Paper Reference(s) 4380/03 London Examinations History Paper 3 Common to both tiers Wednesday 7 May 2008 – Afternoon Time: 1 hour Materials required for examination Items included

Paper Reference(s)

4380/03London Examinations IGCSEHistoryPaper 3Common to both tiersWednesday 7 May 2008 – AfternoonTime: 1 hour

Materials required for examination Items included with question papersNil Nil

Instructions to CandidatesIn the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initial(s) and signature. Check that you have the correct question paper.Answer ONE question. Answer all parts of your chosen question, (a) to (d).Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. Do not use pencil. Use blue or black ink.Indicate which question you are answering by marking the box ( ). If you change your mind, put a line through the box ( ) and then indicate your new question with a cross ( ).

Information for CandidatesThe marks for individual questions and the parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2).There are 4 questions in this question paper. The total mark for this paper is 25. There are 28 pages in this question paper. Any blank pages are indicated.Dictionaries may not be used in this examination.

Advice to CandidatesYou are reminded of the importance of clear English and careful presentation in your answers.

Examiner’s use only

Team Leader’s use only

Question Leave Number Blank

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Candidate No.

Paper Reference

4 3 8 0 0 3

This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy. ©2008 Edexcel Limited.

Printer’s Log. No.

H31421AW850/U4380/57570 6/3/3/1

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Answer ONE question. Answer ALL parts of your chosen question, (a) to (d).

C1: Medicine in the Nineteenth Century

If you answer Question 1 put a cross in this box .

1. This question is about changes in surgery and hospital treatment.

Study Source A and answer the question which follows.

Source A: Extract from a report by a British newspaper, October 1854, on the military hospital at Scutari during the Crimean War.

There are not sufficient surgeons. Worse, there is not even linen to make bandages. The men are kept, in some cases for a week, without the hand of a medical man coming near their wounds. They are left to die in agony, though calling to the surgeon whenever he makes his rounds. They are kept in overcrowded conditions, some having to lie on the floor due to the shortage of beds.

(a) Write down three problems with the treatment of the wounded at Scutari.

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Study Source B and then answer the question that follows.

Source B: An account written in 1927 by one of Joseph Lister’s assistants.

The hostility to antiseptics was extraordinary. The nurses resented the extra work antiseptics gave them, the endless washing of basins and mackintoshes. Amongst other things, it was difficult to convince surgeons that tiny objects of 0.001 mm in diameter could be the cause of septic disease. Minute germs seemed far removed from practical work.

(b) Using Source B, and your own knowledge, give two reasons why there was opposition to the use of antiseptics in the later nineteenth century.

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Study Sources C and D and then answer the question that follows.

Source C: A photograph showing an operation in 1880. The carbolic spray is on the table on the right.

Source D: An account, written in 1927, by a surgeon who worked with Lister in the 1870s.

Everything was soaked in a 1 in 20 solution of carbolic acid including hands, instruments and patients’ skin. Moreover, the whole scene of the operation or dressing was enveloped in its spray. It went into every part of the wound. Our faces and coat sleeves often dripped with it.

(c) Using Sources C and D, and your own knowledge, explain how the work of Lister improved surgery in the later nineteenth century.

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(d) In 1854 Florence Nightingale was sent by the British government to reorganise the army hospitals during the Crimean War.

In what ways did the work of Florence Nightingale change the role and status of nursing in the second half of the nineteenth century?

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Q1

(Total for Question 1: 25 marks)

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C2: Medicine in the Twentieth Century


2. This question is about women and medicine.

Study Source A and then answer the question that follows.

Source A: From a history of medicine, published in 1995.

The First World War greatly increased the demand for nurses. Voluntary Aid Detachments (VADs) left for France shortly after the outbreak of war. Everyone recognised the value of the nurses’ work. The war also saw a considerable increase in the number of women acting as doctors, largely due to the example set by Elsie Inglis and Flora Murray, who worked in a surgery in Endell Street, London. Finally, the great number of casualties meant that a number of women were now needed for work as army surgeons.

(a) Write down three ways in which the First World War provided greater opportunities for women in medicine.

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Source B: From an interview in 1983 with a female medical student.

After completion of one year, I was told by my bosses that, although I was very competent, surgery was really a man’s speciality and that I would never progress beyond a certain level. The ‘working all hours’ culture would also work against me. They said that the number of fully-qualified women surgeons in the United Kingdom can be counted on the fingers of one hand. Why not be a midwife?

(b) Using Source B, and your own knowledge, give two reasons why more women did not become surgeons in the later twentieth century.

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Source C: From a history of medicine, published in 2002.

