Paper Bty Doc

8/13/2019 Paper Bty Doc

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A

Report

On

PAPER BATTERY

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

Electrical and Electronics Communication

Submitted to: Submitted by:

yellamallesh Deepak Sharma HOD

ECE DEPARTMENT Roll No. :09EJCEC038

BTECH. 8th

sem(A2)

JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Working on presentations is one of the important aspects in an

engineering students carrier. It is to strengthen the practical

concepts. These presentation seminars make the student more

acquainted with the latest technology and recent developments in

their field. Also, enhances ones communication and presentation

skills.

Firstly, I convey my sincere thanks to all the employees of EEE

Department of SKTRMCE College, KONDAIR. Doing a task in a

better manner is never one mans effort. It is often the result of the

invaluable contribution of number of individuals in a direct or

indirect manner. I convey special thanks to our HOD, Shekhawat

Sir, for his special guidance and for providing me the opportunity

to make and present a seminar, and I express my gratitude to all the

department members for their help and cooperation.

Deepak Sharma(38)


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PREFACE

Engineering students gain only theoretical knowledge through

books. But theoretical knowledge alone is not sufficient for

absolute mastery in any field. The knowledge provided by our

books is not of much use without knowing its practical

implementation. It has been experienced that theoretical knowledge

is volatile in nature, however, practical knowledge imparts solid

foundation in our mind.

This report is in fact a summary of, what I have learnt and seen and

done in my presentation titled PAPER BATTERY. Succeeding

chapters give details of all the necessary data- the details of this

new innovative technology that turns the surface of the human

body as a safe, high speed network transmission path.

DEEPAK SHARMA(38)


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ABSTRACT

The Batteries form a significant part of many electronic devices. Typical

electrochemical batteries or cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries

based on the charging ability are classified into primary and secondary cells. Secondary

cells are widely used because of their rechargeable nature.

Presently, battery takes up a huge amount of space and contributes to a large part

of the device's weight. There is strong recent interest in ultrathin, flexible, safe energy

storage devices to meet the various design and power needs of modern gadgets. New

research suggests that carbon nanotubes may eventually provide the best hope of

implementing the flexible batteries which can shrink our gadgets even more.

The paper batteries could meet the energy demands of the next generation gadgets. A

paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by

combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper

battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor, combining two

components that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the

battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy. Non-

toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of

electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and

medical technologies.

The various types of batteries followed by the operation principle, manufacturing

and working of paper batteries are discussed in detail.

Keywords: paper batteries, flexible, carbon nanotubes


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Table of Contents

Chapter Page No

1. Introduction To Batteries51.1Terminologies...61.2Principle Of Operation Of Cell...71.3Types Of Battery....81.4Recent Developments....91.5Life Of Battery...91.6Hazards.....10

2. Paper Battery..113. Carbon Nanotubes......154. Fabrication Of Paper Battery.....205. Working Of Paper Battery......216. Advantages Of Paper Battery.....227. Limitations Of Paper Battery......238. Applications Of Paper Battery....249. Conclusion....25

References..26


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List Of Figures

Figures Description

Figure 1aSymbolic View Of The Battery

Figure 1b...Conventional Battery

Figure 1.2..Principle Operation Of Battery

Figure 1.3a....Primary Cell

Figure 1.3b....Secondary Cell

Figure 1.4..USB Cell

Figure 1.5..Life Of Battery

Figure 1.6..Electronic Waste

Figure 2.....Paper Battery

Figure 3.....Carbon Nanotubes

Figure 4.....Fabrication Process

Figure 5.....Working Process


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1.1 Terminologies

1.1.1 Accumulator- A rechargeable battery or cell1.1.2 Ampere-Hour Capacity - The number of ampere-hours which can be

delivered by a battery on a single discharge.

1.1.3 Anode- During discharge, the negative electrode of the cell is the anode.During charge, that reverses and the positive electrode of the cell is the anode. The

anode gives up electrons to the load circuit and dissolves into the electrolyte.

1.1.4 Battery Capacity - The electric output of a cell or battery on a servicetest delivered before the cell reaches a specified final electrical condition and maybe expressed in ampere-hours, watt- hours, or similar units. The capacity in watt-

hours is equal to the capacity in ampere-hours multiplied by the battery voltage.

1.1.5 Cutoff Voltage final - The prescribed lower-limit voltage at whichbattery discharge is considered complete. The cutoff or final voltage is usually

chosen so that the maximum useful capacity of the battery is realized.

