PANCHESHWAR DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (PDA) · 13.5 training and awareness 4 13.6 budget 4 chapter-14: catchment area treatment plan 14.1 need for catchment area treatment 1 14.2 approach

JUNE 2017

PANCHESHWAR DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (PDA)

Consultant:

76-C, Institutional Area, Sector – 18, Gurgaon – 122015, Haryana (INDIA)

Telephone: 0124-2342576, Fax: 0124-2349187 [email protected]

Website: http://www.wapcos.co.in

VOLUME-III : ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN REPORT

PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Ministry of Water Resources,

River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation

GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL Ministry of Energy

CONTENTS

PANCHESHWAR MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT EMP Report

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sub Heading Heading Page No.

CHAPTER 1: BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.2 ACQUISTIION OF FOREST LAND 2

1.3 IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 4

1.4 COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION 5

1.5 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 6

1.6 BUDGET 12

CHAPTER 2: FISHERIES CONSERVATION PLAN

2.1 INTRODUCTION 1

2.2 RELEASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS 3

2.3 SUSTENANCE OF MIGRATORY FISH SPECIES 6

CHAPTER 3: PUBLIC HEALTH DELIVERY SYSTEM

3.1 GENERAL 1

3.2 MOSQUITO CONTROL MEASURES 3

3.3 DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL FACILITIES 3

3.4 SURVEILLANCE 5

3.5 COST ESTIMATES 8

3.6 DISPOSAL OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE 9

3.7 BUDGET FOR PUBLIC HEALTH DELIVERY SYSTEM 12

CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN LABOUR CAMPS

4.1 INTRODUCTION 1

4.2 IMPACTS DUE TO CONGREGATION OF POPULATION 1

4.3 DEVELOPMENT OF LABOUR CAMPS 2

4.4 PROVISION OF HEATING 2

4.5 PROVISION OF WATER SUPPLY 2

4.6 SANITATION AND SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES 3

4.7 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 3

4.8 PROVISION OF FREE FUEL 7

CHAPTER 5: MUCK DISPOSAL PLAN

5.1 INTRODUCTION 1

5.2 MUCK GENERATION 1

5.3 ENGINEERING & BIOLOGICAL MEASURES FOR MUCK MANAGEMENT PLAN

2

5.4 BUDGET 4

CHAPTER 6: RESTORATION PLAN FOR QUARRIES

6.1 INTRODUCTION 1

6.2 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL EQUIPMENT 1

6.3 IMAPCTS DUE TO QUARRYING 1

6.4 RESTORATION PLAN FOR QUARRIES 2

6.5 BUDGET FOR RESTORATION OF QUARRIES 4

6.6 LANDSCAPING AND RESTORATION PLAN 4

6.7 BUDGET 5

CHAPTER 7: ENVIRONMOENTAL MANAGEMENT IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION

7.1 INTRODUCTION 1

7.2 IMPACTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS 1

7.3 MANAGEMENT MEASURES 1

7.4 BUDGET 4

CHAPTER 8: GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN

8.1 INTRODUCTION 1


ii

8.2 NEED FOR GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1

8.3 SCHEME FOR GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT 1

8.4 BUDGET 2

CHAPTER 9: CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION

9.1 IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY 1

9.2 MITIGATION MEASURES 2

9.3 BUDGET FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 4

9.4 IMPLEMENTING AGENCY 4

CHAPTER 10: MEASURES FOR NOISE CONTROL

10.1 IMPACTS ON NOISE LEVELS 1

10.2 MITIGATION MEASURES 1

CHAPTER 11: WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

11.1 CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

1

11.2 CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION DURING OPERATION PHASE

2

11.3 BUDGET 3

CHAPTER-12: ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES

12.1 GENERAL 1

12.2 PROVISION OF FREE FUEL 1

12.3 ENERGY CONSERVATION DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

2

12.4 ENERGY CONSERVATION DURING OPERATION PHASE

2

12.5 ENERGY EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT 2

12.6 BUDGET 3

CHAPTER-13: FIRE PROTECTION IN LABOUR CAMP AND STAFF COLONIES

13.1 INTRODUCTION 1

13.2 CONSTRUCTION OF CAMPS ETC. AND PLACEMENT OF FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

1

13.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 2

13.4 RESPONSIBILITY 4

13.5 TRAINING AND AWARENESS 4

13.6 BUDGET 4

CHAPTER-14: CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN

14.1 NEED FOR CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT 1

14.2 APPROACH FOR THE STUDY 3

14.3 ESTIMATION OF SOIL LOSS USING SILT YIELD INDEX (SYI) METHOD

7

14.4 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT – AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES

9

14.5 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT MEASURES 10

14.6 COST ESTIMATE 19

CHAPTER-15: DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

15.1 INTRODUCTION 1

15.2 DAM BREAK INUNDATION ANALYSIS 2

15.3 METHODOLOGY 2

15.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 7

15.5 COST ESTIMATE 13

CHAPTER-16: AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT PLAN

16.1 INTRODUCTION 1

16.2 IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES 1


iii

16.3 INTEGRATED PLANT AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT 1

16.4 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND DISEASES 2

16.5 USE OF AGRO-CHEMICALS 5

16.6 CONTROL OF WEEDS ON AGRICULTURE LANDS 5

16.7 TRAINING AND EXTENSION COURSES FOR FARMERS 6

CHAPTER-17: SAFETY PRACTICES DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

17.1 INTRODUCTION 1

17.2 PERSONAL SAFETY EQUIPMENT 1

17.3 RESCUE TEAM 2

17.4 ILLUMINATION AND EARTHING 3

17.5 MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC AND SAFETY ON PUBLIC ROADS

4

17.6 BLASTING 4

17.7 VENTILATION OF UNDERGROUND WORKS 5

17.8 CONTROL OF DUST, SILICA, AND NOXIOUS GASES IN UNDERGROUND WORKS

8

17.9 MANAGEMENT OF EXPLOSIVES 9

17.10 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

14

17.11 MEASURES TO BE TAKEN DURING EXCAVATION OF EARTH

14

17.12 IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY PLAN 15

CHAPTER 18: ECO-TOURISM

18.1 MEASURES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-TOURISM 1

18.2 BUDGET 1

CHAPTER 19: RELOCATION OF TEMPLES

19.1 INTRODUCTION 1

19.2 MANGEMENT MEASURES 1

CHAPTER-20: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

20.1 INTRODUCTION 1

20.2 AREAS OF CONCERN 1

20.3 WATER QUALITY 1

20.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 2

20.5 NOISE 3

20.6 METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS 3

20.7 EROSION AND SILTATION 3

20.8 ECOLOGY 4

20.9 FISHERIES 4

20.10 INCIDENCE OF WATER RELATED DISEASES 5

20.11 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

5

20.12 COST FOR IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

7

CHAPTER-21: COST ESTIMATES

21.1 COST FOR IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

1

CHAPTER-22: DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS INVOLVED IN THE CEIA STUDY

1


iv

LIST OF TABLES

Table-1.1 Details of forest land acquisition 2

Table-1.2 Cost of habitat improvement for avi-fauna in the study area 8

Table-1.3 Cost for establishment of Botanical Gardens 9

Table-1.4 Measures for implementation of Wildlife Protection Plan 11

Table-1.5 Estimated cost of Biodiversity Conservation and

Management Plan implementation

12

Table-2.1 Inflows and outflows at Pancheshwar MPP (for 90%

Dependable Year)

4

Table-2.2 Summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in monsoon

season

5

Table-2.3 Summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in non-

monsoon non-lean season

6

Table-2.4 Summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in lean season 6

Table-2.5 Summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in various

seasons

6

Table-2.6 Component wise cost for development of fish seed farm 7

Table-3.1 Details of Para-medical staff for Dispensary 4

Table-3.2 Categories of bio-medical waste as per the Bio-Medical

Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998

9

Table-3.3 Categories of bio-medical waste to be generated in the

dispensary proposed to be developed as a part of the

project

10

Table-3.4 Colour coding and type of container for disposal of Bio-

medical waste

11

Table-3.5 Recommended treatment measures of various categories

of waste

11

Table-4.1 Cost Estimate for sanitary facilities for labour camps 3

Table-4.2 Cost required for solid waste management 6

Table-4.3 Cost estimate for LPG distribution 8

Table-5.1 Break-up of cost for stabilization of muck disposal sites 4

Table-6.1 Construction Material Requirement for Pancheshwar

Complex and Rupaligad Complex

1

Table-6.2 Cost estimate for restoration of quarry site and borrow

area

4

Table-6.3 Summary of costs for Restoration and Reclamation works 5

Table-7.1 Details of expenditure for implementation of measures for

management of Impacts due to construction of roads

4

Table-9.1 Emission limits for DG sets prescribed by CPCB 2

Table-9.2 Cost estimate for implementation of air pollution control

measures

4

Table-10.1 Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA 3

Table-11.1 Budget earmarked for water pollution control measures 3

Table-13.1 Analysis of fire hazard in the construction of camps,

colonies and other facilities

1


v

Table-13.2 Responsibility for this EHS team in respect of Fire

protection system

2

Table-14.1 Landuse pattern of the catchment area 4

Table-14.2 Criteria for erosion intensity rate 8

Table-14.3 Basis for selection of catchment area treatment measures 9

Table-14.4 Erosion intensity categorization as per SYI classification 10

Table-14.5 Area under different erosion categories 13

Table-14.6 Treatment measures recommended for sub-watersheds

coming under high erosion category

13

Table-14.7 Cost estimate for Catchment Area Treatment of

Pancheswar Project- Biological Measures

15

Table-14.8 Cost estimate for implementation of Soil & Water

Conservation measures as a part of CAT Plan

15

Table-14.9 Cost earmarked for establishing Silt Observation points 16

Table-14.10 Cost summary for the Operational Support to Forest 17

Table-14.11 Cost summary for Forest Protection measures 17

Table-14.12 Cost earmarked for implementation of CAT plan 19

Table-15.1 Summary of wave profile in the event of Dam Break 7

Table-15.2 Status of Emergency 8

Table-15.3 Budget earmarked for implementation of Disaster

Management Plan

13

Table-16.1 Major Components of IPM 2

Table-18.1 Cost for development of Eco-tourism 2

Table-19.1 Abstract of Estimate for Construction of new temples 2

Table-20.1 Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme during

Project Construction Phase

5

Table-20.2 Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme during

Project Operation Phase

6

Table-20.3 Cost for Implementing Environmental Monitoringrogramme

during construction phase

7

Table-20.4 Cost for Implementing Environmental Monitoring

Programme during operation phase

7

Table-21.1 Cost for Implementing Environmental Management Plan 1

Table-22.1 List of Experts involved in the CEIA study 1


vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure-5.1 Typical cross section of retaining structure 3

Figure-7.1 Method of balanced cut and fill formation 2

Figure-7.2 Protection of slopes 3

Figure-14.1 Drainage Map for Pancheswar Catchment 2

Figure-14.2 Classified Imagery of Pancheswar catchment Area 5

Figure-14.3 Slope Map of Pancheswar catchment Area 6

Figure-14.4 Prioritisation of Sub Watersheds for Pancheswar Project 12

Figure-14.5 Catchment Area Treatment Measures for Pancheswar

Project

14


vii

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AISLUS All India Soil and Land Use Survey

B/C Benefit Cost

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

CAT Catchment Area Treatment

CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

CMO Chief Medical Officer

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

DEM Digital Elevation Model

DG Diesel Generator

DM District Magistrate

DO Dissolved Oxygen

DTM Digital Terrain Model

EAP Emergency Action Plan

EHS Environment Health & Safety

EMP Environmental Management Plan

ETL Economic Threshold Level

ETP Effluent Treatment Plant

GIS Geographic Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

HRT Head Race Tunnel

IARI Indian Agricultural Research Institute

IPNM Integrated Plant And Nutrient Management

Leq Equivalent noise level

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

NGO Non Governmental Organization

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

NPK Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium

NPV Net Present Value

ORS Oral Rehydration Solution

PAP Project Affected Population

PES Payments for Ecosystem Services

pH Potential of Hydrogen

PMP Pancheswar Multipurpose Project

PM10 Particulate Matter

POL Petroleum, Oils, and Lubricants

RET Rare Endangered Threatened

SO2 Sulphur dioxide

SP Superintendent of Police

SPM Suspended Particulate Matter

STP Sewage Treatment Plant

SYI Silt Yield Index

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

TSS Total Suspended Solids

VAM Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrizae

https://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=662&q=rare+endangered+threatened+species&spell=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKsbLLx7nRAhWMpI8KHUSWC9UQBQgWKAA

CHAPTER-1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN


Chapter 1: Biodiversity Conservation Plan Page 1

CHAPTER-1

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN

1.1 INTRODUCTION

A detailed floral and faunal survey has been carried out in the study area for three

seasons to assess the presence of various floral and faunal species. The rare and

endangered species likely to be affected by the project were also assessed as a

part of the study.

During the field survey, a total of 193 plant species belonging to 131 genera and

61 families were recorded from the proposed project area. The findings of the

study revealed that herbaceous group of plant contributed highest number of

species with 63 species (32.64%) followed by trees with 46 species (23.83%),

shrubs with 38 species (19.69%), grasses with 29 species (15.03%), climbers with

11 species (5.70%), sedges with 5 (2.59%) and parasite with single species

(0.52%). The taxonomic group of species showed that angiosperms (monocot and

dicot) were the dominant component of the flora in the study area. The

composition of floristic elements of the study area consisted of 79.79% dicots,

19.69% monocots and 0.52% of gymnosperm.

The total forest land coming under reservoir submergence on Indian side due to

the project is 2031 ha. The project submergence does not contain any rare

endangered or unique species of the flora. The forest land in general is degraded

due to large scale human interferences in Mahakali river submergence. The

submergence of river Mahakali starts from the dam site at Pancheshwar and

extends upto village Kimkhola, which is at a distance of 6 km upstream of the

confluence of rivers Gauriganga and Mahakali at Jauljibi

There is no encroachment of any wildlife reserve. The nearest wildlife sanctuary is

the Askot wildlife sanctuary which is about 300 m from the tail end of the

submergence area. It is located about 50 km from project site, where main

construction activities are likely to take place. Considering the distance between

the major construction sites and the Askot Sanctuary, the adverse impacts likely to

accrue as a result of human interferences during construction and operation

phases of such projects are not expected.



1.2 ACQUISTIION OF FOREST LAND The total forest land to be acquired is 2422.5 ha. The details are given in Table-1.1. Table-1.1: Details of forest land acquisition

S. No. Range Compartment Area (sqm)

A. Pancheshwar Project

1 Champawat Range 2b 159.367



4 Champawat Range 25a 4349.67








12 Champawat Range Kali Kumaon Range 3308.73

13 Champawat Range Champawat Forest Area 4430373.52

14 Champawat Range NA 3675.37




18 Champawat Range 21c 100254.76












30 Champawat Range West Chira 830004.58




























Sub-Total (A) 15216712.17 Say 1521.67 ha

1 Almora Range Kanarichina Range 897187.7495

2 Almora Range 27a 126709.7297


4 Almora Range 29b 58888.5385





9 Almora Range

10b 362838.6702

10 Almora Range 12b 242648.9959

11 Almora Range 2 21820.9757

12 Almora Range 99 427045.1841

13 Almora Range 3 133084.6409




17 Almora Range Jageshwar Range 1156834.417





22 Almora Range 5c 11938.7449







26 Almora Range 9c 94874.705

27 Almora Range 11b 157565.1013



30 Almora Range 15b 223869.0516


32 Almora Range Jageshwar Range 2076412.216

Sub-Total (B) 8395854.863 839.59 ha

B. Rupaligad Project




4 Champawat Range 5 126745.8326

5 Champawat Range Maurkot 80835.1052

6 Champawat Range East Dungrabanku 41570.8791

Sub-Total (C) 612375.5368

61.23 ha

Total (A+B+C) 24224942.57, say 2422.5 ha

Source: Forest Department

1.3 IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY Key impacts envisaged on terrestrial ecology during project construction and

operation phases are given in the following sections.

1.3.1 Construction Phase

Impacts due to human interferences on flora and fauna

Habitat fragmentation

Clearance of forests

Impacts due to increased accessibility

Impacts due to dust

Imapcst due to noise

Impacts of mining/quarrying for construction materials



1.3.2 Operation Phase

Impacts on flora and fauna due to increased accessibility

Impacts on migratory route

Habitat fragmentation

Modification of animal behaviour

Impacts on avi-fauna due to construction activities

Impacts on avi-fauna due to formation of reservoir

Impact on Trans-boundary Avian Movement

The measures suggested for mitigation of adverse impacts on Indian Side are

described in following sections of this Chapter.

1.4 COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION

On Indian side, the Forest Department of Uttarakhand is responsible for

conservation and Management of forests in the state. The objective of the

compensatory afforestation is to make up for the loss of forest land proposed to be

diverted for construction of Pancheshwar Multi-purpose project. The other

objectives are to combat soil erosion, afforestation and last but not least to

maintain and improve the ecological and environmental balance.

The total land required for the Pancheshwar and Rupaligad projects in India and

Nepal is 14100 ha. This includes 9100 ha in India and 5000 ha in Nepal. About

2422.5 ha of forest land is coming under reservoir submergence area of

Pancheshwar Main dam project and Rupaligad Project on the Indian Side. Orest

land shall not be acquired for other project appurtenences.

The dam construction, clearing of vegetation, movement of earth and rock,

widening of road, stocking of construction materials, erection of temporary labour

sheds and excavation disturb vegetation and forest area.The Indian Forest

Conservation Act (1980) stipulates:

- If non-forest land is not available, compensatory plantation is to be

established on degraded forest lands, which must be twice the forest area

affected or lost.

- If non- forest land is available, compensatory forest are to be raised over an

area equivalent to the forest area affected or lost.



Considering the land to be acquired for Pancheshwar and Dams and other project

appurtenances, the total forest land to be acquired is 2422.5 ha. It is proposed to

afforest double the amount of entire land being acquired for the project including

private land. Thus, a total of 4,845 ha of land needs to be afforested. The

afforestation work is to be done by the Forest Department. Local species lieky to

be submerged in the reservoir or to be acquired shall be preferred for plantation

under compensatory afforestation.

The cost of afforestation on degraded forest land is Rs. 5,814 lakhs. In addition to

above the project proponent will compensate for NPV of the forest to be acquired,

which shall be estimated by the Forest Department at the time of Forestry

Clearance.

1.5 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

As a part of Habitat Improvement Programme, the following measures are

proposed:

Afforestation

Soil stabilization measures & improving water regime,

Sustenance of Livelihoods

Establishment of botanical gardens for conservation and propagation of

RET species.

Anti-poaching measures

1.5.1 Habitat Improvement Programme

Habitat improvement programme is an integral part of biodiversity management.

This programme consists of bringing into useful association of those condition

needed by a species to reproduce and survive. The following activities have been

proposed for habitat improvement programme:

Afforestation: Area under forest and tree cover will be expanded through

systematic planning and implementation of afforestation and rehabilitation

programme in degraded and open forests and available non forest lands.

Regeneration of felled areas will be ensured in a time bound manner and

productivity of plantations will be increased through use of improved seeds and

planting stock. The indigenous fruit bearing plants, vital from wildlife point of view

are proposed to be planted so as to enrich the habitat & ensure the sufficient



availability of food. Monoculture will be discouraged and mixed plantations of

broad-leaved fodder, fuel wood and wild fruit species will be promoted. This

activity will increase forest cover and will provide habitat to the animals.

Afforestation programme in the degraded Forest Compartments is proposed to be

carried out with species suitable for the area and shall be finalized and executed

by the Forest Department. An amount of Rs.1000 lakh is proposed to be

earmarked for this purpose.

