated and the

corresponding LCA data was found in the ecoinvent database.

The concrete work in this section of the power plant stems from the construction of the turbine-

generator foundation, the cooling tower foundations and the fuel oil tank foundation. The sitework

includes excavation and backfill at the construction sites. LCA process data on concrete, the embedded

materials and sitework was obtained from ecoinvent database.

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Table A.6 Process and material demand for the section “Electric Power Generation System” and

corresponding LCA datasets

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Life cycle phase Component Material/Process Corresponding LCA process Value UnitManufacturing Columns and vessels Instrument air filters

Columns and vessels Casing aluminium, primary, at plant, RER 0.6 [kg]Columns and vessels Internals nylon 6, at plant, RER 0.6 [kg]Columns and vessels Compressed air receivers reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 2.4 [t]Columns and vessels Air dryer reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 0.4 [t]Columns and vessels Liquid N2-storage reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 2.8 [t]

Columns and vessels Open deaerating feedwater heater reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 14.1 [t]

Tanks Fuel oil storage glass fibre, at plant, RER 1.2 [t]Tanks Diesel generator tank reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 0.1 [t]Tanks Lubricating Oil Conditioner reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 2.2 [t]Tanks Demineralizer reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 1.9 [t]

Tanks Hyprochlorinator polyvinylchloride, bulk polymerised, at plant, RER 33.1 [kg]

Tanks Sand filtersTanks glass fibre, at plant, RER 2.9 [t]Sand sand, at mine, CH 0.8 [t]

Tanks Soda Ash Mixing polyvinylchloride, bulk polymerised, at plant, RER 17.7 [kg]

Tanks Liquid Coagulant Mixing polyvinylchloride, bulk polymerised, at plant, RER 17.7 [kg]

Tanks Chemical Feed tank chromium steel 18/8, at plant; RER 0.4 [kg]

Tanks Sodium Phosphate Dissolving Funnel chromium steel 18/8, at plant; RER 45.4 [kg]

Tanks Lime Soda Softener reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 7.1 [t]Tanks Service Water Storage glass fibre, at plant, RER 1.4 [t]Tanks Sludge Thickener reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 0.5 [t]Tanks Supernatant Storage reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 0.3 [t]Tanks Sulfuric Acid Storage reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 1.9 [t]Tanks Potable Water Storage reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 0.6 [t]Tanks Liquid Coagulant Storage reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 0.3 [t]Tanks Caustic Soda Storage reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 1.7 [t]Tanks Soda Ash Storage Bin reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 0.7 [t]Tanks Quick Lime Storage Bin reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 0.7 [t]Heat Exchangers Feed water Heaters reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 118.3 [t]Heat Exchangers Main condenser reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 241.3 [t]Heat Exchangers Gland steam condenser reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 0.1 [t]Cooling Towers Tube fins aluminium, primary, at plant, RER 1046.6 [t]

Cooling Towers

Connecting steam pipe, reinforcing steel, piping, condenser piping, condenser tank

reinforcing steel, at plant, RER

3377.8 [t]

Cooling Towers Light structural steel (scaffolding) steel, low-alloyed, at plant, RER 629.9 [t]

Cooling Towers Ventilation walls, ventilator, base plate

glass fibre reinforced plastic, polyamide, injection moulding, at plant, RER 1008.4 [t]

Cooling Towers Motors and pumps cast iron, at plant, RER 103.8 [t]Cooling Towers Zinc for galvanising zinc, primary, at regional storage, RER 2.5 [t]Cooling Towers Foundation concrete, normal, at plant, CH 35748 [m3]Cooling Towers Manufacturing of scaffolds

Section bar rolling section bar rolling, steel, RER 629.9 [t]Galvanising zinc coating, coils, RER 40.3 [m2]

Cooling Towers Manufacturing of finned tubes (tubes) drawing of pipes, steel, RER 3377.8 [t]