1.1.6 C - Used to signify a charge or discharge rate equal to the capacity of abattery divided by 1 hour. Thus C for a 1600 mAh battery would be 1.6 A, C/5 for

the same battery would be 320 mA and C/10 would be 160 mA.

1.1.7 Capacity- The capacity of a battery is a measure of the amount of energythat it can deliver in a single discharge. Battery capacity is normally listed as amp-

hours (or milli amp-hours) or as watt-hours.

1.1.8 Cathode- Is an electrode that, in effect, oxidizes the anode or absorbs theelectrons. During discharge, the positive electrode of a voltaic cell is the cathode.

When charging, that reverses and the negative electrode of the cell is the cathode.

1.1.9 Cycle - One sequence of charge and discharge.1.1.10 Cycle Life - For rechargeable batteries, the total number of

charge/discharge cycles the cell can sustain before its capacity is significantly

reduced. End of life is usually considered to be reached when the cell or battery

delivers only 80% of rated ampere- hour capacity.

1.1.11 Electrochemical Couple - The system of active materials within a cellthat provides electrical energy storage through an electrochemical reaction.


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1.1.12 Electrode - An electrical conductor through which an electric currententers or leaves a conducting medium

1.1.13 Electrolyte- A chemical compound which, when fused or dissolved incertain solvents, usually water, will conduct an electric current.

1.1.14 Internal Resistance - The resistance to the flow of an electric currentwithin the cell or battery.

1.1.15 Open-Circuit Voltage - The difference in potential between theterminals of a cell when the circuit is open (i.e., a no-load condition).

1.1.16 Voltage, cutoff - Voltage at the end of useful discharge. (See Voltage,end-point.)1.1.17 Voltage, end-point- Cell voltage below which the connected equipment

will not operate or below which operation is not recommended.

1.2 Principal of Operation of cell

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy. Itconsists of a number of voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected

in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes

electrolyte and the electrode to which anions (negatively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the

anode or negative electrode. The other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to

which cations (positively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the cathode or positive electrode. In

the redox reaction that powers the battery, cations are reduced (electrons are added) at the

cathode, while anions are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode. The electrodes

do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. Some cells use

two half-cells with different electrolytes. A separator between half cells allows ions to

flow, but prevents mixing of the electrolytes.


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Fig. 1.2 principle operation

Each half cell has an electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to

drive electric current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The voltage developed

across a cell's terminals depends on the energy release of the chemical reactions of its

electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and carbon-zinc cells have different chemistries but

approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts. Likewise NiCd and NiMH cells have different

chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.2 volts. On the other hand the high

electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of lithium compounds give lithium

cells emf of 3 volts or more.

1.3 Types of batteries

Batteries are classified into two broad categories. Primary batteries irreversibly

(within limits of practicality) transform chemical energy to electrical energy. When theinitial supply of reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be readily restored to the battery by

electrical means. Secondary batteries can be recharged. That is, they can have their

chemical reactions reversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring their

original composition.

Primary batteries: This can produce current immediately on assembly.

Disposable batteries are intended to be used once and discarded. These are most

commonly used in portable devices that have low current drain, are only used

intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative power source, such as in alarm

and communication circuits where other electric power is only intermittently available.

Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably recharged, since the chemical reactions are

not easily reversible and active materials may not return to their original forms. Battery

manufacturers recommend against attempting recharging primary cells.

Common types of disposable batteries include zinc-carbon batteries and alkaline batteries.


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Secondary batteries: These batteries must be charged before use. They are

usually assembled with active materials in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries or

secondary cells can be recharged by applying electric current, which reverses the

chemical reactions that occur during its use. Devices to supply the appropriate current are

called chargers or rechargers.

Fig. 1.3a Primary cell Fig. 1.3b Secondary cell

1.4 Recent developments

Recent developments include batteries with embedded functionality such as

USBCELL, with a built-in charger and USB connector within the AA format, enabling

the battery to be charged by plugging into a USB port without a charger USB Cell is the

brand of NiMH rechargeable battery produced by a company called Moixa Energy. The

batteries include a USB connector to allow recharging using a powered USB port. The

product range currently available is limited to a 1300 mAh.


