Paper Structure

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Paper of Tenses

Created by

Aam Karnamah

12211401

STIBA INVADA

Jl. Brigjen Darsono No. 20 By Pass (Cideng) Cirebon

Telp. (0231) 3388321, 209669


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Paper of Tenses Page i i

PREFACE

Alhamdulillah, Praise to Allah, because His Blessing and mercy to the

writer to complete the paper which very simple its contents. The paper was made

for to fulfill study subject abaout Tenses. Hopefully The Paper can be utilized

as one of the reference, guidance and also guide to reader in education

administration. Thanks to all which have helped and writer cannot be mentioned

one by one, so that this paper be finished.

As the proverb says THERE IS NO IVORY THAT IS NOT CRACKED, of

course this paper writer still many insuffiency. Writer really allows all readers to

give their suggestion to improve its content in order to be made as one of the good

examples for the next paper.

Cirebon, July 2012

Writer

Aam Karnamah


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Paper of Tenses Page i i i

CONTENTS

Preface ............................................................................................................ ii

Contents .......................................................................................................... iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Introduction .............................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

2.1 Present Tenses

1. Simple Present ............................................................................... 32. Present Continuous ........................................................................ 33. Present Perfect ............................................................................... 54. Present Perfect Continuous ............................................................ 5

2.2 Past Tenses

1. Simple Past .................................................................................... 62. Past Continuous ............................................................................. 73. Past Perfect .................................................................................... 74. Past Perfect Continuous ................................................................. 8

2.3 Future Tenses

1. Simple Future ................................................................................ 92. Future Continuous ......................................................................... 103. Future Perfect ................................................................................ 114. Future Perfect Continuous ............................................................. 12

2.4 WH-Questions ..................................................................................... 13

2.5 The Exercises ...................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION

Conclusion ................................................................................................

References ......................................................................................................


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Paper of Ten ses Page 1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Each language must have rules or we often refer to as the grammar, as well

as with the English language, a lot of rules that must be considered in its use.

Perhaps because it, tenses are one of the matters which often made reason of

difficult for learn English. True, tenses needn't be the scourge of us which wish to

improve English ability. Moreover we as a student who majored in English

Literature, we have deservedly mastered tenses.

In this paper writer will discuss the matter 12 tenses of 16 tenses in

English. The twelfth rule writer mean are : Simple Present Tense, Present

Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Simple Past Tense, Past

Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Simple Future Tense, Future

Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous and asking with WH-

Questions and also examples the exercises that writer practice with writers

friends.


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CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

Tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time. Basically,

there are four fundamentals of tense:

Present Past Future Past Future

group above can be grouped again into four kinds of :

Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

To be can comprehend it, look at these matrix of tenses below:

Present Past Future Past Future

Simple Simple Present Simple Past Simple FutureSimple Past

Future

ContinuousPresent

Continuous

Past

Continuous

Future

Continuous

Past Future

Continuous

Perfect Present Perfect Past Perfect Future PerfectPast Future

Perfect

Perfect

Continuous

Present Perfect

Continuous

Past Perfect

Continuous

Future Perfect

Continuous

Past Future

Perfect

Continuous

So, every form of tenses will have four different forms as follows:


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2.1PRESENT TENSE1. Simple Present

Simple Present tense used to show habits, facts or general truths.

Examples:

Mr. John works five days a week

I always make my brother a sandwisch every morning

The sun sets in the west

Cows give milk and sheep give wool

In general Simple Present Tense formed with subject then followed

by VI (infinitive), if the third person singular (he, she, it) add "s/es". Then

followed by object/adverb.

For negative on Simple Present, we just add bedo/does and not

before VI. And interrogative sentence made by removing do/does forwards

subject. Look at the table below!

(+) S + VI (s/es) + O/Adv

(-) S + do/ does + Not + VI + O/Adv

(?) do/does + S + VI + O/Adv ?