Cooling Towers Manufacturing of finned tubes (fins)

aluminium product manufacturing, average metal working, RER 1046.6 [t]

Pumps Cast iron cast iron, at plant, RER 23.9 [t]Pumps Chromium steel chromium steel 18/8, at plant, RER 41.6 [t]Pumps Oil silicone product, at plant, RER 0.7 [t]Pumps Low alloyed steel steel, low-alloyed, at plant, RER 14.4 [t]

CompressorsAir compressors, vacuum pumps, gland steam condenser air exhauster

Printed wiring printed wiring board, surface mount, at 2.5 [m2]

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Aluminium aluminium, production mix, at plant, RER 0.9 [t]Aluminium sheet rooling sheet rolling, aluminium, RER 0.9 [t]Chromium steel sheet rolling sheet rolling, chromium steel, RER 0.9 [t]Steel sheet rolling sheet rolling, steel, RER 5.2 [t]Chromium steel chromium steel 18/8, at plant, RER 0.9 [t]Wire drawing wire drawing, copper, RER 1.1 [t]Synthetic rubber synthetic rubber, at plant, RER 57.4 [kg]Cast iron cast iron, at plant, RER 4.1 [t]Copper copper, at regional storage, RER 1.1 [t]

Polystyrene polystyrene, high impact, HIPS, at plant, RER 0.2 [t]

Injection moulding injection moulding, RER 0.2 [t]Low alloyed steel steel, low-alloyed, at plant, RER 5.2 [t]Transport freight train transport, freight, rail, RER 2613.6 [tkm]Transport lorry transport, lorry >16t, fleet average, RER 1306.8 [tkm]

Steam Turbine

Turbine Generator Package: Steam Turbine - 2 cylinder (HP and IP/LP), downward exhaust440 MWe

Reinforcing steel, reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 209.1 [t]Low alloyed steel steel, low-alloyed, at plant, RER 5.9 [t]Molybdenum molybdenum, at regional storage, RER 2.7 [t]Chromium steel chromium steel 18/8, at plant, RER 51.1 [t]Iron-nickel-chromium alloy iron-nickel-chromium alloy, at plant, RER 98.4 [t]Cast iron cast iron, at plant, RER 148.2 [t]Milling of steel components milling, steel, average, RER 49.5 [t]Milling of chromium steel components

milling, chromium steel, average, RER35.0 [t]

Milling of cast iron components milling, cast iron, average, RER 34.1 [t]

Generator Generator - 2 pole, air cooled, 490 MVA

Reinforcing steel, reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 37.5 [t]Low alloyed steel steel, low-alloyed, at plant, RER 249.4 [t]Chromium steel chromium steel 18/8, at plant, RER 0.8 [t]Iron-nickel-chromium alloy iron-nickel-chromium alloy, at plant, RER 9.4 [t]Cast iron cast iron, at plant, RER 4.4 [t]Copper copper, at regional storage, RER 47.3 [t]Ceramic tiles ceramic tiles, at regional storage, CH 0.7 [t]

Polyethylene polyethylene, HDPE, granulate, at plant, RER 5.0 [t]

Milling of steel components milling, steel, average, RER 66.0 [t]Milling of chromium steel components

milling, chromium steel, average, RER2.4 [t]

Milling of cast iron components milling, cast iron, average, RER 1.0 [t]

Cranes Turbine crane, warehouse crane reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 66 [t]

Piping Steel pipes (1” to 72”) reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 531.4 [t]Drawing of steel pipes (1” to 72”) drawing of pipes, steel, RER 531.4 [t]Welding “Vertical piping” welding, arc, steel, RER 2043.3 [m]

Pneumatic tubing polyethylene, HDPE, granulate, at plant, RER 1100.4 [kg]

Extrusion of plastic pipes extrusion, plastic pipes, RER 1100.4 [kg]

Structural Steel Supports, Pipe Racks, Cable Trays reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 290 [t]

Structural Steel Gratings and Ladders reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 26 [t]

