Pangorongo plants, Java, 1854

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from twenty to thirty sets when I have time to open them; at present I have just dried and packed

them up in a box, which it will be several months before I am able to attack; you shall receive some

early specimens when I do get at them. The natives here are very capital intelligent fellows; I had

three of them with me each day, with baskets, for which I paid one rupee, or about sixteen pence,

and they seemed quite delighted. They soon found out what I wanted, and I owe many of the

specimens in fruit to their sharp eyes. When I found a species barren, I just showed it them and told

them where I expected to find the fruit proceeding from, and they rarely failed to find it before long;they seemed, too, to identify themselves so with the matter, and showed such emulation as to who

should be the first to find something new, it was quite pleasant to be with them, -- I might have

fancied myself among botanists; these mountaineers, however, are botanists to an extent you would

hardly expect amongst so-called savages. Every plant has its native name, and given upon the

system of generic and specific names; for instance when I asked a man the name of a little

Pavetta32, he said at once, "I never saw this before, and I don't know its own name, but its 'mother

name' is so and so," mentioning the native generic term forPavetta Ixora33 and such plants ingeneral. The authors of the catalogue of the Buitenzorg Garden34 have thought these names worth

recording, and I think they are right; for I saw many plants I should not have seen, especially among

theEriceae35, but by asking for them by such names given in the catalogue; and it is wonderful, on

looking these over, to find how well the system is carried out. It is of course imperfect, butremarkable for people with no written language;- they do not speak Malay or Javanese 36, but a

peculiar dialect called Sundanese37. When I was tired of Ivegoe, or rather when I had spent as much

time as I could afford there, I went on about twenty miles farther to Chepanas 38, where there is a

regular European garden, to supply vegetables for the Governor's table. It was pleasant enough to

see their beet and lettuces, etc., growing very finely. There is a pond, also, with some SalixBabylonica39, but they look miserably, as do the European fruit-trees, though they seemed to growpretty quickly. The Plums appear to have most of the true flavour. The Apples certainly attain the

most perfect colour, and the Peaches, though they have a pretty good appearance, are said to be

quite tasteless; the fact is, the trees get no rest, so as to ripen any true bearing wood. The Apples

grow with long and ever-lengthening shoots, more like Osiers than their brethren in Europe. At this

place, which is in the midst of the plateau of the Preangu district, about 4000 feet above the level of

the sea, you have quite an Italian climate, and it is cold enough at night to make a blanket pleasant.

It takes its name, Chepanas or "hot river," from a warm spring close to the Governor's house, where

there is a convenient bath, very pleasant after a hard day's walking. There is a small botanic garden

here also, where they have a good many Japanese plants; but the most remarkable objects are two

specimens of the Norfolk Island Araucaria, perhaps sixty feet high, young trees, but in a state ofhealth and vigour which promises well for the future.

From Chepanas I made my last and crowning trip to the top of the Pangerongo Mountain40, about

10,500 feet. I cannot pretend to tell you all the plants I saw; but you, who have never experienced

the sensation, cannot imagine how odd it was all at once to get again among forms41such as two

species of Viola42, three Ranunculi43, three Impatiens44, Primula45, Hypericum46, Swertia47,Convallaria48, Vaccinium49, Rhododendron50, Gnaphalium51, Polygonum52, Digitalis53 (?),

Lonicera54, Plantago55, Artemisia56, Lobelia57, Oxalis58, Quercus59, Taxus60, and about a dozenspecies ofRubus61, - all beautiful plants. Primula imperialis62 only grows near the summit: it is a

charming species, the leaves likeP. vulgaris, with an interrupted verticillate spike, sometimes threefeet high, of golden flowers. Hypericum Javanicum is also a fine plant, with the shrubby habit of

H.hircinum, but large solitary flowers like H.calycinum. Gnaphalium Javanicum is a woody shrub,

about six feet high, very ornamental. Up among these plants, amid the Moss which hangs on the

trees in masses as big as a man's body, are two very fine parasitical Orchids, a Dendrobium with

bright purple flowers, D. purpureum, and a little pseudobulbous plant with large flowers, like a