Time signal Simple Present :

Always Ussually Often Sometimes

Seldom Rarely Never Every

2. Present ContinuousWe use the Present Continuous Tense to talk about :

Activities happening now.Examples

The kids are watching TV.

I am reading a novel.

Activities happening around now, and not necessarily this very moment.

Habits

Facts


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Examples

Sally is studying really hard for her exams this week.

I am reading a really interesting book now. Activities happening in the near future, especially for planned future

events.

Examples

Polly is coming for dinner tomorrow.

in general, the continuous is used to focus on the activity itself or tostress its temporary nature.

Examples

John goes to school by bike, but this Monday, hes going bymotorbike.

Present Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed by verb

phrase composed of forms of auxiliary be (am/is/are) then the present

participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb.

For Negative on Present Continuous, we just put not before V-ing.

And interrogative sentence made by removing am/is/are forwards subject.

Look at the table below!

(+) S + am/is/are + V-ing + O/Adv

(-) S + am/is/are + Not + V-ing + O/Adv

(?) am/is/are + S + V-ing + O/Adv ?

The following verbs arent normally used in the continuous tense:

Verb of sensation (see, hear, feel, smell, taste, notice, recognize, etc.) Verb of emotion (like, refuse, adore, care, forgive, hate, etc.) Verb of thought (believe, expect, forget, know, mind, etc.) Verb of possession (own, possess, belong to, owe, etc.)

Time signal Present Continuous :

Now / right now At present / at the present At this moment / at the moment


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3. Present PerfectWe use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about :

Describe our experience

Examples

I have been to France.

Change that has happened over a period of time.Examples

I have stopped smoking lately.

Present Perfect formed with subject then followed by verb phrase

composed of forms of auxiliary have/has and add the past participle (VIII)

then followed by object/adverb.

For Negative on Present Perfect, we just put not before VIII. And

interrogative sentence made by removing have/has forwards subject. Look

at the table below!

(+) S + have/has + VIII + O/Adv

(-) S + have/has + Not + VIII + O/Adv

(?) have/has + S + VIII + O/Adv ?

Time signal Present Perfect :

For... Since... Just

Already Yet lately

4. Present Perfect ContinuousWe use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something

started in the past and has continued up until now.

Examples:

They have been talking for the last hour.

Sarah has been typing the report for this morning.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed

by verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary have/has been and add the

present participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb.


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For Negative on Present Perfect Continuous, we just put not before

Verb-ing. And interrogative sentence made by removing have/has forwards


(+) S + have/has been + V-ing + O/Adv

(-) S + have/has been + Not + V-ing + O/Adv

(?) have/has + S + been + V-ing + O/Adv ?

Time signal Present Perfect Continuous :

For The whole day Since

All afternoon Long Lately

2.2 PAST TENSE

1. Simple PastWe used Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and

finished at a specific time in the past. The Simple Past can also be used to

describe a habit which stopped in the past, describe past facts or

generalizations which are no longer true.

Examples:

I saw a movie yesterday.

Last year Vinna always sang in Anne cafe.

In general Simple Past Tense formed with subject then followed by

verbII, then followed by object/adverb.

For negative on Simple Past, we just add bedid and not before

Verb and verb past tense (VII) return became infinitive (VI). And

interrogative sentence made by removing did forwards subject. Look at

the table below!

(+) S + VII + O/Adv

(-) S + did + Not + VI + O/Adv

(?) did + S + VI + O/Adv ?


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Time signal Simple Past :

Yesterday ... ago

Last... Just now

2. Past ContinuousWe use Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past

was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple

Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in

time.

Past Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed by verb

phrase composed of forms of auxiliary be (were/was) and add the present

participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb.

For negative on Simple Past, we just put not before V-ing. And

interrogative sentence made by removing were/was forwards subject.

Look at the table below!

(+) S + were/was + V-ing + O/Adv

(-) S + were/was + Not + V-ing + O/Adv

(?) were/was + S + V-ing + O/Adv ?