Avi-fauna: Forests are vital for the survival, foraging, breeding and nesting of

avifauna. Natural forests provide a variety of food materials to the birds not only in

the form of nectar of flowers, fruits, seeds etc. in the trees, shrubs, herbs and

grasses but they also contain a large number of insects eaten by birds. In the

forests, food is always available for the faunal component. Although most floral

species flower during spring through summer but fruit maturation and seed

ripening takes place in them throughout the year. Therefore, first strategy of

improvement of habitat for birds is avoiding nest predation or brood parasitism

through maintenance of large contiguous forest tract. These areas have the ability

to support the largest number of forest interior birds and will also be more likely to

provide habitat for area sensitive species. It is more practicable to protect the

existing forest area rather than creating new forest area.

Another measure for habitat improvement for avifauna is to be installation of

artificial nest boxes in the influence zone and catchment area of the project after

consultation with the forest department as well as local NGOs. These nest boxes

have been found to be quite beneficial for attracting hole nester birds. The size

and capacity of boxes vary from one species to another.

With the change in nature of landscape, its aquatic and terrestrial vegetation will

change the habits of the aquatic birds. The aquatic culture i.e. both floral and

faunal environments will change to the large extent e.g. in the initial years of the

reservoir water storage. The other measures recommended for improvement of

habitats are:

Fodder and wild fruit plantation for wild animals and for roosting, breeding

and hiding cover for migratory birds etc.

Annual bird count of migratory birds by involving locals and bird experts.

Removal of weeds and rehabilitation with local fruit bearing species in gaps.

Anti-grazing drive in draw down area to protect the bird breeding areas in

proximity to reservoir during breeding season.



Construction of watch towers

An amount of Rs. 604.72 lakh has been earmarked for habitat improvement of avi-

fauna in the study area. The details are given in Table-1.2.

Table-1.2: Cost of habitat improvement for avi-fauna in the study area

S. No. Particulars Amount

(Rs. lakh)

A Non-recurring Cost

1. Cost of nests of different sizes (10”x10” to

20”x20”; average cost Rs. 1500 per wooden

box) and installation in the area along the

green belt (10000 Nos)

150.00

2. Repair and maintenance of the nests 45.00

3. Fodder and wild fruit plantation for wild

animals and for roosting, breeding and hiding

cover for migratory birds etc.

60.00

4. Annual bird count of migratory birds by

involving locals and bird experts.

30.00

5. Removal of weeds and rehabilitation with local

fruit bearing species in gaps.

50.00

6. Construction of watch towers 100.00

Sub-Total (A) 435.00

B Recurring Cost (for 8 years)

1. Salary for two qualified person @ Rs. 40,000

per month for implementation and data

collection including 10% escalation

109.72

2. Contingencies (including avifaunal biodiversity

awareness programme for the local

inhabitants)

60.00

Sub-Total (B) 169.72

Total (A+B) 604.72



Other Measures

The Proponent will instruct the project officials, labor force, consultants and other

stakeholder not to indulge in such activities and abide by the Forest Acts and its

regulation. Special consideration should be given to the migratory bird species in

order to protect their natural habitat. Limiting forest areas to be cleared during

construction period and planting a suitable broadleaves and indigenous trees and

plants for breeding birds to increased the forest areas as well as prohibition of

hunting, fishing, trapping, poisoning, killing of birds is prohibited and effective

application of pollution control measures. However, enforcement of strict regulation

for controlling the hunting, trapping, poaching, poisoning, fishing and pollution will

improve trans-boundary movement of avi fauna.

1.5.2 Establishment of Botanical Gardens

For conservation & propagation of local species, development of Botanical and

Herbal garden shall be done at suitable place in consultation with State Forest

Department. These gardens would function as repositories and would catalyze the

biodiversity conservation, scientific research, education and environmental

awareness in the area.

It is proposed to develop nursery at appropriate location preferably in the Gram

Panchayat. Self help groups formed by women shall be involved for the promotion

of herbal drugs from the kitchen stock and rare medicinal plants.

An amount of Rs. 727.01 lakh has been earmarked for the botanical gardens

including development of nurseries, collection of seeds and plant species, small

laboratory and staff for seven years. The details are given in Table-1.3.

Table-1.3: Cost for establishment of Botanical Gardens


(Rs. lakh)

A Non-recurring Cost

1 Nursery Development 215.00

2 Garden Development 275.00

3 Water Supply & other equipments 100.00

B Recurring Cost (For 8 years)

1 Salary for one Research Scientist person @ Rs. 45.86




(Rs. lakh)

40,000 per month for implementation and data

collection including 10% escalation

2 Salary for three Gardener person @ Rs. 10,000

per month for implementation and data collection

including 10% escalation

41.15

3 Seeds & Plant species 50.00

Total 727.01

1.5.3 Anti-poaching Measures

For the improvement of vigilance and measures to check poaching, number of

measures described below would be undertaken.

During construction phase in and around the main construction areas, i.e. the dam

site, powerhouse site, etc. where construction workers congregate, some

disturbance to the wildlife population may occur. The terrain is hilly & difficult,

therefore, the wildlife protection force adequately equipped with watch towers,

wildlife personnel and other necessary equipment be deployed to prevent

poaching in the area. The measures proposed for wildlife protection are outlined in

the following paragraphs.

Purchase of anti-poaching kits: To capture and translocate wild animals out of

human habitations or agricultural lands, various trapping equipments pertaining to

anti-poaching activities are needed. For this an amount of Rs. 200.0 lakh has been

earmarked. The anti-poaching kits will include equipments for self defense of the

staff as well.

Infrastructure Development: This includes anti-poaching huts, rock shelters

development and residential quarters for forest guards. For effective monitoring,

one watch tower is also proposed to be established at an identified place having

high pressure of biotic interference. The basic amenities for the field staff shall be

provided to enable them to do effective patrolling in the areas. For watch tower

and accommodation an amount of Rs. 300.0 lakh has been earmarked.

Purchase of Survey equipment and Vehicles: In order to improve network and

vigilance it is required to procure communication equipment like walkie talkie, IT

infrastructure to document and develop a database, altimeters, G.P.S., binoculars,



video as well as digital still cameras are essential. Purchase of field vehicle will

help in increased vigilance. For better communication and purchase of survey

equipment, an amount of Rs. 300.0 lakh has been earmarked.

Construction of Check posts: To improve vigilance for anti-poaching, better

protection, enforcement for control grazing practices, control-grazing-cum-anti

poaching check posts are proposed to be constructed. An amount of Rs. 145.0

lakh has been earmarked for this purpose.

Wildlife Protection Force

A team of forest personnel and guards shall be deployed for works under forest &

wildlife protection plan and an amount of Rs. 384.05 lakh has been earmarked for

this purpose.

The details are given as below:

Salary

Guards (24 nos.) @ Rs.8000 per month Rs. 28.80 lakh

One range officer @ Rs.40000 per month Rs. 4.80 lakh

Total cost for one year Rs. 33.60 lakh

Cost for 8 years Rs. 384.05 Lakhs

(Assuming 10% increase per year)

An amount of Rs. 1369.05 lakh has been earmarked for implementation of various

measures as a part of Wildlife Protection Plan. The details are given in Table-1.4.

Table-1.4: Measures for implementation of Wildlife Protection Plan

S. No. Particulars Amount (Rs. lakh)

Non-recurring

1 Anti Poaching Kits 200.0

2 Infrastructure 300.0

3 Survey equipment & vehicle 300.0

4 Check posts 185.0

5 Salary for wildlife protection force 384.05

Total 1369.05



1.5.4 Awareness Programme

Publication of conservation guides and manuals for local biodiversity (flora and

fauna including lower animals, insects and molluscs), posters, pamphlets on the

threatened species will enhance conservation practices and generate awareness

among the locals. The responsible agency for the publication will be PMP Locals

will be provided with awareness and introductory programmes on alien and

invasive species of both flora and fauna. Introductory posters and documents and

brochures on alien and invasive plants and animals will be prepared and

distributed during awareness and introductory training programmes. An amount of

Rs. 100 lakh has been earmarked for this purpose.

1.6 BUDGET

A total provision of Rs. 3801 lakh has been earmarked for biodiversity

conservation. The details are given in Table-1.5.

Table-1.5: Estimated cost of Biodiversity Conservation and Management Plan

implementation

S. No. Particulars Cost

(Rs. Lakhs)

1 Afforestation 1000.00

2 Habitat improvement for avi-fauna 604.72

3 Establishment of Botanical & Herbal

Gardens

727.01

4 Wildlife protection 1369.05

5 Awareness Programme 100.00

Total 3800.78

say Rs. 3801 lakh

CHAPTER-2 FISHERIES CONSERVATION PLAN


Chapter 2: Fisheries Conservation Plan Page 1

CHAPTER-2

FISHERIES CONSERVATION PLAN

2.1 INTRODUCTION

A river valley project may have adverse or beneficial effects on the fish fauna,

depending upon the particular situation and the fish fauna inhabiting the

concerned river. Similarly it has various impacts on the people, the livelihood of

whom depends on the fish. The construction of the dam leads to the fragmentation

of habitat, modification in hydrologic regime and may have adverse effects on

indigenous and migratory fish. On the other hand pondage provides a large

volume of water, which is beneficial with respect to fish culture and can play an

important role in the upliftment of economic growth.

2.1.1 Fisheries Status

A total of 30 species of fishes were recorded in Mahakali and Sarju rivers from all

sources in all seasons. All species belong to 5 families. Cyprinidae is largest family

comprising of 18 species (60% of total species). Tor putitora and Schizothorax

richardsonii are abundant species of Sarju and Mahakali rivers while Labeo dero,

Barilius bendelisis, Puntius ticto, Acanthocobitis botia and Schisturainglisi are

common species of this region (Joshi, 1999).

Out of 30 species, 25 species are included under IUCN’s list, of which 18 species

are categorized as ‘Least Concerned’. Tor putitora (Golden Mahseer) is an

‘endangered’ species while Schizothorax richardsonii (Snow trout) and Schistura

inglisi (Loach) are categorised as ‘vulnerable’ species. The game fishing is

common in Mahakali river, which comprises Tor putitora, Tor tor, Schizothorax

richardsonii and Bagarius bagarius. Game fishing is found in the form of ‘catch-

and-release’, thus no major threats are foreseen on the threatened species.

Schizothorax richardsonii descends in low temperature and use tributaries in

relatively lower reaches for spawning. The main purpose of migration is to cope

with low temperature. Tor putitora and Tor tor are long migratory species and

ascend in pre-monsoon season. In this river system Sarju river and its tributaries

like Eastern Ramganga are probable spawning grounds of Mahseer.



2.1.2 Impacts on Fisheries

Impacts on migratory fish species

The construction of the dams would hinder migration of species especially

Schizothorax sp., Tor torand Tor putitora. These fish species undertakes annual

migration for feeding and breeding. Under this situation poaching activities may

increase in the area. Most of the species will shift to the section of the river where

they find favourable environment for breeding since the dam is 315 m high and

construction of fish ladders is not feasible in the proposed dam. However, it is

proposed that the artificial seed production in hatchery may be adopted which can

be stocked in the river stretches downstream and upstream of the proposed dam.

Impacts on fish fauna due to damming and reservoir formation

There are two types of effect that could be caused on the aquatic flora and fauna

of the water body (Mahakali River) due to damming and reservoir creation. One

could be considered as the negative impact and the second could be a positive

impact. The negative impact is caused by the submersion of the present fish

habitat and the obstruction of migration upstream and down stream movement of

the fishes due to the construction of the dam. Positive impact could be expected

as the damming will create deeper and wider water body which could provide

suitable habitat for both the coldwater as well as warm water fish species and

wider niches for the aquatic biomass that could help aquatic bio-diversity as well

as could provide more opportunities for improving the economy of the local

community and improve the social environment of the locality.

Obstruction in fish migration

The habitat of fishes like Asla and Mahaseer could exist up stream of the main

river Mahakali and its major tributaries. Asla (Schizothorax sp.) may be limited

around the confluence areas of its tributaries and along the periphery of the

reservoir/s at shallow water regions because, Asla feed on the plankton and

macro-organisms attached to the substrates like pebbles and boulders of the river

bottom at shallower area.

It has been reported that large fishes like Gaunch (Bagarius spp.) and Sahar (Tor

sp.) are vanishing from upstream of the dam of Kali Gandaki Hydro Project after

the implementation of the project (Kantipur National Daily, 2006). The breeding



habitat of Gaunch (Bagarius spp.) are likely to be observed downstream of the

dam. The migration of these fishes will be obstructed by the dam. However, they

are expected to remain in the Mahakali River up and down stream of Pacheswar

area as they were not found to be affected by Sarada Barrage and Tanakpur

Barrage so far and these fishes were found upstream of Pancheshwar dam area in

summer and winter).

However, for warm water fishes like Labeo sp., Barilius sp., Bagarius sp. etc. it

may possibly be affected by the barrier effect of the dam as the water temperature

does not go above 18ocelsius upstream of the high dam during winter. These

fishes were rarely found during winter upstream area of Pancheshwar dam site.

They could have migrated upstream during summer time when the water

temperature reached to or over 20o celsius in summer.

Impacts due to change in Water Quality

The water temperature of the reservoir, created by the high dam at Pancheshwar,

should increase by the absorption of more solar heat by its increased water

surface area which should help providing suitable habitat for warm water fish

species, residing down stream of the dam. The expansion of water surface area

and rise in water temperature is not only expected to improve in the fish bio-

diversity by accommodating more fish species up stream of the dam but also

should help increase fish production to many folds due to increase in water surface

area as well as increase its productivity due to the accumulation of organic

nutrients drained into the reservoir from its watershed area.

The mitigation measures for amelioration of adverse impacts are given in the

following sections.

2.2 RELEASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS

The month-wise average inflows at Pancheshwar Main Dam and Rupaligad

Reregulating Dam for 90% dependable year (1998-99) are given in Table-2.1.



Table-2.1: Inflows and outflows at Pancheshwar MPP (for 90% Dependable Year)

Month Pancheshwar Dam Rupaligad Dam

Inflows

(cumec)

Average

Outflows

(cumec)

Peak

Outflows

for hours

in Col (5)

(cumec)

Hours of

Peak

Outflow

Free CA

Inflows

(cumec)

Continuous

Outflows

over 24 Hrs

(cumec)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

July 909 978 1876 12.51 65 1043

August 1045 385 2039 4.54 56 441

September 1487 447 2174 4.93 91 538

October 396 334 2092 3.84 25 360

November 185 335 2098 3.84 0 335

December 161 340 2130 3.84 0 340

January 131 347 2171 3.84 16 363

February 115 355 2222 3.84 7 362

March 108 365 2215 3.95 5 369

April 115 376 2113 4.28 19 396

May 295 387 2029 4.57 37 424

June 622 382 2065 4.44 55 437

Source: DPR

The Pancheshwar multipurpose project envisages re-regulating pond of Rupaligad

dam as an integral part of the Project. Hence, the concept of Environmental Flows

is applicable only at the Rupaligad site. River Mahakali would always carry

discharge downstream of Rupaligad site round the clock and throughout the year.

This aspect is clearly highlighted in the “Mahakali Treaty”, which was signed on

February 12, 1996 between His Majesty’s Government of Nepal and the

Government of India. Various principles are enshrined in the Treaty, on which

the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project is to be designed and implemented,. The

key principle concerning the Integrated Developmnet is given as under:

“The P roject shall be implemented as an integrated project

including power stations of equal capacity on each side of the

Mahakali River and the total energy generated shall be shared

equally between the Parties”



This issue was considered in detail in the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) for

River Valley and hydroelectric projects of Ministry of Environment, Forest and

Climate Change (MOEFCC) in their 83rd and 93rd meetings held on 23.04.2015 to

24.04.2015 and 02.05.2016 respectively. The EAC agreed to the fact that

Rupaligad dam is an integral part of the Pancheshwar Project In the minutes of

the above referred EAC meetings it is clearly mentioned that:

“A reregulating dam at Rupaligad 25 km downstream is proposed to even out

powerhouse releases into continuous river flows an irrigation demands

downstream”.

The recommended Environmental Flows to be released are as follows:

Monsoon Season- May to September - 30% of the average flows during

90 % dependable year.

Non-monsoon Non lean Season- October & April - 25% of the average

flows during 90% dependable year.

Lean Season- November to March - 20% of the average flows during 90%

dependable year.

The summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in monsoon season, non-monsoon

non-lean and lean seasons is given in Table-2.2 to 2.4 respectively and

summarized in Table-2.5.

Table-2.2: Summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in monsoon season

Month Rupaligad Dam Percentage of flow

as Environmental

Release (%)

Recommended

Environmental

Release (%)

Inflows Releases

June 677 437 64.5 30

July 974 1043 107.1 30

August 1101 441 40.1 30

September 1578 538 34.1 30

Average 1217.7 674 55.4 30



Table-2.3: Summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in non-monsoon non-lean

season


as Environmental

Release (%)

Recommended

Environmental

Release (%)

Inflows Releases

October 421 360 85.5 25

May 332 424 127.7 25

Average 376.5 392 106.6 25

Table-2.4: Summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in lean season


as Environmental

Release (%)

Recommended

Environmental

Release (%)

Inflows Releases

November 185 335 181.1 20

December 161 340 211.2 20

January 147 363 246.9 20

February 122 362 296.7 20

March 113 369 326.5 20

April 134 396 295.5 20

Average 143.7 360.8 251.2 20

Table-2.5: Summary of releases from Rupaligad dam in various seasons


as Environmental

Release (%)

Recommended

Environmental

Release (%)

Inflows Releases

Monsoon season 1217.7 674 55.4 30

Non-monsoon

non-lean season 376.5 392 106.6 25

Lean season 143.7 360.8 251.2 20

2.3 SUSTENANCE OF MIGRATORY FISH SPECIES

Since, migratory fish species are observed in the project area, scientific

management of the existing stock needs be adopted. It is proposed to implement

reservoir and supplementary stocking programmes for the project. It is proposed to

stock the following:

Reservoir of Pancheswar Main Dam

10 km upstream of reservoir periphery of river Mahakali and its tributaries

River Mahakali, 10 km downstream of Rupaligad Dam



The rate of stocking is proposed as 100 fingerlings of about 30 mm size per km.

For reservoir area, stocking shall be 1000 fingerlings/ha of 30 mm size. The

migratory fish species namely, Mahaseer and snow trout can be stocked. The

stocking can be done annually by the Fisheries Department, State Government of

Uttarakhand. To achieve this objective, facilities to produce seeds of Mahaseer

and snow trout would be created at suitable sites. The site would be identified in

consultation with Fisheries Department, State Government of Uttarakhand. The

reservoir and river stocking shall cover both Indian and Nepal side.

The total cost for development of one fish seed farm is Rs. 650 lakh. The details

are given in Table-2.6. Since, separate farms are to be developed for mahaseer,

snow trout and Indian Major Carps, an amount Rs.1950 lakh are proposed to be

earmarked.

