Paper 64 - The Evolutionary Races of Color - Parallel StudyPithecanthropus erectus, signifying ‘erect Stone Age man’ (O2 70). where their bones were so recently found— the so-called

WORK-IN-PROGRESS (MAY 10, 2016) PARALLEL CHART FOR

Paper 64 — The Evolutionary Races of Color

© 2016 Matthew Block

Most endnotes and Urantia Book cross-references have been deleted to enhance readability.

Sources for Paper 64, in the order in which they first appear

(1) Henry Fairfield Osborn, Man Rises to Parnassus: Critical Epochs in the Prehistory ofMan (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1927)

Note: This source is coded Osborn2.

(2) Henry Fairfield Osborn, Men of the Old Stone Age: Their Environment, Life and Art(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1915, Second Edition)

Note: This source is coded Osborn1.

Key

(a) Green indicates where a source author first appears, or where he/she reappears.

(b) Yellow highlights most parallelisms.

(c) Tan highlights parallelisms not occurring on the same row, or parallelisms separated byyellowed parallelisms.

(d) An underlined word or words indicates where the source and the UB writer pointedlydiffer from each other.

(e) Blue indicates original (or “revealed”) information, or UB-specific terminology andconcepts.

Matthew Block10 May 2016

SOURCE OR PARALLEL URANTIA PAPER 64

Work-in-progress Version 10 May 2016

© 2016 Matthew BlockPAPER 64 — THE

E V O L U T I O N A R Y

RACES OF COLOR

64:0.1 This is the story of theevolutionary races of Urantia from thedays of Andon and Fonta, almost onemillion years ago, down through the timesof the Planetary Prince to the end of theice age.

64:0.2 The human race is almost onemillion years old, and the first half of itsstory roughly corresponds to the pre-Planetary Prince days of Urantia. Thelatter half of the history of mankindbegins at the time of the arrival of thePlanetary Prince and the appearance ofthe six colored races and roughly corres-ponds to the period commonly regardedas the Old Stone Age.

1 . T H E A N D O N I C

ABORIGINES

[Compare: [M]an and his ancestors are beingtraced back over 1,000,000 years to the DawnStone Age [which preceded the Old Stone Age] ...(O2 24).]

64:1.1 Primitive man made hisevolutionary appearance on earth a littleless than one million years ago,

and he had a vigorous experience. Heinstinctively sought to escape the dangerof mingling with the inferior simiantribes. But he could not migrate eastwardbecause of

[See PL. II, which indicates that Tibet had anelevation of ‘over 20,000' ft. (Osborn1 facing 18)]

the arid Tibetan land elevations, 30,000feet above sea level;

neither could he go south nor westbecause of

2


[See 62:1.2.] the expanded Mediterranean Sea, whichthen extended eastward to the IndianOcean;

and as he went north, he encountered theadvancing ice.

But even when further migration wasblocked by the ice, and though thedispersing tribes became increasinglyhostile, the more intelligent groups neverentertained the idea of going southward tolive among their hairy tree-dwellingcousins of inferior intellect.

64:1.2 Many of man’s earliest religiousemotions grew out of his feeling ofhelplessness in the shut-in environment ofthis geographic situation—mountains tothe right, water to the left, and ice infront. But these progressive Andoniteswould not turn back to their inferiortree-dwelling relatives in the south.

VI: THE FIRST STEPS TO PARNAS-SUS IN CENTRAL ASIA (Osborn2 155)

Why Mongolia May Be the Home of Primitive Man(Osborn2 162)

We observe that early man was not aforest-living animal,

64:1.3 These Andonites avoided theforests in contrast with the habits of theirnonhuman relatives.

for in forested lands the evolution of manis exceedingly slow, in fact there isretrogression, as plentifully evidenced inforest-living races of today.

In the forests man has always deter-iorated;

human evolution has made progress

Those South American Indians who livein the forests are backward in devel-opment as compared with those living inthe open (O2 163).

only in the open and in the higherlatitudes.

3


The Undiscovered Dawn Man of Central Asia(Osborn2 164)

[contd] This high plateau country ofcentral Asia was partly open, partly well-watered, partly arid and semi-desert....The struggle for existence was severe andevoked all the inventive and resourcefulfaculties of man ... (O2 164).

The cold and hunger of the open landsstimulate action, invention, andresourcefulness.

In brief, while the anthropoid apes wereluxuriating in the forested lowlands ofAsia and Europe, the Dawn Men wererising in the invigorating atmosphere ofthe relatively dry plateaus of central Asia(O2 165).

While these Andonic tribes weredeveloping the pioneers of the presenthuman race amidst the hardships andprivations of these rugged northernclimes, their backward cousins wereluxuriating in the southern tropical forestsof the land of their early common origin.

[This event occurred at about the time of

the beginning of the third glacial advance;

thus it may be seen that your early ancestors

were born and bred in a stimulating,

invigorating, and difficult environment

(61:6.3).]

64:1.4 These events occurred duringthe times of the third glacier,

[Compare FIG . 14. Great events of the GlacialEpoch. (Osborn1 41)] [See also Fig. 1. GEOLOGIC

AND ANTHROPOLOGIC TIM E SCALE. (Osborn2 24)]

the first according to the reckoning ofgeologists.

[These first two ice invasions were not

extensive in Eurasia (61:5.7).]

The first two glaciers were not extensivein northern Europe.

INTRODUCTION (Osborn1 1)

GEOGRAPHICAL CHANGES (Osborn1 34)

In general, the elevation of thecontinent took place during interglacial,the subsidence during glacial times, butGreat Britain appears to have been almostcontinuously elevated and a part of thecontinent ... (O1 36).

64:1.5 During most of the ice ageEngland was connected by land withFrance,

4


Land bridges from Africa were formed atGibraltar and over to the island of Sicily,so that for the time there was a freemigration of mammalian life north andsouth (O1 35).

while later on Africa was joined toEurope by the Sicilian land bridge.