We will find a lot of cases when the two tense forms were used in

one sentence. We can combining Simple Past and Past Continuous.

Examples

When my mother came, I was answering the phone.

The water ran out while I was tooth-brushing my teeth.

Time signal Past Continuous :

When While All...

3. Past PerfectThe Past Perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used

to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It can


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also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. We

can combining Simple Past and Past Perfect.

Examples

After I had locked the door, I went to school

You had studied English before you moved to New York.

Past Perfect formed with subject then followed by verb phrase

composed of forms of auxiliary had and add the past participle (VIII)

then followed by object/adverb.

For Negative on Past Perfect, we just put not before VIII. And

interrogative sentence made by removing had forwards subject. Look at

the table below!

(+) S + had + VIII + O/Adv

(-) S + had + Not + VIII + O/Adv

(?) had + S + VIII + O/Adv ?

Time signal Past Perfect: Before after until as soon as

4. Past Perfect ContinuousWe use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started

in the past and continued up until another time in the past. However, the

duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the

past.

Examples

You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she

finally arrived.

She had been working at that company for three years when it went

out of business.

John was very tired. He had been running.


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Past Perfect Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed

by verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary had and add been before

the present participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb.

For negative on Present Perfect Continuous, we just put not before

Verb-ing. And interrogative sentence made by removing had forwards


(+) S + had been + V-ing + O/Adv

(-) S + had been + Not + V-ing + O/Adv

(?) had + S + been + V-ing + O/Adv ?

Time signal Past Perfect Continuous :

When Until

2.3 FUTURE TENSE

1. Simple FutureWe use the simple future tense for actions that will happen in the

future or to make a prediction about the future.

examples:

I think he will phone me later

It will rain tomorrow.

People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.

In general Simple Future Tense formed with subject then followed

by will (all subject) / shall (I, we) and add VerbI (infinitive), then

followed by object/adverb.

For negative sentences in Simple Future Tense, we insert not

between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For interrogative sentences

made by removing will/shall forwards subject. Look at the table below!


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Paper of Tenses Page 10

(+) S + will/shall + VI + O/Adv

(-) S + will/shall + Not + VI + O/Adv

(?) Will/shall + S + VI + O/Adv ?

Sometimes we use form be going to on simple future to replace

will/shall, but be going to and will/shall express different meanings. We

use will/shall express on future simple tense when there is no plan or

decision to do something before we speak. While, be going to for future

event that has been planned before the time of speaking.

Examples:

I am going to go to London this coming May.

Deni is going to send his application tomorrow.

Time signal Simple Future :

Tomorrow Next... Immediately Soon

This... Today Tonight Later this...

2. Future ContinuousWe use the Future Continuous Tense expresses action at a

particular moment in the future. The action will start before that moment

but it will not have finished at that moment.

Examples:

Tomorrow I will starting work at 2 pm and stop work at 6 pm

We also use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action

in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future.

Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Examples:

I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.

I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.


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Future Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed by

verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary will/shall be and add the

present participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb.

For negative sentences in Future Continuous, we insert not

between will/shall and be. For interrogative sentences made by removing

will/shall forwards subject. Look at the table below!

(+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O/Adv

(-) S + will/shall + Not + be + V-ing + O/Adv

(?) Will/shall + S + be + V-ing + O/Adv ?

Time signal Future Continuous :

At this time tomorrow At these hours tomorrow afternoon At six oclock tomorrow morning At eight oclock tonight At this time next year

Note : time signal which used Future Continuous more specific than

Simple Future

3. Future PerfectWe use the Future Perfect talks about the past in the future,

expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the

future.

Examples:

I will have arrived at the office by 8.

By next November, I will have received my promotion.

Future Perfect formed with subject then followed by verb phrase

composed of forms of auxiliary will/shall and add have before the past

participle (VIII) then followed by object/adverb.


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For negative sentences in Future Perfect, we insert not between

will/shall and have. For interrogative sentences made by removing

will/shall forwards subject. Look at the table below!