Cymbidium63; and yet these plants, often exposed to 36-38 Fahr., we should perhaps put at home

into an orchideous stove at 85 and then be surprised when they died. I was much astonished at thedistribution of plants of this tribe. I have often been puzzled why I did not get more species at

Labuan, and in other steamy hot places, down at the sea-level, where I believe most of the English


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botanists would hope to find them: whereas at about 4000 feet, at a night temperature of 45 to 50,

every tree is laden with them. Surely we are in the habit ofcoddlingthem (to use a Yorkshire word)too much in our stoves: and when it is considered that a change of plan would bring these lovely

and curious plants within reach of many zealous cultivators, who cannot now afford the expense, it

would surely be worth some nurseryman's while to try the experiment, on a large scale, of cooler

houses for orchids.

I remained one night on the top of the mountain; it was exceedingly cold. I had forgotten to bringup a thermometer, but water was frozen in a plate raised a couple of feet above the ground. There

are plenty of excellent strawberries here; they have of course been planted, but, so far as fruiting is

concerned, seem quite at home. I did not, however, see one stolon thrown out. They grow with scaly

stems in tufts, just like Dryas octopetala64. We saw nothing the evening we got up, as all wasenveloped in a wet searching mist, but in the morning I was amply repaid for my trouble. The

summit of the mountain, evidently an extinct volcano, is a sort of amphitheatre about 500 yards in

diameter, broken through on one side by a deep narrow ravine. This space has been cleared, and is

chiefly covered with strawberries; for the apples and other European trees planted there are so

covered with foliaceous Lichens, that they can hardly vegetate. The forest of crooked stunted

shrubs, chiefly Ericaceous, extends to the very verge of this amphitheatre outside. At sunrise Iclimbed up to the ridge, and for half an hour had an uninterrupted view. I could see the sea to the

north and south of Java, and in the distance, to the south east chain upon chain of mountains, ending

at the sea, with the smoking summit of Janykuban-prahu65, which has, within a few years, been very

active. A heavy haze hung over Bulana66, so that I could not see it; but nearer to me, on both sides, I

looked over miles of cultivated country; the system of sawah or wet rice cultivation making the

country look half lakes and rivers. Nearer to the north-west, within about thirty miles, rose the

jagged peak of the Salac67, one of the best botanical mountains in Java, now all green and still,

though some seventy years ago it committed fearful havoc, and destroyed many lives; and to the

south, almost under my feet, gaped the white barren crater of Gd68, another peak of the mountain

on which I stood - a slight smoke rising out of the unfathomable depths to testify that, though

slumbering, the fire-king was not yet dead69

. You cannot conceive anything more sublime than thebare walls of lava and the banks of white pumice, furrowed by the rains into deep ravines, and the

wreaths of blue smoke curling up in the sunrise, with the dark primeval forest creeping up in places

to the very edge of the abyss, or with countless dead grey branches silently attesting how different

the scene may sometimes be. If you add to this the huge masses of boiling clouds rolling over the

flanks of the mountain, now hanging at the very edge of the crater, and then sweeping rapidly down

to the plains, the strange ashy aspect of the nearest trees covered with pale Lichens, and the bright

blue tropical sky and rising sun, you may perhaps imagine something of a scene which I can neither

describe nor forget. I felt inclined to shout for joy, and I never even thought of the cold, until I tried

to sketch, and found my hands so numb I could not hold a pencil. I did manage, however, to get an

outline of the water. Coming down again was harder work than climbing up, and played the very

deuce with my knees; but nevertheless when I met Bennendyk half-way up, I was glad enough toturn back with him. We took a short walk that afternoon to see a thicket of Rhododendron

Japanicum in flower. The plant is now, I believe, in England; and if it grows as it does here it isalmost the finest plant in the gardens; its beautiful flame-coloured blossoms are in great bunches of

twenty or more, and the colour is more dazzling than of any flower I know. I saw also two other

Rhododendra ( R. rubriflorum, a beautiful scarlet, and R. album) in perfection, both very free

bloomers and very beautiful plants.