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Insulation Pipe and equipment insulation (thickness 6” to 8”) expanded perlite, at plant, CH 362.3 [t]

Electrical

1 x Main Transformer - 13.8 / 230 kV, 490 / 540 MVA, OA1 x Auxiliary Transformer - 230 / 13.8 kV, 44 / 50 MVA, OA3 x Load Center Transformer - 13.8 kV / 4160 V, 1.0 / 1.12 MVA, AA

Electrical steel reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 250.2 [t]Steel sheet reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 8.3 [t]Steel profile/Construction steel

reinforcing steel, at plant, RER61.2 [t]

Glass fiber glass fibre, at plant, RER 1.9 [t]Kraft paper kraft paper, unbleached, at plant, RER 1.8 [t]Copper wire copper, at regional storage, RER 54.7 [t]Wire drawing “Electric Power Generation System”

wire drawing, copper, RER

54.7 [t]Copper profile copper, at regional storage, RER 8.8 [t]

Pressspan/Wood particle board, cement bonded, at plant, RER 27.9 [m3]

Porcelain ceramic tiles, at regional storage, CH 17.5 [t]Aluminium aluminium, primary, at plant, RER 0.5 [t]

Paint alkyd paint, white, 60% in solvent, at plant, RER 2.8 [t]

Transformer oil silicone product, at plant, RER 93.2 [t]Resin polyurethane, rigid foam, at plant, RER 6 [kg]Red brass brass, at plant, CH 41 [kg]Insulation material expanded perlite, at plant, CH 7.9 [t]Heat energy heat, unspecific, in chemical plant, RER 347 [MWh]Hazardous waste “Electrical”


Regular waste (incl. waste water) “Electrical”

disposal, municipal solid waste, 22.9% water, to municipal incineration, CH 11083 [t]

Metalclad Switchgear - 4160 V control cabinet cogen unit 160kWe, RER 1 [#]Air Circuit Breakers - 480 V control cabinet cogen unit 160kWe, RER 1 [#]480-208/120V Dry Type Transformers


2 x Lighting Transformer, 30 kVA, 3 phase 480 / 277 V, Indoor


3 x Lighting Transformer, 30 kVA, 3 phase, 480 / 277 V, Outdoor


Cable trays reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 35.0 [t]Steel conduit reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 65.6 [t]Wire and Cable (Power cable, instrument and control wiring, lighting, communication, grounding and general wiring)

copper, at regional storage, RER

4.4 [t]Wire drawing “Electric Power Generation System” wire drawing, copper, RER 4.4 [t]

Concrete work Reinforced steel “turbine-generator foundation” reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 72.0 [t]Concrete “turbine-generator foundation” concrete, normal, at plant, CH 917.5 [m3]Embedded metals “turbine-generator foundation” reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 8.2 [t]Reinforced steel “Miscellaneous Footings and Foundations”

reinforcing steel, at plant, RER180 [t]

Concrete “Miscellaneous Footings and Foundations” concrete, normal, at plant, CH 2293.7 [m3]Embedded metals reinforcing steel, at plant, RER 6.8 [t]

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“Miscellaneous Footings and Foundations”

Sitework

Excavation (Turbine generator foundation, Miscellaneous Footings and Foundations, fuel oil tank)

excavation, hydraulic digger, RER

4808 [m3]Backfill and compaction (Turbine generator foundation, Miscellaneous Footings and Foundations, fuel oil tank)

excavation, hydraulic digger, RER

1798 [m3]Transport Transport services transport, freight, rail, RER 5.0 [106 tkm]


Pumps Tap water tap water, at user, RER 355.6 [t]Pumps Oil silicone product, at plant, RER 13.8 [t]Pumps Cast iron cast iron, at plant, RER 2.3 [t]

Pumps Disposal hazardous waste disposal, hazardous waste, 25% water, to hazardous waste incineration, CH 2.3 [t]