(+) S + will/shall + have + VIII + O/Adv

(-) S + will/shall + Not + have + VIII + O/Adv

(?) Will/shall + S + have + VIII + O/Adv ?

Time signal Future Perfect :

By4. Future Perfect Continuous

We use the Future Perfect Continuous tense to express situations

that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the

future. We also use this tense to express certainty about the cause of some

future situation.

Examples:

I will have been swimming by 9 am tomorrow.

Before they come, we will have been cleaning the house for 5

hours.

Future Perfect Continuous formed with subject then followed by

verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary will/shall andadd havebeen

before the present participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb.

For negative sentences on Future Perfect Continuous, we insert not

between will/shall and have been. For interrogative sentences made by

removing will/shall forwards subject. Look at the table below!

(+) S + will/shall + have been + V-ing + O/Adv

(-) S + will/shall + Not + have been + V-ing + O/Adv

(?) Will/shall + S + have been + V-ing + O/Adv ?

Time signal Future Perfect Continuous :

By


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For When...before...

2.4WH-QUESTIONSFor open questions and needs more information in the answer, we use

question words to ask certain types of questions. We often called WH-

questions. There are WH-questions - what, when, where, which, who, whom,

whose, why andhow.

We use what when asking for information about something, noun,

name of the person, profession. We use when to ask about the time that

something happened or will happen. We use where to ask questions about

place or position. We use which when asking about choice. We use who

(subject) or whom (object) when asking about someone's identity. We use

whose to ask about possession. We use why to ask for a reason. We use how

to asking about manner, condition or quality. And the derivative of how, there

are: howmuch/many to asking about quantity. We use howfar to asking

about distance andhow long to asking about length (time or space).

What, which and whose can be used with or without a noun as a

question word. Whom can only be used to elicit information about the object

of the sentence.

Formula WH-questions formed with WH-questions then followed by

auxiliary, subject, Object/Complement. Look at the table below!

WH-questions + aux + S + Object/Complement?

Examples:

What is your name?

What homework will you do tonight?

When have you been to London?

Where have they been?

Which colour do you want?

Who opened the door?


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Whose turn is it?

Why don't you help her?

How was your exam?

How long will it take?

2.5 THE EXERCISES

Topic : Food

Question (I) Answer (Yolanda)

1. What your favorite food? My favorite food is fried chicken.2. Why do you like it? Because I think fried chicken is very

delicious.

3. Where do you usually buy it? I usually buy it in Oriental Restaurant.4. With whom you buy it? I buy it with my mother.5. Have u ever made it yourself? Yes, I have.6. When did you make it? I made it in last week.

7.

How did you make it?

After chicken has been cut and spiced

then fried it.

8. How long did you make it? I made it about 1 hour.9. Who accompanied you to cook it? I was accompanied by my grandmother.10.When will you cook fried chicken

again?I will cook it in next week.

Narration :

Yolandas favorite food is fried chicken. She likes fried chicken because she feel it

is very delicious. She usually buys it in Oriental Restaurant with her mother. She

have ever made it herself in last week. She explained how to make fried chicken,

after chicken has been cut and spiced then fried. She was accompanied by her

grandmother while she was cooking. And she is going to cook fried chicken again in

next week.


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Topic : Hobby

Question (I) Answer (Ika)

1. What your hobby? My hobby is shopping.2. Why do you like shopping? Because I like hang out with my friends.3. Where do you usually go shopping? I usually go shopping to Grage Mall.4. How many times do you go

shopping in month?

I usually go to shopping four times in a

month.

5. Have you ever gone shoppingalone?

No, I havent.

6. When did you go there last time? I went to there last week.7. With whom go to there last week? I went with my classmate.8. Who is her name? She is Indah.9. What things will you buy if you go

shopping again?I will buy baby clothes.

10.Whose baby will you be boughtbaby clothes?

My sisters baby.

