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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY ISSN 2230 – 8407 Available online http://www.irjponline.com Review Article

MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST LIVER DISEASES

Pandey Govind* Officer-In-Charge of Rinder Pest (Animal Husbandry Dept., Govt. of MP), Jabalpur, India

Article Received on: 21/03/2011 Revised on: 28/04/2011 Approved for publication: 12/05/2011

*Officer-In-Charge of Rinder Pest (Animal Husbandry Department, Govt. of MP), Jabalpur Division, Jabalpur-482001, MP, India; E-mail: drgovindpandey@rediffmail.com ABSTRACT India is the largest producer of medicinal plants and is rightly called the “Botanical Garden of the World”. The medicinal plants have very important place in the health and vitality of human beings as well as animals. As per the WHO estimates, about three quarters of the world’s population currently use herbs and other traditional medicines to cure various diseases, including liver disorders. Hence, several phytomedicines (medicinal plants or herbal drugs) are now used for the prevention and treatment of various liver disorders. Although experimental studies have been conducted on a number of these plants and their formulations, however, only some plants have clearly shown the hepatogenic / hepatoprotective effects against liver diseases or hepatotoxicity caused by variety of hepatotoxic agents such as chemicals, drugs, pollutants, and infections from parasites, bacteria or viruses (e.g., hepatitis A, B and C), etc. Indeed, to obtain satisfactory herbal drugs for treating severe liver diseases, the medicinal plants must be evaluated systematically for properties like antiviral activity (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, etc.), antihepatotoxicity activity (antioxidants and others), stimulation of liver regeneration and choleretic activity. A combination of different herbal extracts / fractions is likely to provide desired activities to cure severe liver diseases. The medicinal plants contain several phytochemicals which possess strong antioxidant property, leading to antihepatotoxic activity. KEYWORDS: Hepatogenic / Hepatoprotective effects, Hepatotoxicity, Liver diseases, Medicinal plants (Phytomedicines) INTRODUCTION Liver, the largest gland is a vital organ. It is the metabolic “engine-room of the body”. Almost all the drugs, foods and water constituents are metabolized and detoxified in the liver, and as such it is often exposed to maladies resulting in a number of clinical syndromes. Many chemicals, foods, drugs and infections (parasitic, bacterial, viral or fungal) can cause variety of liver diseases such as hepatitis, jaundice, cirrhosis, liver cancer, etc. Because of variations in liver dysfunctions and difficulties encountered in reaching to a proper diagnosis, a physician is rarely able to provide specific treatment. At the most, supportive and symptomatic treatments are given but the multiplicity of deranged functions renders the treatment still more complicated. Besides this, modern (allopathic) drugs exhibit severe toxicity, thus there is a definite need to search alternate drugs having maximum therapeutic value with no or least toxicity1-2. Liver has a pivotal role in regulation of physiological processes. It is involved in several vital functions such as metabolism, secretion and storage. Further, detoxification of a variety of drugs and xenobiotics occurs in the liver itself. The bile secreted by the liver has, among other things, an important role in digestion. Liver diseases are among the most serious disorders.

They may be classified as acute or chronic hepatitis (inflammatory liver diseases), hepatosis (non inflammatory diseases) and cirrhosis (degenerative disorder resulting in fibrosis of the liver). The liver diseases are mainly caused by toxic chemicals (certain antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, peroxidised oil, aflatoxin, carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen, chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc.), excess consumption of alcohol, infections and autoimmune disorders1-3. Most of the hepatotoxic chemicals damage liver cells mainly by inducing lipid peroxidation and other oxidative damages in liver. Enhanced lipid peroxidation produced during the liver microsomal metabolism of ethanol may result in hepatitis and cirrhosis. It has been estimated that about 90% of the acute hepatitis is due to viruses. The major viral agents involved are Hepatitis B, A, C, D (delta agents), E and G. Of these, Hepatitis B infection often results in chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis of liver. Primary liver cancer has also been shown to be produced by these viruses. It has been reported that about 14-16 million people are infected with Hepatitis B virus in South East Asia region and approximately 6% of the total population in the region are carriers of this virus. A vaccine has become available for immunization against Hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis C and Hepatitis E infections are also common in countries of South East Asia region3.