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Fig. 1.4 USB cell

1.5 Life of battery

Even if never taken out of the original package, disposable (or "primary") batteries

can lose 8 to 20 percent of their original charge every year at a temperature of about 20

30C. [54] This is known as the "self-discharge" rate and is due to

non-current-producing "side" chemical reactions, which occur within

the cell even if no load is applied to it. The rate of the side reactions

is reduced if the batteries are stored at low temperature, althoughsome

batteries can be damaged by freezing. High or low temperatures may reduce batteryperformance. This will affect the initial voltage of the battery. For an AA alkaline battery

this initial voltage is approximately normally distributed around 1.6 volts.

Rechargeable batteries self-discharge more rapidly than disposable alkaline batteries,

especially nickel-based batteries a freshly charged NiCd loses 10% of its charge in the

first 24 hours, and thereafter discharges at a rate of about 10% a month. Most nickel-

based batteries are partially discharged when purchased, and must be charged before first

use.

Fig 1.5 Life cycle


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1.6 Hazards related to batteries

1.6.1 ExplosionA battery explosion is caused by the misuse or malfunction of a battery, such as

attempting to recharge a primary (non-rechargeable) battery, or short circuiting a battery.

1.6.2 CorrosionMany battery chemicals are corrosive, poisonous, or both. If leakage occurs, either

spontaneously or through accident, the chemicals released may be dangerous

1.6.3 Environmental pollutionThe widespread use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic

metal pollution. Battery manufacture consumes resources and often involves hazardous

chemicals. Used batteries also contribute to electronic waste.

Americans purchase nearly three billion batteries annually, and about 179,000 tons of

those end up in landfills across the country.

1.6.4 IngestionSmall button/disk batteries can be swallowed by young children. While in the digestive

tract the battery's electrical discharge can burn the tissues and can be serious enough to

lead to death.


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Fig 1.6 Electronic waste

CHAPTER-2

PAPER BATTERY

Energy has always been spotlighted. In the past few years a lot of inventions have

been made in this particular field. The tiny nuclear batteries that can provide energy for

10 years, but they use radioactive elements and are quite expensive. Few years back some

researchers from Stanford University started experiments concerning the ways in which a

copier paper could be used as a battery source. After a long way of struggle they,

recently, concluded that the idea was right. The batteries made from a plain copier paper

could make for the future energy storage that is truly thin.

The anatomy of paper battery is based on the use of Carbon Nanotubes tiny

cylinders to collect electric charge. The paper is dipped in lithium containing solution.

The nanotubes will act as electrodes allowing storage device to conduct electricity. Its

astounding to know that all the components of a conventional battery are integrated in a

single paper structure; hence the complete mechanism for a battery is minimized to a size

of paper.One of the many reasons behind choosing the paper as a medium for battery is the

well-designed structure of millions of interconnected fibers in it. These fibers can hold on

carbon nanotubes easily. Also a paper has the capability to bent or curl.

You can fold it in different shapes and forms plus it as light as feather. Output

voltage is modest but it could be increased if we use a stack of papers. Hence the voltage

issues can be easily controlled without difficulty. Usage of paper as a battery will

ultimately lead to weight diminution of batteries many times as compared to traditional

batteries.

It is said that the paper battery also has the capability of releasing the energy

quickly. That makes it best utilization for devices that needs burst of energy, mostly

electric vehicles. Further, the medical uses are particularly attractive because they do not

contain any toxic materials.


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CHAPTER-3

CARBON NANOTUBES

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindricalnanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to

132,000,000:1, significantly larger than any other material. These cylindrical carbon

molecules have novel properties, making them potentially useful in many applications in

nanotechnology, electronics, optics, and other fields of materials science, as well as

potential uses in architectural fields.

They may also have applications in the construction of body armor. They exhibit

extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient thermal

conductors.

Fig 3. Carbon nanotubes

Their name is derived from their size, since the diameter of a nanotube is on theorder of a few nanometers (approximately 1/50,000th of the width of a human hair), while

they can be up to 18 centimeters in length (as of 2010). Nanotubes are categorized as

single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs).

In theory, metallic nanotubes can carry an electric current density of 4 109

A/cm2 which is more than 1,000 times greater than metals such as copper, where for

copper interconnects current densities are limited by electro migration.


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In paper batteries the nanotubes act as electrodes, allowing the storage devices to

conduct electricity. The battery, which functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a super

capacitor, can provide a long, steady power output comparable to a conventional battery,

as well as a super capacitors quick burst of high energy and while a conventional battery

contains a number of separate components, the paper battery integrates all of the battery

components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient.