Narration :

Ikas hobby is shopping. She likes shopping because she likes hang out with her

friends. She usually goes shopping to Grage Mall four times in a month. She never

goes alone. Last time she was going to there in last week with her classmate, Indah.

And she is going to buy baby clothes for her sisters baby if she will go shopping

again.

Topic : Doll

Question (I) Answer (Yulianti)

1. Whose doll is that? Its my daughters doll.2. What kind of doll your daugther

like?She likes Piglet.


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3. Why she like Piglet? She likes Piglet because I think Piglet isso cute and funny.

4. How many doll of Piglet does shehave?

She has 20 Piglet.

5. Where did you buy doll of Piglet? I bought it in baby shop.6. Who has she given Piglet in fist

time?My husband gave it for her.

7. Have you ever takes her to preferdoll self in baby shop?

Yes, I have.

8. How her feel while done it? She is very happy.9. With whom her done it? She was doing it with her bother.10.When will you buy doll again for

her?

I will buy doll of piglet again in her

second birthday.

Narration :

That doll is doll of Yuliantis daughter and she likes doll of Piglet. She likes it

because Yulianti think Piglet is so cute and funny. She has 20 doll of Piglet that it

was bought by Yulianti in baby shop. In fist time she was given doll by her father.

She has ever taken to prefer doll self with her bother. Yulianti will buy doll again in

her second birthday.

Topic : Friend

Question (I) Answer (Kasirih)

1. Do you have close friend? Yes, I do.2. Whats her name? Her name is Farida.3. How many rose do you have? I have 10 pots4. Which colour5.6.


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7.8.9.10.

Narration :

Kasirih has a close friend, namely Farida. They have

Topic : Comic

Question (I) Answer (Zahro)

1. Are you comic lovers? Yes, I am.2. What comic do you like? I like Detective Conan comic.3. Who characters do you like in that

comic?I like Shinichi Kudo.

4. Why do you like Detective Conancomic?

Because its very interesting to read.

5. How your feel if you read thatcomic?

I was so curious while I was reading it.

6. Which comic was you make socurious?

I was so curious while I was reading

Detective Conan comic vol. 56

7. How many comic do you have? I have 20 comics of Detective Conancomic.

8. Where did you buy it? I bought it in Gramedia book store.9. Do you always buy Detective

Conan comic every published?No, I dont.

10.When will you buy comic again? I will buy comic again next month.Narration :

Zahro is a comic lover. She likes Detective Conan comic and in that comic she likes

Shinichi Kudos character. She likes that comic because its very interesting to read.

She was so curious while she was reading it, especially Detective Conan comic vol.


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56. She has 20 comic of Detective Conan that bought in Gramedia book store. But

she not always buys Detective Conan comic. She will buy comic again next month.

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

From results discussion about tenses, so we have reviewed conclude that

in using tenses we need to know form of verbs, because form of verbs is whatdistinguishes the use of tenses with other tenses. The form of verbs are verb

infinitive, simple present (VI), present participle (V-ing), Past (VII) and past

participle (VIII).

Each we find be (be, am, is, are, was, were, been), the verb that followed

by present participle (V-ing), except for the passive voice. And each we find have

(have, has, had), the verb that followed by past participle (VIII). And after

auxiliary future, the verb that followed by verb infinitive. And for simple tense,

the verb that followed by VI for simple present and VII for simple past.

in reality, not all tenses are 16 tenses that we use, we only use 12 tenses

just as often it was not simple present, simple past, simple future and present

continuous.


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REFERENCES

Prayitno, A.M. 2009. Mastering English Language. East Jakarta :

Yayasan Terapan Kuanta Indonesia.

Sulistyo, Ule and Inet Gunawan. 2012. 16 Tenses & Their Secrets. West

Jakarta : PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer.

http://en.wikipedia.org

http://mengerjakantugas.blogspot.com

http://www.eclecticenglish.com

http://www.englishclub.com

http://www.englishpage.com

http://www.learnenglish.de

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