THE FIRST INTERGLACIAL STAGE. EOLITHS(Osborn1 66)

At the time of the Andonic migrations

An intercommunication of life over avast area extending 6,000 miles from theThames valley on the west to India on thesoutheast is indicated by the presence ofsix or more similar or related species ofelephants and rhinoceroses.

there was a continuous land path fromEngland in the west on through Europeand Asia

Twenty-five hundred miles southeast ofthe foot-hills of the Himalayas similarherds of mammals, but in an earlier stageof evolution, roamed over the island ofJava, which was then a part of the Asiaticmainland (O1 72).

to Java in the east;

but Australia was again isolated, whichfurther accentuated the development of itsown peculiar fauna.

64:1.6 950,000 years ago the descen-dants of Andon and Fonta had migratedfar to the east and to the west. To the westthey passed over Europe to France andEngland.

II: THE DAWN MAN OF EASTANGLIA—TRAVELER, HUNTER,FLINT WORKER (Osborn2 23)

II. BEGINNING OF THE OLD STONE AGE

(Osborn2 64)

Pithecanthropus Erectus, a Surviving Dawn Man(Osborn2 69)

In later times they penetrated eastward asfar as Java,

5


In the year 1891 Dr. Eugèn Dubois, aDutch army surgeon, found near Trinil,Java, two molar teeth, the top of a skulland a left thigh bone, which in the year1894 he described under the namePithecanthropus erectus, signifying ‘erectStone Age man’ (O2 70).

where their bones were so recentlyfound—

the so-called Java man—

Geologic Age of the Trinil Dawn Man (Osborn273)

This survival of a primitive type of manshut off from competition with morevigorous types is by no means a uniqueoccurrence, because we still find manyvery primitive types of humanity living inremote and isolated parts of the earth,such as the Tasmanian natives (O2 73). and then journeyed on to Tasmania.

64:1.7 The groups going west becameless contaminated with the backwardstocks of mutual ancestral origin thanthose going east, who mingled so freelywith their retarded animal cousins. Theseunprogressive individuals drifted south-ward and presently mated with theinferior tribes. Later on, increasingnumbers of their mongrel descendantsreturned to the north to mate with therapidly expanding Andonic peoples, andsuch unfortunate unions unfailinglydeteriorated the superior stock. Fewer andfewer of the primitive settlementsmaintained the worship of the BreathGiver. This early dawn civilization wasthreatened with extinction.

64:1.8 And thus it has ever been onUrantia. Civilizations of great promisehave successively deteriorated and havefinally been extinguished by the folly ofallowing the superior freely to procreatewith the inferior.

6


2. THE FOXHALL PEOPLES

64:2.1 900,000 years ago the arts ofAndon and Fonta and the culture ofOnagar were vanishing from the face ofthe earth; culture, religion, and evenflintworking were at their lowest ebb.


I. THE DAWN STONE AGE (Osborn2 25)

The ‘Bramford’ or Sub-Red Crag Flint Workers(Osborn2 30)

64:2.2 These were the times when largenumbers of inferior mongrel groups werearriving in England from southern France.These tribes were so largely mixed withthe forest apelike creatures that they werescarcely human. They had no religion

The discoveries by J. Reid Moir ofevidence of the existence of Pliocene manin East Anglia ... bring indubitableevidence of the existence of man insoutheast Britain, man of sufficientintelligence to fashion flints and to builda fire, before the close of the Pliocenetime and before the advent of the FirstGlaciation, which opens the Pleistoceneor Quaternary history of man (O2 34).

but were crude flintworkers andpossessed sufficient intelligence to kindlefire.


(Osborn2 64)

The Giant Flints of Cromer, Norfolk (Osborn2 65)

64:2.3 They were followed in Europeby a somewhat superior and prolificpeople, whose descendants soon spreadover the entire continent from the ice inthe north to the Alps and Mediterraneanin the south.

7


[W]e have entered the long warm FirstInterglacial period, to which is attributedthe fossil remains of the Heidelberg raceof Neanderthaloids discovered bySchoetensack along the ancient Elsenzsouth of the mouth of the Neckar.... [I]tappears possible that it was the giant menof the Heidelberg race who fashioned thegiant flints of Cromer ... (O2 66).

These tribes are the so-called Heidelbergrace.

I. THE DAWN STONE AGE (Osborn2 25)

Discovery of the “Fossil Human Jaw from[Foxhall] Suffolk” (Osborn2 36)

64:2.4 During this long period ofcultural decadence

[Note: Osborn postulated the existence of “theFoxhall Man” based on an alleged human jawwhich was found at Foxhall in 1855, reproduced ina sketch in 1867, and lost soon afterward. See O2

36-40.]

the Foxhall peoples of England

and the Badonan tribes northwest of Indiacontinued to hold on to some of thetraditions of Andon and certain remnantsof the culture of Onagar.

Discovery of the Dawn Man Flint Quarry andFireplace of Foxhall near Ipswich (Osborn2 40)

64:2.5 The Foxhall peoples werefarthest west and succeeded in retainingmuch of the Andonic culture;

[See Fig. 15. FIVE FLINT IM PLEM ENTS FROM THE 16-FOOT LEVEL OF THE FOX HALL QUARRY AND ONE

FROM THE SUB-RED CRAG OF BRAM FO RD . AfterMoir, 1920-1921. [Etc.] (O2 44)]

they also preserved their knowledge offlint-working,

which they transmitted to theirdescendants, the ancient ancestors of theEskimos.

8


[See Fig. 13. GREAT FOXHALL QUARRY NEAR

IPSW ICH. Upper: Spot where Collyer recorded thefind of a human jaw in 1855; the canvas at rightcovers spot where J. Reid Moir discovered thefireplace and the Foxhall flints in 1920. [Etc.] (O2facing 40)]

64:2.6 Though the remains of theFoxhall peoples were the last to bediscovered in England,

these Andonites were really the firsthuman beings to live in those regions.