Carbon nanotubes have been implemented in Nano electromechnical systems,

including mechanical memory elements(NRAM being developed by Nantero Inc.)

A recent research done by a group of researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in

Troy, New York are back to using paper with a high-tech twist. Carbon nanotubes are

infused into a material that is 90 per cent cellulose and which is virtually identical to

ordinary paper. The nanotubes, which colour the paper black, act as electrodes and allowthe storage devices to conduct electricity. The results originally appeared online in RPI

News on August 13, 2007.

The device functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a super-capacitor, which stores

charge like a battery but has no electrolyte. The paper battery provides a long, steady

power output as against a conventional battery and also as a super-capacitor's quick burst

of high energy. The ionic liquid electrolyte that is soaked into the paper is a liquid salt

and contains no water, so it won't freeze or boil. The paper battery also uses no toxic

chemicals. Not only does it help power electronic devices, but in larger configurations the

paper battery could be moulded into shapes like the door of a car.

The paper battery resulted from an accidental collaboration of three laboratories at

Rensselaer that were melding the contributions of students in the fields of chemistry and

chemical engineering; materials science; and electrical engineering. Dr. Robert Linhardt's

group was making thin cellulose membranes to help in kidney research. A student in

another lab suggested carbon nanotubes to make the membranes stronger, and a student in

the third lab saw the potential for use as a battery and super-capacitor.

The researchers have now formed a company called as the Paper Battery Company. Now

their goal is to take the process that they began in the lab and adapt it to large-scale

fabrication that would lend it to commercial applications. They now need to boost thebattery's energy capacity, and also lower the cost of making the batteries on a large scale.

In addition to transportation, they hope to adapt their design for use with windmills and

with photovoltaic cells, which produce electricity from sunlight. These batteries would be

used to store energy for use when the sun is not shining or when the wind is not blowing.

The nanoengineered battery is lightweight, ultra thin, completely flexible, and gearedtoward meeting the trickiest design and energy requirements of tomorrows gadgets,

implantable medical equipment, and transportation vehicles.


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Along with its ability to function in temperatures up to 300 degrees Fahrenheit and down

to 100 below zero, the device is completely integrated and can be printed like paper. The

device is also unique in that it can function as both a high-energy battery and a high-

power supercapacitor, which are generally separate components in most electrical

systems. Another key feature is the capability to use human blood or sweat to help power

the battery.

Details of the project are outlined in the paper Flexible Energy Storage Devices Based

on Nanocomposite Paper published Aug. 13 in theProceedings of the National Academy

of Sciences.

The semblance to paper is no accident: more than 90 percent of the device is made up of

cellulose, the same plant cells used in newsprint, loose leaf, lunch bags, and nearly every

other type of paper.

Rensselaer researchers infused this paper with aligned carbon nanotubes, which give the

device its black color. The nanotubes act as electrodes and allow the storage devices toconduct electricity. The device, engineered to function as both a lithium-ion battery and a

supercapacitor, can provide the long, steady power output comparable to a conventional

battery, as well as a supercapacitors quick burst of high energy.

The device can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into any number of shapes with no loss of

mechanical integrity or efficiency. The paper batteries can also be stacked, like a ream of

printer paper, to boost the total power output.

Its essentially a regular piece of paper, but its made in a very intelligent way, said

paper co-author Robert Linhardt, the Ann and John H. Broadbent Senior Constellation

Professor of Biocatalysis and Metabolic Engineering at Rensselaer.

Were not putting pieces together its a single, integrated device, he said. The

components are molecularly attached to each other: the carbon nanotube print is

embedded in the paper, and the electrolyte is soaked into the paper. The end result is a

device that looks, feels, and weighs the same as paper.

The creation of this unique nanocomposite paper drew from a diverse pool of disciplines,

requiring expertise in materials science, energy storage, and chemistry. Along with

Linhardt, authors of the paper include Pulickel M. Ajayan, professor of materials science

and engineering, and Omkaram Nalamasu, professor of chemistry with a joint

appointment in materials science and engineering. Senior research specialist VictorPushparaj, along with postdoctoral research associates Shaijumon M. Manikoth, Ashavani

Kumar, and Saravanababu Murugesan, were co-authors and lead researchers of the

project. Other co-authors include research associate Lijie Ci and Rensselaer

Nanotechnology Center Laboratory Manager Robert Vajtai.

