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13 th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation. Panel 10: Strategies For Preserving Common Pool Resources Thursday, April 20 th (2:00-3:00pm). 13th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation. Panel 10: Strategies For Preserving Common Pool Resources. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Panel 10: Strategies For Preserving Common Pool Resources
Thursday, April 20th (2:00-3:00pm)
13th Symposium on
Development and Social Transformation
Fisheries Co-Management In Thailand
Rachel Fleishman
Panel 10: Strategies For Preserving Common Pool Resources
13th Symposium onDevelopment and Social Transformation
Fisheries Policy in Thailand
Co-management as an innovative solution
Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”
Common Property Resources (CPR)
Four management regimes Open-access Private property State property Communal property
Thailand uses mostly State property… ‘command-and control’ regulation “Co-management”… combination of state and community
control
Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”
Importance of fisheries in Thailand
Employment Food… important source of animal protein Foreign exchange and portion of GDP Dependence on fisheries in coastal communities
Represents a high percentage of income Few alternative employment options
Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”
Problems in Thai fisheries
Over-exploitation Indications… declining CPUE, lost species and
habitats, increasing proportion of “trash fish” Causes… new technology (for catching and
processing), excess fishing capacity, exclusion from EEZs of other countries
Conflicts between small-scale and commercial fishers
Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”
‘State control’ policies
Main legislation Thai Vessels Act (1938) Act Governing the Right to Fish in Thai Fisheries Waters
(1939) Fisheries Act (1947)
Types of regulations imposed…Gear restrictions (seasonal and spatial), licensing, maximum allowable catch
Non-regulatory actions…Subsidizing infrastructure improvements, restoration, non-destructive gear, & alternative livelihoods.
Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”
Regulatory failure
Main goals… Increased production (esp. deep sea fishing and
aquaculture) Sustainable yields Improved quality of life for fishers & fisher participation Global competitiveness & development of a domestic
market
Problems with regulatory policy…. Lack of enforcement capacity Lack of political will Lack of input and participation from fisher communities.
Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”
Co-management
Definition…. “an arrangement where management responsibility is shared between the government and fishing communities…. a set of institutional and organizational arrangements (rights and rules), which define the cooperation among the fisheries administration and relevant fishing communities (Neilsen, et al 2004).”
Role of government… provide the legal/political support for co-management institutions to function; enforce system of rights and rules.
Role of the community… determine system of rights and rules; monitoring; incorporation of local knowledge into system.
Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”
Application of co-management in Thailand
Pilot projects Several sponsored by int’l organizations (FAO, UN,
DANIDA) and research institutes (ICLARM, IFM) Key actors: government agencies, local government
officials, local NGOs, village organizations, academics, and religious leaders
Baan Ao Lom case… a success? Importance of informal community institutions; cultural
solidarity/homogeneity; and ability to exclude outsiders Exclusion within and outside of the community
Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”
Co-management impacts
Benefits Better policy through incorporation of local preferences &
knowledge Investment from community yields longer-term effectiveness Cost-savings for government Spin-off benefits in terms of community organizing Diversification of fisheries policy
Costs Transaction costs Exclusion and inequity
Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”
Policy recommendations
Continue to experiment with co-management Direct careful attention to equity concerns
* Evaluation by a disinterested third party, such as an NGO * Strengthening national democratic institutions
Improve enforcement of existing government regulations and look for ways to coordinate these with community monitoring efforts
Promote alternative livelihoods in fishing communities; provide adult education and technical training.
Elimination of subsidies by developed countries on vessels fishing in developing country waters.
Rachel Fleishman “Fisheries Policy in Thailand”
Conservation Efforts In Africa: Lessons From Community-based Conservation
Sharon Pailler
Panel 10: Strategies For Preserving Common Pool Resources
13th Symposium onDevelopment and Social Transformation
Community Based Conservation in Africa
Lessons Learned
Africa’s Biodiversity
• Unique, extensive biodiversity
• 50,000 plant sp
• 1,500 bird sp
• 1,000 mammal sp
• Extreme, rapid biodiversity loss
• Mostly human activity
Poverty
• Africa’s profound, widespread poverty
• SSA GNI per capita (excluding S. Africa), $307
-World Bank 2004
• Role of poverty in biodiversity loss:
• Unsustainable resource use• Prioritize objectives other than
conservation
Conservation measures: Effects on rural poor
• Protected areas
• Cannot use resources • Food
• Shelter
• Fuel
• Livelihoods
Community Based Conservation (CBC)
• Emergence: 1980’s
• Address conservation issues AND
community needs
• Using:• Community participation
• Sustainable resource use
• Economic incentives
Effectiveness
• CBC widely implemented
• Little progress in either goal
• Underlying basis of CBC may not promote conservation or poverty alleviation
Potential Reasons
• Preferences for security and welfare
• Conservation-friendly economic activity
• Sufficient economic benefits
• Replace or supplement
Potential Reasons
• External exploitation • Community participation
• Perceived vs. actual participation
Conclusions
• CBC falls short
• Increasing pressure on biodiversity
• Shortcomings of CBC provide a lesson for future efforts
Climate Change: Science vs. US Public Policy
Mark Sergott
Panel 10: Strategies For Preserving Common Pool Resources
13th Symposium onDevelopment and Social Transformation
Climate Change: Science vs. U.S. Public Policy
Mark S. SergottSyracuse University
Maxwell School of Citizenship & Public Affairs
April 20, 2006
Influential Factors
1) Climatic Problem Recognition
- Presently, no crisis exists (i.e. death, disease, disastrous event).
- Widespread fear or panic is not spreading across the country.
- Absence of climatic warning indicators diminishes the severity of scientific claims.
Influential Factors
2) Scientific Uncertainties
- Estimating future anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases.
- Predicting the frequency of severe weather events.
- Predicting future global trends:
• population growth• industrialization in developing countries• technological advancements• changes in global energy consumption
- Due to these uncertainties, predicting future climatic conditions is highly speculative.
Influential Factors
3) Financial Costs
- Key government barrier that prevents climate change from making it to the forefront of the political agenda.
- Concerns to the stability of the national economy.
- Insufficient infrastructure to support the use of alternative fuels.
- Technologies are still developing.
Influential Factors
4) Interest Group Presence
- Many have vested interests in the economy.
- Publicize the testimony of skeptical scientists.
- Competition over legislative attention.
- Disagreements have heightened partisan conflict, which ultimately has lead to policy gridlock.
What the Scientific Community Needs to Do:
- Gather support from other actors not currently involved in the climate change debate.
- Strengthening governmental relationships with states that have begun taking steps in coordinating efforts to combat climate change.
- Facilitate dialogues at both the national and regional levels.
- There is hope that environmental education and awareness will lead to reform.
Panel 10: Strategies For Preserving Common Pool Resources
Thursday, April 20th (2:00-3:00pm)
Rachel Fleishman Fisheries And Co-Management In Thailand
Sharon Pailler Conservation Efforts In Africa: Lessons From Community-based Conservation
Mark Sergott Climate Change: Science vs. US Public Policy
13th Symposium onDevelopment and Social Transformation