[See Fig. 3 (O2 27).] At that time the land bridge stillconnected France with England;

and since most of the early settlements ofthe Andon descendants were locatedalong the rivers and seashores of thatearly day, they are now under the watersof the English Channel and the North Sea,

[See Fig. 3. RECENTLY DISCOVERED FLINT-WORKING AREA OF THE DAW N STONE AGE,extending over the Piltdown region of Sussexnorthward from Ipswich to Norwich and Cromer,the present area of East Anglia. On the very groundwhere Cardinal Wolsey played as a boy aroundIpswich, the youth of the Foxhall and sub-RedCrag of Bramford worked around the fireplaces,learning to fashion their flint implements, at least700,000 years ago. [Etc.] (O2 27)]

but some three or four are still abovewater on the English coast.

64:2.7 Many of the more intelligentand spiritual of the Foxhall peoplesmaintained their racial superiority andperpetuated their primitive religiouscustoms.

[Compare: It has been suggested that, follow-ing the fading ice edge north and eastward throughAsia into North America, they [i.e. the Cro-Magnons] became the ancestors of the Esquimaux,but certain anatomical objections are fatal to thisinteresting theory (Madison Grant, The Passing ofthe Great Race [1916], p. 99).]

And these people, as they were lateradmixed with subsequent stocks, jour-neyed on west from England after a laterice visitation and have survived as thepresent-day Eskimos.

9


3. THE BADONAN TRIBES

64:3.1 Besides the Foxhall peoples inthe west, another struggling center ofculture persisted in the east. This groupwas located in the foothills of thenorthwestern Indian highlands among thetribes of Badonan, a great-great-grandsonof Andon. These people were the onlydescendants of Andon who never prac-ticed human sacrifice.

64:3.2 These highland Badonitesoccupied an extensive plateau surroundedby forests, traversed by streams, andabounding in game. Like some of theircousins in Tibet, they lived in crude stonehuts, hillside grottoes, and semiunder-ground passages.

64:3.3 While the tribes of the northgrew more and more to fear the ice, thoseliving near the homeland of their originbecame exceedingly fearful of the water.They observed the Mesopotamian penin-sula gradually sinking into the ocean, andthough it emerged several times, thetraditions of these primitive races grew uparound the dangers of the sea and the fearof periodic engulfment. And this fear,together with their experience with riverfloods, explains why they sought out thehighlands as a safe place in which to live.

10


APPENDIX (Osborn1 503)

NOTE VII: THE MOST RECENT DISCOVERIESOF ANTHROPOID APES AND SUPPOSEDANCESTORS OF MAN IN INDIA (Osborn1 511)

64:3.4 To the east of the Badonanpeoples,

[contd] It is possible that within thenext decade one or more of the Tertiaryancestors of man may be discovered innorthern India among the foot-hillsknown as the Siwaliks....

As early as 1886 several kinds ofextinct Old World primates ... werereported from the Siwalik hills innorthern India and recently Dr. Pilgrim,of the Geological Survey, has described... an anthropoid which he has namedSivapithecus and regards as actuallyrelated to the direct ancestors of man, aconclusion which may or may not proveto be correct (O1 511).

in the Siwalik Hills of northern India,

may be found fossils that approach nearerto transition types between man and thevarious prehuman groups than any otherson earth.

64:3.5 850,000 years ago the superiorBadonan tribes began a warfare ofextermination directed against theirinferior and animalistic neighbors. In lessthan one thousand years most of theborderland animal groups of these regionshad been either destroyed or driven backto the southern forests. This campaign forthe extermination of inferiors broughtabout a slight improvement in the hilltribes of that age. And the mixeddescendants of this improved Badonitestock appeared on the stage of action asan apparently new people—the Neander-thal race.

11


4 . T H E N E A N D E R T H A L

RACES

III: MAN OF THE CAVE PERIOD:SCULPTOR, ENGRAVER, PAINTER(Osborn2 77)

64:4.1 The Neanderthalers wereexcellent fighters, and they traveledextensively.

[See Fig. 29. THE NEANDERTHAL EM PIRE OF THE

OLD STONE AGE.. (O2 78)]They gradually spread from the highlandcenters in northwest India to France onthe west, China on the east, and evendown into northern Africa.

[I]t appears not improbable that theNeanderthal race dominated large parts ofAsia and Africa as well as all of westernEurope ... (O2 77-78).

They dominated the world

for almost half a million years until thetimes of the migration of the evolutionaryraces of color.

I: ANCESTRY OF THE ANTHROPOIDAPES— ... THE FIRST GLACIATION... (Osborn1 49)

THE FIRST INTERGLACIAL STAGE. EOLITHS(Osborn1 66)

64:4.2 800,000 years ago game wasabundant;

The presence of members of the deerfamily (Cervidæ) in great numbers andrepresenting many different lines ofdescent is one of the most distinctivefeatures of First Interglacial times (O170).

many species of deer,

12


[I]n the very beginning of Pleistocenetimes the forests of Europe were full of awild life very similar to that of prehistorictimes, mingled with which was theOriental element, the great elephants,rhinoceroses, and hippopotami con-necting Europe with the far east (O 71).

as well as elephants and hippopotamuses,

roamed over Europe.

Among the grazing and meadow-livingforms of the Norfolk country of Britainwere species of wild cattle (Bos, Lepto-bos),

Cattle were plentiful;

together with two species of horses ... (O171-72).

horses

Among the forest-frequenting carnivoreswere the wolverene, the otter, two kindsof bear, the wolf, the fox, and the marten... (O1 71).

and wolves were everywhere.

VI: THE FIRST STEPS OFPARNASSUS IN CENTRAL ASIA(Osborn2 155)

Causes of the Divergence of Races, Species andStocks (Osborn2 172)

The Neanderthalers were great hunters,and the tribes in France were the first toadopt the practice of

Those who attain the greatest skill andfacility are naturally the most successfulmembers of the tribe; they are the bestclimbers, the best fisherman, the besthunters, and they are rewarded by the firstchoice of wives and blessed with the firstcrop of offspring (O2 173).

giving the most successful hunters thechoice of women for wives.

13


IV: OUR ANCESTORS ARRIVE INSCANDINAVIA (Osborn2 103)

Northward Migration of the Flint Industries as theReindeer, Moose and Stag Moved Northward(Osborn2 111)

64:4.3 The reindeer was highly usefulto these Neanderthal peoples,

During the period of high Magdalenianart of the Cro-Magnon race the reindeerhad penetrated Spain south of thePyrenees and was abundant in the caveregion immediately north of the Pyrenees.Its hide furnished clothing; its flesh andmarrow bones served as food; serving as food, clothing,

from its horns and leg-bones werefashioned the tools and weapons of thetime (O2 111).

and for tools, since they made varioususes of the horns and bones.

