paper presentation on detection by RADAR by

7/29/2019 paper presentation on detection by RADAR by

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A Modified Detection Technique of Object in RadarMr. Prashant Mani Mr. Chandramani Mr. Prayush Singh Mr. Janmayjay Swetank Mr. Abhishek Raman

Asst. Prof. (Dept. of ECE) (Dept of ECE ) (Dept of ECE ) (Dept of EEE ) (Dept of ECE )

Email id. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

SRM UNIVERSITY, NCR Campus

Modinagar (U.P), India

Abstract:

The paper is based on Ultrasonic transmitter and detection

from a reflecting area by receiver. The program in C

running on standard Turbo C compiler will give the

output at parallel port to run the stepper motor using a

compatible controller circuit. The radar on pc screen will

give a graphical view of running radar effects. TheUltrasonic receiver will sense the object which comes in

front of it and it will give a signal to PC port. The PCinstantly will be screened the time and direction with

degree marking as object is being detected. The stepper

motor stops for a while and again starts for the next

object. The project will take max.5 readings and after thatwe will have to restart the program again. As soon as the

object is detected it sends a signal to action part of circuit

to activate the relay. The relay makes a connection

between the ground terminals and this makes gun to open

fire. Simultaneously it also activates the message sending

device to send the message about the invasion to the chief

of security system. This system can be used over any

operating system i.e. it is independent from platform. The

delay in the circuit is very less and range is 3 ft. it needsmoderate current and voltage supply of 12 V. it can run

from battery also. The visual effect is completelysynchronized with practical motion of radar antenna.

Keywords: Computer interface parallel port, Ultrasonic

transmitter and receiver, Stepper Motor, Relay.

I. INTRODUCTION

Earlier AC power was used to run the radar system so

when ac power went off so whole system used to fail andmoreover bulkier circuits were used that raised initial cost

and also system become complex with bulkier systems.

Visual effects were not effective. Delay in the circuit wasmore in addition to that it had lesser range, approximately

10 cm. Initially single detection was made and now we

can make five detections by using stepper motor in spite

of previous normal dc motor. RS232 port was earlier used

which is slower port and now we are using parallel port.

Now range can be increased by increasing voltage supplyto transmitter. Transmitter that was used was very

sensitive due to usage of resistors and transistors and now

we are using JFET and MOSFETS and ICS so it makes

circuit highly stable.

II. THE TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE

RS232 port was earlier used which is slower port and now

we are using parallel port. Earlier delay in the circuit was

more with using serial port and now technology is based

on parallel port that make system very fast and moreovertransmitter and receiver circuits that are used now are very

stable with negligible effect of temperature variations andmoreover visual effects are highly appreciable with five

detections and earlier we getting only one detection.

III. DETAILS OF TECHNOLOGY USED

3.1 Interfacing with parallel port

Some older personal computers have a Parallel/Printer

Port. This port is falling into disuse and USB is replacing

it but USB to parallel port converters are available.

Running an older operating system like MS-DOS and

programming in QBASIC, it is quite easy to use older

hardware for control systems. Tasks like data logging areeasier because the computer has disk storage. Address

37816 is connected to eight output pins called D0, D1, D2,D3, D4, D5, D6 and D7. Address 37916 is connected to

five input signal pins called S3, S4, S5, S6 and S7.

Address 37A16 is connected to four input control pins

called C0, C1, C2 and C3.

Parallel Port Features-

The port uses a 25 pin D connector.The parallel port is a memory mapped device.

It is often called the printer port or LPT1 (Line

Printer Terminal).

Three addresses are used

If the port can be configured to be bi-directionalso D0 to D7 can also be inputs.

