11.(a)the trend shows temperature with high years and low years
with anoverall upward trend;accelerating in the last quarter of the
graph;temperatures prior to about 1935 were below the average (for
19511980);but from 1980 they were above the average;2 max (b)the
onset of global industrialization;and the subsequent production of
fossil fuel derived pollution;deforestation, particularly of
rainforest;perhaps volcanic activity;sunspot activity;2 max
(c)control the amount of atmospheric pollution;reduce atmospheric
pollution;stop forest clearance;increase forest cover;develop
alternative renewable energy sources;improve public transport;set
national limits on carbon emissions;carbon dioxide capture;1
maxAccept other reasonable answers. (d)Impact on the
EnvironmentImpact on Society
Impact
ImpactIce and Snowdeglaciation/glacier retreat;Water
resourcesmay cause drought;Ocean and Coastsea level rise/coastal
flooding;Food and Agricultureagriculturemoving
north/south;HydrologyIncreased floodingCoastal
livingflooding/storms;Ecosystemsbiome shifts/species change;Human
healthincreased disease;Award [4 max] for seven impacts, [3 max]
for five or six impacts,[2 max] for three or four impacts and [1
max] for one or two impacts. (e)LEDC because
technologically/economically less able to cope;greater percentage
of population already vulnerable;weak
infrastructure/communications/emergency services;2 maxAccept other
reasonable suggestions.Award [0] for LEDC on own.[11]
2.(a)tourism can only be successful if it can have a long-term
future;a long-term future is only possible if the tourism
enterprise is sustainable;to be sustainable the tourism venture
must not deplete local resourcebases by direct/indirect impact;it
must not pollute the local environment;good tourism is sustainable
tourism, tourism that values its environment;ecotourism is often
sustainable;8In addition to the above points, award [1] for each
case study, up to [2 max]. (b)global warming will ultimately change
weather patterns;summer seasons may be extended (e.g. coastal beach
holidays);coastal resorts selling sun, sea and sand may develop
further north;winter sports holidays may be curtailed by lack of
snow and ice;failing rains may make some resorts obsolete due to
lack of water resources;5Supporting case studies or examples are
relevant. (c)sustainable development (a phrase coined in 1987 in
Our CommonFuture) is defined as development that meets our current
needswithout depleting resources in the future;sustainable
development also does not deplete the environmentalquality of an
area;sustainable development varies in definition depending on
viewpoint;economists view sustainable development in pure
commercialterms whereas environmentalists will also include
environmentalquality as an element;some believe that development
(particularly development designedto allow LEDCs to compete with
MEDCs) can never besustainable (within a free market);development
and sustainability in the mind of many economistsare contradictory
positions even though environmentalists holdthe concept of
sustainable development as the best way forwardfor society and the
planet;5 maxExpression of ideas [2 max][20]
3.(a)(i)a country consuming resources and assimilating its
wastes byusing a land area 2.4 times larger than the size of the
country;1
(ii)level of reliance on fossil fuels will influence footprint
size,greater reliance greater size;a countrys level of technology
will influence its footprint, moretechnology more resources
therefore larger footprint;technology can equally reduce the
footprint if it improvesefficiency of agricultural
production/energy use/alternativeenergy sources/reduces carbon
pollution;more imported resource, more transport larger
footprint;per capita production of carbon waste, greater larger
footprint;per capita consumption of food, greater larger
footprint;meat/vegetable rich diets, meat-rich larger
footprint;size of population, greater larger footprint;productivity
of local biome, greater smaller footprint;efficiency of
agriculture, greater smaller footprint;use of alternative energy
technology, greater smaller footprint;3 maxAccept the converse form
of any of the above e.g. level of relianceon fossil fuels will
influence footprint size, less reliance smallersize. (b)(i)the
addition of various atmospheric pollutants from industrymay have
changed our atmosphere (and as a consequenceclimate);heat produced
by human activity (industry, urban living)may have changed
atmospheric systems (leading to globalclimate change);change in our
natural environment/albedo by humans
includingdeforestation/agricultural activity/urbanization may
havechanged climate indirectly;CO2 from burning fossil fuels is a
greenhouse gas;methane from rice growing/cattle farming is a
greenhouse gas;1 maxAnswers must specifically identify the link
between man andclimate for mark to be awarded. Atmospheric
pollution wouldnot be acceptable however atmospheric pollution
caused byindustry would gain a mark.
(ii)
Sketch graph should show the following:steady rise over last 100
years;
annotation e.g. industrial revolution/marking of little ice
age;3 (iii)changes in the Earths orbit around the Sun changing
theamount of available incoming radiation thus influencing
globalclimate;changes in the Suns radiation output, e.g. sunspot
activity;plate tectonics shift position of land masses;plate
tectonics causing mountain building and affecting airflows;volcanic
activity leading to changes in atmosphericcomposition;natural
dynamic variation in the atmospheric system leadingto climate
change;ocean current changes leading to global energy change;2 max
(c)(i)e.g. UK climate becoming warmer and wetter/Ethiopiabecoming
hotter and drier;1
(ii)e.g. UK:climate change will cause policy change which will
changebehaviour and influence footprint size;due to increased
temperature more energy used for airconditioning thus larger
footprint;warmer temperatures may require less heating thus
smallerfootprint;dealing with changing climate conditions, e.g.
more flooding,may require more flood defenses and thus more
resources,thus larger footprint;new climate may require new
building styles, which requireresources which may increase
footprint size;warmer temperatures may increase productivity of
localnatural vegetation and therefore reduce footprint size;warmer
temperatures may increase productivity of localagriculture and
therefore reduce footprint size;2 max[13]