The researchers used ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, as the batterys electrolyte. Its

important to note that ionic liquid contains no water, which means theres nothing in the

batteries to freeze or evaporate. This lack of water allowsthe paper energy storage

devices to withstand extreme temperatures, Kumar said.

Along with use in small handheld electronics, the paper batteries light weight could

make them ideal for use in automobiles, aircraft, and even boats. The paper also could be


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molded into different shapes, such as a car door, which would enable important new

engineering innovations.

Plus, because of the high paper content and lack of toxic chemicals, its environmentally

safe, Shaijumon said.

Paper is also extremely biocompatible and these new hybrid battery/supercapcitors have

potential as power supplies for devices implanted in the body. The team printed paper

batteries without adding any electrolytes, and demonstrated that naturally occurring

electrolytes in human sweat, blood, and urine can be used to activate the battery device.

Its a way to power a small device such as a pacemaker without introducing any harsh

chemicals such as the kind that are typically found in batteries into the body,

Pushparaj said.

The materials required to create the paper batteries are inexpensive, Murugesan said, but

the team has not yet developed a way to inexpensively mass produce the devices. The endgoal is to print the paper using a roll-to-roll system similar to how newspapers are printed.

When we get this technology down, well basically have the ability to print batteries and

print supercapacitors, Ajayan said. We see this as a technology thats just right for the

current energy market, as well as the electronics industry, which is always looking for

smaller, lighter power sources. Our device could make its way into any number of

different applications.

The team of researchers has already filed a patent protecting the invention. They are now

working on ways to boost the efficiency of the batteries and supercapacitors, and

investigating different manufacturing techniques.

"Energy storage is an area that can be addressed by nanomanufacturing technologies and

our truly inter-disciplinary collaborative activity that brings together advances and

expertise in nanotechnology, room-temperature ionic liquids, and energy storage devices

in a creative way to devise novel battery and supercapacitor devices," Nalamasu said.

The paper energy storage device project was supported by the New York State Office of

Science, Technology, and Academic Research (NYSTAR), as well as the National

Science Foundation (NSF) through the Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center at

Rensselaer.

In this highly technological world with advanced machines, electronics have been woven

into almost every aspect of everyday life. Batteries are integrated into the majority of any

electric appliance found in the home and work place, and therefore could be titled as one

of the most important tools to ever be invented. The knowledge of how batteries operate

is substantial to understanding the basics of any electrical contraption.

The first evidence of batteries was dated to be from in the neighborhood of 250B.C.

These ancient batteries were discovered in archaelogical digs in Baghdad, Iraq. Theseantiquated batteries were used in simple operations to electroplate objects with a thin

layer of metal, much the same way we plate things with gold and silver. Much later,


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batteries were re-discovered in 1800 by a man named Alessandro Volta. The electrical

unit of potential was named after him-the volt. Alessandro Volta was born in 1745 and

died in 1827, and in this time period he re-produced one of the most important parts of

life. He developed the battery by alternating pieces of electrolyte soaked discs (sodium

chloride), zinc, and copper plates. These plates and discs were stacked in a 1 2 3 order,

and when a wire was placed on the two poles of the battery it would produce electricity.

Battery chemistry is a complex science to gain complete knowledge about, but basic

battery chemistry will be covered. An electrochemical cell uses energy released from a

spontaneous chemical redox reaction to generate electric current. The current is derived

from the flow of electrons conducted through the metal and the movement of ions in a

solution, called electrolytic conduction. A battery consists of a single electrochemical cell

or a number of cells connected in series.(Fisher,518) A battery could be created by using

a Zinc anode and a copper cathode. An anode is a part of an electrochemical cell that

releases electrons to the cathode, therefore being oxidized, and a cathode receives the

electrons from the anode, therefore it undergoes reduction. So to create the Zinc/Copper

battery, the Zinc rod would be placed into a Zinc Sulphate solution(ZnSO4), and theCopper rod would go into the Copper Sulphate solution(CuSO4). When the two rods are

connects in some way, by wire or by deliberate touch, many things happen. ...


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CHAPTER-4

FABRICATION OF PAPER BATTERY

The materials required for the preparation of paper battery are

a. Copier paperb. Carbon nano inkc. Oven

The steps involved in the preparation of the paper battery are as follows

Step 1: The copier paper is taken.