3.2 Ultrasonic transmitter & receiver

This ultrasonic proximity detector comprising

independent, battery-powered transmitter and receiver

sections makes use of a pair of matched ultrasonic

piezoceramic transducers operating at around 40 KHZ

each. This circuit can be used in exhibitions to switch on

prerecorded audio/video message automatically when a

visitor evincing interest in a product comes near an

exhibited product.
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Fig. 1 shows the transmitter circuit. It comprises COMS

timer IC 7555 (IC1) configured as an astable

multivibrator, which may be tuned to the frequency of the

ultrasonic piezoceramic transmitters resonant frequency

of around 40 KHZ using preset VR1. A complementary

pair of transistors T1 and T2 is used for driving and

buffering the transducer while it draws spikes of current

form IC1 circuit to sustain oscillations and thereby avoids

any damage.

Figure 1

The receiver front-end (refer Fig. 2) is designed to provide

a very high gain for the reflected faint ultrasonic

frequency signals detected by the ultrasonic transducer.

The amplifiers built around N1 and N2, gain of around 80

each. These two stages should have a high open-circuit

gain, wide bandwidth and very low bias current apart from

being capable of single-supply operation. Quad op-amp

LM324 is used here due to its low cost. For higher

efficiency, you may use single op-amps such as CA3130.

Figure 2

.

When a visitor pauses before a product, it signifies

his interest. Switching diode D1 followed by a filter

comprising capacitor C5 and resistor R10 is used to meet

this requirement. The filter also helps to bypass brief

bursts of ambient noise in the ultrasonic range. The third

stage comprising N3 works as a comparator to provide a

triggering pulse when a visitor stops by. This pulse can

be used to trigger a timer or a monostable, whose output

may then be used to switch on the audio/video message

concerning the product for a predetermined period. When

somebody comes in front of the ultrasonic piezoceramic

transducer pair, the status LED (LED1) glows because of

the signal reflected from the body of the visitor. The

circuit can be assembled on any general-purpose PCB.

The transmitter and the receiver should be aligned such

that the transmitted ultrasonic signal is optimally received

by the receiver after reflection. Fig. 3 shows the pin

configuration of transistors T1 and T2, while Fig. 4 shows

installation of the ultrasonic piezoceramic transducer pair

operating at around 40 KHZ.

Figure 3

Figure 4

3.3 Stepper motor

A stepper motor is a device that positions loads by

operating in discrete increments (or steps). The stepping is

accomplished by switching the power to the motor

windings so that motor phases are energized in a specific

sequence. The stepper motor is capable of operating in a

half step (0.9) mode also. However, that would require

additional switching sequence and a different translation

module circuitry. Further, the half-steps reduce the

holding torque of the motor. For present application only

the full-step increment (1.8) is used.


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3.4 Messanging through RF transmitter and receiver

The receiver circuit ofFigure 5 sounds an audio alarm

when the vco (MAX2623) transmitter (Figure 6) moves

beyond a designated perimeter. The trigger distance

depends on conditions andantenna design. In tests in a

home environment with simple wire antennas, the distance

wasabout five feet (1.5 meters).

Figure 5

The transmitter is a voltage-controlled oscillator, set to

approximately 915MHz in the unlicensed

industrial/scientific/medical (ISM) band. It has a tuning

voltage of 1.5V = 3 R2/(R1 + R2), which

Lets you easily adjust the frequency by varying resistor

values R1 and R2.

Figure 6

3.5 Relays

Electromechanical relays were the earliest forms of relay

used for the protection of power systems, and they date

back nearly100 years. They work on the principle of a

mechanical force causing operation of a relay contact in

response to a stimulus. The mechanical force is generated

through current flow in one or more windings on a

magnetic core or cores, hence the term electromechanical

relay. The principle advantage of such relays is that they

provide galvanic isolation between the inputs and outputs

in a simple, cheap and reliable form therefore for simple

on/off switching functions where the output contacts have

to carry substantial currents, they are still used.

IV. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Block diagram

Supply of 12 v is fed to 7808 to give 8 v. 8v is fedto Tx &

Rx. When object is detected then a 3.5 v is generated andit activates the Transistor which switches on the relay.

When relay is activated output from detector circuit to PC

turns from 7v to 0v.

The PC use to run the stepper motor by using 4 wires. The

ULN Ic converts 5v to 12v to run the stepper motor. The

step angle is 8 degree and it takes 43 steps in rotation of

360 degree. After completing 360 degree rotation, it

changes the direction always.