Table-2.6: Component wise cost for development of fish seed farm

S. No. Particulars Quantity Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs. lakh)

A. Capital cost (Non-recurring expenditure)

1. Hatchery (20 troughs and 80 trays) 1 Lump sum 80.00

2. Nursery ponds (3.0mx0.75mx0.5m)

9 30,000 2.70

3. Rearing ponds (10mx1.50mx0.5m)

9 1,50,000 13.50

4. Stocking ponds (30m x 6.0m x 1.5m)

2 1,500,000 30.00

5. Office, store, hut with infrastructure 4 2,50,000 10.00

6. Laboratory 1 2,00,000 2.00

7. Water supply (lump sum) - - 5.00

8. Other project cost (Drag nets, wide mouth earthen pots, miniature hapa, buckets, bamboo poles etc.) (lump sum)

- - 2.00

Total (A) 145.20

B. Working Capital /year (Recurring expenditure)

1. Salaries

i) Farm Manager (one) @ 25000/month

6.0

ii) Farm Assistants (one) @ Rs. 15000/ month

3.60

iii) Farm Attendants (one) @ Rs.10000/ month

2.40

iv) Chowkidars (one) @ Rs. 10000/ 1.20



S. No. Particulars Quantity Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs. lakh)

month

2. Fish food (rice bran, oil cake, etc.) Lumpsum

2.0

3. Brooders 200 kg 150 0.60

4. Ponds manuring

i) Cow dung 20 tons 200/tons 0.04

ii) Urea 100 kg 10/kg 0.01

iii) Potash, phosphate 100 kg 100/kg 0.01

5. Lime 300 kg 10/kg 0.03

6. Training and Research Lump sum 15.00

7. Chemical Lump sum 5.00

8. Maintenance Lump sum 5.00

9. Travel Lump sum 5.00

10 Miscellaneous Lump sum 12.00

TOTAL (B) Total recurring expenditure for eight years including 10% escalation (B)

504.32

Grand Total (A+B) 649.52, say Rs. 650 lakh

CHAPTER-3 PUBLIC HEALTH DELIVERY SYSTEM


Chapter 3: Public Health Delivery System Page 1

CHAPTER-3

PUBLIC HEALTH DELIVERY SYSTEM

3.1 GENERAL

The creation of a huge and an artificial water body will certainly change the micro-

climate of the surrounding area, particularly raising the humidity levels. These

changes are likely to reflect in creating conditions for human diseases directly and

indirectly. Direct causes include water-borne diseases, while indirect causes

include breeding grounds for carriers and vectors.

About 8500 labourers and technical staff with a total increase in population by

22,500 will aggregate in the project area during construction phase. The labourers

would live in dormitories provided by the Contractor where proper sanitary facilities

are to be provided as per contract agreement. However, some of the labourers

coming from outside the project area could be carrier of certain diseases therefore

proper screening of labour population will be done by the contractor.

Inadequate facilities in labour camps

Labour camps without adequate facilities for potable water supply and sewage

treatment could lead to outbreak of epidemics of water-borne diseases. Adequate

measures for supply of potable water and sewage treatment need to be

implemented.

Water pollution and water borne diseases

Poor and unhygienic drinking water supply condition could be the cause for

incidence of water borne diseases particularly in camp sites and in adjoining

areas. Communities located in direct impact zone as well as indirect impact zone

could be severely affected from such epidemics. Similarly, other infections such as

cold cough, pneumonia, skin diseases and infections could occur due to the water

pollution during the construction phase. Chapter-4 of EMP Volume outlines

measures to control water pollution due to labour camps.

Air pollution

Dusts, particulate matters and smoke generated during the time of construction in

project construction sites could increases chances of respiratory diseases and



dust allergies. Project staffs and labor workers could be affected from the air

pollution during the construction of high dam and other relevant engineering

structures during the time of construction period. Dust particles ranging from 1-10

microns could spread air borne infections. Diseases related to dusts and smoke

such as asthma, bronchitis, eye irritation, throat and nose irritations etc. could

prevail into the communities situated at the direct impact zones during the time of

construction. Chapter- 9 of this report outlines measures to control air pollution

during various construction activities.

Noise Pollution

Moving of heavy vehicles from one part to other around project site, use of

excavator/ crane work force and blasting activities will create a noisy environment

for the total community resides in the project site. These activities will produce not

only the annoyance but also will cause ill health. The noise of blasting and

crouching will create a long lasting effect. The effect of noise exposure will have

either Auditory or Non-Auditory or both. In the Auditory effect there will be auditory

fatigue, deafness and will cause hearing loss. In the Non-Auditory effect there will

be interference with speech, annoyance reduction in the efficiency of work and

other psychological, physiological changes occur. In addition to this rise in blood

pressure and increase of breathing and sweating will occur. Chapter-10 outlines

measures to mitigate noise emanating from main project construction related

activities.

Solid Waste Management

Solid waste could be the major impacts upon the community and human resources

at the project construction and facility sites. In appropriate and unsustainable

disposal and direct disposal as well as open defecation by the project staffs and

labor workers at the project site could enhances the possibilities of emergence of

various diseases. Open defecation of human excreta both feces and urine at the

project site could enhances the possibility of emergence of water borne diseases

as well. Diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid etc. could have

substantial affect upon human health of the project staffs as well as upon the

population at the community level.Chapter-4 outlines measures for solid waste

management in labour camps



3.2 MOSQUITO CONTROL MEASURES

3.2.1 Reservoir Operation

The Reservoir basin should be cleared and prepared prior to filling for removing

unwanted materials in the reservoir, which may lead to unhealthy condition giving

rise to breeding ground to mosquito. It involves removal of trees, undergrowth, etc.

and clearance of shoreline subjected to erosion to the extent to which the wave

action is anticipated. It also involves clearance of mats of logs and other floating

debris, so that it does not provide mosquito-breeding sites.

3.2.2 Residential Colonies for the Workers

The site selected for habitation of workers should be properly planned and should not

be in the path of natural drainage. Adequate drainage system to dispose storm water

drainage and sewage water from labour colonies shall be provided.

Strict procedures will be followed in importing labour force from outside the state.

Quarantine measures will be adopted and any possibility of importing any

communicable diseases would be eliminated by keeping close vigil on the potential

carriers. A thorough medical screening of the labour population migrating in the

area will be conducted.

3.2.3 Other Measures

The project authorities would ensure that all preventive measures and norms are

strictly enforced to avoid outbreak of any such eventuality. Surface sprays on the

reservoir waters to eliminate breeding of disease bearing insects, like mosquitoes,

etc. will be made from time to time. These sprays will be intensified particularly

during monsoon season.

- Adequate vaccination and immunization facilities shall be provided for

workers at the construction site.

- Labour camps and resettlement sites shall be at least 2 to 3 km away from

a main water body or quarry areas.

3.3 DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL FACILITIES

Labour colonies will be developed for the construction work. It is estimated that a



population of about 22,600 is likely to congregate during construction phase. The

labour population will be concentrated at two or three sites. It is proposed to

establish one Dispensary shall be developed at a site, which is easily accessible

from the three labour colonies.

The details of manpower, infrastructure requirement for this dispensary are given

as below:

3.3.1 Manpower

3 Doctors of having M.B.B.S./M.D qualification can be employed in the dispensary

and it is advisable that the doctors reside in the staff quarters adjacent to the

dispensary. The Para-medical staff required for assistance to these doctors is

given in Table-3.1.

Table-3.1: Details of Para-medical staff for Dispensary

Para medical staff Numbers

Auxiliary Nurses 6

Male Multipurpose Health workers 3

Attendants 3

Driver 3

Total 15

In addition to above, one dresser and health assistant shall also be posted at each

first-aid post.

3.3.2 Proposed Health Facilities at Construction sites and labour camp

It is possible that during the construction work, the technical staff operating

different equipment is not only exposed to the physical strain of work but also to

the physical effects of the environment in which they are working. The workers and

other technical staff may come up with common manifestations such as insect

bites, fever, diarrhoea, work exhaustion and other diseases, which they are

suffering. In addition they may invariably come up with injuries caused by

accidents at work site. Under all circumstances, workers need immediate medical

care.

At least three first-aid posts are to be provided at each of the major construction

sites, so that workers are immediately attended to in case of an injury or accident.



The first-aid post will have at least the following facilities:

- First aid box with essential medicines including ORS packets

- First aid appliances-splints and dressing materials

- Stretcher, wheel chair, etc.

The first aid post can be housed in temporarily erected structure and should be

managed by one Health Assistant and assisted by one dresser/first aid attendant.

Doctors from the dispensary can attend First Aid post regularly every day at a fixed

time. Communication to establish link between the dispensary and then first-aid

post, so as to enable doctors from dispensary to reach the work site in case of an

emergency shall be developed. The first-aid post shall have facilities such as

firefighting equipment; telephone connection, one vehicle or ambulance van for

effective functioning.

3.4 SURVEILLANCE

In water resources schemes it is imperative to develop a proper surveillance

system. If facilities for diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases are available,

then the data obtained should be reported systematically and reviewed at higher

levels, where operational decisions on specific interventions can be made. The

systematic surveillance may be followed as per the following:

3.4.1 Malaria control activities

One of the doctors may be designated as “Medical Officer for Malaria” and will be

permanently posted at the dispensary. It is suggested that the anti-malarial

campaign be carried out under his immediate personal supervision. A systematic

campaign should be conducted amongst the labour population in the months of

March and September, which are the breeding months of mosquito. Surveillance

for malaria is very important as during construction phase, stagnant pools for

water, wastewater, etc. are created which can lead to greater incidence of malaria.

One male multi-purpose health worker along with one attendant will visit the labour

camps and surrounding areas once a fortnight and will inquire:

- Whether there is a case of fever in the house

- Whether there was a case of fever in the house between his previous visit

and the present visit.

If the answer to either of these two questions is 'yes' then the health worker will



collect a blood sample and give a single dose of chloroquine (600 mg for adults

and proportionate dose for others) as a presumptive treatment. The blood sample

is then sent to laboratory at the dispensary for testing. If the test is positive then

infected person is administered a course of Radical Treatment.

There shall be regular fumigation and sprays of insecticides in the areas where

water is likely to be stagnant, to prevent the growth of malarial larvae. Expert

opinion may be sought by project authority before selecting the appropriate

insecticide for malaria control. The frequency of monitoring could be decided once

the insecticide is selected. For this purpose a special van may be arranged.

3.4.2 Vaccination and Health Check-up Camps

Regular health check-up will be held at the construction sites for the labourers in

order to assess general health conditions and any other communicable diseases.

Vaccination camps also will be held for the labourers as well as their family

members in the labour colonies. A provision for adequate quantity of medicine

distribution also will be kept for the requirement of the labourers. Sufficient stock of

medicines also will be ensured for meeting the requirement in case of epidemic

situation.

3.4.3 Health Extension Activities

The health care activities proposed in the plan shall also be extended to the PAPs

and the locals residing in project area. It is important to inculcate hygienic habits of

environmental sanitation especially with respect to water pollution by domestic

wastes. There would be possibility of the transmission of communicable diseases

due to migration of labour population from other areas at the construction site.

The doctors from dispensary will make regular visits to these villages and organize

health promotional activities with the active participation of the local village

leaders, NGOs and available local health functionaries. The health functionaries

would undertake the following tasks as a part of health promotional activities:

- Collect water samples to ascertain the potability of water from different

sources so as to monitor regular disinfections of drinking water sources.

- Surveillance of incidence of communicable diseases in these villages.

- Maintain close liaison with the community leaders and health functionaries

of different departments, so that they can be mobilized in case of an



emergency.

3.4.4 Control of Vector-borne diseases

The following actions need to be taken:

- All the private doctors in the area to be provided chloroquin tablets and

arrangements for collection of blood samples.

- Few of the Primary Heath Centres to have Static Malaria Laboratory.

- Regular check up, surveillance and immunization of mobile populations.

Reduce exposure to mosquitoes

Encourage prevention of mosquito-borne disease by helping people by reducing

their exposure to mosquitoes during the day and at night. Work with the malaria

control programme in the project area to:

popularize the use of bed net programme

conduct community education on the proper use of bed nets and how to

avoid dawn-to dusk mosquito bites.

regular spray of insecticides.

implementation of various management measures for vector control

(drainage, filling, of breeding, sites) as outlined in the earlier section.

Vector control is still one of the major measures to control malaria in endemic

area. The following measures are recommended:

Residual spraying with insecticides.

Space application of insecticides in the form of a fog or mist. The method

has proved economical due to ultra-low volume dispersion of pesticides in

air.

Prevention of man-vector contact by use of repellents, protective clothing,

bed nets, etc.

Use of larvicides at regular intervals.

Reduction of mosquitoes breeding sites by drainage or filling, deepening or

flushing, management of water level, intermittent irrigation, etc.

Introduction of fish species in permanent water bodies which feed on

mosquito larvae.



3.5 COST ESTIMATES

Cost Estimates

The costs estimated as below are tentative in nature and indicate the order of

expenditure likely to accrue.

A. Expenditure on salaries

Dispensary

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Post Number Monthly emoluments (Rs.) Annual expenditure (Rs.) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Doctors 3 120,000 43,20,000 Nurse 6 40,000 8,80,000

Male Multipurpose 3 40,000 14,40,000

Health workers

Attendants 6 20,000 14,40,000

Dressers

Drivers 3 20,000 720,000

Total 1,08,00,000

B. Expenditure on Material and Supplies (Non-Recurring)

First-Aid Posts

3 Vehicles (Closed Jeep)@ Rs 20 lakh/vehicle Rs. 60,00,000

Furniture, etc. Rs. 20,00,000 Equipment in Dispensary Rs.10,00,00,000 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total Rs. 10,80,00,000

Recurring Malaria control-dosage of chloroquine, spray for mosquito Rs. 60,00,000 control, blood testing, contingencies etc.@ Rs.500,000/month --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total Rs. 60,00,000/yr --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Infrastructure

An amount of Rs. 3 crore has been earmarked for development of dispensary. An

amount of Rs.15.0 lakh is also proposed to be earmarked for construction of first

aid at major construction sites.



The total expenditure for implementation of various public health measures shall

be about Rs 26.29 crore. The details are given as below:

A. Recurring Expenditure

Expenditure on salaries : Rs. 1,08,00,000/yr

* Expenditure on materials & supplies : Rs. 60,00,000/yr

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total Rs. 168,00,000/yr

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total Expenditure for 8 years : Rs.1234.4 lakh

(construction period ) Sub-Total (A)

B. Non-Recurring Expenditure

* Construction of Dispensary : Rs. 300.0 lakh

* Construction of First aid posts : Rs. 15.0 lakh

* Expenditure on materials & supplies : Rs. 80.0 lakh

* Expenditure on Equipment & Dispensary : Rs. 1000 lakh

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sub-Total (B) Rs. 1395.0 lakh

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL (A+B) Rs. 2629.4 lakh

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.6 DISPOSAL OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE

Dispensaries use a variety of drugs including antibiotics, cytotoxics, corrosive

chemicals etc. a part of which is generated as a solid waste. With greater

emphasis on disposables, the quantum of solid waste generated in a hospital is

quite high. As per the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998,

the bio-medical waste has been classified into various categories which are

outlined in Table-3.2.

Table-3.2: Categories of bio-medical waste as per the Bio-Medical Waste

(Management and Handling) Rules 1998

Waste Category No. Waste category type

Category No. 1 Human Anatonical Waste Human tissues, organs, body parts

Category No. 2 Animal Waste




Animal tissues, organs, body parts, carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid, blood and experimental animals used in research, waste generated by veterinary hospitals, colleges, discharge from hospitals, animal houses

Category No. 3 Micro-biology and Biotechnology wastes Wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks or specimens of micro-organisms, live or attenuated vaccines, human and animal cell culture used in research and infections agents from research and industrial laboratories, wastes from production of biologicals, toxins, dishes and devices used for transfer of cultures

Category No. 4 Waste sharps Needles syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc. that may cause punctures and cuts, including both used and unused drugs

Category No. 5 Discarded medicines and cytotoxic drugs Wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated and discarded medicines

Category No. 6 Soil Waste Items contaminated with blood and body fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts, lines bleedings other material contaminated with blood.

Category No. 7 Solid Waste Wastes generated from disposable items other than the waste sharps, such as tubings, catheters, intravenous sets, etc.

Category No. 8 Liquid waste Waste generated from laboratory and washing, cleaning, house keeping and disinfecting activities

Category No. 9 Incineration Ash Ash from incineration of any bio-medical waste

Category No. 10 Chemical Waste Chemicals used in production of biologicals, chemicals used in disinfection, as insecticides, etc.

Out of the categories listed in Table-3.2, the bio-medical waste categories to be to

be generated in the dispensary proposed to be developed as a part of the project

are given in Table-3.3.

Table-3.3: Categories of bio-medical waste to be generated in the dispensary

proposed to be developed as a part of the project


Category No. 1 Human Anatonical Waste Human tissues, organs, body parts




Category No. 4 Waste sharps Needles syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc. that may cause punctures and cuts, including both used and unused drugs

Category No. 5 Discarded medicines and cytotoxic drugs Wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated and discarded medicines

Category No. 7 Solid Waste Wastes generated from disposable items other than the waste sharps, such as tubings, catheters, intravenous sets, etc.

Category No. 8 Liquid waste Waste generated from laboratory and washing, cleaning, house keeping and disinfecting activities

Category No. 10 Chemical Waste Chemicals used in production of biologicals, chemicals used in disinfection, as insecticides, etc.

The bio-medical waste must be segregated in accordance to the guidelines laid

under Schedule-I of Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) rules notified

by Ministry of Environment and Forests. The proposed colour coding and container

for disposal are given in Table-3.4.

Table-3.4: Colour coding and type of container for disposal of Bio-medical waste

Colour coding Type of container Waste category

Yellow Plastic bag Category 1and category 6

Red Disinfected container/

plastic bag

Category 6 and category 7

Blue/white

transparent

Plastic bag/ puncture

proof container

Category 4 and category 7

Black Plastic bag Category 5, category 9 and

category 10 (solid)

The treatment measures recommended for various categories of waste is outlined

in Table-3.5.

Table-3.5: Recommended treatment measures of various categories of waste

Waste type Recommended treatment

Category No. 1 – Human Anatomical wastes

Incineration

Category No. 4 – Waste sharps Secured landfill



Waste type Recommended treatment

Category No. 5 – Discarded medicines and lytotoxic drugs

Secured landfill

Category No. 7 Solid Waste Incineration

Category No. 8 – Liquid waste Treatment through an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)

Category No. 10 – Chemical waste Secured land fill

It is proposed to treat the effluent generated from the dispensary in an Effluent

Treatment Plant (ETP) prior to its disposal. The ETP shall comprise of the

following units:

Screen

Grit chamber

Equalization tank

Neutralization tank

Clari-floculator

Activated carbon filter.

Ozonator

Guard pond

An amount of Rs.300.0 lakh has been earmarked for commissioning of the

following:

Incineration

Secured landfill

Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)

3.7 BUDGET FOR PUBLIC HEATH DELIVERY SYSTEM

The total budget earmarked for Public Health delivery system shall be Rs.29.29

crore. The details are given as below:

Public Health Delivery System : Rs. 2629.4 lakh

Disposal of Bio-medical waste : Rs. 300.0 lakh

Total : Rs. 2929.4 lakh or Rs. 29.29 crore

CHAPTER-4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN

LABOUR CAMPS


Chapter 4: Environmental Management in Labour Camps Page 1

CHAPTER-4

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN LABOUR CAMPS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The aggregation of large number of workers in the project area during the

construction phase is likely to put considerable stress on the prevailing biotic and

abiotic environment of the area. The aim of the EMP is to minimize these stresses.

The construction activities are likely to be concentrated at various locations along

the canal alignment.

4.2 IMPACTS DUE TO CONGREGATION OF POPULATION

The total construction time will be 8 years. The expected maximum personnel

requirement for the employer and the contractor has been estimated in the order of

500 and 8,000 respectively. However, with the advent of mechanised construction,

the number of maximum personnel requirement for the employer and contractor

has been estimated to be of the order of 500 and 8,000 respectively. Thus, the

peak aggregation of labour and technical staff will be 8500. The immigration of

such a large population will also induce secondary migration in the area to cater to

the various requirements of the project construction staff. These will include

persons to manage shops of various types, transportation, etc.

Assuming that 80% of the total labour force (8,500) are married and in 80% cases

of the married families both husband and wife will work, the total persons expected

to emigrate into the area are around 22,600. This sudden increase of such a large

population will definitely lead to adverse impacts on the ecosystem of the area.