Step 2: carbon Nano ink which is black in color is taken. Carbon nano ink is a solution of

nano rods, surface adhesive agent and ionic salt solutions. Carbon nano ink is spread on

one side of the paper.

Step 3: the paper is kept inside the oven at 150C temperature. This evaporates the water

content on the paper. The paper and the nano rods get attached to each other.

Step 4: place the multi meter on the sides of the paper and we can see voltage drop is

generated.

Fig 4. Fabrication process

After drying the paper becomes flexible, light weight in nature. The paper is scratched

and rolled to protect the nano rods on paper.


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CHAPTER-5

WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY

The battery produces electricity in the same way as the conventional lithium-ionbatteries that power so many of today's gadgets, but all the components have been

incorporated into a lightweight, flexible sheet of paper.

The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an infusion of aligned carbon

nanotubes. The carbon is what gives the batteries their black color.

These tiny filaments act like the electrodes found in a traditional battery,

conducting electricity when the paper comes into contact with an ionic liquid solution.

Ionic liquids contain no water, which means that there is nothing to freeze or

evaporate in extreme environmental conditions. As a result, paper batteries can function

between -75 and 1500C.

The paper is made conducting material by dipping in ink. The paper works as a

conductive layer. Two sheets of paper kept facing inward act like parallel plates (high

energy electrodes). It can store energy like a super capacitor and it can discharge bursts of

energy because of large surface area of nano tubes.

Fig.5 working of a paper battery

Chlorine ions flow from the positive electrode to the negative one, while electrons

travel through the external circuit, providing current. The paper electrode stores charge

while recharging in tens of seconds because ions flow through the thin electrode quickly.

In contrast, lithium batteries take 20 minutes to recharge.


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CHAPTER-6

ADVANTAGES

The flexible shape allows the paper battery to be used small or irregularly-shapedelectronics:

One of the unique features of the paper battery is that it can be bent to any such shape or

design that the user might have in mind. The battery can easily squeeze into tight

crevasses and can be cut multiple times without ruining the battery's life. For example if a

battery is cut in half, each piece will function, however, each piece will only contain 1/2

the amount of original power. Conversely, placing two sheets of paper battery on top of

one-another will double the power.

The paper battery may replace conventional batteries completely:By layering sheets of this paper, the battery's voltage and current can be increased that

many times. Since the main components of the paper battery are carbon nanotubes and

cellulose, the body structure of the battery is very thin, "paper-thin". Thus to maximize

even more power, the sheets of battery paper can be stacked on top of one another to give

off tremendous power. This can allow the battery to have a much higher amount of power

for the same size of storage as a current battery and also be environmentally friendly at

the same time.

Supply power to an implanted pacemaker in the human body by using theelectrolytes in human blood:

An improvement in the techniques used in the health field can be aided by the paper

battery. Experiments have taken place showing that batteries can be energized by theelectrolyte emitted from one's own blood or body sweat. This can conserve the usage of

battery acid and rely on an environmental friendly mechanism of fueling battery cells

with the help from our bodies.

The paper battery can be molded to take the shape of large objects, like a car door:As stated earlier, the key characteristics that make the paper battery very appealing are

that it can be transformed into any shape or size, it can be cut multiple times without

damaging it, and it can be fueled through various ways besides the typical harmful battery

acid that is used in the current day battery.


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APPLICATIONS

Pace makers in heart (uses blood as electrolyte)

Used as alternate to conventional batteries in gadgets

Powered smart cards RF id tags

Smart toys, children sound books

E-cards, greetings, talking posters Girls/boys apparel


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CONCLUSION

We have discussed the various terminologies, principle of operation of a battery

and recent developments related to it. The life of a battery is an important parameter

which decides the area of application of the battery. Increased use of batteries gives rise

to E-waste which poses great damage to our environment.

In the year 2007 paper battery was manufactured. The technology is capable of

replacing old bulky batteries. The paper batteries can further reduce the weight of the

electronic gadgets.

The adaptations to the paper battery technique in the future could allow for simply

painting the nanotube ink and active materials onto surfaces such as walls. These surfaces

can produce energy.


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REFERENCES

Thin, Flexible Secondary Li-Ion Paper Batteries Liangbing Hu, Hui Wu, Fabio LaMantia, Yuan Yang, and Yi Cui

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,

California 94305.

David Linden Handbook of batteries

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