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Until recently it was accepted like a dogma that no effective treatment of liver diseases exists. However, with the discovery of a plethora of drugs of plant origin, the situation has now markedly changed and a substantial volume of evidence indicates that these drugs exert a specific influence on the hepatic parenchyma1-2,4. Medicinal plants have very important place as they not only maintain the health and vitality of human beings and animals, but also cure several diseases, including liver disorders without causing any toxicity. India is the largest producer of medicinal plants and is rightly called the “Botanical Garden of the World”. Over the past few decades, herbal medicines have been accepted universally, and they put the impact on both world health and international trade. As per the WHO estimates, about three quarters of the world’s population currently use herbs phytomedicines (medicinal plants or herbal drugs) and other traditional medicines for the treatment of various diseases. Nowadays, more than 50% of all modern drugs in clinical use are of natural products. According to WHO, more than 80% people in developing countries depend on traditional medicine for their primary health needs, and a recent survey shows that more than 60% of patients use vitamins or phytomedicines at some point in their therapy5-8. About 80% of the world population rely on traditional medicine which is predominantly based on plant materials. The traditional medicine refers to a broad range of ancient natural health care practices including folk / tribal practices as well as Ayurveda, Siddha, Amchi and Unani. These medical practices originated from time immemorial and developed gradually, to a large extent, by relying or based on practical experiences without significant references to modern scientific principles. These practices incorporated ancient beliefs and were passed on from one generation to another by oral tradition and / or guarded literature. It is estimated that about 7,500 plants are used in local health traditions in, mostly, rural and tribal villages of India. Out of these, the real medicinal value of over 4,000 plants is either little known or hitherto unknown to the mainstream population. The classical systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Amchi, Unani and Tibetan use about 1,200 plants. However, in most of the severe cases, the treatments of liver diseases are unsatisfactory. Although experimental evaluations have been done on many plants and their formulations, only some plants have clearly shown the antihepatotoxic activity against liver diseases. Inspite, even common dietary antioxidants can provide such protection from liver damage caused by oxidative mechanisms of toxic chemicals. Thus, to obtain the satisfactory herbal drugs for treating severe liver

diseases, the medicinal plants must be evaluated systematically for properties like antiviral activity (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, etc.), antihepatotoxicity activity (antioxidants and others), stimulation of liver regeneration and choleretic activity. A combination of different herbal extracts / fractions is likely to provide desired activities to cure severe liver diseases3. Again, the liver dysfunction remains as one of the serious health problems but we do not have satisfactory antihepatotoxic drugs in the allopathic medical practice for serious liver diseases. However, a number of plants have shown to possess hepatoprotective properties by improving the antioxidant status. Yet, there is lack of scientific proofs to authenticate the hepatoprotective properties of those plants which are used traditionally to treat liver diseases9. In recent times, therefore, the focus on the plant research has increased all over the world and a large body of evidence has collected to show immense potential of medicinal plants used, and hence the importance of natural products for drug discovery has been found impressive10. REPORTS ON HEPATOGENIC /HEPATOPROTECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS Numerous phytomedicines or polyherbal formulations are now being used for the prevention and treatment of various liver disorders or hepatotoxicity2-3,8,11. In this article, therefore, 170 hepatogenic / hepatoprotective medicinal plants reviewed from different sources1-3,9,12-19 have been elucidated (Table 1). The medicinal plants contain several phytochemicals, which possess strong antioxidant activities. These antioxidant phytochemicals may be flavonoids (flavones, isoflavones, flavonones, anthocyanins, catechins, isocatechins, quercetin), terpenoids, polyphenols (ellagic acid, gallic acid, tannins), alkaloids, saponins, vitamins (A, C, E, K), carotenoids, minerals (selenium, copper, manganese, zinc, chromium, iodine), enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathion peroxidase), polysaccharides, saponins, lignins, xanthones and pigments, etc. The antioxidants may cure different diseases by protecting the cells from damage caused by ‘free radicals’- the highly reactive oxygen compounds5-