The domestic water requirement of the immigrant population will be of the order of

1.58 mld of which about 1.26 mld will be generated as sewage. The BOD load will

be of the order of 1017 kg/day. It is recommended to treat the sewage from labour

camps prior to disposal.

The labour colony will be located at Dam site, powerhouse and adit sites. During

construction phase, about 800 labour and 500 technical staff is likely to

congregate. The increase in population is expected to be of the order of 22,500.

The solid waste likely to be generated from labour camps shall be of the order of

4.73 tonnes/day.



Various measures to control pollution due to labour camps are delineated in the

following sections. The measures recommended for labour camps on Indian side

shall be implemented for labour camps on Nepalese side as well.

4.3 DEVELOPMENT OF LABOUR CAMPS

The aggregation of large number of workers in the project area during the

construction phase is likely to put considerable stress on the prevailing biotic and

abiotic environment of the area. The aim of the EMP is to minimize these stresses.

The construction activities are likely to be concentrated at various locations along

the canal alignment.

It has been observed during construction phase of many of the earlier water

resources projects, that workers generally live in slum type conditions, with

inadequate facilities for potable water and sanitation. Such conditions, coupled

with lack of hygiene make the labour population prone to increased incidence of

various water-borne and vector-borne diseases. It is proposed that it should be

made mandatory for the contractor involved in the construction activities to provide

adequate facilities for water supply and sanitation. It is recommended that the

contractor provides living units of 30-40 m2 to each of the labour family involved in

the construction activities. The unit should have proper ventilation. An amount of

Rs. 3120 lakh has been earmarked for purchase of land for construction of labour

camps.

4.4 PROVISION OF HEATING

The contractor can make a block of two large rooms in which about 30-40 workers

can stay. Community toilets for each block can be constructed close by.

4.5 PROVISION OF WATER SUPPLY

The water for drinking purpose is collected from the rivers or streams flowing

upstream of the labour camps. The water is stored in tanks and supplied for use.

The water quality in general is good and does not require any elaborate treatment.

However, it is proposed to disinfect the water prior to distribution. The settlements/

labour camps shall be located at a distance from the drinking water sources, so

that the sewage generated from these labour camps, does not affect the water

quality.



4.6 SANITATION AND SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES

One community toilet can be provided per 20 persons. The sewage from the

community latrines can be treated in a sewage treatment plant (STP) comprising

of aerated lagoon and secondary settling tank. Each labour camp can be provided

with a STP. The treated effluent shall be disposed off in nearest water body.

However, efforts shall be made to ensure, that treated effluent is disposed only in

these water bodies, which are not used for meeting domestic water requirements.

The total construction time for the project is about 8 years. At peak construction

phase, there will be an increase in population up to 22500. To ensure that the

sewage from the labour camps do not pollute the river water, it has been estimated

that about 560 community latrines and a sewage treatment plant shall be

constructed for treatment. The total cost required will be Rs. 2060 lakhs (refer Table-

4/1).

Table- 4.1: Cost Estimate for sanitary facilities for labour camps

S. No. Unit Rate (Rs./unit) Number Cost

(Rs. lakh)

1. Community toilets 100,000 1120 1120.0

2. Sewage Treatment Plant - 940.0

Total 2060.0

4.7 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The labour colony will be located at Dam site, powerhouse and adit sites. During

construction phase, about 800 labour and 500 technical staff is likely to

congregate. The increase in population is expected to be of the order of 22,500.

The solid waste likely to be generated from labour camps shall be of the order of

4.73 tonnes/ day.

Adequate facilities for collection, conveyance and disposal of solid waste will be

developed. The solid waste will be disposed at the designated landfill sites.

The landfill shall have impervious clay at the bottom most layer. The second layer

shall be impervious liner (Geo-membrane), third layer will be of sand, after that

well compacted solid waste is to be put over the sand, then again a layer of clay,

finally a layer of soil. Vegetation shall be grown on the top most layers. It will give a

good aesthetic view of landfill.



Various aspects of solid waste management include:

Reuse/Recycling

Refuse storage

Collection and Transportation

Disposal

Reuse/Recycling

In order to reduce quantum of waste generated, project will reuse significant

quantity of Muck (generated due to excavations) for backfilling, form work (in civil

work) wherever possible and will also reuse the packing materials received with

packages etc.

Project proponent will explore opportunity to recycle the waste generated at the

project site. In this context project will identify authorized vendors and send used

batteries, used oil, and used oil filters for recycling.

Bio- degradable waste will be disposed by composting and the manure generated

will be given to local community for cultivating vegetables and flowers.

Refuse storage

In the proposed project, labour camps are proposed to be located near Hawai. The

labour colony shall have provisions to separately store the degradable and non-

degradable solid waste.

Two different coloured bins shall be supplied to each labour family, who will

segregate the waste generated by their family. Green and Biodegradable waste is

to be deposited in one container and non-biodegradable waste in another

container. In case of canteens, kitchens also, two different coloured dust-bins

suitable to deposit the Biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste generated in

their unit shall be provided. A sustained awareness programme will be conducted

to educate workers about the segregation of degradable and bio-degradable

wastes.

Collection of house-hold Waste

Every day the trolleys will collect the waste at the door of each unit of labour camp

and colonies. The trolleys will be provided with two compartments for depositing



segregated waste separately. Each worker will be allotted at a fixed area. The

collection will be on regular pre-informed timings and the arrival will be informed

through blowing a whistle/horn. The solid waste so collected shall be disposed at

a common storage point. Two trucks will be commissioned to collect the solid

waste and dispose the same at sites designated for disposal of solid waste.

Segregation of waste

The awareness programmes shall be organized for waste segregation. Residents

of labour camps shall be apprised of the benefits of waste segregation. Regular

meeting shall be conducted with representative of residents of colonies where

good upkeep shall be recognized & rewarded.

Disposal

Degradable component

The degradable portion of the solid waste would be disposed off by composting.

The degradable portion is taken as about 38.9%. Thus, (0.389*4.73) about 1.84

t/day of degradable portion of solid waste will be generated. In composting the

process takes around 60 days to mature. Keeping, a margin of 30 days total

capacity of pits has been provided as (3.1x90 = 279 m3). Thus the total capacity of

pits required would be 280 cu m.

A pit of 2m x 1.5m x 1.3m deep (0.3 m freeboard) size can take 3.0 cu m of

compostable waste. Thus the no. of pits required shall be about 95. The total area

will be almost three times the pit area as some area in between pits will be

required for transportation and stacking of waste. Hence, total area required will be

855 m2. The pits will be covered with GI sheets. Additional 300 sq.m shall be kept

for storage for compost plus screening and other activities.

The pits to be constructed will have around 25 cm of bottom lining consisting of

about 5 cm thick stone grit over which 15 cm thick coarse sand followed by 15 cm

thick earth lining will be done. The refuse along with animal dung will have to be

laid in layers of 5 to 10 cm thickness. The pit will be then watered on alternate

days. Thereafter waste is laid in 5 to 10 cm thick layers twice in a week till the

whole pit is filled up. Every week the waste will need to be turned up and water will

have to be sprinkled every day to keep adequate moisture. The process will take

around 60 days where after the composted waste from the pit is taken out and



after drying it is screened with screens having 2 mm dia holes. The screened

compost would be filled in plastic bags and used as good manure especially for

cultivation of vegetables and flowers.

Non-Degradable component

The non- degradable portion (about 0.384 t/day) such as plastic bottles, cans, etc.

shall be segregated and disposed off at separate sites identified by the district

administration.

The details of landfill site are given as below:

Waste Generation 2.89 tonnes per day

Design Life 8 years (construction phase)

Total Waste Generation in 8 Years 8440 tonnes

Length 70 m

Width 40m

Depth of fill 5 m

A provision of 15% of the total area, for accommodating infrastructure facilities

will be included while working out requirement of space. The liner system will

comprise of the following layers below the waste:

0.30 m thick drainage layer comprising of coarse sand or gravel

(stone dust with no fines)

0.2m thick protective layer of sandy silt

1.50mm thick HDPE geo-membrane

1.0 m thick clay layer/amended soil layer, amended soil layer

comprising of local soil + bentonite is to be provided).

The total cost required for solid waste management is estimated as Rs.1258.64

lakh. The details are given in Table-4.2.

Table-4.2: Cost required for solid waste management

S. No. Item Cost (Rs. lakh)

1. Cost of land 100.0

2 Reclamation and stabilization cost of 500.0



S. No. Item Cost (Rs. lakh)

landfill and composting sites

3 Four covered trucks for conveyance of

solid waste to landfill site @ Rs. 4 0 lakh

per truck

160.0

4. Manpower cost for 40 persons @ Rs.

10000/ month for 8 years including 10%

escalation/year

548.64

5. Awareness programme 20.0

6. Water facility and Toilet facility 25.0

7. Tools and Implements 26.0

8. Yard lighting maintenance store room

lighting, Monitoring station

20.0

9. Periodical Training and Medical Checkup

of labour involved solid waste

management

30.0

Total 1369.64, say Rs.

1370 lakh

4.8 PROVISION OF FREE FUEL

As a part of EMP, following measures are proposed:

- Make a clause mandatory in the contract of every contractor involved in

project construction to provide supply of fuel to their labourers, so that trees

are not cut for meeting their fuel demands.

- Establish LPG godown within the project area for providing LPG cylinder to

run community kitchens.

-

The project proponents in association with the state government shall make

necessary arrangements for distribution of LPG.

The total increase in labour population shall be 22,500. For every 5 persons, 1

LPG Cylinder shall be taken per month. Considering the cost of each LPG Cylinder

as Rs. 1500 and taking 10% escalation in cost every year, the total cost for

provision of fuel works out to Rs. 8208.48 lakh. The details are given in Table-4.3.



Table-4.3: Cost estimate for LPG distribution

Year Population

to be

served

Annual requirement

@1cylinder per 5

persons per month

(No. of cylinders)

Total Cost

@Rs.1000

/cylinder

(Rs. lakh)

Cost after

escalation @

10%/ year (Rs.

lakh)

I 15000 36000 540.0 540.0

II 20000 48000 720.0 720.0

III 22500 54000 810.0 980.1

Iv 22500 54000 810.0 1078.11

V 22500 54000 810.0 1185.92

VI 22500 54000 810.0 1304.52

VII 20000 48000 720.0 1275.52

VIII 15000 36000 540.0 1052.31

Total 336.0 8208.48

CHAPTER-5 MUCK DISPOSAL PLAN


Chapter 5: Muck Disposal Plan Page 1

CHAPTER-5

MUCK DISPOSAL PLAN

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Muck Management plan envisages that the disposal of muck is done with

engineering measures in such a manner that the fill is stable and does not flow,

terraces developed after the completion of the excavation are utilized for project

infrastructure, storage etc. This also optimizes the land use and improves the

aesthetics of the area. The muck disposed in disposal areas is devoid of nutrients

and soil contents that support vegetation. The biological measures are envisaged

on the surface of muck disposal areas in order to have administered growth of

forest canopy. This rehabilitates the muck disposal areas and prevents

contamination of any land or water resource due to muck disposal in post

construction stage.

5.2 MUCK GENERATION

The total quantum of muck to be generated as a result of various project related

activities, construction of dam, HRT and Powerhouse is 53.98 Mm3 and 2.91 Mm3

for Pancheshwar and Rupaligad projects respectively.

For Pancheshwar Dam Complex, about 85% of the muck (0.85*53.98x1.4) 64.26

Mm3 generated shall be used and about 11.33 Mm3 of muck shall be disposed for

which an area of 67 ha has been earmarked. On Indian side, the area earmarked

for muck disposal is 50 ha and 17 ha has been earmarked on Indian and

Nepalese side respectivelly. The capacity of the muck disposal sites is 11.6 Mm3.

For Rupaligad Dam Complex, about 25% of the muck (0.25*2.91 x 1.4) 1.02 Mm3

of muck generated shall be used and about 3.05 Mm3, (considering swelling factor

of 40%) of muck shall be disposed for which an area of 25 ha (20 ha on Indian

side and 5 ha on Nepal side) has been earmarked. The capacity of the muck

disposal site is 3.05 Mm3.

The total area under muck disposal site is 92 ha which includes 67 ha of

Pancheshwar project and 25 ha for Rupaligad project.



5.3 ENGINEERING & BIOLOGICAL MEASURES FOR MUCK MANAGEMENT

PLAN

Muck is envisaged to be disposed in pre identified area during the planning stage.

Trees, if any, are felled before muck disposal. Muck then generated is required to

be disposed in a planned, efficient and optimal manner so that the adverse

impacts are minimized.

Muck Management plan envisages that the disposal of muck is done with

engineering measures in such a manner that the fill is stable and does not flow,

terraces developed after the completion of the excavation are utilized for project

infrastructure, storage etc. This also optimizes the land use and improves the

aesthetics of the area. The muck disposed in disposal areas is devoid of nutrients

and soil contents that support vegetation. The biological measures are envisaged

on the surface of muck disposal areas in order to have administered growth of

forest canopy. This rehabilitates the muck disposal areas and prevents

contamination of any land or water resource due to muck disposal in post

construction stage.

5.3.1 Engineering Measures

Various engineering measures to be implemented at muck disposal sites are given

as below:

• Construction of toe walls, wire crate wall, boulder crate wall, Retaining

walls.

• Construction of catch water Drains

The dumping of muck will be done with engineering measures in the scientific

manner by providing appropriate retaining walls with adequate foundations so that

muck is well restrained and does not flow / gets washed away into the river.

Masonry work, crate work and check dam will also be provided wherever

necessary in order to avoid the chances of soil erosion and to ensure flow of silt

free water. The check dams / retaining walls shall have weep holes for proper

drainage during rainy season. The weep holes would be provided with filters on

the rear side facing the dumped materials. Besides these engineering measures,

proper plantation will be done at the dumping sites for reclamation of the dumping

areas.



The typical cross section of the retaining structure is shown in Figure-5.1.

Figure-5.1: Typical cross section of retaining structure

5.3.2 Biological Measures

Various Biological treatment measures to be implemented at muck disposal sites

are given as below:

• Plantation of suitable tree species and soil binding species

• Plantation of ornamental plants

• Barbed wire fencing

Muck generally lacks nutrients and therefore, are difficult to re-vegetate and in

absence of vegetation in the slopes, the muck could slide lower down during rain

and may eventually wash off the check dams also. Since, top soils are not

available in large quantities in Himalayas, it may not be possible to apply a thin

layer of soil over the muck for all the areas. Bio-fertilizer technique developed by

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) can be adopted in



the proposed project. This technique has been successfully used in Uri

hydroelectric project. Similar approach can be utilized in the proposed project as

well. In this process, the unused excavated material is piled and stacked with

proper slopes at the designated muck disposal sites. The slopes are broken up by

creating benches across them. This is done to provide stability to the slopes and

also to provide ample space for planting of trees that would further help in holding

and consolidating biotechnological approach. The traditional methods of

afforestation of these areas would be supplemented with the use of fungus, i.e.

Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrizae (VAM) and nitrogen fixing bacteria that form

partnership with plant roots. These grow on plant roots and provide water and

nutrition especially phosphorus to plants at faster rate. The seeding of plants

would be inoculated with VAM and nitrogen fixing bacteria before planting. It has

been found that plants inoculated with bio-fertilizers grow at faster rate especially

in the medium where the soil/rock is devoid of nutrients.

5.4 BUDGET

The total expenditure required for stabilization of muck disposal sites has been

estimated to be of the order of Rs.7924.6 lakh or Rs. 80 crore. The details are

given in Table-5.1.

Table-5.1: Break-up of cost for stabilization of muck disposal sites

S. No. Items Cost (Rs. lakh)

1 Construction of Retaining walls (concrete / masonry)

along river banks – for 18000 m Concrete base wall

@4.5 Sqm. per m.- Rs.0.225 lakhs per m Gabions @

6 Sqm. per m – Rs. 0.15 lakhs per m

6750.00

2 Preparation of muck disposal site@ Rs. 2.0 lakhs /ha

for 92 ha

184.00

3 Provision of 15 cm soil layer over an area of 92 ha @

Rs. 5 lakh/ha

460.00

4 Development of vegetation over an area of 92 ha@

Rs. 2.4 lakh/ha

220.80

5. Watch & Ward (4 persons @ Rs. 20,000/month/for 8

years considering 10% escalation per year

109.80

6 Development of nursery 200.00

Total 7924.60

say Rs. 80.0 crore

CHAPTER-6 RESTORATION PLAN FOR QUARRIES


Chapter 6: Restoration Plan for Quarries Page 1

CHAPTER-6

RESTORATION PLAN FOR QUARRIES

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Opening of the quarries will cause visual impacts because they remove a

significant part of the hills. Other impacts will be the noise generated during

aggregate acquisition through explosive and crushing, which could affect wildlife in

the area, dust produced during the crushing operation to get the aggregates to the

appropriate size and transport of the aggregates, and transport of materials.

6.2 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL REQUIREMENT

The construction material requirement for Pancheshwar Complex and Rupaligad

Complex are given in Table-6.1.

Table-6.1: Construction Material Requirement for Pancheshwar Complex and Rupaligad Complex

S. No. Type of Material Quantity Required (Mm3)

Source of Material

A. Pancheshwar Complex

1. Impervious Core 13.18 Harkhera area (Indian side)

2. Filter Material 4.69 Common Excavation

3. Shell Materials 120.00 River bed material

4. Concrete- coarse and fine aggregates

2.88 Leopard Quarry Tiger & Little Elephant Quarry Rock excavation - 47.862 Mm3

B. Rupaligad Complex

1. Concrete- coarse and fine aggregates

1.8 Birmola

U/s of dam axis

D/s of Dam axis

Source: DPR

6.3 IMPACTS DUE TO QUARRYING The quarrying operations are semi-mechanized in nature. Normally, in a hilly

terrain, quarrying is normally done by cutting a face of the hill. A permanent scar

is likely to be left, once quarrying activities are over. With the passage of time, the

rock from the exposed face of the quarry under the action of wind and other

erosion forces, get slowly weathered and after some time, they become a potential

source of landslide. Thus it is necessary to implement appropriate slope



stabilization measures to prevent the possibility of soil erosion and landslides in

the quarry sites.

The measures suggested for landscaping of these quarry sites comprise of

construction of garland drains around quarry site , construction of concrete guards

check the soil erosion of the area, filling of depressions / pit formed after

excavation with small rocks, sand, laying top soil cover, barbed wire fencing and

re-vegetation by through ‘Integrated Biological and Biotechnological Approach’.

6.4 RESTORATION PLAN FOR QUARRIES

i) Measures to be adopted before quarrying

The top 6-12” of soil will be removed before starting the quarrying activity or any

other surface disturbance. This top soil will be kept separate and stock piled so

that it can be reused after quarrying is over for rehabilitation of sites.

ii) Measures to be adopted after quarrying

Diversion of run off

Effective drainage system will be provided to avoid the infiltration of run-off and

surface waters into the ground of quarry sites. Garland drains around quarry site

shall be constructed to capture the runoff and divert the same to the nearest

natural drain.

Filling of depressions

Removal of rocks from quarry sites for different construction works will result in the

formation of depression and/or craters. These will be filled by the dumping

materials consisting of boulders, rock, gravel and soil from nearby plant/working

sites.

Construction of retaining walls

Retaining walls will be constructed at the filled up depressions of quarry sites to

provide necessary support particularly where there are moderately steep slopes. In

addition concrete guards, shall be constructed to check the soil erosion of the

area.



Rocks for landscaping

After the quarrying activities are over, these sites will be splattered with the

leftovers of rocks and boulders. These boulders and rocks can support the growth

of mosses and lichens, which will act as ecological pioneers and initiate the

process of succession and colonization. The boulders of moderate size will be

used to line the boundary of a path.