They had little culture, but they greatlyimproved the work in flint until it almostreached the levels of the days of Andon.

Spread of the Campignian Flint Industry (Osborn2113)

[I]t may be safely asserted that the flinttranchet (prototype of the axe), the flintpic (prototype of the pick) ... enterednorthwestern Europe as new and strikingfeatures of this culture period ...

... [T]he Danish archaeologist, FriisJohansen, made a convincing test byinserting a flint axe-head in a haft andcutting down a tree with it ... (O2 113-14).

Large flints attached to wooden handlescame back into use and served as axesand picks.

[750,000 years ago the fourth ice sheet, a

union of the North American central and

eastern ice fields, was well on its way south ...

(61:7.2).]

64:4.4 750,000 years ago the fourth icesheet was well on its way south.

14




(Osborn2 64)

The Giant Flints of Cromer, Norfolk (Osborn2 65)

“ ... [Heavy big flint implements] wereemployed either affixed to a handle orheld by the two hands for the purpose ofbreaking a hole in the ice on the surfaceof a lake or marsh pool.

With their improved implements theNeanderthalers made holes in the icecovering the northern rivers

Fish come to such openings in the ice andare then readily speared or captured” (O267).

and thus were able to spear the fish whichcame up to these vents.

Ever these tribes retreated before theadvancing ice, which at this time made itsmost extensive invasion of Europe.

[In Asia the Siberian ice sheet made its

southernmost invasion, while in Europe the

advancing ice stopped just short of the

mountain barrier of the Alps (61:7.3).]

64:4.5 In these times the Siberianglacier was making its southernmostmarch,

compelling early man to move southward,back toward the lands of his origin. Butthe human species had so differentiatedthat the danger of further mingling withits nonprogressive simian relatives wasgreatly lessened.

I: ANCESTRY OF THE ANTHROPOIDAPES— ... THE FIRST GLACIATION... (Osborn1 49)

EARLY NORTHERN MIGRATIONS OF THEREINDEER (Osborn1 102)

Thus, after the recession of the ice-fields of the second glaciation,

64:4.6 700,000 years ago the fourthglacier, the greatest of all in Europe, wasin recession;

[The second glaciation was by far the greatestboth in Europe and America (O1 89).]

15


men and animals were returning north.

the climate was at first cold and moist; The climate was cool and moist,

and primitive man again thrived inEurope and western Asia.

then followed a long warm stage, favor-able to the spread of forests ... (O1 103). Gradually the forests spread north over

land which had been so recently coveredby the glacier.

LIFE OF THE WARM SECOND INTER-GLACIAL STAGE (Osborn1 90)

The most surprising fact is that themammal life of western Europe remainedentirely unchanged by the vast secondglaciation just described; the fewextinctions which occurred as well as anumber of new arrivals may be attributedto new geographical connections withAfrica on the south and to the steadyprogress of migration from the far east(O1 91-92).

64:4.7 Mammalian life had been littlechanged by the great glacier.

[See FIG . 25, which shows the extent of the ice inthe Second Glacial stage and the narrow belt ofland lying between the ice and the Alps. (O1 65).]

These animals persisted in that narrowbelt of land lying between the ice and theAlps

and, upon the retreat of the glacier, againrapidly spread out over all Europe.

[contd] There were four very importantand distinctive new arrivals from theAfrican-Asiatic world,

There arrived from Africa, over theSicilian land bridge,

namely, the straight-tusked or ancientelephant (E. antiquus), the broad-nosedrhinoceros (D. merckii), the African lion(Felis leo), and the African hyæna (H.striata), which bespeak close geograph-ical connections with northern Africa (O192-93).

straight-tusked elephants, broad-nosedrhinoceroses, hyenas, and African lions,

16


The African lion would appear tohave been a competitor of the sabre-toothtiger, for the latter animal now becomesless abundant, although there is reason tobelieve that it survived until the ThirdInterglacial Stage (O1 94).

and these new animals virtually exter-minated the saber-toothed tigers

[I]t would seem that [the southernmammoth and the hippopotamus] wereless hardy because both disappeared fromEurope a little earlier than the ancientelephant and Merck’s rhinoceros (O1 93-94).

and the hippopotamuses.

64:4.8 650,000 years ago witnessed thecontinuation of the mild climate.

By the middle of the interglacial period ithad become so warm that

Corresponding with this the snow-linestood 1,000 feet above its present level,and the Alps, save for the higher peaks,were almost completely denuded of iceand snow (O1 90).

the Alps were almost denuded of ice andsnow.

THE THIRD GLACIATION (Osborn1 104)

64:4.9 600,000 years ago the ice hadreached its then northernmost point ofretreat and, after a pause of a fewthousand years, started south again on itsfifth excursion.

But there was little modification ofclimate for fifty thousand years.

It would appear as if the animal and plantlife of Europe were, in the main, butslightly affected by the first threeglaciations (O1 108).

Man and the animals of Europe were littlechanged.

This arid period in northern Europeand in North America was followed bythe moist, cool climate of the thirdglaciation (O1 104).

The slight aridity of the former periodlessened,

17


In the Alps the third glaciation sent vastice-floes along the valley of the Rhine,into eastern France, and into the valley ofthe Po ... But the greatest glacier of thistime was that of the Isar, a southerntributary of the Danube, which rises in theBavarian Alps (O1 104).

and the alpine glaciers descended fardown the river valleys.

64:4.10 550,000 years ago theadvancing glacier again pushed man andthe animals south. But this time man hadplenty of room in

[See FIG . 51, which shows Europe during the ThirdGlacial Age, with the wide belt of land stretchinginto Asia and the expanded Black and CaspianSeas. (O1 105).]

the wide belt of land stretching northeastinto Asia and lying between the ice sheetand the then greatly expanded Black Seaextension of the Mediterranean.