8,11,20-24. In recent years, immunomodulation has attracted the interest of scientists all over the world in view of growing awareness regarding the need to modulate the immune system for achieving the objective of preventing an infection rather than treating it at an advanced stage. Hence, the concept of ‘Prohost Therapy’ has been introduced, which aims to bolster host immune function to prevent infections. Medicinal plants are known to have good immunomodulatory property. They act by

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stimulating both nonspecific and specific immunity. These plants may promote host resistance against infections by re-establishing body equilibrium and conditioning the body tissues. It is presumed that the restorative and rejuvenating power of these plant materials might be due to their action on host immune system. The immune system is complex in nature, consisting of multi-organs and cell involvement. It is one of the most sensitive systems of the body, which works through an intricate regulation of cellular and humoral components5-6,25-26. CONCLUSION The medicinal plants play an important role in the health and vitality of humans and animals lives. Several medicinal plants (phytomedicines or herbal drugs) are now prevalent for the treatment of various liver diseases. Some medicinal plants are potential hepatogenic/ hepatoprotective agents against hepatotoxicity caused by variety of hepatotoxicants. It is distinct that the medicinal plants possess versatile antioxidant, immunomodulatory and phagocytic activities, and thereby may be beneficial against liver diseases. REFERENCES 1. Pandey Govind P. Pharmacological studies of Livol(R) with special reference to liver function. MVSc & AH thesis. Jabalpur, MP, India: JNKVV; 1980. 2. Pandey Govind P. Hepatogenic effect of some indigenous drugs on experimental liver damage. PhD thesis. Jabalpur, MP, India: JNKVV; 1990. 3. Kumar CH, Ramesh A, Suresh Kumar JN, Mohammed Ishaq B. A review on hepatoprotective activity of medicinal plants. Int J Pharmaceu Sci Res 2011; 2(3):501-515. 4. Pandey Govind, Pandey SP. Phytochemical and toxicity study of Emblica officinalis (Amla). Int Res J Pharm 2011; 2(3):270-272. 5. Madhuri S. Studies on oestrogen induced uterine and ovarian carcinogenesis and effect of ProImmu in rats. PhD thesis. Jabalpur, MP, India: RDVV; 2008. 6. Madhuri S, Pandey Govind. Some anticancer medicinal plants of foreign origin. Curr Sci 2009; 96(6):779-783. 7. Pandey Govind, Madhuri S. Some anticancer agents from plant origin. Pl Arch 2008; 8(2): 527-532. 8. Pandey Govind, Madhuri S. Significance of fruits and vegetables in malnutrition cancer. Pl Arch 2010; 10(2):517-522.

9. Suky TMG, Parthipan B, Kingston C, Mohan VR, Soris PT. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn.) Del against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Int J Pharmaceu Sci. Res 2011; 2(4):887-892. 10. Jagadeesh MC, Sreepriya M, Bali G and Manjulakumari D. Biochemical studies on the effect of curcumin and embelin during N-nitrosodiethylamine / phenobarbital induced-hepatocarcinogenesis in wistar rats. Afr J Biotechnol 2009; 8(18):4618-4622. 11. Pandey Govind. Hepatogenic effect of OptiLiv on estrogen induced liver damage in female albino rat. J Pl Dev Sci, 2010; 2(2 & 3):83-87. 12. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; 2002. 13. CSIR. The Useful Plants of India. New Delhi, India: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; 1986. 14. IDMA. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Mumbai, India; 2002. 15. Jarald EE, Jarald SE. Colour Atlas of Medicinal Plants. New Delhi, India; 2006. 16. Kaushik P, Dhiman AK. Medicinal Plants and Raw Drugs of India. Dehra Dun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 1999. 17. Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia Medica. Vol 1 & 2, 3rd Ed. Bombay, India: Popular Book Depot, Bombay & Dhootpapeshwar Prakashan Ltd; 1954. 18. Prajapati ND, Purohit SS, Sharma AK, Kumar T. A Hand Book of Medicinal Plants. India: Agrobios; 2003. 19. Sharma R. Medicinal Plants of India- An Encyclopedia. Delhi: Daya Publishing Home; 2003. 20. Gupta VK, Sharma, SK. Plants as natural antioxidants. Nat Prod Rad 2006; 5(4):326-334. 21. Heber D. Vegetables, fruits and phytoestrogens in the prevention of diseases. J Postgrad Med 2004; 50:145-149. 22. Kathiresan K, Boopathy NS, Kavitha S. Coastal vegetation- An underexplored source of anticancer drugs. Nat Prod Rad 2006; 5(2):115-119. 23. Kaur C, Kapoor HC. Antioxidants activity and total phenolic content of some Asian vegetables. Int J Food Sci Tech 2002; 37:153-161. 24. Ray G, Hussan SA. Oxidant, antioxidant and carcinogenesis. Indian J Exp Biol 2002; 40: 1213-1232. 25. Agrawala SK, Chatterjee S, Misra SK. Immune-potentiation activity of a polyherbal formulation “Immu-21” (Research Name). Phytomedica 2001; 2(1&2):1-22. 26. Pandey Govind, Madhuri S. Medicinal plants: Better remedy for neoplasms. Indian Drugs 2006; 43(11):869-874.