That night we remained in a small house on the mountains, and the next day we went up another

peak, and also to see some cataracts; of these there were three, falling at the head of a gorge over a

cliff, about a hundred and fifty feet high70. There was a fine supply of water, but in time of rain it

must be immense, judging from the quantity of stones and timber heaped below. The rocks coveredwith Bartramia fontana71, a white Sphagnum72, and a deep red Hepaticous plant73, and with great

patches of the broad leaves of the Gunnera74, and a dark green Urticaceous plant, which seemed to


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rejoice in the spray and foam. Large bushes ofAcacia volcanica75, and a tall Saccharum76, were

scattered among damp stones covered with Mosses andHepaticae. I gathered a curious Gyrophora77in fruit, on a dead Fern trunk. The white Sphagnum I mentioned as abundant here, I saw in the

course of a single stream only, which rose in a hot-water spring half-way up, where it was very

abundant. Coming back I found a curious plant, Campanumoea Javanica78, a sort of climbing

Campanula, with greenish flowers, veined like the Henbane, and black pulpy fruit; it is a pretty

plant. The enormous size of the leaves of the under growth of these dells gives a most peculiarcharacter. Gunnera, Caladium79, and Musa80 occupy large spaces, and are eminently social plants. I

had this day the pleasure of seeing a Rhizantheous81 plant alive; it is a species ofBalanophora82, andgrows nearly under ground, on the root of a Cissus83. The thallus, or whatever you may call it, is

slightly branched, fleshy, and glutinous, and is sought for by the natives, who dry and burn it for

torches1. Coming down, I had the pleasure of assisting in making the first plantation of Cinchona84in Java, consisting of several hundred plants, which Bennendyk had come to plant half-way up the

mountain85. They are of the C. calisaya, known to produce the "Yellow-bark," the most precious ofall the cinchonas J.M.

1 A European would as little expect such a property to exist in these plants as in ourLatrea squamaria orMontropa

Hypopitus; yet of another Balanophorous plant, in New Granada, candles are made, of which samples are depositedin our Museum of Economic Botany at Kew.-ED.


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1 Also reproduced from This is my second visit to Java..., as 'Flora of Java', with slight editing and attributed to

James 'Mottley', in Floricultural cabinet and florists' magazine Apr 1855 pp 78-82.

Transcribed, annotated and hyperlinked by Martin Laverty, July 2010.

2 James Motley (1822-1859) was a Yorkshireman with strong links to S.Wales. He spent some time in S.Wales in the

1830's and worked there from 1843-1849. He went to Labuan in 1849 with his wife and brother, and had two

daughters there before leaving for Singapore in 1853. He spent 1854 partly working on a drainage plan for

Singapore, but also looking for work, and natural history, in Sumatra and Java before going back to Borneo. InAustralasia (1879), having quoted at length from Motley's only publishedgeological account(of Labuan),

A.R.Wallace recorded his untimely end in a footnote:

A few years after the date of this report, Mr.Motley, together with his wife and family, was killled during an

insurrection of the Malays at Banjarmassing on the south coast of Borneo, where he was supeintending a mine for

the Dutch Government. This gentleman was an excellent naturalist, and had he lived would probably have given us

much valuable information on these Tertiary coal-fields, which he had unrivalled opportunities of studying.

Actually, the mine was private, but Motley had been planning to address the British Association for the

Advancement of Science on coal, and had collected and made notes on considerable numbers of plants, birds (some

of which Wallace acquired), mammals, and reptiles; he also collected rocks, fossils, shells, and insects but what

happened to these is unknown...

3 William Mitten (1819-1906), a bryologist (and father-in-law, from 1866, of A.R.Wallace)

4 Now Banjarmasin, the main town of SE Borneo

5 Motley had arrived in Singapore from Labuan in November 1853. A job in Sumatra seems to have fallen through.6 A new job establishing and then managing the Julia Hermina coal mine in SE Borneo

7 Motley left Labuan in November 1853, after 4 years establishing and managing theEastern Archipelago

Company's coal mine there.

8 Wife and two daughters

9 Heinrich Burger(1804?-1858) German

10 The Company: de Maatschappij tot Bevordering van Mijnontginningen in Nederlandsch-Indi (Society for the

advancement of mining development in the Dutch Indies)

11 Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796-1866)

12 The Bogor Botanical Garden established by the Dutch in 1817 at the site of Raffles' residence in Buitenzorg

('without a care')

13 Actually, S. Binnendyk

14 Rafflesia Zippelii is now a synonym for Rhizanthes zippelii, closely related toRafflesia

15 Azolla, an aquatic fern: the 'fruit' are rather small (!), but it is a useful plant16 Salvinia is another genus of floating fern

17 Ivegoe is probably a misreading of Nagrok, (now Nagrak) some 10 miles S of Bogor, on the W slopes of

Pangrango: that would fit with a 20 mile onward journey to Chepanas.