64:4.11 These times of the fourth andfifth glaciers witnessed the further spreadof the crude culture of the Neanderthalraces. But there was so little progress thatit truly appeared as though the attempt toproduce a new and modified type ofintelligent life on Urantia was about tofail.

III: MAN OF THE CAVE PERIOD:SCULPTOR, ENGRAVER, PAINTER(Osborn2 77)

The Neanderthals the First Cave Dwellers(Osborn2 77)

For almost a quarter of a million yearsthese primitive peoples drifted on,hunting and fighting, by spells improvingin certain directions,

[contd] The Neanderthals present aunique instance of arrested and perhapsretrogressive human development (O279).

but, on the whole, steadily retrogressingas compared with their superior Andonic ancestors.

18


64:4.12 During these spiritually darkages the culture of superstitious mankindreached its lowest levels. The Neander-thalers really had no religion beyond ashameful superstition.

[Compare: [I]n place of the westerly winds andgreat dust clouds of closing Acheulean times, coldmists and clouds heavy with moisture swept overthe country ... (O1 205).]

They were deathly afraid of clouds, moreespecially of mists and fogs.

A primitive religion of the fear of naturalforces gradually developed, while animalworship declined as improvement intools, with abundance of game, enabledthese people to live with lessened anxietyabout food; the sex rewards of the chasetended greatly to improve hunting skill.This new religion of fear led to attemptsto placate the invisible forces behindthese natural elements and culminated,later on, in the sacrificing of humans toappease these invisible and unknownphysical forces. And this terrible practiceof human sacrifice has been perpetuatedby the more backward peoples of Urantiaright on down to the twentieth century.

64:4.13 These early Neanderthalerscould hardly be called sun worshipers.They rather lived in fear of the dark; theyhad a mortal dread of nightfall. As long asthe moon shone a little, they managed toget along,

[See endnote.] but in the dark of the moon they grewpanicky and began the sacrifice of theirbest specimens of manhood andwomanhood in an effort to induce themoon again to shine. 1

19


The sun, they early learned, wouldregularly return, but the moon theyconjectured only returned because theysacrificed their fellow tribesmen. As therace advanced, the object and purpose ofsacrifice progressively changed, but theoffering of human sacrifice as a part ofreligious ceremonial long persisted.

5. ORIGIN OF THE COLORED

RACES

64:5.1 500,000 years ago the Badonantribes of the northwestern highlands ofIndia became involved in another greatracial struggle. For more than onehundred years this relentless warfareraged, and when the long fight wasfinished, only about one hundred familieswere left. But these survivors were themost intelligent and desirable of all thethen living descendants of Andon andFonta.

64:5.2 And now, among these highlandBadonites there was a new and strangeoccurrence. A man and woman living inthe northeastern part of the then inhabitedhighland region began suddenly toproduce a family of unusually intelligentchildren.

[Note: Sangik as in Siwalik?] This was the Sangik family, the ancestorsof all of the six colored races of Urantia.

64:5.3 These Sangik children, nineteenin number, were not only intelligentabove their fellows, but their skinsmanifested a unique tendency to turnvarious colors upon exposure to sunlight.Among these nineteen children were fivered, two orange, four yellow, two green,four blue, and two indigo.

20


These colors became more pronounced asthe children grew older, and when theseyouths later mated with their fellowtribesmen, all of their offspring tendedtoward the skin color of the Sangikparent.

64:5.4 And now I interrupt thechronological narrative, after callingattention to the arrival of the PlanetaryPrince at about this time, while weseparately consider the six Sangik racesof Urantia.

6. THE SIX SANGIK RACES

OF URANTIA

64:6.1 On an average evolutionaryplanet the six evolutionary races of colorappear one by one; the red man is the firstto evolve, and for ages he roams theworld before the succeeding colored racesmake their appearance. The simultaneousemergence of all six races on Urantia, andin one family, was most unusual.

64:6.2 The appearance of the earlierAndonites on Urantia was also somethingnew in Satania. On no other world in thelocal system has such a race of willcreatures evolved in advance of theevolutionary races of color.

64:6.3 1. The red man. These peopleswere remarkable specimens of the humanrace, in many ways superior to Andon andFonta. They were a most intelligent groupand were the first of the Sangik childrento develop a tribal civilization andgovernment. They were always mono-gamous; even their mixed descendantsseldom practiced plural mating.

21


64:6.4 In later times they had seriousand prolonged trouble with their yellowbrethren in Asia. They were aided bytheir early invention of the bow andarrow, but they had unfortunatelyinherited much of the tendency of theirancestors to fight among themselves, andthis so weakened them that the yellowtribes were able to drive them off theAsiatic continent.

64:6.5 About eighty-five thousandyears ago the comparatively pureremnants of the red race went en masseacross to North America, and shortlythereafter the Bering land isthmus sank,thus isolating them. No red man everreturned to Asia. But throughout Siberia,China, central Asia, India, and Europethey left behind much of their stockblended with the other colored races.

64:6.6 When the red man crossed overinto America, he brought along much ofthe teachings and traditions of his earlyorigin. His immediate ancestors had beenin touch with the later activities of theworld headquarters of the PlanetaryPrince. But in a short time after reachingthe Americas, the red men began to losesight of these teachings, and thereoccurred a great decline in intellectualand spiritual culture. Very soon thesepeople again fell to fighting so fiercelyamong themselves that it appeared thatthese tribal wars would result in thespeedy extinction of this remnant of thecomparatively pure red race.

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[?]

64:6.7 Because of this great retro-gression the red men seemed doomedwhen, about sixty-five thousand yearsago, Onamonalonton appeared as theirleader and spiritual deliverer. He broughttemporary peace among the American redmen and revived their worship of the“Great Spirit.” Onamonalonton lived tobe ninety-six years of age and maintainedhis headquarters among the greatredwood trees of California. Many of hislater descendants have come down tomodern times among the BlackfootIndians.

64:6.8 As time passed, the teachings ofOnamonalonton became hazy traditions.Internecine wars were resumed, and neverafter the days of this great teacher didanother leader succeed in bringinguniversal peace among them. Increasinglythe more intelligent strains perished inthese tribal struggles; otherwise a greatcivilization would have been built uponthe North American continent by theseable and intelligent red men.