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Table 1: Hepatogenic / Hepatoprotective medicinal plants

Botanical name of the plant

Hindi/English/ Common name

Plant family

Part(s) used

Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Moench (Hibiscus esculentus L.)

Bhindi (bhindi tori)/ Lady’s finger (gumbo)

Malvaceae Root, fruit, seed

Acacia catechu Willd. Khair/Cutch tree

Leguminosae/ Mimosaceae Stem bark Achillea millefolium Linn. Gandana/Milfoil (yarrow) Compositae/ Asteraceae Whole plant Aegle marmelos Correa ex Roxb. Bel/Bael tree Rutaceae Pulp, seed Aerva lanata Juss. ex Schult. Chaya

Amaranthaceae Root, whole plant Agropyron repens Beauv. Couch grass (dog grass) Gramineae/Poaceae Root, rhizome Agrostemma githago Linn. (Lychnis githago Scop.) Corn cockle Caryophyllaceae Seed Allium cepa Linn. Piyaz/Onion Liliaceae/Alliaceae Bulb Allium sativum Linn. Lasun (lasan)/Garlic Liliaceae/Alliaceae Bulb Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott Mankanda/Giant taro Araceae Root, tuber, leaf Aloe barbadensis Mill. (A. vera Tourn. ex Linn.) Ghee-kunvar (ghi-

kanvar)/Indian aloe

Liliaceae Root, pulp, aerial part

Aloe succotrina Lam. (A. vera Mill., non Linn.) Moka (mocha aloe)

Liliaceae Leaf, whole plant Alstonia scholaris R. Br. Chatian/Dita bark Apocynaceae Stem bark Amaranthus spinosus Linn. Kataili chaulai/ Prickly

amarnath

Amaranthaceae Whole plant

Andrographis paniculata Wall. ex Nees Kiryat (kirayat)/Creat Acanthaceae Whole plant Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker (A. rohituka Wight & Arn.

Harinhara/Amoora Meliaceae Stem bark

Apium graveolens Linn. Shalari (ajmud)/Cerely Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Seed Aporosa lindieyana Baill. Valaka Euphorbiaceae Root Aquilegia vulgaris Linn. (A. karelini Baker) Common columbine Ranunculaceae Root, seed Argemone mexicana Linn. Bharband (Shaikanta)/ Prickly poppy Papaveraceae Whole plant Aristolochia indica Linn. Ishvari mul/Indian birthwort Aristolochiaceae Root, seed, rhizome Artemisia absinthium Linn. Vilayathi afsanthin/ Absinthe Compositae/ Asteraceae Aerial part

Asparagus officinale Linn. Nag-down (halyun)/ Asparagus Liliaceae Root

Asparagus racemosus Willd. Satawar (satamuli) Liliaceae Whole plant Asplenium adiantoides C. Chr. (A. falcatum Lam.) Pana (nela panna) Aspleniaceae/

Polypodiaceae Whole plant

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Linn. Black spleenwort Aspleniaceae Whole plant Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Melia azadirachta Linn.)

Nim/Neem tree Meliaceae Stem bark, leaf, flower

Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn.) Delile (B. roxburghii Planch.)