A possible route for Motley's trip is shown here on part ofJunghuhn's map of Java prepared from 1835 tot 1848:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Nc4dAQAAIAAJ&q=java#v=snippet&q=java&f=falsehttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Nc4dAQAAIAAJ&q=java#v=snippet&q=java&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Motleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Motleyhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/29400628/Geology-of-Labuan-1852http://www.scribd.com/doc/29400628/Geology-of-Labuan-1852http://www.scribd.com/doc/29400628/Geology-of-Labuan-1852http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mittenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjarmasinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjarmasinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Archipelago_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Archipelago_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Archipelago_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Archipelago_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_B?rgerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Sieboldhttp://www.bogor.indo.net.id/kri/a.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azollahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azollahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salviniahttp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Wilhelm_Junghuhnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Motleyhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/29400628/Geology-of-Labuan-1852http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mittenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjarmasinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Archipelago_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Archipelago_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_B?rgerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Sieboldhttp://www.bogor.indo.net.id/kri/a.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azollahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salviniahttp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Wilhelm_Junghuhnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallacehttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Nc4dAQAAIAAJ&q=java#v=snippet&q=java&f=false


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18 Ficus, the figs

19 Fagraea,

20 Aeschyanthus, usually colourful epiphytic herbs

21 Asplenium, the spleenworts and bird-nest ferns

22 Acrostichum, a genus of large ferns

23 Genera oforchids, now namedVanda,Saccolabium, Dendrobium,Ephippianthus

24 The Horticultural Society of London held an annual flower show at its gardens in Chiswick before theChelsea

Flower Showstarted in 1862.25 Genera of tree-ferns, now named Dicksonia, Cyathea sect.Alsophila andPtisana

26 Aroideae, the arums

27 Rhododendrons could have been native, but theThibaudia are native to Central and S.America

28 Medinilla

29 Mosses andHepaticae, (now, Marchantiophyta), or liverworts: two of the three groups in thebryophytes Mitten's

speciality

30 Neckera is a genus of moss

31 Usnea , or Old Man's Beard, lichen

32 Pavetta,

33 Pavetta Ixora is now a synonym forIxora pavetta ?

34 First published in 1844 by J.K.Hasskarl, another edition,Catalogus plantarum quae in Horto Botanico Bogoriensi,

byJ.E.Teijsmann and S.Binnedijk, came out in 1866

35 Ericeae , the heaths and heathers36 Javanese is the main language of NW, central and E Java; it is peculiar in having distinct informal, intermediate, and

polite forms, together with humble and honorific forms of address.

37 Sundanese is the main language of SW Java: it is peculiar in having distinct normal and polite forms.

38 Chepanas (Tjipannas in Dutch orthography)

39 Salix babylonica, a willow

40 Now written Pangrango, a volcano rising to 3,019m.

41 The following list is of plants of which most are associated with temperate environments.

This passage is especially interesting because Alfred Russel Wallace also spent some time on Pangorongo, 7 years

after Motley. He described it in a letter to his sister from 'the Mountains of Java' on October 10 1861: There are lots

of strawberries planted there, which do very well, but there were not many ripe. The common weeds and plants of

the top were very like English ones, such as buttercups, sowthistle, plantain, wornwood, chickweed, charlock,

violets and many others, all closely allied to our common plants of those names, but of distinct species. There was

also a honeysuckle, and a tall and very pretty kind of cowslip.. (Marchant (1916) Vol 1, Alfred Russel Wallace,Letters and Reminiscences)

In The Malay Archipelago (1869), he prefers to popularise Motley Mr Motley, who visited the mountain in the dry

season, and paid much attention to botany gives the following list of genera of European plants found on or near the

summit:-- Two species of violets, three of ranunculus, three of impatiens, eight or ten of rubus, and species of

primula, hypericum, swertia, convallaria (lily of the valley), vaccinium (cranberry), rhododendron, gnaphalium,

polygonum, digitalis (foxglove), lonicera (honeysuckle), plantago (rib-grass), artemisia (wormwood), lobelia, oxalis