64:6.9 After crossing over to Americafrom China, the northern red man neveragain came in contact with other worldinfluences (except the Eskimo) until hewas later discovered by the white man. Itwas most unfortunate that the red manalmost completely missed his opportunityof being upstepped by the admixture ofthe later Adamic stock. As it was, the redman could not rule the white man, and hewould not willingly serve him. In such acircumstance, if the two races do notblend, one or the other is doomed.

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64:6.10 2. The orange man. Theoutstanding characteristic of this race wastheir

[Note: See 62:3.7, re “the constructive pro-pensity”.]

peculiar urge to build, to build anythingand everything, even to the piling up ofvast mounds of stone just to see whichtribe could build the largest mound.

Though they were not a progressivepeople, they profited much from theschools of the Prince and sent delegatesthere for instruction.

64:6.11 The orange race was the first tofollow the coast line southward towardAfrica as the Mediterranean Seawithdrew to the west. But they neversecured a favorable footing in Africa andwere wiped out of existence by the laterarriving green race.

64:6.12 Before the end came, thispeople lost much cultural and spiritualground. But there was a great revival ofhigher living as a result of the wiseleadership of Porshunta, the master mindof this unfortunate race, who ministeredto them when their headquarters was atArmageddon some three hundredthousand years ago.

64:6.13 The last great struggle betweenthe orange and the green men occurred inthe region of the lower Nile valley inEgypt. This long-drawn-out battle waswaged for almost one hundred years, andat its close very few of the orange racewere left alive. The shattered remnants ofthese people were absorbed by the greenand by the later arriving indigo men. Butas a race the orange man ceased to existabout one hundred thousand years ago.

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64:6.14 3. The yellow man.

Causes of the Divergence of Races, Species andStocks (Osborn2 172)

The Mongoloid races at a very early stageexhausted their animal food supply andwere compelled to turn to agriculture.This explains the extraordinary industry,vitality, and working powers of thispeople, which are the result of ages oforganic selection (O2 174).

The primitive yellow tribes were the firstto abandon the chase, establish settledcommunities, and develop a home lifebased on agriculture.

Intellectually they were somewhat infer-ior to the red man, but socially andcollectively they proved themselvessuperior to all of the Sangik peoples inthe matter of fostering racial civilization.Because they developed a fraternal spirit,the various tribes learning to live togetherin relative peace, they were able to drivethe red race before them as they graduallyexpanded into Asia.

64:6.15 They traveled far from theinfluences of the spiritual headquarters ofthe world and drifted into great darknessfollowing the Caligastia apostasy; butthere occurred one brilliant age amongthis people when Singlangton, about onehundred thousand years ago, assumed theleadership of these tribes and proclaimedthe worship of the “One Truth.”

64:6.16 The survival of comparativelylarge numbers of the yellow race is due totheir intertribal peacefulness. From thedays of Singlangton to the times ofmodern China, the yellow race has beennumbered among the more peaceful of thenations of Urantia. This race received asmall but potent legacy of the laterimported Adamic stock.

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64:6.17 4. The green man. The greenrace was one of the less able groups ofprimitive men, and they were greatlyweakened by extensive migrations indifferent directions. Before theirdispersion these tribes experienced agreat revival of culture under theleadership of Fantad, some three hundredand fifty thousand years ago.

64:6.18 The green race split into threemajor divisions: The northern tribes weresubdued, enslaved, and absorbed by theyellow and blue races. The eastern groupwere amalgamated with the Indianpeoples of those days, and remnants stillpersist among them. The southern nationentered Africa, where they destroyed theiralmost equally inferior orange cousins.

64:6.19 In many ways both groups wereevenly matched in this struggle since eachcarried strains of the giant order, many oftheir leaders being eight and nine feet inheight. These giant strains of the greenman were mostly confined to thissouthern or Egyptian nation.

64:6.20 The remnants of the victoriousgreen men were subsequently absorbedby the indigo race, the last of the coloredpeoples to develop and emigrate from theoriginal Sangik center of race dispersion.

64:6.21 5. The blue man. The blue menwere a great people. They early inventedthe spear and subsequently worked outthe rudiments of many of the arts ofmodern civilization. The blue man hadthe brain power of the red man associatedwith the soul and sentiment of the yellowman. The Adamic descendants preferredthem to all of the later persisting coloredraces.

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64:6.22 The early blue men wereresponsive to the persuasions of theteachers of Prince Caligastia’s staff andwere thrown into great confusion by thesubsequent perverted teachings of thosetraitorous leaders. Like other primitiveraces they never fully recovered from theturmoil produced by the Caligastiabetrayal, nor did they ever completelyovercome their tendency to fight amongthemselves.

64:6.23 About five hundred years afterCaligastia’s downfall a widespread revi-val of learning and religion of a primitivesort—but none the less real and benefi-cial—occurred. Orlandof became a greatteacher among the blue race and led manyof the tribes back to the worship of thetrue God under the name of the “SupremeChief.” This was the greatest advance ofthe blue man until those later times whenthis race was so greatly upstepped by theadmixture of the Adamic stock.

[See 64:0.2, above, re “Old Stone Age”.]64:6.24 The European researches and

explorations of the Old Stone Age havelargely to do with unearthing the tools,bones, and artcraft of these ancient bluemen, for they persisted in Europe untilrecent times.

The so-called white races of Urantia arethe descendants of these blue men as theywere first modified by slight mixture withyellow and red, and as they were latergreatly upstepped by assimilating thegreater portion of the violet race.

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64:6.25 6. The indigo race. As the redmen were the most advanced of all theSangik peoples, so the black men werethe least progressive. They were the lastto migrate from their highland homes.They journeyed to Africa, taking posses-sion of the continent, and have ever sinceremained there except when they havebeen forcibly taken away, from age toage, as slaves.

[!]