Laying of the top soil

The depressions/craters filled up with rock aggregates will be covered with top soil.

Fungal spores naturally present in top soil will aid plant growth and natural plant

succession. The top soil will be further enriched by organic manure and Vesicular-

arbuscularmycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. This will help in the process of soil reclamation

and the early establishment of juvenile seedlings.

Barbed wire fencing the area of rock quarry site will be fenced to prevent entry of

animals in the quarry area and to protect the plantation from grazing and to

enhance natural regeneration.

Re-vegetation

The work plan formulated for re-vegetation of the dumping sites through

‘Integrated Biological and Biotechnological Approach’ would be based upon the

following parameters:

i) Evaluation of rock material for their physical and chemical properties to

assess the nutrient status to support vegetation.

ii) Formulation of appropriate blends of organic waste and soil to enhance

the nutrient status of rhizosphere.

iii) Isolation and screening of specialized strains of mycorrhizal fungi,

rhizobium, azotobacter and phosphate solubilizers (bio-fertilizers

inoculums) suitable for the mined out sites.

iv) Mass culture of plant specific biofertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi to be

procured from different institutions/organisations which are engaged in

the phyto-remediation activity of degraded areas.

v) Plantation at quarry sites/areas using identified blend and

biofertilizerinoculums.



6.5 BUDGET FOR RESTORATION OF QUARRIES

An amount of Rs. 3000 lakh has been earmarked for implementation of restoration

plan for quarries. The details are given in Table-6.2.

Table-6.2: Cost estimate for restoration of quarry site and borrow area

S. No. Activities/purpose Cost(Rs. lakh)

1. Filling up the land with soil 650.0

2. Cost of green manure 200.0

3. Cost of sapling (10,000 saplings/ha) 250.0

4. Cost of fertilizers and pesticides 300.0

5. Fencing with RCC pillars and barbed wire 600.0

6. Maintenance activities including cleaning of

weeds @ Rs.10,00,000 for 5 years

50.0

7. Digging of pits 50.0

8. Construction of garland drains 900.0

Total 3000.0

6.6 LANDSCAPING AND RESTORATION PLAN

Area for landscaping

The working area of dam site, power house complex colony area have been

selected for beautification of the project area after construction is over. The

reservoir created due to the construction of dam may be a local point of tourist

attraction. This could be used for sport fishing, so there is a need to construct

benches for sitting, development of resting sheds and footpath. The beautification

would be carried out by developing flowering beds for plantation ornamental plant

and flower garden.

There would be sufficient open space in power house complex and colony area.

Forested area in the power house complex would provide aesthetic view and add

to natural seismic beauty. The beautification in the colony area would be carried

out by development of flowering beds for plantation of ornamental plant, creepers,

flower garden and a small park, construction of benches for sitting, resting sheds,

walk way and fountain.



A provision of Rs. 290 lakh has been earmarked for landscaping and beautification

of the area.

6.7 BUDGET

A total provision of Rs. 3290.0 lakh has been earmarked for Restoration of quarry

sites, reclamation of construction sites landscaping and beautification (Refer

Table-6.3).

Table-6.3: Summary of costs for Restoration and Reclamation works

S.No. Activity Cost (Rs. lakh)

1. Restoration of quarry sites 3000.0

2. Reclamation of construction sites 290.0

Total 3290.0

CHAPTER-7

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION


Chapter 7: Environmental Management in Road Construction Page 1

CHAPTER-7

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION

7.1 INTRODUCTION

The approach roads will have to be constructed as a part of providing access to

the construction site. In a hilly environment, construction of roads sometime

disturbs the scenic beauty of the area. In addition, landslides are often triggered

due to road construction because of the loosening of rocks by water trickling from

various streams.

7.2 IMPACTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS

The construction of roads can lead to the following impacts:

The topography of the project area has steep slope, which descends rapidly

into narrow valleys. The conditions can give rise to erosion hazards due to

net downhill movement of soil aggregates.

Removal of trees on slopes and re-working of the slopes in the immediate

vicinity of roads can encourage landslides, erosion gullies, etc. With the

removal of vegetal cover, erosive action of water gets pronounced and

accelerates the process of soil erosion and formation of deep gullies.

Consequently, the hill faces are bared of soil vegetative cover and

enormous quantities of soil and rock can move down the rivers, and in

some cases, the road itself may get washed out.

Construction of new roads increases the accessibility of a hitherto

undisturbed areas resulting in greater human interferences and subsequent

adverse impacts on the ecosystem.

Increased air pollution during construction phase.

7.3 MANAGEMENT MEASURES

The various aspects to be considered while making the project roads are briefly

described in the following figures and paragraphs.



Construction

Area for clearing shall be kept minimum subject to the technical requirements

of the road. The clearing area shall be properly demarcated to save desirable

trees and shrubs and to keep tree cutting to the minimum.

Where erosion is likely to be a problem, clearing operations shall be so

scheduled and performed that grading operations and permanent erosion

control of features can follow immediately thereafter, if the project conditions

permit; otherwise temporary erosion control measures shall be provided

between successive construction stages. Under no circumstances, however,

should very large surface area of erodible earth material be exposed at any

one time by clearing.

The method of balanced cut and fill formation shall be adopted to avoid large

difference in cut and fill quantities. (Refer Figure-7.1).

Figure-7.1: Method of balanced cut and fill formation

The cut slopes shall be suitably protected by breast walls, provision of flat

stable slopes, construction of catch water and intercepting drains, treatment of

slopes and unstable areas above and underneath the road, etc. (Refer Figure-

7.2).



Figure-7.2: Protection of slopes

Landslide prone areas shall be treated with location specific engineering

protection measures.

Where rock blasting is involved, controlled blasting techniques shall be adopted

to avoid over-shattering of hill faces.

Excavated material should not be thrown haphazardly but dumped duly

dressed up in a suitable form at appropriate places where it cannot get easily

washed away by rain, and such spoil deposits may be duly trapped or provided

with some vegetative cover.

Drainage

Drainage of the water from hill slopes and road surface is very important. All

artificial drains shall be linked with the existing natural drainage system.

Surface drains shall have gentle slopes. Where falls in levels are to be

negotiated, check dams with silting basins shall be constructed and that soil is

not eroded and carried away by high velocity flows.

Location and alignment of culverts should also be so chosen as to avoid severe

erosion at outlets and siltation at inlets.



Grassing and Planting

Tree felling for road construction/works should be kept bare minimum and strict

control must be exercised in consultation with the Forest Department.

Equivalent amount of new trees should be planted as integral part of the project

within the available land and if necessary, separate additional land may be

acquired for this purpose.

Depending on the availability of land and other resources, afforestation of

roadside land should be carried out to a sufficient distance on either side of the

road.

7.4 BUDGET

An amount of Rs. 4472 lakh has been earmarked for implementation of various

measures for Environmental Management in road construction.The details are

given in Table-7.1.

Table-7.1: Details of expenditure for implementation of measures for management

of Impacts due to construction of roads

S.No. Item Cost (Rs. lakh)

1. Clearing @ Rs.2.5 lakh per km for 172 km 430.0

2. Provision of breast walls, construction of catch

water and interceptor drains @Rs.10.5 lakh per

km for 172 km

1806.0

3. Provision of drainage system along roads

@Rs.10 lakh per km for 172 km

1720.0

4. Roadside plantation, Jute matting etc. @ Rs.3

lakh per km for 172 km

516.0

Total 4472.0

CHAPTER-8

GREENEBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN


Chapter 8: Greenbelt Development Plan Page 1

CHAPTER-8

GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN

8.1 INTRODUCTION

The greenbelt development plan aims to overall improvement in the environmental

conditions of the region. The plan with a five-fold objective addresses issues such

as prevention of land degradation due to activities during construction phase;

enhancing the forest cover for increasing the biodiversity of the region; providing

aesthetic value to the project area and consequently inviting a proportionate tourist

flux; enhancing the ecological equilibrium of the area; and to a large proportion in

combating soil erosion. Although the forest loss due to reservoir submergence and

other project appurtenances have been compensated as a part of compensatory

afforestation. It is proposed to develop greenbelt around the periphery of various

project appurtenances, selected stretches along reservoir periphery.

8.2 NEED FOR GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The green belt on either side of the reservoir will reduce the sedimentation and

ensure protection of the reservoir area from any other human activity that could

result in the reservoir catchment damage. On moderately steep slopes tree

species will be planted for the creation of green belt which are indigenous,

economically important, soil binding in nature and an thrive well under high

humidity and flood conditions.

8.3 SCHEME FOR GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT

The scheme of plantation around the reservoir is given as follows:

i) The green belt will start from the immediate vicinity of the reservoir rim

on both the banks, up to the tail of the reservoir moderately steep slopes

are available for plantation.

ii) The width of the green belt will be around 50 m or as physiographic and

land features allow. There would be at least 2-3 layers of plantation.

iii) The green belt will be put under a protective regulatory framework to

ensure that it is not degraded or disturbed. No ecologically disruptive

activity will be allowed in this zone.


Chapter 8: Greenbelt Development Plan Page 2

8.4 BUDGET

The plantations would be carried out on an approximate area of 36 ha. This work

would be completed in three years at an estimated cost of Rs.43.2 lakh at the rate

of Rs. 1.2 lakh/ha which includes the cost of nursery creation, advance works,

actual plantations and maintenance. The plantation for this purpose will be carried

out by Forest Department, state government of Uttarakhand.

CHAPTER-9

CONTROL OF AIR POLLTION


Chapter 9: Control of Air Pollution Page 1

CHAPTER-9

CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION

9.1 IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY

In a water resources project, air pollution occurs mainly during project

construction phase. The major sources of air pollution during construction phase

are:

Fuel combustion in various construction equipment, e.g. crushers, drillers,

rock bolters, diesel generating vehicles, etc.

Fugitive emissions from crusher

Impacts due to vehicular movement

a) Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipment

The operation of various construction equipment requires combustion of fuel.

Normally, diesel is used in such equipment. The major pollutant, which gets

emitted as a result of diesel combustion, is SO2. The SPM emissions are

minimal. Based on past experience in similar projects, SPM and SO2 are not

expected to increase significantly. Thus, in the proposed project, no significant

impact on ambient air quality is expected as a result of operation of various

construction equipment.

b) Emissions from crusher

The operation of the crusher during the construction phase is likely to generate

fugitive emissions, which can move even up to 1 km in predominant wind

direction. During construction phase, crushers of total capacity of 750 TPH are

likely to be commissioned. During crushing operations, fugitive emissions

comprising of the suspended particulate will be generated. There could be

marginal impacts to settlements close to the sites at which crusher is

commissioned. However, based on past experience, adverse impacts on this

account are not anticipated. However, during finalizing the project layout, it should

be ensured that the labour camps, colonies, etc. are located on the leeward side

and outside the impact zone (about 1.5 to 2 km) of the crushers.

c) Impacts due to vehicular movement

During construction phase, there will be increased vehicular movement for

transportation of various construction materials to the project site. Large



quantity of dust is likely to be entrained due to the movement of trucks and

other heavy vehicles. However, such ground level emissions do not travel for

long distances. Thus, no major adverse impacts are anticipated on this

account.

9.2 MITIGATION MEASURES

a) Control of Emissions

Minor air quality impacts will be caused by emissions from construction

vehicles, equipment and DG sets, and emissions from transportation traffic.

Frequent truck trips will be required during the construction period for removal

of excavated material and delivery of select concrete and other equipment and

materials. The following measures are recommended to control air pollution:

The contractor will be responsible for maintaining properly functioning

construction equipment to minimize exhaust.

Construction equipment and vehicles will be turned off when not used for

extended periods of time.

Unnecessary idling of construction vehicles to be prohibited.

Effective traffic management to be undertaken to avoid significant delays

in and around the project area.

Road damage caused by sub-project activities will be promptly attended

to with proper road repair and maintenance work.

b) Air Pollution control due to DG sets

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has issued emission limits for

generators upto 800 KW. The same are outlined in Table-9.1, and are

recommended to be followed.

Table-9.1: Emission limits for DG sets prescribed by CPCB

Parameter Emission limits (gm/kwhr)

NOx 9.2

HC 1.3

CO 2.5

PM 0.3

Smoke limit* 0.7

Note : * Light absorption coefficient at full load (m-1)



The above standards need to be followed by the contractor operating the DG

sets.

The other measures are recommended as below:

Location of DG sets and other emission generating equipment should be

decided keeping in view the predominant wind direction so that emissions

do not effect nearby residential areas.

Stack height of DG sets to be kept in accordance with CPCB norms, which

prescribes the minimum height of stack to be provided with each generator

set to be calculated using the following formula:

H = h+0.2x √KVA

H = Total height of stack in metre

h = Height of the building in metres where the generator set is installed

KVA = Total generator capacity of the set in KVA

c) Dust Control

The project authorities will work closely with representatives from the

community living in the vicinity of project area to identify areas of concern and

to mitigate dust-related impacts effectively (e.g., through direct meetings,

utilization of construction management and inspection program, and/or through

the complaint response program). To minimize issues related to the generation

of dust during the construction phase of the project, the following measures

have been identified:

Identification of construction limits (minimal area required for

construction activities).

When practical, excavated spoils will be removed as the contractor

proceeds along the length of the activity.

When necessary, stockpiling of excavated material will be covered or

stacked at offsite location with muck being delivered as needed during

the course of construction.

Excessive soil on paved areas will be sprayed (wet) and/or swept and

unpaved areas will be sprayed and/or mulched.

Contractors will be required to cover stockpiled soils and trucks hauling

soil, sand, and other loose materials

Contractor shall ensure that there is effective traffic management at site.

Dust Suppression – The roads, construction area and vicinity (access

roads, and working areas) shall be sprinkled with water on daily basis to

suppress dust.



9.3 BUDGET FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

An amount of Rs. 900.0 lakh is earmarked for air pollution control. The details

are given in Table-9.2.

Table-9.2: Cost estimate for implementation of air pollution control measures

S. No. Activity Cost (Rs. Lakh)

1. Dust Suppression – Water sprinkling on roads

during construction phase

625.00

2. 5 Traffic managers @ Rs.25,000 per month for 8

years including 10% escalation per year

171.60

3. 5 Sweepers @ Rs.15,000 per month for 8 years

including 10% escalation per year

102.96

Total 899.56, say Rs.

900 lakh

9.4 IMPLEMENTING AGENCY

Various management measures needs to be implemented for control of air

pollution control need to be included in the Tender Document for the Contractor

involved in construction activities. The same shall be monitored on a regular

basis by the project proponents.

CHAPTER-10

MEASURES FOR NOISE CONTROL


Chapter 10: Measures for Noise Control Page 1

CHAPTER-10

MEASURES FOR NOISE CONTROL

10.1 IMPACTS ON NOISE LEVELS

In a water resource projects, the impacts on ambient noise levels are expected

only during the project construction phase, due to earth moving machinery, etc.

Likewise, noise due to quarrying, blasting, vehicular movement will have some

adverse impacts on the ambient noise levels in the area.

10.2 MITIGATION MEASURES

The contractors will be required to maintain properly functioning equipment and

comply with occupational safety and health standards. The construction

equipment will be required to use available noise suppression devices and

properly maintained mufflers.

Vehicles to be equipped with mufflers recommended by the vehicle

manufacturer.

Staging of construction equipment and unnecessary idling of

equipment within noise sensitive areas to be avoided whenever

possible.

Notification will be given to residents within 100 m of major noise

generating activities. The notification will describe the noise

abatement measures that will be implemented.

Monitoring of noise levels will be conducted during the construction

phase of the project. In case of exceeding of pre-determined

acceptable noise levels by the machinery will require the

contractor(s) to stop work and remedy the situation prior to

continuing construction.

The following Noise Standards for DG sets are recommended for the running of

DG sets during the construction:

The maximum permissible sound pressure level for new diesel generator

sets with rated capacity upto 1000 KVA shall be 75 dB(A) at 1 m from the

enclosure surface.



Noise from the DG set should be controlled by providing an acoustic

enclosure or by treating the enclosure acoustically.

The Acoustic Enclosure shall be made of CRCA sheets of appropriate

thickness and structural/ sheet metal base. The walls of the enclosure shall

be insulated with fire retardant foam so as to comply with the 75 dB(A) at 1

m sound levels specified by CPCB, Ministry of Environment & Forests.

The acoustic enclosure/acoustic treatment of the room shallbe designed for

minimum 25 dB(A) Insertion Loss or for meeting the ambient noise

standards, whichever is on the higher side.

The DG set shallalso be provided with proper exhaust muffler.

Proper efforts shall be made to bring down the noise levels due to the DG

set, outside its premises, within the ambient noise requirements by proper

siting and control measures.

A proper routine and preventive maintenance procedure for the DG set

shallbe set and followed in consultation with the DG set manufacturer which

would help prevent noise levels of the DG set from deteriorating with use.

Noise due to crushers

Based on literature review, noise generated by a crusher is in the range of 79-80

dB(A) at a distance of 250 ft or about 75 m from the crusher. Thus, noise level at a

distance of 2 m from the crusher shall be of the order of 110 dB(A). The exposure

to labour operating in such high noise areas shall be restricted upto 30 minutes on

a daily basis. Alternatively, the workers need to be provided with ear muffs or

plugs, so as to attenuate the noise level near the crusher by atleast 15 dB(A). The

exposure to noise level in such a scenario to be limited upto 4 hours per day.

It is known that continuous exposure to noise levels above 90 dB(A) affects the

hearing of the workers/operators and hence has to be avoided. Other

physiological and psychological effects have also been reported in literature, but

the effect on hearing acuity has been specially stressed. To prevent these effects,

it has been recommended by international specialist organizations that the

exposure period of affected persons be limited as specified in Table-10.1.



Table-10.1: Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA

Maximum equivalent continuous

noise level dB(A)

Unprotected exposure period per

day for 8 hrs/day and 5 days/week

90 8

95 4

100 2

105 1

110 ½

115 ¼

120 No exposure permitted at or above this

level

Measures to control noise due to blasting

Various measures outlined for control of noise due to blasting is given as below:

Use of backfill cover has the potential to reduce air overpressure levels by

10 dB (A).

Air overpressure levels may also be reduced by deck loading. In a blast with

a significant vertical free face, this reduction may in some circumstances be

obtained by deck loading the front row holes fired on the initial delays only,

without needing to deck load all the front row holes.

Rock excavation by blasting shall be done for all solid rock in place which

can not be removed until loosened by blasting, barring or wedging, removal

of all big boulders or detached pieces of massive rock.

Rock excavation close to the final excavated surfaces shall be performed

using controlled blasting methods such as "pre-splitting", "cushion blasting"

or “smooth blasting". Line-drilling shall be used to limit the overbreak and

damage of surround rock.

All excavations shall be performed using methods and techniques that will

produce smooth and sound rock surfaces with minimum overbreak and

fracturing beyond the lines and grades or limits of excavation. Drilling and

blasting shall be done in such a manner as to ensure that the rock will break

along the desired lines and grades. Rock faces and slopes shall be scaled

or cleaned of loose or overhanging rock immediately after excavation.

Blast holes shall be drilled not exceeding two-third of the depth of rock to be

excavated from the elevation at which the hole is started. The holes shall

not be larger than necessary to permit easy passage of whole sticks of



explosives to the bottom of the holes. As the excavation approaches its final

limits, the depth of holes for blasting and the amount of charges for the

holes shall be reduced progressively.

Blasting shall be carried out with non-electric detonators only except for the

cord/fuse initiation by electric detonators. A separate circuit, independent of

power and light circuits, shall be used for blasting.

