Paper 3: 64 Marks 90min (Resource booklet)Section B: Forest Under Threat8 marks in total

Section C:Consuming Energy Resources32 marks (Two 8 mark questions)50% of the paper!

Section D:Making a Geographical Decision 12 marks (+4 marks SPaG) 25% of the paper!

Section A: People and the Biosphere 8 marks in total

Define the term biodiversity

Study Figure 1. Identify Country X

Identify the period when Indonesia's population increased by 50 million exactly

Study Figure 2. Identify in which years shown, the majority of Indonesia's population were earning at least US$10 per day

Explain one way in which rising affluence could increase the demand for water in Indonesia

Boserup believed a growing population would never run out of resources. Explain one reason why a growing population might never run out of resources

Study Figure 3. Identify three changes in the pattern shown

Study Figure 4. Identify how much more money Indonesia's government could be given if it protected the rainforest more successfully

Explain two global actions which help protect the rainforest

Study Figure 5. Calculate the value in dollars of agriculture (including oil palm). Answer to one decimal place. Show your working

Explain one piece of evidence from Figure 5 which shows that Indonesia is an emerging country

Study Figure 6, Figure 7a and Figure 7b. Explain two reasons why rising global demand for the products shown in Figure 7a has led to widespread rainforest loss in Indonesia

Study Figure 8a and 8b. Suggest one reason why fossil fuel oil and palm oil prices often rise together

Study Figure 8a. Explain two reasons for lower fossil fuel oil prices in some areas

Study Figure 9. Assess the environmental impacts of exploiting Indonesia's energy resources

Explain one reason why the rising affluence of a country can lead to a reduction in its carbon footprint

Study Figure 10. Assess the reasons why people disagree over who is to blame for deforestation.

Study the three options below that the Indonesian Government can choose from in order to manage the palm oil industry. Option 1: Prevent any further deforestation but allow oil

palms to be grown on land where forest has already been removed. Option 2: Stop palm oil production completely and assist the regrowth of the rainforest and the rest of its

wildlife. Option 3: Encourage further production of palm oil in order to increase Indonesia's exports and help economic development. Select which option the Indonesian

Government should choose that would be best for its people and its environment. Justify your choice. Use information from the resource booklet and knowledge and

understanding from the rest of your geography course to support your answer

2018 (last year) Paper 3 questions:

2018 paper 3 main focus was on Indonesia (as a developing country) and its tropical rainforest. It focused on rising demand for palm oil, exploitation of resources and how this affected the environment. The decision section was on finding a balanced option between economic benefits and protecting the rainforest. Possibilities for your exam: Focus on the Taiga forest and Athabasca Tar Sands case study in Canada. As well as what I’ve outlined for you in each section of this revision booklet

Areas to FOCUS on that weren’t covered last year :

SECTION A: People and the BiosphereHow the global distribution and characteristics of major biomes (tropical, temperate and boreal forests, tropical and temperate grasslands, deserts and tundra) are influenced by climate (temperature, precipitation, sunshine hours).Local factors (altitude, rock and soil type, drainage) can alter the biome distribution locally and how the biotic (flora, fauna) and abiotic (soils, rock, water, atmosphere) components ofbiomes interact.How the biosphere provides resources for indigenous and local people (medicine, building materials) but is also increasingly exploited commercially for water and mineral resources.How the biosphere regulates the composition of the atmosphere, maintains soil health and regulates water within the hydrological cycle, providing globally important services.The global and regional trends increasing demand for food, energy and water resources (population growth, urbanisation and industrialisation) and theories on the relationships between population and resources (Malthus and Boserup).Integrated skills:Climate graphsWorld biome mapLine graph showing range of future global population projections, and population in relation to likely available resources

Describe the distribution of major biomes

Define

Ecosystem:

Define Biome:

Explain how local factors can affect the distribution

of biomes

Explain why the nutrient cycle is different for deciduous forest biome compared to the tropical rainforest biome

Define abiotic and

biotic

Describe ways that

abiotic interacts

with biotic.

With reference to the climate graph, describe two

characteristics of a tropical rainforest biome

Paper 3 Q1 People in the Biosphere

State two ways people exploit the biosphere

Describe ways that biosphere’s provide goods and services for people

Study the satellite image of the Athabasca Tar sands in

Canada. Explain the local and global impacts of mining in the Taiga biome.

Biosphere Services: A life

support system Explain how the biosphere regulates the nutrient cycle

Explain how the biosphere prevents

droughts or floods

Explain how the biosphere may change the atmosphere

Thomas Malthus (1766 -1934). De scribe the

relationship between population and demand for

resources

Explain how Ester Boserup (1910 -1999) theory was

different from Malthus

How the biosphere provides resources for indigenous and local people

Areas to FOCUS on that weren’t covered last year :