64:6.26 Isolated in Africa, the indigopeoples, like the red man, received littleor none of the race elevation which wouldhave been derived from the infusion ofthe Adamic stock. Alone in Africa, theindigo race made little advancement untilthe days of Orvonon, when they exper-ienced a great spiritual awakening. Whilethey later almost entirely forgot the “Godof Gods” proclaimed by Orvonon, theydid not entirely lose the desire to worshipthe Unknown; at least they maintained aform of worship up to a few thousandyears ago.

64:6.27 Notwithstanding their back-wardness, these indigo peoples haveexactly the same standing before thecelestial powers as any other earthly race.

64:6.28 These were ages of intensestruggles between the various races, butnear the headquarters of the PlanetaryPrince the more enlightened and morerecently taught groups lived together incomparative harmony, though no greatcultural conquest of the world races hadbeen achieved up to the time of theserious disruption of this regime by theoutbreak of the Lucifer rebellion.

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64:6.29 From time to time all of thesedifferent peoples experienced cultural andspiritual revivals. Mansant was a greatteacher of the post-Planetary Prince days.But mention is made only of thoseoutstanding leaders and teachers whomarkedly influenced and inspired a wholerace. With the passing of time, manylesser teachers arose in different regions;and in the aggregate they contributedmuch to the sum total of those savinginfluences which prevented the totalcollapse of cultural civilization, espe-cially during the long and dark agesbetween the Caligastia rebellion and thearrival of Adam.

[The evolution of six—or of three—

colored races, while seeming to deteriorate the

original endowment of the red man,

64:6.30 There are many good andsufficient reasons for the plan of evolvingeither three or six colored races on theworlds of space.

Though Urantia mortals may not be in aposition fully to appreciate all of thesereasons, we would call attention to thefollowing:

provides certain very desirable variations in

mortal types

64:6.31 1. Variety is indispensable toopportunity for the wide functioning ofnatural selection, differential survival ofsuperior strains.

and affords an otherwise unattainable

expression of diverse human potentials.

64:6.32 2. Stronger and better races areto be had from the interbreeding ofdiverse peoples when these differentraces are carriers of superior inheritancefactors.

These modifications are beneficial to the

progress of mankind as a whole provided they

are subsequently upstepped by the imported

Adamic or violet race (51:4.4).]

And the Urantia races would havebenefited by such an early amalgamationprovided such a conjoint people couldhave been subsequently effectivelyupstepped by a thoroughgoing admixturewith the superior Adamic stock.

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[But while the pure-line children of a

planetary Garden of Eden can bestow

themselves upon the superior members of the

evolutionary races and thereby upstep the

biologic level of mankind, it would not prove

beneficial for the higher strains of Urantia

mortals to mate with the lower races; such an

unwise procedure would jeopardize all

civilization on your world (51:5.7).]

The attempt to execute such an exper-iment on Urantia under present racialconditions would be highly disastrous.

64:6.33 3. Competition is healthfullystimulated by diversification of races.

64:6.34 4. Differences in status of theraces and of groups within each race areessential to the development of humantolerance and altruism.

64:6.35 5. Homogeneity of the humanrace is not desirable until the peoples ofan evolving world attain comparativelyhigh levels of spiritual development.

7. DISPERSION OF THE

COLORED RACES

64:7.1 When the colored descendantsof the Sangik family began to multiply,and as they sought opportunity forexpansion into adjacent territory, the fifthglacier, the third of geologic count, waswell advanced on its southern drift overEurope and Asia. These early coloredraces were extraordinarily tested by therigors and hardships of the glacial age oftheir origin. This glacier was so extensivein Asia that for thousands of yearsmigration to eastern Asia was cut off.And not until the later retreat of theMediterranean Sea, consequent upon theelevation of Arabia, was it possible forthem to reach Africa.

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[!]64:7.2 Thus it was that for almost one

hundred thousand years these Sangikpeoples spread out around the foothillsand mingled together more or less,

[Compare: Race feeling may be calledprejudice by those whose careers are cramped by it,but it is a natural antipathy which serves tomaintain the purity of type (Madison Grant, ThePassing of the Great Race [1916], p. 193.]

notwithstanding the peculiar but naturalantipathy which early manifested itselfbetween the different races.

64:7.3 Between the times of thePlanetary Prince and Adam, India becamethe home of the most cosmopolitanpopulation ever to be found on the face ofthe earth. But it was unfortunate that thismixture came to contain so much of thegreen, orange, and indigo races. Thesesecondary Sangik peoples foundexistence more easy and agreeable in thesouthlands, and many of them sub-sequently migrated to Africa. Theprimary Sangik peoples, the superiorraces, avoided the tropics, the red mangoing northeast to Asia, closely followedby the yellow man, while the blue racemoved northwest into Europe.

64:7.4 The red men early began tomigrate to the northeast, on the heels ofthe retreating ice, passing around thehighlands of India and occupying all ofnortheastern Asia. They were closelyfollowed by the yellow tribes, whosubsequently drove them out of Asia intoNorth America.

64:7.5 When the relatively pure-lineremnants of the red race forsook Asia,there were eleven tribes, and theynumbered a little over seven thousandmen, women, and children.

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These tribes were accompanied by threesmall groups of mixed ancestry, thelargest of these being a combination ofthe orange and blue races. These threegroups never fully fraternized with thered man and early journeyed southward toMexico and Central America, where theywere later joined by a small group ofmixed yellows and reds. These peoplesall intermarried and founded a new andamalgamated race, one which was muchless warlike than the pure-line red men.Within five thousand years thisamalgamated race broke up into threegroups, establishing the civilizationsrespectively of Mexico, Central America,and South America. The South Americanoffshoot did receive a faint touch of theblood of Adam.

64:7.6 To a certain extent the early redand yellow men mingled in Asia, and theoffspring of this union journeyed on tothe east and along the southern seacoastand, eventually, were driven by therapidly increasing yellow race onto thepeninsulas and near-by islands of the sea.They are the present-day brown men.

64:7.7 The yellow race has continuedto occupy the central regions of easternAsia. Of all the six colored races theyhave survived in greatest numbers. Whilethe yellow men now and then engaged inracial war, they did not carry on suchincessant and relentless wars of ex-termination as were waged by the red,green, and orange men. These three racesvirtually destroyed themselves beforethey were finally all but annihilated bytheir enemies of other races.