Hingan (hingot) Balanitaceae/ Simarubaceae

Stem bark, leaf, fruit

Baliospermum montanum M.-Arg. Danti Euphorbiaceae Root Belamcanda cinensis DC. Surjakanti/Leopard lily Iridaceae Rhizome Berbaris aristata DC. Chitra (rasaut, dar-hald)/ Indian

barberry Berberidaceae Root bark

Berbaris asiatica Roxb. ex DC. Sumlu Berberidaceae Root Bixa orellana Linn. Latkan/Annatto tree Bixaceae Leaf Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (B. repens Linn.) Sant (punarnava)/ Spreading hog-weed Nyctaginaceae

Root, whole plant

Bridelia stipularis Blume Kangiabel (khaji) Euphorbiaceae Leaf Bupleurum falcatum Linn. - Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Root Bupleurum jukundum Kurz - Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Root Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp. (C. indicus Spreng.) Arhar (tur, tuver)/Red gram (pigeon

pea) Papilionaceae/Fab-aceae/Leguminosae

Leaf, seed

Callicarpa tomentosa (Linn.) Murr. (C. lanata Linn.)

Bastra Verbenaceae Stem bark

Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Akada (madar)

Asclepiadaceae Leaf, flower Capparis spinosa Linn. Kabra/Caper bush

Capparidaceae Root bark Carthamus tinctorius Linn. Kusum (karrah) Compositae/ Asteraceae Flower Cassia fistula Linn. Amaltas (girimalah)/ Purging

fistula

Leguminosae/ Caesalpiniaceae

Leaf

Cassia occidentalis Linn. Kasondi/Negro coffee Leguminosae/ Caesalpiniaceae

Leaf

Cassia tora Linn. (C. obtusifolia Linn.) Chakunda (panevar)

Leguminosae/ Caesalpiniaceae

Leaf

Casuarina equisetifolia Linn. Jangli saru/Beefwood Casuarinaceae Whole plant Centaurea behen Linn. Safed bahman Compositae/ Asteraceae Root

Cichorium intybus Linn. Kasani (kashini)/Chicory Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf

Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. (Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad.)

Indrayan (makal)/ Colocynth (bitter apple)

Cucubitaceae Root, fruit

Citrus limettioides Ta. (C. medica var. limetta W. & A. of Watt)

Mithanebu/Sweet lime Rutaceae Fruit

Cleome viscosa Linn. (C. icosandra Linn.) Hulhul (hurhur)

Capparidaceae Leaf

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Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. Lanjai (sangkupi) Verbenaceae Leaf Colchicum luteum Baker (C. autumnale Linn.) Hirantutiya (surinjan) Liliaceae Corm Cordia macleodii Hook. f. & Thoms. Dahipalas (dhaiman) Boraginaceae Stem bark, leaf Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham. (C. religiosa Ho. f. & Th., non Fo. f.)

Barun (barna, bilasi) Capparidaceae

Stem bark

Croton oblongifolius Roxb. Chucka

Euphorbiaceae Stem bark, aerial part Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Kali musli Amaryllidaceae Rhizome (Tuber) Curcuma longa Linn. (C. domestica Valeton) Haldi (halada)/ Turmeric Zingiberaceae Rhizome (Tuber) Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Agamulanetirvel

Convolvulaceae Seed Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Akasbel Convolvulaceae Whole plant Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & A. Mahali kizhangu

Asclepiadaceae Root Delphinium zali Aitch. & Hemsl. Asbarg (asbar)/

Zalil larkspur Ranunculaceae Flower, whole plant

Dorema ammoniacum D. Don Ushak Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Gum Ecbolium viride (Forsk.) Merrill (E. linneanum Kurz)

Udajati Acanthaceae Root

Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk. Bhangra (safed bhangra, babri, mochkand)

Compositae/ Asteraceae Whole plant

Embelia ribes Burm. f. Baberang (wawrung) Myrsinaceae Fruit Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Phyllanthus emblica Linn.)