Charging, tamping and firing of drilled holes shall be done by an approved

licensed person under his personal direction. Proper signals by siren shall

be given before each operation of blasting.

Blasting shall be permitted only when proper precautions are taken for the

protection of persons, work and property. Any damage done to the work or

property by blasting shall be repaired immediately.

A trained professional shall be hired to monitor the technical specifics of the

blast, such as size and depth of drilled holes, and the type and amount of

explosive used.

CHAPTER-11

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL


Chapter 11: Water Pollution Control Page 1

CHAPTER-11

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

11.1 CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

During project construction phase, sufficient measures need to be implemented to

ameliorate the problem of water pollution from various sources. The sewage

generated from various labour camps should be treated in septic tanks and

disposed by discharging into nearest water body. However, efforts shall be made

to discharge the treated effluent only in these water bodies, which are not used for

meeting domestic water requirements.

i) Effluent from tunneling work

During tunneling work the ground water flows into the tunnel along with

construction water, which is used for various works like drilling, shotcreting, etc.

The effluent thus generated in the tunnel contains high suspended solids.

Normally, water is collected in the side drains and drained off into the nearest

water body without treatment. It is recommended to construct a settling tank of

adequate size to settle the suspended impurities. 7 no adits and 10 portals shall be

required for the underground work. Thus, effluents are expected to be generated

from these locations. The sludge from the various settling tanks can be collected

once in 15 days and disposed at the site designed for disposal of municipal solid

wastes. The sludge after drying could also be used as cover material for landfill

disposal site. An amount of Rs. 180.0 lakh has been earmarked for construction of

various settling tanks.

ii) Effluent from crushers

During construction phase, crushers will be installed at various locations in the

project area. While operating a crusher, water is required to wash the boulders and

to lower the temperature of the crushing edge. About 0.1 m3 of water is required

per tonne of material crushed. The effluent from the crusher would contain high

suspended solids, i.e. 3,000 to 4,000 mg/l. The effluent from crusher, if disposed

without settling in settling tanks can lead to increase in the turbidity levels in the

receiving water bodies.



Five crushing units have been proposed for the project at different project

locations. If the effluent is discharged into the receiving water body at different

locations there shall be marginal increase in turbidity of the river water. Thus, no

adverse impacts, are anticipated due to small quantity of effluent and large volume

of water available in river Mahakali for dilution. However, it is proposed to treat the

effluent in settling tanks before disposal into receiving water body. An amount of

Rs. 200.0 lakh has been earmarked for construction of various settling tanks

iii) Effluent from Batching Plants

During construction phase, batching plants will be commissioned for production of

concrete. Effluent containing high suspended solids shall be generated during

operation and cleaning of batching plants. However, no major adverse impacts,

are anticipated due to small quantity of effluent and large volume water available

for dilution in river Mahakali. It is proposed to treat the effluent before disposal to

ameliorate even the marginal impacts likely to accrue on this account. An amount

of Rs. 100.0 lakh has been earmarked for construction of settling tanks to treat

effluent generated from Batching Plants.

iv) Effluent from Fabrication Units and Workshops

The fabrication units and workshops which shall be functional during construction

phase will generate effluents with high suspended solids and oil and grease level.

It is proposed to treat the effluent from fabrication units and workshops in a oil and

grease separate unit prior to disposal. An amount of Rs.200.0 lakh has been

earmarked for construction of settling tanks to treat effluent generated from

Fabrication Units and Workshops.

11.2 CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION DURING OPERATION PHASE

In the project operation phase, a plant colony with 50 quarters and nonresidential

buildings is likely to be set up. It is recommended to provide a suitable Sewage

Treatment Plant (STP) to treat the sewage generated from the colony. The cost

required for construction of sewage STP in the project colony has already been

covered in the budget earmarked for construction of the project colony. Hence, the

cost for the same has not been included in the cost for implementing EMP.



11.3 BUDGET

The total budget earmarked for water pollution control measures is Rs. 680.0 lakh .

The details are given in Table-11.1.

Table-11.1: Budget earmarked for water pollution control measures

S. No. Source of effluent Cost (Rs. lakh)

1 Effluent from tunneling work 180.00

2 Effluent from crushers 200.00

3 Effluent from batching plants 100.00

4 Effluent from Fabrication Units and Workshops 200.00

Total 680.00

CHAPTER-12

ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES


Chapter 12: Energy Conservation Measures Page 1

CHAPTER-12

ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES

12.1 GENERAL

Energy conservation measures would be implemented to ensure that the use of

non-renewable resources is minimised. A key component of achieving energy

conservation would be the development of an Energy Management Action Plan.

This plan would be included as part of the Construction and Operational EMPs.

The Energy Management Action Plan would be consistent with the energy

conservation measures during both construction and operation phases.

12.2 PROVISION OF FREE FUEL

As a part of EMP, following measures are proposed:

- Make a clause mandatory in the contract of every contractor involved in

project construction to provide supply of fuel to their labourers, so that trees

are not cut for meeting their fuel demands.

- Establish LPG godown within the project area for providing LPG cylinder to

run community kitchens.

-

The project proponents in association with the state government should make

necessary arrangements for distribution of LPG.

The total increase in labour population shall be 22,500. For every 8 persons, 1

LPG Cylinder shall be taken per month. Thus, every month about 2850 LPG

Cylinder will be ensured, which works out to about 34,200 cylinder per year.

Considering the cost of each LPG Cylinder as Rs. 2000 and taking 10% escalation

in cost every year, the total cost for provision of fuel works out to Rs. 7840

lakh.This cost is already considered in the EMP cost earmarked for

implementation of Environmental Management Measures in labour camps.



12.3 ENERGY CONSERVATION DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

The following mitigation measures would be undertaken during construction works.

Efficient work scheduling and methods that minimise equipment idle time and

double handling of material

Throttling down and switching off construction equipment when not in use

Switching off truck engines while they are waiting to access the site and while

they are waiting to be loaded and unloaded

Switching off site office equipment and lights and using optimum lighting

intensity for security and safety purposes

Careful design of temporary roads to reduce transportation distances

Regular maintenance of equipment to ensure optimum operations and fuel

efficiency.

12.4 ENERGY CONSERVATION DURING OPERATION PHASE

The mitigation measures would be implemented during site operations as follows:

Design of buildings and layout would aim to achieve energy efficiencies by

employing renewable energy sources such as day lighting and passive solar

heating

Designing roads on the site to reduce transportation distances.

12.5 ENERGY EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT

Large energy savings could be achieved in using energy efficient equipment. The

following measures are recommended for energy conservation:

Using energy efficient electrical appliances

Installing lighting control devices where appropriate and linking to photo-electric

dimming

Providing sufficient energy metering and switching for energy management.

Energy would also be conserved through efficiency in work schedules and

practices such as:

Use of modern container yard management systems for the efficient stacking

and retrieval of containers and to minimise vehicles waiting times

Switching off truck engines while they are waiting to access the site and while

these are waiting to be loaded and unloaded



Throttling down and switching off idle equipment

Regular maintenance of all powered equipment to ensure appropriate fuel

consumption rates

Communication and education of energy conservation measures to employees.

12.6 BUDGET

An amount of Rs. 450.0 lakh has been earmarked for implementation of various

energy conservation measures.

CHAPTER-13

FIRE PROTECTION IN LABOUR CAMPS AND STAFF COLONIES


Chapter 13: Fire Protection Measures Page 1

CHAPTER-13

FIRE PROTECTION IN LABOUR CAMP AND STAFF COLONIES

13.1 INTRODUCTION

It has been envisaged that the fire protection planning in labour camps and staff

colonies shall be taken up. The details are given in following sections of this

chapter.

13.2 CONSTRUCTION OF CAMPS ETC. AND PLACEMENT OF FIRE

PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

It has been planned that all facilities to be constructed shall be fully equipped with

the fire protection equipments as per IS standards. The analysis of fire hazard in

the construction of these camps, colonies and other facilities is given in Table-

13.1.

Table-13.1: Analysis of fire hazard in the construction of camps, colonies and other

facilities

S. No Stage Potential hazard Remedial Measures

1. Construction

of labour

camps and

staff colonies

Fire prevention

and firefighting

not considered in

design

Inadequate fire

protection

measures during

construction

phase

BY PROJECT PROPONENT

While construction of Field

hostels, Guest House/office and

other facilities owned by project

proponent shall provide the fire

protection system as per IS

Standards for Fire code.

Proper housekeeping will also

be ensured and maintained

during these facilities to protect

them from any fire related

incidents.

It will be ensured that the

firefighting equipments are

placed at common place also

including work place preferably

within 15 meters of work place.



S. No Stage Potential hazard Remedial Measures

BY CONTRACTORS

Clear term of reference will be

given to contractor at tendering

stage for incorporating fire code

as per IS Standard.

Firefighting equipments will be

placed at all common places

(within 15 meters of work place)

13.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

During construction, it has been envisaged to set up full-fledged Environment

Health & Safety (EHS) department reporting directly to Head of Project. This

department shall also take care of the adequacy of Fire Safety measures set up in

all facilities created either owned by project proponent or any of its Contractors.

The analysis of responsibility for this EHS team in respect of Fire protection

system is given in Table-13.2

Table-13.2: Responsibility for this EHS team in respect of Fire protection system

S. No. Stage Potential hazard Remedial Measures

1. During

Occupation

Fire incident due to

electrical short

circuit/LPG Leakage/

Improper handling of

flammable liquids/lack

of precaution

Improper access to

and from the location

In adequate fire

fighting arrangements

Lack of knowledge

Lack communication

Lack of Knowledge on

fighting fire and

handling fire

equipment

Inadequate emergency

response

Residential complex will be

constructed as per the

approved design and will

be checked for

completeness on fire

aspect before allotment to

residents

Each Block Colony/ camp

will be provided with rated

estimated trip off circuit

breaker will be installed on

each block.

All residents are made

aware of fire hazard by

training, regular campaigns

and by placing posters and

signs

LPG Cylinders/Flammable



S. No. Stage Potential hazard Remedial Measures

liquids will stored at

designated storage area.

The storage will be well

protected, ventilated with

adequate provision of fire

equipment.

Each block of the colony

will be provided with 10 kg

DCP fire extinguishers.

Additionally fire point

containing fire buckets,

CO2 extinguishers, DCP

Extinguisher will be

provided at the common

place covering four

residential blocks in labour

camp.

Placement of written

posters of preventive

measures in each

accommodation block

Regular EHS inspection of

the camp site

Placement of placard of

emergency numbers to be

contacted in case of

Emergency

Dedicated phone line will

be provided in labour

camps for effective

communication.

Ensure proper access is

maintained around and to

the residential blocks

Identification of emergency

Muster points at safe

distance



13.4 RESPONSIBILITY

Project In charge is responsible for implementation of plan through his authorized

representative on site. Site EHS Team shall monitor the implementation of plan

and report noncompliance to site management.

13.5 TRAINING AND AWARENESS

Training of employees on fire prevention and firefighting is important to prevent

occurrence of fire incident in project area. All employees will be given brief

overview of fire prevention, firefighting procedure and response process at the

time EHS Induction training. Project proponent will also carry out regular

campaigns on fire prevention around the site. EHS Department is responsible for

providing required training.

13.6 BUDGET

The firefighting system in the project area will be suitably built in the contract

document which would be executed by specialized vendors, cost for which will be

included in the project cost.

CHAPTER-14

CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN


Chapter 14: Catchment Area Treatment Plan Page 1

CHAPTER-14

CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN

14.1 NEED FOR CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT

It is a well-established fact that reservoirs formed by dams on rivers are subjected to

sedimentation. The process of sedimentation embodies the sequential processes of

erosion, entrainment, transportation, deposition and compaction of sediment. The

study of erosion and sediment yield from catchments is of utmost importance as the

deposition of sediment in reservoir reduces its capacity, and thus affect the water

availability for the designated use. The eroded sediment from catchment when

deposited on streambeds and banks causes braiding of river reach. The removal of

top fertile soil from catchment adversely affects the agricultural production. Thus, a

well-designed Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan is essential to ameliorate the

above-mentioned adverse process of soil erosion.

Soil erosion may be defined as the detachment and transportation of soil. Water is the

major agent responsible for this erosion. In many locations, winds, glaciers, etc. also

cause soil erosion. In a hilly catchment area as in the present case, erosion due to

water is a common phenomenon and the same has been studied as a part of the

Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan.

The CAT plan highlights the management techniques to control erosion in the

catchment area. Life span of a reservoir in case of a seasonal storage dams is greatly

reduced due to erosion in the catchment area. The catchment area considered for

treatment of Pancheswar Project is 14147sq.km. The sub-watersheds in the

catchment area considered for the present study are given in Figure-14.1.

In the present study `Silt Yield Index’ (SYI), method has been used. In this method,

the terrain is subdivided into various watersheds and the erodibility is determined on

relative basis. SYI provides a comparative erodibility criteria of catchment (low,

moderate, high, etc.) and do not provide the absolute silt yield. SYI method is widely

used mainly because of the fact that it is easy to use and has lesser data requirement.

Moreover, it can be applied to larger areas like sub-watersheds, etc.



Figure-14.1 : Drainage Map for Pancheswar Catchment



14.2 APPROACH FOR THE STUDY

Various thematic maps have been used in preparation of the CAT plan. Due to the

spatial variability of site parameters such as soils, topography, land use and rainfall,

not all areas contribute equally to the erosion problem. Several techniques like manual

overlay of spatially index-mapped data have been used to estimate soil erosion in

complex landscapes.

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computerized resource data base system,

which is referenced to some geographic coordinate system. In the present study, real

coordinate system has been used. The GIS is a tool to store, analyze and display

various spatial data. In addition, GIS because of its special hardware and software

characteristics, has a capacity to perform numerous functions and operations on the

various spatial data layers residing in the database. GIS provides the capability to

analyze large amounts of data in relation to a set of established criteria.

In order to ensure that latest and accurate data is used for the analysis, satellite data

has been used for deriving land use data and ground truth studies too have been

conducted.

The various steps covered in the study are as follows:

Data acquisition

Data preparation

Output presentation

The above mentioned steps are briefly described in the following paragraphs.

14.2.1 Data Acquisition

The requirement of the study was first defined and the outputs expected were noted.

The various data layers of the catchment area used for the study are as follows:

Soil Map

Land use Classification Map

Current Management Practices

Catchment Area Map.



14.2.2 Data Preparation

The data available from various sources was collected. The ground maps, contour

information, etc. were scanned, digitized and registered as per the requirement. Data

was prepared depending on the level of accuracy required and any corrections

required were made. All the layers were geo-referenced and brought to a common

scale (real coordinates), so that overlay could be performed. A computer programme

was used to estimate the soil loss. The formats of outputs from each layer were firmed

up to match the formats of inputs in the program. The grid size used was also decided

to match the level of accuracy required, the data availability and the software and time

limitations. The format of output was finalized. Ground truthing and data collection was

also included in the procedure.

For the present study 5 Resourcesat-,LISS-III imageries are used. The details are

given as below:

RSAT, LISS-III Path 098, Row 049 dated 14.12.2016





The digital satellite data was used for interpretation & classification. The classified

land use map of the catchment area is shown in Figure-14.2. The land use pattern of

the catchment area is summarized in Table-14.1.

Table-14.1: Landuse pattern of the catchment area

Category Area (ha) Percentage

River/ Water body 41679 2.95

Dense Vegetation 534633 37.79

Open Vegetation 562027 39.73

Barren area 151007 10.67

Terrace farming 102329 7.23

Snow 18790 1.33

Builtup area/Settlements 4234 0.30

Total 1414700 100.00

Digitized contours from toposheets were used for preparation of Digital Elevation

Model (DEM) of the catchment area and to prepare a slope map. The first step in



generation of slope map is to create surface using the elevation values stored in the

form of contours or points. After marking the catchment area, all the contours on the

toposheet were digitized (100 m interval). The output of the digitization procedure was

the contours as well as points contours in form of x, y & z points. (x, y location and

their elevation). All this information was in real world coordinates (latitude, longitude

and height in meters above sea level).

A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the area was then prepared, which was used to

derive a slope map. The slope map is enclosed as Figure-14.3

Various layers thus prepared were used for Modeling. Software was prepared to

calculate the soil loss using input from all the layers.



Figure-14.2 Classified Imagery of Pancheswar catchment Area



Figure-14.3 Slope Map of Pancheswar catchment Area



14.2.3 Output Presentation

The result of the modeling was interpreted in pictorial form to identify the areas with

high soil erosion rates. The primary and secondary data collected as a part of the field

studies were used as an input for the model.

14.3 ESTIMATION OF SOIL LOSS USING SILT YIELD INDEX (SYI) METHOD

The Silt Yield Index Model (SYI), considering sedimentation as product of erosivity,

erodibility and arial extent was conceptualized in the All India Soil and Land Use

Survey (AISLUS) as early as 1969 and has been in operational use since then to meet

the requirements of prioritization of smaller hydrologic units.

The erosivity determinants are the climatic factors and soil and land attributes that

have direct or reciprocal bearing on the unit of the detached soil material. The

relationship can be expressed as:

Soil erosivity = f (Climate, physiography, slope, soil parameters, land use/land cover,

soil management)

Silt Yield Index

The Silt Yield Index (SYI) is defined as the Yield per unit area and SYI value for

hydrologic unit is obtained by taking the weighted arithmetic mean over the entire area

of the hydrologic unit by using suitable empirical equation.

Prioritization of Watersheds/Sub-watersheds:

The prioritization of smaller hydrologic units within the vast catchments are based on

the Silt Yield Indices (SYI) of the smaller units. The boundary values or range of SYI

values for different priority categories are arrived at by studying the frequency

distribution of SYI values and locating the suitable breaking points. The watersheds/

sub-watersheds are subsequently rated into various categories corresponding to their

respective SYI values.

The application of SYI model for prioritization of sub watersheds in the catchment

areas involves the evaluation of:

a) Climatic factors comprising total precipitation, its frequency and intensity,



b) Geomorphic factors comprising land forms, physiography, slope and drainage

characteristics,

c) Surface cover factors governing the flow hydraulics and

d) Management factors.

The data on climatic factors can be obtained for different locations in the catchment

area from the meteorological stations whereas the field investigations are required for

estimating the other attributes.

The various steps involved in the application of model are:

- Preparation of a framework of sub-watersheds through systematic delineation

- Rapid reconnaissance surveys on 1:50,000 scale leading to the generation of a

map indicating erosion-intensity mapping units.

- Assignment of weightage values to various mapping units based on relative silt-

yield potential.

- Computing Silt Yield Index for individual watersheds/sub watersheds.

- Grading of watersheds/sub watersheds into very high, high medium, low and

very low priority categories.

The area of each of the mapping units is computed and silt yield indices of individual

sub watersheds are calculated using the following equations:

a. Silt Yield Index

SYI = (Ai x Wi ) x 100 ; where i = 1 to n

Aw

Where

Ai = Area of ith unit (EIMU)

Wi = Weightage value of ith mapping unit

n = No. of mapping units

Aw = Total area of sub-watershed.

The SYI values for classification of various categories of erosion intensity rates are

given in Table-14.2.

Table-14.2: Criteria for erosion intensity rate

Priority categories SYI Values

Very high > 1300

High 1200-1299



Priority categories SYI Values

Medium 1100-1199

Low 1000-1099

Very Low <1000

14.4 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT – AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES

Watershed management is the optimal use of soil and water resources within a given

geographical area so as to enable sustainable production. It implies changes in land

use, vegetative cover, and other structural and non-structural action that are taken in a

watershed to achieve specific watershed management objectives. The overall

objectives of watershed management programme are to:

- increase infiltration into soil;

- control excessive runoff;

- Manage & utilize runoff for useful purpose.

Following Engineering and Biological measures have been suggested for the

catchment area treatment.