(wood-sorrel), quercus (oak), and taxus (yew) A few of the smaller plants (Plantago major and lanceolata, Sonchus

oleraceus, and Artemisia vulgaris) are identical with European species

In Australasia (1879), he acknowledges the source in 'Motley, Letters from Borneo, Hooker's Journal of Botany,

1850-56' and says: The following genera, characteristic of northern temperate regions, were found upon the summit

by Mr Motley:-- Two species of violet, three of ranunculus, eight or ten of rubus, and species of primrose, St.John's

wort, swertia, lily of the valley, cranberry, rhododendron, gnaphalium, polygonum, foxglove, honeysuckle, plantain ,

wormwood, oak, and yew. 42 Viola, violets

43 Ranunculus, buttercups

44 Impatiens, balsams

45 Primula, primroses

46 Hypericum, St.John's worts

47 Swertia, feltworts, a genus of genian

48 Convallaria, lily of the valley

49 Vaccinium, bilberry

50 Rhododendron

51 Gnaphalium, cudweeds, a genus of daisy

52 Polygonum, knapweeds

53 Digitalis, foxgloves

54 Lonicera, honeysuckles55 Plantago, plantains (not the banana sort)

56 Artemisia, wormwood, etc

57 Lobelia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagraeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagraeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschynanthushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrostichumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrostichumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_Orchidaceae_generahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccolabiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccolabiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrobiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrobiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephippianthushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephippianthushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Flower_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Flower_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Flower_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Flower_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicksoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathea_sect._Alsophilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptisanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptisanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroideaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroideaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaudiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaudiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medinillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepaticaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepaticaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepaticaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usneahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixorahttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/91211http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/91211http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Elias_Teijsmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Elias_Teijsmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_babylonicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Gede_Pangrango_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Gede_Pangrango_National_Parkhttp://www.archive.org/details/alfredrusselwall15997guthttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KySQqriVT08Chttp://www.archive.org/stream/australasia00keangooghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(plant)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(plant)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impatienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impatienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swertiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swertiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convallariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convallariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacciniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacciniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaphaliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaphaliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonicerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonicerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobeliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagraeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschynanthushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrostichumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_Orchidaceae_generahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccolabiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrobiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephippianthushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Flower_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Flower_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicksoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathea_sect._Alsophilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptisanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroideaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaudiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medinillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepaticaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usneahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixorahttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/91211http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Elias_Teijsmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_babylonicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Gede_Pangrango_National_Parkhttp://www.archive.org/details/alfredrusselwall15997guthttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KySQqriVT08Chttp://www.archive.org/stream/australasia00keangooghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_(plant)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impatienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swertiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convallariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacciniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaphaliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonicerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobelia


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58 Oxalis, wood sorrels

59 Quercus, oaks

60 Taxus, yews

61 Rubus, blackberries, etc

62 'at about 9000 feet we meet the rare and beautiful royal cowlslip

(Primula imperialis), which is said to be found nowhere else in

the world than on this solitary mountain summit. It has a tall,

stout stem, sometimes more than three feet high, the root-leavesare eighteen inches long, and it bears several whorls of

cowslip-like flowers, instead of a terminal cluster only.'

A.R.Wallace fromThe Malay Archipelago

on his ascent of Pangorongo in October 1861.

63 Cymbidium, an orchid64 Dryas octopetala, is a familiar alpine plant in Europe and America, used here for illustration: not growing in Java.