Amla (amlika, aonla)/ Indian gooseberry Euphorbiaceae Fruit

Equisetum arvense Linn. Field horsetail Equisetaceae

Aerial part Ficus asperrima Roxb. Kalmnor Moraceae Stem bark Ficus dalhousiae Miq. Somavalkhom Moraceae Bark, leaf Ficus retusa Linn. Kamrup Moraceae Stem bark Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. (F. cataphracta Roxb.)

Paniala (talispalri)/Punela plum Flacourtiaceae Fruit

Flacourtia ramontchi L’Herit. (F. indica Merrill) Bilangra (kanju)/ Governor’s plum Flacourtiaceae Fruit Foeniculum officinale All. (F. vulgare Mil., F. capillaceum Gil.)

Saunf (sonp, bari-saunf) Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Seed

Fumaria indica Pugsley (F. vaillantii Loisel., F. parviflora Lam. ssp. vaillantii Hook. f.)

Pitpapra (shahterah) Papaveraceae Whole plant

Fumaria officinalis Linn. Pitpapra Papaveraceae Whole plant Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (G. florida Linn., G. augusta Merrill)

Gandharaj/Cape jasmine Rubiaceae Fruit

Gelonium multflorum Juss. Ban naringa Euphorbiaceae Stem bark Gentiana olivieri Griseb. (G. dahurica Fisch.) Agherpanrae Gentianaceae Aerial part Geranium robertianum Linn. Hreb-Robert geranium Geraniaceae Whole plant Ginkgo biloba Linn. Maidenhair tree Ginkgoaceae Fruit Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) Correa (G. arborea Correa, G. cochinchinensis Pierre ex Engler)

Ban nimbu Rutaceae Leaf

Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. Mulhatti (madhuka)/ Liquorice (licorice)

Papilionaceae/Fab-aceae/Leguminosae

Root

Hackelochloa granularis (Linn.) Kunt. (Manisuris granularis L. f.)

Trinpali (kangni) Gramineae/Poaceae Whole plant

Hedyotis corymbosa (Linn.) Lam. (Oldenlanaia corymbosa Linn.)

Daman papar (pitpapra) Rubiaceae Whole plant

Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. Lalambari (patwa)/ Roselle Malvaceae Calyx Hygrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. (H. rotundofolia Roxb.)

Khulkhuri Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Root

Hygrophila spinosa T. Anders. (Asteracantha longifolia Nees)

Talimakhana Acanthaceae Root, leaf, seed

Ichnocarpus fructescans R. Br. Kalidudhi (gopvadhu, siamalata) Apocynaceae Root, whole plant Indigofera oblongifolia Forsk. (I. paucifolia Delile) Jhilla (raktapala, nila) Papilionaceae/Fab-

aceae/Leguminosae Root, whole plant

Indigofera tinctoria Linn. Nil/Indian indigo (common indigo) Papilionaceae/Fab-aceae/Leguminosae

Root

Ipomoea digitata Linn.(I. paniculata R. Br., non Burm.)

Bilaikand Convolulaceae Root (tuber)

Iris ensata Thunb. Irisa (sosun) Iridaceae Root Juniperus communis Linn. Aaraar (abhal, haubera)/ Common

juniper Cupressaceae/ Pinaceae Fruit

Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. (Bryophyllum pinnatum Kurz, B. calycinum Salisb.)

Zakhm-haiyat Crassulaceae Leaf

Lactuca remotiflora DC. Undirachakan Compositae/ Asteraceae Whole plant Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl. (L. leucantha Rusby, L. vulgaris Seringe)

Kaddu (kadutumbi, tumri)/Bottle gourd (calbash gourd)

Cucurbitaceae Leaf, fruit

Lepidum latifolium Linn. Gonyuch Cruciferae/ Brassicaceae Whole plant Lepidum latifolium Linn. Halim (hurf)/Garden

cress Cruciferae/ Brassicaceae Leaf

Luffa echinata Roxb. Bindal (devadali, koshaphala)

Cucurbitaceae Fruit, whole plant

Lychnis coronaria Desr. Rose campion Caryophyllaceae Root Momordica charantia Linn. Karela (kareli)/Bitter Gourd (carilla Cucurbitaceae Leaf, fruit, seed

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fruit) Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Kaksa (golkandra) Cucurbitaceae Leaf Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. pterygosperma Gaertn.) Mungna (soanjana, sainjna)/Drumstick

tree Moringaceae Fruit

Myrtus communis Linn. Vilayati mehndi (murad) /Common myrtle

Myrtaceae Leaf

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nelumbium nelumbo Druce, N. speciosum Willd.)