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64:7.8 Since the fifth glacier did notextend so far south in Europe, the waywas partially open for these Sangikpeoples to migrate to the northwest; andupon the retreat of the ice the blue men,together with a few other small racialgroups, migrated westward along the oldtrails of the Andon tribes. They invadedEurope in successive waves, occupyingmost of the continent.

64:7.9 In Europe they soonencountered the Neanderthal descendantsof their early and common ancestor,Andon. These older European Neander-thalers had been driven south and east bythe glacier and thus were in positionquickly to encounter and absorb theirinvading cousins of the Sangik tribes.

64:7.10 In general and to start with, theSangik tribes were more intelligent than,and in most ways far superior to, thedeteriorated descendants of the earlyAndonic plainsmen; and the mingling ofthese Sangik tribes with the Neanderthalpeoples led to the immediate improve-ment of the older race. It was thisinfusion of Sangik blood, more especiallythat of the blue man, which produced thatmarked improvement in the Neanderthalpeoples exhibited by the successivewaves of increasingly intelligent tribesthat swept over Europe from the east.

64:7.11 During the following inter-glacial period this new Neanderthal raceextended from England to India. Theremnant of the blue race left in the oldPersian peninsula later amalgamated withcertain others, primarily the yellow; andthe resultant blend, subsequently some-what upstepped by the violet race ofAdam, has persisted as the swarthynomadic tribes of modern Arabs.

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64:7.12 All efforts to identify theSangik ancestry of modern peoples musttake into account the later improvementof the racial strains by the subsequentadmixture of Adamic blood.

[Compare: Following alike the principle ofadaptive radiation, man goes forth to seek andlabor for food. He may go to the temperate regions,to the North Pole, or to the Equator. If he choosesthe Equator the quest for food is very easy andrequires relatively little intelligence ... (O2 173-74).]

64:7.13 The superior races sought thenorthern or temperate climes, while theorange, green, and indigo races success-ively gravitated to Africa

over the newly elevated land bridgewhich separated the westward retreatingMediterranean from the Indian Ocean.

64:7.14 The last of the Sangik peoplesto migrate from their center of race originwas the indigo man. About the time thegreen man was killing off the orange racein Egypt and greatly weakening himselfin so doing, the great black exodus startedsouth through Palestine along the coast;and later, when these physically strongindigo peoples overran Egypt, they wipedthe green man out of existence by sheerforce of numbers. These indigo racesabsorbed the remnants of the orange manand much of the stock of the green man,and certain of the indigo tribes wereconsiderably improved by this racialamalgamation.

64:7.15 And so it appears that Egyptwas first dominated by the orange man,then by the green, followed by the indigo(black) man, and still later by a mongrelrace of indigo, blue, and modified greenmen. But long before Adam arrived, theblue men of Europe and the mixed racesof Arabia had driven the indigo race outof Egypt and far south on the Africancontinent.

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64:7.16 As the Sangik migrations drawto a close, the green and orange races aregone, the red man holds North America,the yellow man eastern Asia, the blueman Europe, and the indigo race hasgravitated to Africa. India harbors a blendof the secondary Sangik races, and thebrown man, a blend of the red andyellow, holds the islands off the Asiaticcoast. An amalgamated race of rathersuperior potential occupies the highlandsof South America. The purer Andoniteslive in the extreme northern regions ofEurope and in Iceland, Greenland, andnortheastern North America.

64:7.17 During the periods of farthestglacial advance the westernmost of theAndon tribes came very near being driveninto the sea. They lived for years on anarrow southern strip of the presentisland of England. And it was thetradition of these repeated glacialadvances that drove them to take to thesea when the sixth and last glacier finallyappeared. They were the first marineadventurers. They built boats and startedin search of new lands which they hopedmight be free from the terrifying iceinvasions. And some of them reachedIceland, others Greenland, but the vastmajority perished from hunger and thirston the open sea.

64:7.18 A little more than eightythousand years ago, shortly after the redman entered northwestern North America,the freezing over of the north seas and theadvance of local ice fields on Greenlanddrove these Eskimo descendants of theUrantia aborigines to seek a better land, anew home;

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and they were successful, safely crossingthe narrow straits which then separatedGreenland from the northeastern landmasses of North America. They reachedthe continent about twenty-one hundredyears after the red man arrived in Alaska.

[See 64:2.7, above.] Subsequently some of the mixed stock ofthe blue man journeyed westward andamalgamated with the later-day Eskimos,and this union was slightly beneficial tothe Eskimo tribes.

64:7.19 About five thousand years agoa chance meeting occurred between anIndian tribe and a lone Eskimo group onthe southeastern shores of Hudson Bay.These two tribes found it difficult tocommunicate with each other, but verysoon they intermarried with the result thatthese Eskimos were eventually absorbedby the more numerous red men. And thisrepresents the only contact of the NorthAmerican red man with any other humanstock down to about one thousand yearsago, when the white man first chanced toland on the Atlantic coast.

64:7.20 The struggles of these earlyages were characterized by courage,bravery, and even heroism. And we allregret that so many of those sterling andrugged traits of your early ancestors havebeen lost to the later-day races. While weappreciate the value of many of therefinements of advancing civilization, wemiss the magnificent persistency andsuperb devotion of your early ancestors,which oftentimes bordered on grandeurand sublimity.

64:7.21 [Presented by a Life Carrierresident on Urantia.]

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1. Compare: In Uganda, during dances to celebrate the new moon, “a white cock is thrown up alive into the air,

having its winged clipped, and as it falls it is caught and plucked by the eunuchs. It is said that originally this was a

human sacrifice, a young boy or girl being thrown into the air and torn to pieces as he or she fell, but of late years, as

slaves grew scarce and manners better, the white cock has been substituted” (William Graham Sumner and Albert

Galloway Keller, The Science of Society, Volume II [1927], pp. 1253-54).

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Documents

Paper 64 - The Evolutionary Races of Color - Parallel StudyPithecanthropus erectus, signifying ‘erect Stone Age man’ (O2 70). where their bones were so recently found— the so-called