SECTION B: Forest Under ThreatHow biotic and abiotic characteristics are interdependent (climate, soil, water, plants, animals and humans), how plants (stratified layers, buttress roots, drip tips) and animals are adapted to the climate. Why tropical rainforests have a very high rate of nutrient cycling which, in turn, supports high levels of biodiversity and complex food webs.How biotic and abiotic characteristics are interdependent (climate, soil, water, plants, animals and humans), how taiga plants (cone-shaped, needles, simple structure) and animals (migratory) are adapted to the climate.Why the taiga has lower productivity, with less active nutrient cycling and much lower levels of biodiversity.Causes of deforestation: commercial hardwood logging, subsistence and commercial agriculture, local demand for fuel wood and how demand for biofuels, mineral resources and electricity (HEP) contribute to deforestation.Why climate change is an indirect threat to the health of tropical rainforests (ecosystem stress, drought).Direct threats from logging for softwood, pulp and paper production and indirect threats resulting from the exploitationof minerals, fossil fuels and HEP potential.How acid precipitation, forest fires, pests and diseases and forest fires contribute to a loss of biodiversity.Advantages and disadvantages of global actions (CITES, REDD) designed to protect tropical rainforest species and areas and why deforestation rates are rising in some areas but falling in others.The challenge of achieving sustainable forest management and why alternative livelihoods (ecotourism, sustainable farming) might better protect the remaining tropical rainforest . Challenges of creating and maintaining protected wilderness areas, national parks and sustainable forestry in the taiga.Reasons for conflicting views on protecting or exploiting forest and natural resources in the taiga.Integrated Skills:Use an interpretation of nutrient cycle diagrams and food webs diagramsUse of GIS to identify the pattern of forest loss.

Save the Rainforest (T.R.E.E.S)• Teach others about the

importance of the environment

• Restore damaged ecosystems by planting trees

• Encourage people to live in a way that doesn’t hurt the environment

• Establish parks to protect rainforests and wildlife

• Support companies that operate in ways that minimise damage to the environment

Explain why promoting alternative livelihoods might help to protect the rainforest

Paper 3 Q2: Forests Under ThreatTropical Rainforest

Taiga ForestDescribe the physical conditions for each layer

Explain how trees in the tropical rainforest have adapted to the environment

Label the rainforest nutrient cycle:Biomass, soil, litter, precipitation, surface runoff, leaching, weathered material. Plus fallout and decay

State the form in which most nutrients are stored

Describe how nutrients are transferred from L to S

Explain TWO environmental impacts of deforestation1.2.Explain how climate change is an indirect threat to tropical rainforests

Calculate the temperature range of the Taiga forest biome

Describe the differences between the Taiga biome climate and the tropical rainforest

Look at the Taiga nutrient cycle. Describe how the climate can affect the soil fertility in a cold environment.

Taiga forest and tropical rainforest are very different. Describe differences between these biomes

Climate:

Biodiversity:

Explain the differences in the levels of biodiversity in Taiga and Tropical rainforests

Study the food web above. Explain why a Taiga food web is much less complex than a tropical rainforest

Taiga Forest adaptations

Explain how global warming is threatening the biodiversity of Taiga forests

Explain how sustainable forestry could help protect the Taiga forest

REDD — 'reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation' What is the AIM of this organisation?

Advantages?

Disadvantages?

CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.

Advantages?

Disadvantages?

Areas to FOCUS on that weren’t covered last year :

SECTION C: Consuming Energy ResourcesHow energy resources can be classified as non-renewable (finite stocks of fossil fuel coal, oil and gas), renewable (flows of solar, wind, HEP) and recyclable (nuclear, biofuels).How mining and drilling can have environmental impacts (landscape scarring, oil spills, carbon emissions, removal of forests) and the landscape impacts of renewable energy (HEP flooding, land use for wind turbines and solar panels).How access to energy resources is affected by access to technology and physical resources (geology, accessibility, climate and landscape influences on renewable potential).The global pattern of energy use per capita and the causes of variations (levels of economic development, reliance of traditional fuel sources, demand from different economic sectors).How oil reserves and production are unevenly distributed Economic benefits and costs of developing new conventional oil and gas sources in ecologically-sensitive and isolated areas. Environmental costs (negative impacts on water quality) of developing new unconventional oil and gas sources (tar sands, shale gas) in ecologically-sensitive and isolated areas.The role of energy efficiency and energy conservation (in transport and the home) in reducing demand, helping finite energy supplies last longer and reducing carbon emissions.Costs and benefits of alternatives to fossil fuels (biofuels, wind, solar and HEP) and future technologies (hydrogen) aimed at reducing carbon footprints, improving energy security and diversifying the energy mix.How different groups (consumers, TNCs, governments, climate scientists and environmental groups) have contrasting views about energy futures (business as usual versus sustainable).Integrated Skills:Use and interpretation of world maps showing the distribution of energy resourcesUse of oil price and oil production data to graph trends over timeCalculation of carbon and ecological footprints

Paper 3 Q3 Consuming Energy ResourcesCategorise these types of energy in to renewable and non-renewable

State why non-renewable sources are known as stock resources

Describe TWO possible negative impacts on the environment of developing recyclable energy resources such as nuclear power

Identify the energy source shown above

The map shows proposed energy production. State TWO environmental impacts that coal mining may have on the area shown1.

2.

Explain why there are environmental concerns about drilling for oil and gas

Suggest why there may be objections to developing wind farms

Explain factors that cause variations in energy use (e.g. access to energy)

Explain how conflicts, economic and political crisis affects the price of oil

Describe two ways to reduce domestic energy wastage

Explain how transport could be more energy efficient

Many countries rely heavily on fossil fuels. Explain how diversifying the energy mix can improve energy security.

Look at the satellite image of the Athabasca Tar Sands in Alberta, Canada. Describe two economic benefits to exploiting oil reserves

Explain why oil and gas are being developed in an ecologically sensitive area such as Alberta

Explain the cost to the environment to developing the energy source in this area How are attitudes to energy and

alternative energy sources changing

What are the costs of alternative energy