Kamal (kanwal)/Sacred lotus (Indian lotus, Chinese water lily)

Nymphaeaceae Flower

Nigella damascena Linn. Love in a mist Ranunculaceae Seed Nigella sativa Linn. Kalonji (kalajira)/Small fennel (black

cumin) Ranunculaceae Seed

Nymphoides indicum Kuntze (Limnanthemum cristatum Griseb.)

Hinambala Gentianaceae Whole plant

Ocimum sanctum Linn. Tulsi (kala tulsi)/ Sacred basil (holy basil)

Labiatae/Lamiaceae Leaf

Orthosiphon spiralis (Lour.) Merrill (O. stamineus Benth., O. aristatus Blume Miq., O. grandiflorus Boldingh)

Java tree (kidney tea plant) Labiatae/Lamiaceae Leaf

Oxystelma secamone (Linn.) Karst. (O. esculentum R. Br.)

Dudhialata Asclepiadaceae Root

Pavetta indica Linn. Kankra (papari, katha-champa)/White pavetta

Rubiaceae Root

Phlogacanthus jenkinsil C.B. Clar. Tita gachh (titaphul) Acanthaceae Leaf Phyllanthus niruri Hook. F., non Linn. (P. fraternus Webster)

Jar-amla (jangli amli, bhumyamalaki) Euphorbiaceae Root

Physalis minima Linn. Tulatipati Solanaceae Leaf, fruit Picrorrhiza kurroa Royal ex Benth. Kutki Scrophulariaceae

Root, rhizome

Piper chaba Hunter, non Blume (P. retrofractum Vahl, P. officinarum DC.)

Chab (chavi)/Java long pepper Piperaceae Fruit

Piper longum Linn. Pipal (pipli, piplamul)/ Indian long pepper

Piperaceae Root, fruit

Plantago major Linn. Lahuriya (isafghol, gul) Plantaginaceae Seed Polycarpaea corymbosa Lam. Machechi (dholphuli) Caryophyllaceae Leaf Polygonum glabrum Willd. Bihagni (sauri arak) Polygonaceae Root Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merrill (P. glabra Vent.) Karanj (karanja)/Indian beech (Pongum

oil tree) Papilionaceae/Fab-aceae/Leguminosae

Root, seed

Portulaca oleracea Linn. Khursa (baralaniya)/ Common purslane Portulacaceae Whole plant Prongos pabularia Lindl. Komal Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Fruit Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Bijasal (bija)/Indian kino tree Papilionaceae/Fab-

aceae/Leguminosae Stem bark

Ptrospermum acerifolium Willd. Kanak champa (kaniar, katha champa) Sterculiaceae Leaf Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meissn. Hindirevandchini (dolu)/ Himalayan

rhubarb Polygonaceae Root, rhizome

Ricinus communis Linn. Erandi (arand)/Castor Euphorbiaceae Leaf Rubia cordifolia Linn. sensu Hook. f. Manjit (majith)/Indian madder Rubiaceae Root Rubia tinctorum Linn. Bacho (mantyunth) Rubiaceae Root Saponaria officinalis Linn. Bouncing bet (soapwort) Caryophyllaceae Root, leaf Sarcostemma brevistigma Wight & Arn. (S. acidum Voigt)

Somlata (soma) Asclepiadaceae Stem

Scoparia dulcis Linn. Ghodatulsi (mithipatti)/ Sweet broomweed

Scrophulariaceae Whole plant

Silybum marianum (Linn.) Gaertn. Milk thistle Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf Solanum dulcamara Linn. Kakmachi (ruba-barik)/ Dulcamara

(bittersweet) Solanaceae Fruit (berry)

Solanum melongena Linn. Baingan (bhanta)/Brinjal (eggplant) Solanaceae Fruit Solanum nigrum Linn. Makoi (kakmachi, vayasi)/Black

nightshade Solanaceae Whole plant

Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Mundi (gorakh mundi) Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf, fruit, whole plant

Spondias pinnata (Linn. f.) Kurz (S. mangifera Willd., S. acuminata Roxb., non Gamble)

Amara (amra, jangali am)/ Wild mango (hog-plum)

Anacardiaceae Stem bark, fruit

Sutherlandia frutescens R. Br. (S. microphylla Burchardt ex DC.)