1. Engineering measures

- Nallah Bunding

- Contour Bunding

- Angle iron barbed wire fencing

2. Biological measures

- Development of nurseries

- Plantation/afforestation

- Pasture development

- Social forestry

The basis of site selection for different biological and engineering treatment measures

under CAT are given in Table-14.3.

Table-14.3: Basis for selection of catchment area treatment measures

Treatment measure Basis for selection

Social forestry, fuel wood and

fodder grass development

Near settlements to control tree felling

Contour Bunding Control of soil erosion from agricultural fields.

Pasture Development Open canopy, barren land, degraded surface

Afforestation Open canopy, degraded surface, high soil erosion, gentle



Treatment measure Basis for selection

to moderate slope

Barbed wire fencing In the vicinity of afforestation work to protect it from

grazing etc.

Nallah Bunding Nala bunding work consists of constructing bunds of

suitable dimensions across the nala or gullies to hold the

maximum runoff water to create flooding of the upstream

area temporarily for some days or weeks, with surplusing

arrangements at suitable intervals to drain the water.

Nursery Centrally located points for better supervision of proposed

afforestation, minimize cost of transportation of seedling

and ensure better survival.

14.5 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT MEASURES

The erosion category of sub-watersheds in the catchment area as per a SYI index is

given in Table-14.4. The details are shown in Figure-14.4. The area under different

erosion categories are given in Table-14.5. The Treatment measures under each sub-

watershed are given in Table-14.6

Table-14.4: Erosion intensity categorization as per SYI classification

Watershed number Area SYI values Category

W1 19287 1060 Low

W2 9630 1080 Low

W3 5196 1170 Medium

W4 25519 1160 Medium

W5 24917 1210 High

W6 34057 1080 Low

W7 20336 1130 Medium

W8 25208 1160 Medium

W9 34867 1170 Medium

W10 29996 1240 High

W11 39966 1255 High

W12 25000 1230 High

W13 13066 1150 Medium

W14 14281 1210 High

W15 7379 1120 Medium

W16 22902 1220 High

W17 33610 1224 High

W18 21053 1270 High

W19 24345 1140 Medium



Watershed number Area SYI values Category

W20 6268 1220 High

W21 12630 1210 High

W22 27399 1230 High

W23 23972 1180 Medium

W24 50093 1248 High

W25 33537 1240 High

W26 25291 1230 High

W27 29320 1120 Medium

W28 54642 1170 Medium

W29 33101 1250 High

W30 42179 1226 High

W31 27814 1240 High

W32 54549 1250 High

W33 51890 1260 High

W34 38658 1240 High

W35 57010 1170 Medium

W36 60936 1180 Medium

W37 33122 1070 Low

W38 55681 1080 Low

W39 38834 1120 Medium

W40 55909 1060 Low

W41 29466 1140 Medium

W42 21011 1130 Medium

W43 40777 1150 Medium

W44 38211 1160 Medium

W45 22081 1090 Low

W46 15268 1080 Low

W47 4435 1210 High

Total 1414700



Figure-14.4: Prioritisation of Sub Watersheds for Pancheswar Project



Table-14.5: Area under different erosion categories

Category Area (ha) Percentage

Low 245035 17.32

Medium 550097 38.88

High 619568 43.80

Total 1414700 100.00

Table14.6: Treatment measures recommended for sub-watersheds coming under high

erosion category

Sub-watershed Contour Bunding

(ha)

Gap Plantation

(ha)

Pasture Development

(ha)

W5 283 376 252

W10 474 340 265

W11 411 594 247

W12 196 423 163

W14 135 367 318

W15 40 426 257

W16 256 0

W17 295 951 301

W18 356 351 274

W20 146 138 167

W21 66 221 515

W22 559 595

W24 401 234 1032

W25 844 414

W26 460 458

W29 341 518 426

W30 945 386

W31 385 251

W32 281 885 432

W33 359 539 310

W34 422 609 391

W47 78 144

Total 4540 10309 7454

The objective of the SYI method is to prioritize sub-watershed in a catchment area for

treatment. The total area under high erosion category in various dams is to be treated

as a part of the project cost. The various measures suggested for catchment area

treatment are depicted in Figure-14.5.



Figure-14.5: Catchment Area Treatment Measures for Pancheswar Project



14.5.1 Biological Treatment

An amount of Rs. 9864.22 lakh has been earmarked for various afforestation measures.

The details are given in Table-14.7.

Table-14.7: Cost estimate for Catchment Area Treatment of Pancheswar Project-

Biological Measures

S.

No.

Item Unit Rate

(Rs.)

Unit Target

Physical Financial

(Rs. lakh)

1. Gap Plantation 60,000/ha ha 10309 6185.4

2. Pasture development 33,000/ha ha 7454 2459.82

3. Nursery development 11,00,000/no. no. 15 165

4. Vegetative fencing 70,000/km km 150 105

5. Watch and ward for 7

years @ 50 persons

12,000/man-

month

Man-

months 4200 504

6. Rim Plantation Lumpsum 300.0

7. Social Forestry Lumpsum 145.0

Total 9864.22

14.5.2 Soil & Water Conservation Works

An amount of Rs. 4938.44 lakh has been earmarked for various Soil & Water

Conservation measures. The details are given in Table-14.8.

Table-14.8: Cost estimate for implementation of Soil & Water Conservation measures as

a part of CAT Plan

S.

No.

Item Unit Rate

(Rs.)

Unit Target

Physical Financial

(Rs. lakh)

1. Check Dams 3,50,000 Nos. 45 157.5

2. Contour Bunding 55,000 4540 2497

3. Landslide Control

Measures

1000.0

4. Drainage line treatment 400.0

5. Silt Observation Points

(Refer Table-14.8)

883.94

Total 4938.44



14.5.3 Silt Observation points

Four silt observation locations for regular monitoring of silt load coming in tributaries of

sub-watersheds falling under high and very high categories are proposed. This would

ensure monitoring efficacy of implementation of various treatment measures proposed

in CAT plan. Monitoring would be undertaken for a period of 10 years including 5 years

for CAT plan implementation period. An amount of Rs. 883.94 lakh has been earmarked

for this purpose. The details are given in Table-14.9

Table-14.9: Cost earmarked for establishing Silt Observation points

S. No. Parameter Cost (Rs. lakh)

1 Cost of ten laboratories – Rs 5,00,000/- for silt analysis per

laboratory

50.0

2 One observation hut at each site (@ Rs 5.0 lakh/site) 50.0

3 Cost for hiring services of 10 person (Average salary- Rs

10,000/- for 10 years) considering 10% escalation per year

191.2

4 Cost for hiring services of supervisor 10 persons (Average

salary Rs. 20,000/- for 10 years) considering 10%

escalation per year

444.74

5 Consumables for the measurement Rs. 8.0 lacs per year

for next 10 years, considering 10% escalation per year

148.0

Total 883.94

14.5.4 PES & Eco tourism

Under this an amount of Rs. 10000.0 lakh has been earmarked for conducting

catchment specific study to identify proposals and activities to be undertaken under

PES and its implementation then keep implemented. Eco-tourism activity shall feature

under this component and suitable eco-tourism promotion activities shall be identified

and promoted under this category. Local community involvement to promote nature

based local products are proposed to be encouraged

14.5.5 Research Training and Capacity Building

An amount of Rs. 15000 lakh has been earmarked for Training & Capacity building of

forest staff as well as local community through State Forest Training Institutes and

reputed non-governmental organizations.



14.5.6 Infrastructure Development

The total budget kept for infrastructure development for Forest department during the

implementation of CAT Plan is Rs. 2550 lakh. The details are given in Table-14.10.

Table-14.10: Cost summary for the Operational Support to Forest

S. No. Component/Item No. Unit Rate (Rs. lakh) Total Cost (Rs. lakh)

1 Vehicle Including

operation and

maintenance

50 No. 10.0 500.0

2 Office Expenditure - Lumpsum 550.0

3 Office Equipment

Dual Core computer with

UPS & Laser Jet Printer,

50 No. 1.0 50.0

Photocopier machine 50 No. 3.0 150.0

Office Furniture - Lumpsum 50.0

4 GPS 50 No. 3.0 150.0

5. Maintenance of

Departmental buildings

500.0

6. Maintenance of Forest

roads/inspection paths

600.0

Total 2550

14.5.7 Forest Protection

An amount of Rs. 1200 lakh has been earmarked for implementation of various Forest

Protection measures. The details are given in Table-14.11.

Table-14.11: Cost summary for Forest Protection measures

S. No. Component/Item No. Unit Rate

(Rs. lakh)

Total Cost

(Rs. lakh)

1 Fire protection measures 550.0

2 Distribution of Non-conventional

Energy and Fuel Saving

Devices in catchment area

on a cost-sharing basis, such

as, LPG, Tandoors, Pressure

cookers and Solar devices

- Lumpsum 650.0

Total 1200



14.5.8 Wildlife Management

It is proposed to fund various components of wildlife management plan through CAT

Plans that have a direct bearing on the reduction of silt load. The activities proposed for

wildlife related interventions will be restricted to the project catchment area only. An

amount of Rs. 8000.0 lakh has been earmarked for implementation of various wildlife

management measures.

14.5.9 Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring and evaluation is very essential for the various types of activities in CAT plan

on daily, monthly and annual basis for proper execution of planned works. This will also

include the recording of silt data at 2 gauge and discharge stations proposed in

Catchment Area.

M & E studies including impact evaluation studies should be scheduled for the later

years of the CAT Plan implementation calendar. Indicators for Monitoring impact of CAT

Plan would include:

Change in silt load.

Survival of plantations

Changes in land-use [private holdings]

Changes in man-animal conflicts.

Trend of fire incidences in vulnerable areas.

A provision of 6% of the total CAT Plan cost has been earmarked for Monitoring and

Evaluation. Thus an amount of Rs. 4200.0 lakh has been earmarked for Monitoring and

Evaluation.

14.5.10 Site Specific Working Plan

Site specific micro-plans shall be prepared to address specific natural resource base

livelihood activities of the local communities. The emphasis will be laid on strengthening

the natural resource base of the area by promoting indigenous flora. Micro-level disaster

mitigating measures will be identified and promoted under this activity. A provision of

3% of the total CAT Plan cost amounting to Rs. 2100.0 lakh has been earmarked for

this activity.



14.5.11 CONTINGENCIES

An amount of Rs. 1348 lakh has been earmarked for meeting any unforeseen

expenditure.

14.6 COST ESTIMATE

The cost required for implementation of various measures is Rs. 70000 lakh or 700.0

crore. The details are given in Table 14.12.

Table-14.12: Cost earmarked for implementation of CAT plan

S. No. Activity Amount

(Rs. lakh)

1 Afforestation 9864

2 Soil & Water Conservation Works 4938

3 PES And Eco-Tourism 10000

4 Research Training and Capacity Building 15000

5 Infrastructure Development 2550

6 Forest Protection 12000

7 Wildlife Management 8000

8 Monitoring and Evaluation 4200

9 Site Specific Working plan 2100

10 Contingencies 1348

Total 70000

CHAPTER-15

DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN


Chapter 15: Disaster Management Plan Page 1

CHAPTER-15

DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 15.1 INTRODUCTION

Any Dam project if not designed on the sound principles of design after detail

investigations in respect of hydrology, geology, seismicity etc., could spell a

large scale calamity. Thus these are inherent risk to the project like improper

investigation, planning, designing and construction which ultimately lead to

human catastrophy. Though through detailed field investigations it has been

ensured that the dam is founded on firm foundation, designed for suitable

seismic design parameters, yet in view of that uncertain element of “Force

Mejure” the eventuality of a disaster cannot be ignored but a rescue plan has to

be devised for confronting such an exigency without being caught in the vast

realm of unpreparedness.

A disaster is an unwarranted, untoward and emergent situation that culminates

into heavy toll of life and property and is a calamity sometimes caused by “force

mejure” and also by human error. The identification of all types of disaster in

any proposed project scenario involves the critical review of the project vis-à-vis

the study of historical past incidents/disasters in the similar situations. The

evolution of disaster management plan dwells on various aspects such as

provision of evacuation paths, setting up of alarms and warning systems,

establishing communicating system besides delineating an Emergency

Response Organization with an Effective Response System. Keeping in view

the grievous affects a disaster can cause on human or animal population, loss

of property and environment in and around the areas of impact. Therefore it is

essential to assess the possibility of such failures in context to the present

project and formulate a contingent plan.

The proposed Pancheshwar Dam Project comprises of constructing a 311 m

high dam near Pancheshwar Temple with FRL of EL 680.00 masl having

following main structures

Main Rockfill 311 m high dam across the Mahakali river, forming

an a submergence area of around 116 Km2 (at EL 680 m) with a

gross storage volume of about 11355 Mm3;

Spilway on the left bank, designed to safely discharge the

estimated Probable Maximum Flood (PMF= 23,500 cumec);

Two underground power houses, one on reach bank;

A re-regulating dam downstream to re-regulate the power

releases from Pancheshwar dam.



15.2 DAM BREAK INUNDATION ANALYSIS

The outflow flood hydrograph from a dam failure is dependent upon many

factors such as physical characteristics of the dam, volume of reservoir and the

mode of failure. The parameters which control the magnitude of the peak

discharge and the shape of outflow hydrograph include: the breach dimensions,

the manner and length of time for the breach to develop, the depth and volume

of water stored in the reservoir, and the inflow to the reservoir at the time of

failure. The shape and size of the breach and the elapsed time of development

of the breach are in turn dependent upon the geometry of the dam, construction

materials and the causal agent for failure.

For reasons of simplicity, generally, wide applicability and the uncertainty in the

actual mechanism, the HEC-RAS model has been used. The model uses

failure time interval, terminal size and shape of the breach as the inputs. The

possible shapes of the breach that can be accomplished by the model are

rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal. The model is capable of adopting either

storage routing or dynamic routing methods for routing floods through

reservoirs depending on the nature of flood wave movement in reservoirs at the

time failure.

The dynamic routing method based on the complete equations of unsteady flow

is the appropriate technique to route the flood hydrograph through the

downstream valley. The method is derived from the original equations

developed by St. Venant. The model uses St. Venant’s equations for routing

dam break floods in channels.

15.3 METHODOLOGY

HEC-RAS 4.1 system contains two one dimensional hydraulic components for:

i) steady flow surface profile computations; ii) unsteady flow simulation. The

steady/unsteady flow computations are capable of modeling subcritical,

supercritical, and mixed flow regime water surface profiles. The basic

computational procedure is based on the solution of one dimensional energy

equation. Energy losses are evaluated by friction (manning’s equation) and

contraction/expansion (coefficient multiplied by the velocity head). The

momentum equation is utilized in situations where the water surface profile is

rapidly varied. The graphics include X-Y plots of the river system schematic,

cross-sections, profiles, rating curves, hydrographs and many other hydraulic

variables.

Model Stability during unsteady flow simulation



HEC-RAS model uses an implicit finite difference scheme. The common

problem of stability in the case of unsteady flow simulation can be overcome by

suitable selection of following;

Computational time step

Theta weighing factor for numerical solution

Cross section spacing along the river reach

Solution iterations

Solution tolerance

Weir and spillway factor for numerical solution

Computational time step Stability and accuracy can be achieved by selecting a computational time step

that satisfies the courant condition;

Cr = Vw (Δt/Δx)≤1.0

Therefore: Δt ≤ (Δx/ Vw)

Where:

Vw= Flood wave speed

V = Average velocity of flow

Δx = Distance between the cross sections

Δt = Computational time step

For most of the rivers the flood wave speed can be calculated as:

Vw = dQ /dA

Factors for various channel shapes are shown in the table below.

Channel shape Ratio (Vw/V)

Wide rectangular 1.67

Wide parabolic 1.44

Triangular 1.33

Natural channel 1.50

Theta weighing factor for numerical solution

Theta is a weighing factor applied to the finite difference approximations when

solving the unsteady flow equations. Theoretically theta can vary from 0.5 to

1.0. Theta of 1.0 provides the most stability, while theta of 0.6 provides the

most accuracy.



15.3.1 Reservoir Routing

The storage routing is based on the law of conservation given as:

I –Q = dS/dt …………………….….. (1)

In which, I is reservoir inflow. Q is the total reservoir outflow which includes the

flow spillway, breach, overtopping flow and head independent discharge, and

rate of change of reservoir storage volume. Equation (1) can be expressed in

finite difference form as :

(1 + I’ ) 2 - (Q + Q’ )/2 = ∆ S/∆t -.-----(2)

In which the prime (‘ ) superscript denotes the values at the time t - ∆t and the

notation approximates the differential. The term ∆S may be expressed as:

∆S = (As +A’s) (h-h’)/2 ………………(3)

In which, As is the reservoir surface area coincidental with the elevation (h) and

is a function of h. The discharge Q which is to be evaluated from equation (2) is

a function of h and this known h is evaluated using Newton–Raphson iteration

technique and thus the estimation of discharge corresponding to h.

15.3.2 Dynamic Routing

The hydrologic storage routing technique, expressed by equation (2) implies

that the water surface elevation within the reservoir is horizontal. This

assumption is quite adequate for gradually occurring breaches with no

substantial reservoir inflow hydrographs. However, when the breach is

specified to form almost instantaneously so as to produce a negative wave

within the reservoir, and/or the reservoir inflow hydrograph is significant enough

to produce a positive wave progressing through the reservoir, a routing option

which simulates the negative and /or positive wave occurring within the

reservoir may be used in DAMBRK model. Such a technique is referred to as

dynamic routing. The routing principle is same as dynamic routing in river

reaches and it is performed using St. Venant’s equation. The movement of the

dam break flood wave through the downstream river channel is simulated using

the complete unsteady flow equations for one dimensional open channel flow,

alternatively known as St. Venant’s equations. These equations consist of the

continuity equation

∂Q ∂(A +A0)

___+ _______ = q …………………………………(4)

∂t ∂t



and the conservation of momentum equation :

∂Q ∂(A2/ +A) ∂h ___+ _______ + g A ( ---- + Sf +S e) + Lc = 0 ……(5) ∂t ∂t ∂t

where,

A = active cross – sectional flow area

A0 = inactive (off-channel storage) cross – sectional area

X = distance the channel

q = lateral inflow or outflow per unit distance along the channel

g = acceleration due to gravity

Q = discharge

H = water surface elevation

Ss = friction slope

Se = expansion – contraction loss slope

Lc = lateral inflow/outflow momentum effect due to assumed flow path of inflow

being perpendicular to the main flow.

The friction slope and expansion – contraction loss slope are evaluated by the

following equation

n3 Q2

Sf = --------------- ……………………….…….(6)

2.21 A2 R¾

and,

K∆(Q/A)2

Se = -------------------- ……………………………….…….(7)

2g ∆ X

where,

n = Manning’s roughness coefficient

R = A/B where B is the top width of the active portion of the channel

K = Expansion – contraction coefficient varying from 0.1 to 0.3 for

contraction and 0.5 to – 1.0 expansion

∆(Q/A)2 = Difference in (Q/A)2 for cross sections at their end of a reach

The non-linear partial differential equations (4) and (5) are represented by a

corresponding set of non-linear finite difference algebraic equations and they

are solved by the Newton-Raphson method using weighted four point implicit

scheme to evaluate Q and h. The initial conditions are given by known steady

discharge at the dam, for which steady state non-uniform boundary flow

equation are used. The outflow hydrograph from the reservoir is the upstream

boundary condition for the channel routing and the model is capable of dealing

with fully supercritical flow or fully supercritical flow in the reach or the upstream



reach having supercritical flow and downstream reach having subs critical flow.

There is a choice of downstream boundary conditions such as internally

calculated loop rating curve, user provided single valued rating curve, user

provided time dependent water surface elevation, critical depth and dam which

may pass flow via spillways, overtopping and/or breaching.