During the twentieth century more and more women trained as doctors. This was partly due to the First and Second World Wars but also as a result of the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975. This act stated that all jobs were open to women and men on the same terms.

Source D: The percentage proportion of women and men in medical schools in Britain.

(c) Using Sources C and D, and your own knowledge, explain why more women became doctors over the course of the twentieth century.

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75

70

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55

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25

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15

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5

0

By mid

1960s

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1970s

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1980s

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2001

By

1991

men women

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(d) In the 1950s, the first transplant of human organs was carried out.

In what ways did transplant surgery change the ways that disease could be treated?

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C3: The Changing Nature of Warfare in the Twentieth Century


3. This question is about changes in naval warfare.


Source A: From a modern world history, published in 2001.

Dreadnought-class battleships had eleven-inch armour plating giving much greater protection. This is a great contrast to the battleships built only a year earlier. Here are two descriptions of battleships.

HMS Dominion built in 1905: 16,350 tons; length 457 feet; 4 twelve-inch guns, 4 nine-inch guns, 5 torpedo tubes; armour 9 inches thick; top speed 18.2 knots.

HMS Dreadnought built 1906: 17,900 tons; length 526 feet; 10 twelve-inch guns, 18 four-inch guns, 5 torpedo tubes; armour 11 inches thick; top speed 21.6 knots.

(a) Write down three possible advantages that the Dreadnought had over a battleship built just a year earlier.

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Source B: From a history of the First World War, published in 1993.

As the war went on, the blockade hit Germany harder and harder. It resulted in serious food riots, especially after the ‘turnip’ winter of 1916, so called because turnips seemed to be the only food that German people could get to eat. German industry began to run short of fuel and chemicals for explosives, as well as other supplies. It was a major cause of the discontent which led to the German revolution of October–November 1918 and the abdication of the Kaiser.

(b) Using Source B, and your own knowledge, give two effects of the British blockade of Germany during the First World War.

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Source C: From a history of the Second World War, published in 1985.

In one terrible five minutes during the Battle of Midway, June 1942, Japan’s naval superiority in the Pacific was shattered for ever. The first US attack was with slow torpedo-bombers. The torpedo aircraft were massacred. However, behind them came the US dive-bombers that struck the Japanese carriers while their flight decks were loaded with fuelled and armed aircraft. The Soryu, Kaga, Akagi and Hiryu burst into flames and sank with their aircraft.

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Source D: A photograph of the sinking of a Japanese aircraft carrier by US planes during the battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944.

(c) Using Sources C and D, and your own knowledge, explain why airpower was so important in the war in the Pacific during the Second World War.

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(d) During the First World War, submarines were used by both sides.

In what ways did the submarine change naval warfare during the twentieth century?

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C4: The Work of the United Nations


4. This question is about the peacekeeping role of the United Nations.


Source A: From a modern world history textbook, published in 1989.

There has been a war in the world every year since the Korean War. So you could say that the UN has failed. South Africa ignored its sanctions aimed against apartheid in the 1980s. UN forces in the Middle East have failed to prevent savage wars between Israel and its Arab neighbours.

(a) Write down three failures of the United Nations.

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Source B: From a modern world history textbook, published in 1992, describing UN intervention in the Congo.

UN involvement prevented intervention by individual states following their own interests, particularly the USSR. Congo did not become a new theatre for the Cold War. The UN could also take credit for reducing the impact of civil war in the Congo, which almost certainly would have been worse but for UN presence.

(b) Using Source B, and your own knowledge, give two achievements of United Nations peacekeeping forces in the Congo in the early 1960s.

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Source C: From a history of the United Nations, published in 1994.

The Cold War between the USA and the USSR caused the five permanent members of the Security Council to quarrel amongst themselves and gave the less significant nations more influence than anyone had expected. It meant that the ‘Big Five’ were unable to act together. Instead, the USA and the USSR used world crises to score points off one another. They also used their vetoes to block any peacekeeping decisions they did not like. Security Council meetings became extensions of the Cold War itself.

Source D: A map showing the two sides in the Cold War in the 1950s.

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(c) Using Sources C and D, and your own knowledge, explain in what ways the peacekeeping role of the United Nations was weakened by the Cold War.

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(d) The United Nations set up specialised agencies to improve the living standards of people living in developing countries. These agencies include UNESCO, WHO and UNICEF.

Choose any one UN specialist agency. In what ways has its work improved the lives of people in developing countries?

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Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders have been unsuccessful and Edexcel will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement at the first opportunity.

Documents

Paper Reference(s) 4380/03 London Examinations History Paper 3 Common to both tiers Wednesday 7 May 2008 – Afternoon Time: 1 hour Materials required for examination Items included