Bladderseena (cancerwort) Papilionaceae/Fab-aceae/Leguminosae

Leaf

Swertia chirayita (R. ex F.) Karst. (S. chirata B.-H. ex C.B. Clarke)

Chirayita (chireta)/ Chiretta Gentianaceae Whole plant

Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Lodh Symplocaceae Stem bark Tanacetum vulgare Linn. (Chrysanthemum vulgare L. Ber.)

Peilmundi Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf, flower

Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers Dulal (barau, kanphul)/ Common dandelion

Compositae/ Asteraceae Root, rhizome

Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. (Tecoma undulata G. Don., Bignonia undulata Sm.)

Rugtrora (dadimpushpak)/ Rohida tree

Bignoniaceae Stem bark, whole plant

Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers., Baker in part Sarphonka (dhamasia)/ Wild indigo Papilionaceae/Fab-aceae/Leguminosae

Aerial part

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Arjun (arjuna, kahu, dhaval) Combretaceae Stem bark, fruit

Pandey Govind IRJP 2 (5) 2011 115-121

IRJP 2 (5) May 2011 Page 115-121

Terminalia chebula Retz., C.B. Clarke in part Harra (harir, rohini)/ Chebulic myrobalan

Combretaceae Stem bark, fruit

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms.

Giloe (amrita, gulancha, gulbel, jiwantika)/ Gulancha tinospora

Menispermaceae Stem bark, fruit

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprag. (T. copticum Link, Carum copti-cum Hiern, Ptychotis ajowan DC.)

Ajowan (ajwain, ugragandha)/ Carum (ajowan)

Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Fruit, seed

Tragopogon porrifolius Linn. Salsify (purple goatsbread, oyster-plant) Compositae/ Asteraceae Root Trianthema decandra Linn. Gadabani Aizoaceae Root, leaf Trichosanthes cordata Roxb. Bhumikumra (patol) Cucurbitaceae Root Trichosanthes cucumerina Linn. Jangli-chachinda Cucurbitaceae Stem, leaf, whole

plant Tridax procumbens Linn. Coatbuttons (Mexican daisy) Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. Methi (muthi)/ Fenugreek Papilionaceae/Fab-

aceae/Leguminosae Leaf, seed

Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr. (T. asthmatica Wight & Arn.)

Antamul (jangli-pikvam)/Indian ipecacuanha

Asclepiadaceae Leaf

Uraria crinita Desv. Dieng-kha-riu Papilionaceae/Fab-aceae/Leguminosae

Whole plant

Urtica dioica Linn. Bichu (bichhu booti)/ Stinging-nettle Urticaceae Whole plant Uvaria narum Blume Pulichan (kariballi) Annonaceae Leaf Viscum album Linn. (V. costatum Gamble) Banda (ban)/Euripean mistletoe Viscaceae Whole plant Vitex negundo Linn. Nirgandi (sambhalu, shivari, nisindia) Verbenaceae Root, leaf, flower Vitex trifolia Linn. Pani-ki-sanbhalu Verbenaceae Leaf Vitis vinifera Linn. Angur (dakh)/Grape Vitaceae

Leaf Wedelia calendulacea Less., non Rich. (W. chinensis Merrill)

Pila-bhangra (bhanra, bhangra) Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf, whole plant

Withania somnifera Dunal Ashwagandha (asgandh) Solanaceae Root Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz (W. floribunda Salisb.) Dhai (dawi, thawi, santha, dhaula,

dhaura) Lythraceae Flower

Zanthoxylum armatum DC. (Z. alatum Roxb., Z. planispinum Sieb. & Zucc.)

Tejbal (tejphal, darmar, nepali dhaniya, tumru)

Rutaceae Stem bark, fruit, seed

Zingiber officinale Rosc. Adrak (ada)/Ginger Zingiberaceae Rhizome