Pumps Disposal municipal solid waste

disposal, municipal solid waste, 22.9% water, to municipal incineration, CH 2.3 [t]


Electrical Hazardous waste “Electrical” disposal, hazardous waste, 25% water, to hazardous waste incineration, CH 5072 [t]

Electrical Regular waste (incl. waste water) “Electrical”


End of life Cooling Tower Recycling “Cooling Tower” disposal, building, reinforcement steel, to recycling, CH 5158.1 [t]

Pumps Disposal hazardous waste “Pumps”



Compressors Disposal rubber “Compressors”

disposal, rubber, unspecified, 0% water, to municipal incineration, CH 57.4 [kg]

Compressors Disposal polystyrene “Compressors”

disposal, polystyrene, 0.2% water, to municipal incineration, CH 149.5 [kg]

Electrical Hazardous waste “Electrical” disposal, hazardous waste, 25% water, to hazardous waste incineration, CH 5072 [t]

Electrical Regular waste (incl. waste water) “Electrical”


Disposal paint disposal, paint, 0% water, to inert material landfill, CH 2.8 [t]



Disposal concrete components

disposal, building, concrete, not reinforced, to final disposal, CH 11372 [t]


Disposal glass disposal, glass, 0% water, to inert material landfill, CH 7.4 [t]

Disposal aluminium disposal, aluminium, 0% water, to municipal incineration, CH 1048 [t]

Disposal plasticsdisposal, building, polyethylene/polypropylene products, to final disposal, CH 1014.8 [t]

Transport services transport, freight, rail, RER 336 [103 tkm]

Fossil Co-firing during power plant operation

Significant demands during the use phase of a CSP plant stem from the co-firing depicted in Error:

Reference source not found. To prevent the molten salt heat transfer fluid from freezing and to avoid

part-load behaviour in the thermal process, a fossil-co-firing unit is added to the system. Today CSP

plants are using fired heaters with waste heat recovery system as reported in Hunold (2012). The

amount of co-firing used in CSP plants is dependent on the CSP configuration type, the costs and

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availability of fossil fuels at the power plant site and existing renewable energy policies. For the co-

firing rate we assume as an upper boundary 12% of the yearly electricity production similar to the

renewable energy regulations regarding CSP plants in the Spanish energy system, where most of the

current CSP capacity is installed (RoyalDecree, 2004). The minimum co-firing rate assumed in this

study is determined at 2%, reported as co-firing amount necessary to allow CSP plant operation at

distant CSP plant locations in Southern Africa (Geyer, 2014). To include these co-firing shares into

the existing power plant concept, the electricity generation given in Error: Reference source not found is

increased based on the additional electricity generation from fossil fuels. The resulting net electricity

yields of the solar power plant including the minimum and maximum co-firing shares account for

1600 GWhel/a and 1780 GWhel/a, respectively. In both cases it is assumed that diesel is used for co-

firing and that the diesel transport is achieved by freight train. No information was found on the

construction materials necessary to build the fired heaters.

Based on these assumptions the minimum and maximum co-firing amounts were calculated and the

corresponding LCA data was found in the ecoinvent database.

Table A.7 Minimum and maximum process and material demands for the section “Fossil co-firing” and

used LCA datasets


Use phase Co-Firing (max) Co-firing diesel burneddiesel, burned in diesel-electric generating set, GLO 1875 [TJ/a]

Co-Firing (max) Transport diesel transport, freight, rail, RER 13.0 [106 tkm]

Use phase Co-Firing (min) Co-firing diesel burneddiesel, burned in diesel-electric generating set, GLO 313 [TJ]

Co-Firing (min) Transport diesel transport, freight, rail, RER 2.2 [106 tkm]

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Documents

PAPER2: SCENARIO ANALYSIS OF FUTURE BIOFUEL PERSPECITVES · Web viewThese auxiliary systems comprise three 1.0/1,12 MVA 13.8 kV/480 V load centre transformers and three 1 MW diesel