65 A misreading ofTangkuban Prahu, an active volcano

66 A misreading of Batavia?

67 Now written Salak

68 Gd the active volcano

as depicted before 1849 by German botanist and surveyor

Junghuhnin

Java :deszelfs gedaante, bekleeding en inwendige structuur

[Dutch: its form, vegetation and internal structure]

andJava :seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke und innere Bauart

[German]

69 Gd had last erupted in March 1853, and would erupt again in 1866

70 Now known as the 50m high Cibeureum waterfall, 2.8 km from Cibodas.

71 Fountain apple-moss, now revised asPhilonotis fontana, a moss Motley might well have known from springs and

streams in Wales

72 Sphagnum, another moss familiar from Welsh peat bogs

73 The 'deep red Hepaticous plant' may be a moss, Sphagnum gedeanum Dozy & Molkenboer, 1854 , for which this is

the type locality (many references say endemic to W Java,but it is now a synonym for S.junghuhnianum which is

distributed from China and Japan through SE Asia to New Guinea)74 Gunnera

75 Acacia volcanica does not appear to be a valid species name and is not a commonly quoted synonym either...

76 Saccharum, sugarcanes

77 Gyrophora, a lichen

78 Now revised as Codonopsisjavanica

79 Caladium

80 Musa, bananas

81 Rhizantheous parasites on roots, like the Rafflesia

82 Balanaphoraceae, parasitic on tree roots. An account of a visit to Gede in 2009 has a photo of B.elongata

83 Cissus, climbing vines

84 Cinchona, a genus of trees from S.America, the bark of which is the source ofquinine. British interest had begun

well before 1852, when a formal request was made by the East India Company for plants and seeds for India. The

first 6 arrived in 1854, carried by Robert Fortune en-route to China, and were planted at Darjeeling, where they died.It was not until 1860 thatClements Markham obtained over 500 plants in Peru, of which around 250 reached British

India, via Panama, Southampton and Suez: they died.. More were soon provided by Richard Spruce, and by the

Dutch in Java. Thomas Anderson, Superintendant of the Botanical Gardens at Calcutta gives a summary, including
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubushttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/11170http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/11170http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/11170http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryas_octopetalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryas_octopetalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkuban_Perahuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Salakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gedehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Wilhelm_Junghuhnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Wilhelm_Junghuhnhttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/9503http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/9504http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-06=&volpage=erupthttp://www.google.co.uk/images?q=Cibeureumhttp://www.google.co.uk/images?q=philonotis+fontanahttp://www.google.co.uk/images?q=philonotis+fontanahttp://www.google.co.uk/images?q=philonotis+fontanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphagnumhttp://www.mobot.org/mobot/moss/thailand/thai-s.shtmlhttp://www.mobot.org/mobot/moss/thailand/thai-s.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codonopsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanophoraceaehttp://wallacefund.info/gunung-gede-arctic-element-java-s-mountain-florahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clements_Markhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clements_Markhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sprucehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryas_octopetalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkuban_Perahuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Salakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gedehttp://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-06=&volpage=erupthttp://www.google.co.uk/images?q=Cibeureumhttp://www.google.co.uk/images?q=philonotis+fontanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphagnumhttp://www.mobot.org/mobot/moss/thailand/thai-s.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codonopsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanophoraceaehttp://wallacefund.info/gunung-gede-arctic-element-java-s-mountain-florahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clements_Markhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sprucehttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/9503http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Wilhelm_Junghuhnhttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/9504http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/11170


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his own botanical observations on Pangrongo in 1861. He visited 'Tjibodas ... in which occurred all the accidents

and failures that attended the introduction of the plant..' and also the subsequent sites where cultivation was a

success. ([House of Commons]Account and Papers Vol XLV for 1863, No 118 Correspondence relating to the

Introduction of the Chinchona Plant into India, and to Proceedings connected with its Cultivation, from March 1852

to March 1863.) In Peruvian Bark(p76-77) Markham says that the first plants shipped from Peru did not arrive until

December 1854, so the plants Motley referred to must have been raised from seed: only Teysmann, Binnendyk's

superior, gets a mention in the book for selecting Tjibodas (at 4400 ft) and Tjipannas (at 4700 ft, Motley's Chepanas)

as planting sites: they soon proved unsuitable. Wallace says that there were also young plantations at KandangBadak (Rhinoceros field) at about 7500 feet.

85 Presumably theCibodas Botanical Gardens, although they were not established as such until 1862,
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_N4SAAAAYAAJhttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_N4SAAAAYAAJhttp://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000273429http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000273429http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebun_Raya_Cibodashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebun_Raya_Cibodashttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_N4SAAAAYAAJhttp://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000273429http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebun_Raya_Cibodas

Documents

Pangorongo plants, Java, 1854