When 0v is sensed on PC through pin10, program senses

and shows the message that fault has been detected at a

certain degree of angle with date and time.

At that time only 1st

transistor converts 0v to 12v. 2nd

transistor gives 0v to relay to activate. The relay makes

connectivity to fire gun and to send message. These

cascaded transistors maintain the need of current in the

circuit.


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V. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION OR

SIMULATION

As a programming environment C language is used. A

standard Turbo C compiler is used which is compatible

with Graphics. The parallel port is activated from bios.

Although C was designed for implementingsystem software, it is also widely used for developing

portable application software.

Despite its low-level capabilities, the language was

designed to encourage cross-platform programming. A

standards-compliant and portably written C program can

be compiled for a very wide variety of computer platforms

and operating systems with few changes to its source

code. The language has become available on a very wide

range of platforms, from embedded microcontrollers to

supercomputers.

5.1 Software design:-

Graphics is used in this software designing. Header files

are include like conio.h, stdio.h,graphics.h, dos.h,etc.

VI. RESULT ON PC

RESULT ON PC DISPLAY

VII. MERITS, DEMERITS & FUTURE SCOPE

7.1 Merits:-

Visual effects are highly appreciable.

Simpler circuits used that reduces cost factor

Delay in circuit is very less.Parallel port is used that makes system faster.

JFET and MOSFETS and ICS so it makes circuit highly

stabilized.

Transmitter and receiver part are very stable with

negligible effect of temperature variations.

7.2 Demerits:-

Range is less

Requires larger number of cables

7.3 Future scope:-

It can be used as Detector and Tracker.

It can be used as a Spy Robot.

It can be used as advance Radar

It can be used as fire detector.

VIII. CONCLUSION

The detection of object with computer based Radar shows

the graphical view of running radar effects. The detection

can be economically made without wires to certainterrestrial distance, and message send to its owner secretly

and instantly. It will be great advantages for future

applications for space technology if one can think for

advance radar technology with spy robot system and

computer interfaced system for tracking and detecting

broadly. A similar concept has been recently implemented

for Mars tracking system (August 2012) by NASA.

.

REFERENCES:-[1] APPLICATION NOTE 5099 on Alarm Sounds When RF Transmitter is

Out of Range By: Tom Au-Yeung and Craig Sakamoto

[2] Paper on A Graphical User Interface for Programming Stepper

Motors Used At Different Kinds of Applications (Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 139-

146, 2009) by Ahmet Altintas[3] Stepper Motor Control with a Pc-Based Data Acquisition Toolkit

(Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida)

[4] http://www.docstoc.com/docs/40981321/Stepper-Motor---Parallel-

Port-Interface

[5]Edde, Byron, Radar Principles, Technology, Applications, PrenticeHall PTR, 1993

[6] Radar-Based Intruder Detection for a Robotic Security System by

Phil Corya, H. R. Everettb, Tracy Heath PastorebaRobotic Systems Technology, 1234 Tech Court, Westminster, MD

21157

bSpace and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego, CA 92152

[7] RF basics for Non Engineers by Dag Grini, Program Manager, Low

Power Wireless,Texas instruments

[8] Journal of glaciology, vol 36,no. 123,1990 a pc based portable ice

radar receiver by W.R Hammond K.F Sprenke,University of

Idaho,Moscow,Idaho 83843,USA
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/40981321/Stepper-Motor---Parallel-Port-Interfacehttp://www.docstoc.com/docs/40981321/Stepper-Motor---Parallel-Port-Interfacehttp://www.docstoc.com/docs/40981321/Stepper-Motor---Parallel-Port-Interfacehttp://www.docstoc.com/docs/40981321/Stepper-Motor---Parallel-Port-Interfacehttp://www.docstoc.com/docs/40981321/Stepper-Motor---Parallel-Port-Interfacehttp://www.docstoc.com/docs/40981321/Stepper-Motor---Parallel-Port-Interface

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paper presentation on detection by RADAR by