15.3.3 Statement of the problem

The computation of flood wave resulting from a dam breach basically involves

two scenarios which can be considered jointly or separately: (1) the outflow

hydrograph from the pond (2) the routing of the flood wave downstream from

the breached dam along the river valley and the flood plain. If breach outflow is

independent of downstream conditions, or if their effect can be neglected, the

reservoir outflow hydrograph is referred to as the free outflow hydrograph. In

this case, the computation of the flood characteristics is divided into two distinct

phases: (a) the determination of outflow hydrograph with or without the routing

of the negative wave the reservoir, and (b) the routing of flood wave

downstream from the breached dam. In this study the problem of simulating the

failure of “Dam” and computing the free outflow hydrograph from the breached

section using storage routing technique’ with the aim of reproducing the

maximum water level marks reached during the passage of flood wave is

considered. The information regarding inflow hydrograph into the pond due to

the storm at the time of failure, the structural and the hydraulic characteristics

details of the dam, the time of failure, the channel cross sections details, the

maximum water level marks reached in the reservoir at the time of failure and

those observed in the downstream reach of the dam to the passage of flood

wave etc. are available for the study.

15.3.4 Availability of Data

The input data required can be categorized into two groups. The first data

group pertains to the dam and inflow hydrograph into the reservoir and the

second group pertains to the routing of the outflow hydrograph through the

downstream valley. These are described in the following paragraphs.

First Data Group

With reference to the data group pertaining to the dam, the information on

reservoir elevation-volume relationship, spillway details, elevation of bottom and

top of dam, elevation of water surface in the pond at the beginning of analysis and

at the time of failure, breach description data are required.

Second Data Group

The second group of data pertaining to the routing of the outflow hydrograph

through the downstream valley consists of a description of cross-sections,



hydraulic resistance coefficients of the reach, steady state flow in the river at the

beginning of the simulation and downstream boundary condition. The cross

section is specified by location mileage, and tables of top width and

corresponding elevation.

15.3.5 Results

A rectangular breach at an El 691 masl with side slope 1:0 and breach formation

time as 1 hr. have been considered in the study for dam break analysis of

Pancheshwar Dam Project. After the breach, immediately below the dam, the

maximum flow will occur immediately after the start of breach. The magnitude of

the simulated outflow hydrograph will be 27,660 cumec corresponding to

maximum stage elevation 666 masl at Km. 2.50 is attenuated to 26,400 cumecs

corresponding to maximum stage elevation of 456 masl at km. 24.00. and further

increase at km. 25 to 27650 cumecs and further reduced to 26178 at km. 38. The

maximum flow and flood wave arrival time at various distances d/s of the dam is


Table-15.1: Summary of wave profile in the event of Dam Break

Distance from Dam (km)

Max Elevation, (masl)

Maximum Flow (cumec)

Time to Maximum Stage, (Minutes)

Maximum velocity m/s

2.50 666.24 27660 4.41 12.54

4.50 646.11 27675 6.57 10.39

7.61 624.23 27444 14.36 7.81

12.80 588.61 27711 24.51 10.30

16.00 582.24 27540 31.22 8.11

18.59 578.12 27112 35.66 8.25

24.00 559.24 26400 40.11 9.68

25.40 558.31 27650 48.22 8.22

28.34 527.24 27411 56.62 8.04

35.05 371.72 26432 68.11 8.62

38.24 364.41 26178 70.22 9.37

15.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

The emergency planning for dam break scenario is devised on the basis of

results of dam break analysis mainly the travel time of flood wave to various

locations in the downstream stretch of the river. It is inferred from the analysis

that in case of main dam failure the flood peak discharge as it prorogates

through valley shall inundate downstream stretch of 2.50 km within 4.41 minute



and the flood wave peak will reach at 38.24 km d/s in 70.22 minutes, implying

that a little reaction time for executing any rescue plan. The plan is, therefore,

based on such measures, which are purely preventive in nature.

The degree of alertness has to enhance during high stage of river manifested

with sharp increase in discharge. Though there cannot be very sharp edge

demarcation between different levels of emergency yet the following flood

conditions have been contemplated and the preventive measures suggested

against each as given in Table-15.2.

Table-15.2: Status of Emergency

S. No.

Status of emergency

Water Level Preventive measures

1. Normal Flood

Below FRL i.e. EL 680 masl and flood discharge below 27666 cumecs

Utmost vigil observed in regulation of spillway gates

2. Level –1 Emergency

Rises above EL 680 masl but flood discharge below 27666cumecs

(1) All gates fully operational (2) All the official should attend dam site. Local officials informed and warning system be kept on alert.


Above FRL i.e. EL 680 masl but below top of dam and the discharge continues rising above 27666 cumecs

Communication & public announcement system should be put into operation and flood warning issued to people.


Top of dam (1) All staff from dam site, power house & TRC outlets alerted to move to safer places (2) Possibility of dam failure should be flashed to District Administration.

5. Disaster Rising above top of dam and the breach appears in any form

District Administration and Project authorities be intimated and only life saving measures should be resorted too

15.4.1 Dam Safety and Maintenance Manual

Based on standard recommended guidelines for the safety inspection of dams

a manual should be prepared by the project proponents in respect of dam

safety surveillance and monitoring aspects. This should be updated with the

availability of instrumentation data and observation data with periodical review.

The need for greater vigil has to be emphasized during first reservoir

impoundment and first few years of operation. The manual should also delve on

the routine maintenance schedule of all hydro-mechanical and electrical

instruments. It should be eloquent in respect of quantum of specific

construction material needed for emergency repair along with delineation of the



suitable locations for its stocking and also identify the much needed machinery

and equipment for executing emergency repair work and for accomplishing the

evacuation plan.

15.4.2 Emergency Action Plan (EAP)

Dam safety programme as indicated above includes the formation of an

Emergency Action Plan for the dam. An emergency is defined as a condition of

serious nature which develops unexpectedly and endangers downstream

property and human life and required immediate attention. Emergency Action

Plan should include all potential indicators of likely failure of the dam, since the

primary concern is for timely and reliable identification and evaluation of

existing of potential emergency.

This EAP presents warning and notification procedures to follow during the

monsoon season in case of failure or potential failure of the dam. The objective

is to provide timely warning to nearby residents and alert key personnel

responsible for taking action in case of emergency.

15.4.3 Administration and Procedural Aspects

The administrative and procedural aspects of the Emergency Action Plan

consist of flow chart depicting the names and addresses of the responsible

personnel of project proponent and the Dist. Administration. In order of

hierarchy, the following system will usually be appropriate. In the event that the

failure is imminent or the failure has occurred or a potential emergency

conditions is developing, the observer at the site is required to report it to the

Junior Engineer who will report to the Executive Engineer / Superintending

Engineer for their reporting to the Chief Engineer through a wireless system or

by any available fastest communication system. The Engineer-in-Charge is

usually responsible for making cognizant with the developing situation to the

Civil Administration. Each personnel are to acknowledge his/her responsibilities

under the EAP in an appropriate format at a priority.

The technical aspects of the EAP consist of preventive action to be taken with

regards to the structural safety of the dam. The EAP is drawn at a priority for

the regular inspection of the dam. For this purpose, providing an adequate and

easy access to the dam site is a necessity. The dam, its sluices, overflows and

non-overflow sections should be properly illuminated for effective operations

during night time. Whenever sinkholes, boils, increased leakages, movement of

masonry rock, gate failure, rapid rise or fall of the level in the reservoir, rise in

the level of reservoir beyond the maximum working level, or wave overrun of

the dam crest are observed, the personnel on patrol is required to inform



immediately to the Junior Engineer (JE) / Assistant Engineer (AE) for initiation

of the execution of EAP. They are required to inform the Engineer-in-Charge

and the local administrative authorities. It is desirable if the downstream

inhabitants are warned using siren, if available, so as to make them aware the

likely imminent danger.

The other preventive measures may include availability of sufficient number of

sandbags at several selected downstream locations and logs (for holding

sandbags) and at the dam site, one tractor, two motor boats, gas lanterns,

Manila ropes and life jackets. Areas from where the labour can be mobilized

should be chalked out at a priority. In addition to these, public participation in

the process of execution of the EAP may further help in amelioration of the

adverse impacts of the likely disaster. For this, it is necessary that the public

should be made aware of its responsibilities.

15.4.4 Preventive Action

Once the likelihood of an emergency situation is suspected, action has to be

initiated to prevent a failure. The point at which each situation reaches an

emergency status shall be specified and at that stage the vigilance and

surveillance shall be upgraded both in respect of time and level. At this stage a

thorough inspection of the dam should be carried out to locate any visible

sign(s) of distress.

Engineers responsible for preventive action should identify sources of

equipment needed for repair, materials, labour and expertise for use during an

emergency. The amount and type of material required for emergency repairs

should be determined for dam, depending upon its characteristics, design,

construction history and past behavior. It is desirable to stockpile suitable

construction materials at appropriate sites. The anticipated need of equipment

should be evaluated and if these are not available at the dam site, the exact

location and availability of these equipments should be determined and

specified. The sources/agencies must have necessary instructions for

assistance during emergency. Due to the inherent uncertainties about their

effectiveness, preventive actions should usually be carried out simultaneously

with the appropriate notification on alert situation or a warning situation.

15.4.5 Communication System

An effective communication system and a downstream warning system are

absolutely essential for the success of an emergency preparedness plan. The

difference between a high flood and dam-break situation must be made clear to

the downstream population.



15.4.6 Evacuations Plans

Emergency Action Plan includes evacuation plans and procedures for

implementation based on local needs. These could be:

- Demarcation / prioritization of areas to be evacuated.

- Notification procedures and evacuation instructions.

- Safe routes, transport and traffic control.

- Safe areas/shelters.

- Functions and responsibilities of members of evacuation team.

Any precarious situation during floods will be communicated either by an alert

situation or by an alert situation followed by a warning situation. An alert

situation would indicate that although failure of flooding is not imminent, a more

serious situation could occur unless conditions improve. A warning situation

would indicate that flooding is imminent as a result of an impending failure of

the dam. It would normally include an order for evacuation of delineated

inundation areas.

15.4.7 Evacuation Team

It will comprise of following official / Representative:

District Magistrate (D. M.)/ His Nominated officer (To peacefully

relocate the people to places at higher elevation with state

administration).

Engineer in charge of the project (Team Leader)

Superintendent of Police (S. P.) / Nominated Police Officer (To

maintain law and order)

Chief Medical Officer (C. M. O.), (To tackle morbidity of affected

people)

Head of affected village to execute the resettlement operation with

the aid of state machinery and project proponents.

Sub committees at village level

The Engineer-in-Charge will be responsible for the entire operation including

prompt determination of the flood situation time to time. Once the red alert is

declared the whole state machinery will come into swing and will start

evacuating people in the inundation areas delineated in the inundation maps.

For successful execution, annually demo exercise will be done. The D.M. is to

monitor the entire operation.



15.4.8 Public Awareness for Disaster Mitigation

In addition, guidelines that have to be followed by the inhabitants of flood prone

areas, in the event of flood resulting from dam failure, which form part of public

awareness for disaster mitigation may also include following:

Listen to the radio for advance information and advice.

Disconnect all electrical appliances and move all valuable personal

and household goods beyond the reach of floodwater, if one is

warned or if one suspects that flood waters may enter the house.

Move vehicles, farm animals and movables goods to the higher

place nearby.

Keep sources of water pollution i.e. insecticides out of the reach of

water.

Turn off electricity and LPG gas before one has to leave the house.

Lock all outside doors and windows if one has to leave the house.

Do not enter floodwaters.

Never wander around a flood area.

15.4.9 Notifications

Notification procedures are an integral part of any emergency action plan.

Separate procedures should be established for slowly and rapidly developing

situations and failure. Notifications would include communication of either an

alert situation or an alert situation followed by a warning situation. An alert

situation would indicate that although failure or flooding is not imminent, a more

serious situation could occur unless conditions improve. A warning situation

would indicate that flooding is imminent as a result of an impending failure of

the dam. It would normally include an order for evacuation of delineated

inundation areas.

15.4.10 Notification Procedures

Copies of the EAP that also include the above described inundation map are

displayed at prominent locations, in the rooms and locations of the personnel

named in the notification chart. For a regular watch on the flood level situation,

it is necessary that the flood cells be manned by two or more people so that an

alternative person is always available for notification round the clock. For

speedy and unhindered communication, a wireless system is a preferable

mode of communication. Telephones may be kept for back up, wherever

available. It is also preferred that the entire flood cells, if more that one, are

tuned in the same wireless channel. It will ensure communication from the dam



site to the control rooms. The communication can be established by messenger

service in the absence of such modes of communication.

15.4.11 Management after receding of Flood Water

It is to be accepted that in the even of dam break, even with maximum efforts,

the loss of human lives, livestock and property would be inevitable. Under such

a scenario, a massive effort would be used by various government agencies to

provide various relief measures to the evacuees. Formulation of a plan

delineating such measures is beyond the scope of work of this document.

However, some of the measures which need to be implemented are listed as

below:

Provision of various food items and shelter to the evacuees.

Provision of fuel for various evacuees.

Provision of adequate fodder supply.

Arrangements for potable water supply.

Commissioning of low cost sewage treatment and sanitation

facilities, and disposal of treatment sewage.

Expeditious disposal of dead bodies human and livestock.

Immunization programmes for prevention of outbreak of epidemics

of various water related diseases.

Adequate stocks of medicines of various diseases, especially

water-related diseases.

15.5 COST ESTIMATES

The budget for different activities required to be carried out for mitigation and

prevention of dam break hazard exclusively from the dam is Rs 1230.00 lakh as

per details given in Table-15.3.

Table-15.3: Budget earmarked for implementation of Disaster Management Plan

S. No. Particular Cost (Rs. lakh)

1. Installation of alert system in control room 100.0

2 Setting up of communication between various projects on river Mahakali/Sharda

200.0

3 Setting up of communication system between dam and d/s settlements

300.0

4 Public information system 200.0

5 Setting up of a seismic observatory at dam site

400.0

6 Training and miscellaneous expenses 30.0

Total 1230.0

CHAPTER-16

AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT PLAN


Chapter 16: Agriculture Improvement Plan Page 1

CHAPTER-16

AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT PLAN

16.1 INTRODUCTION

As a part of the EMP, various measures have been suggested to improve

agricultural practices in the area. These include:

Improved agricultural practices

Integrated plant and nutrient management

Biological control of pests and diseases

Use of agro-chemicals

Control of weeds on agricultural lands

Training & Extension courses for farmers

16.2 IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

Normally introduction of irrigation, in command area of any irrigation project

leads to a genetic erosion and a large number of traditional strains of crops give

way to identical high yielding varieties. Such phenomenon makes the crops

prone to attack by fewer strains of virus, fungus etc. and provides little chance

to develop newer varieties of crop to fight future adverse environmental

conditions.

To develop a suitable EMP, to negate the above adverse impact may not be an

easy task, as the concept is yet to take roof in India. Quite a few institutions in

the country are doing significant research in the area, and their help can be

taken i.e. Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI). Likewise, the services of

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) which has a

Centre at Hyderabad can also be used.

16.3 INTEGRATED PLANT AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

Under the best farming practices, only 40-50% of the applied fertilizers are

used by the crop and the balance find their way into the aquatic environment

through drainage runoff. Besides eutrophication of neighboring water bodies

through washing down of fertilizers and organic matter rich in nutrients from the

surrounding agricultural fields, the soil productivity is also threatened due to

continuous overdosing of fertilizers. IPNM approach would be useful for

building soil productivity and improving crop yields. IPNM is an approach for

maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility in relation to plant nutrient supply at



an optimum level for sustaining desired crop productivity. This is done through

optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an

integrated manner. Some benefits of the IPNM are listed as below:

Helps achieve highest production per unit of investment by way of reducing

unavoidable losses due to leaching and volatilization.

Helps reduce toxicity, which happens due to excessive use of single

nutrients.

Helps in quality production besides enhancement of Benefit Cost (B/C) ratio.

Provides natural safeguard against biotic and abiotic stresses.

Soils using only chemical fertilizer exhibit declining productivity per unit of

plant nutrient used.

Using only major nutrients (NPK) results in deficiencies of micro and

secondary nutrients.

Helps maintain soil health through organic matter and results in better

fertilizer use efficiency.

Organic manures and plant residues are available locally and thus if

managed properly are cost effective.

Maintenance of soil health with maximum use of organic manure and recycling

of organic waste along with chemical fertilizers and bio-fertilizers in an

integrated manner is environmentally sound and cost effective alternative.

16.4 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND DISEASES

16.4.1 Components of IPM

The major components of IPM in increasing order of complexity are given in

Table-16.1.

Table-16.1: Major Components of IPM

IPM Component Notified Component Practices

Cultural practices Preparation of nurseries or main fields free from pest

infestation by removing plant debris, trimming of bunds,

treating of soil and deep summer ploughing which kills

various stages of pests. Proper drainage system in field

be adopted.

Testing of soil for nutrients deficiencies on the basis of

which fertilizers should be applied.

Selection of certified seeds and treating seeds with

fungicide or bio-pesticides before sowing for seed borne




disease control.

Selection of seeds of relatively pest resistant/tolerant

varieties which play a significant role in pest suppression.

Adjustment of time of sowing and harvesting to escape

peak season of pest attack.

Rotation of crops with non-host crops. It helps in

reduction of incidence of soil borne diseases.

Proper plant spacing which makes plants more healthy

and less susceptible to pests.

Optimum use of fertilizer. Use of FYM and bio-fertilizers

should be encouraged.

Proper water management (alternate wetting and drying

to avoid water stagnation) as the high moisture in soil for

prolonged period is conducive for development of pests

especially soil borne diseases.

Proper weed management. It is well known fact that most

of weeds besides competing with crop for micronutrients

also harbour many pests.

Root dip or seedling treatment in pest infested area.

Inter-cropping or multiple cropping wherever possible. All

the crops are not preferred by each pest species and

certain crops act as repellents, thus keeping the pest

species away from preferred crops resulting in reduction

of pest incidence.

Harvesting as close as to ground level. This is because

certain developmental stages of insect pests/diseases

remain on the plant parts which act as primary inoculum

for the next crop season. Hence, harvesting crops at

ground level will lessen the incidence of pests in next

season.

Before planting, nursery plants be sprayed/dipped in

copper fungicide/bio-pesticide solutions to protect the

plants from soil borne diseases.

Keeping bee hives or placing flower bouquets of pollinizer

cultivars facilitate better pollination and subsequent fruit

set.

Mechanical

practices

Removal and destruction of egg masses, larvae, pupae

and adults of insect pests and diseased parts of plants

wherever possible.

Installation of bamboo cage cum bird perchers in the field

and placing parasitized egg masses inside them for

conservation of natural enemies and withholding of pest

species wherever possible.

Use of light traps and destruction of trapped insects.




Installation of bird scarer in the field where required.

Installation of bird perchers in the field for allowing birds

to sit and feed on insects and their immature stages viz.,

eggs, larvae and pupae.

Use of pheromone traps for monitoring and suppression

of pest population.

Genetical practices Selection of high yielding varieties for different crops

Selection of comparatively pest resistant/tolerant varieties

Biological practices Bio-control is use of living organisms to control unwanted

living organisms (pests). It involves deliberate use of

parasitoids, predators and pathogens to maintain pest

population at level blow those causing economic loss

either by introducing a new bio-agent into the

environment of pest or by increasing effectiveness of

those already preset in the field.

Parasitoids: These are the organisms which lay eggs in

or on the bodies of their hosts and complete their life

cycles on host bodies as a result of which hosts die. A

parasitoid may be of different type depending on the host

developmental stage in or on which it completes its life

cycle. These include different species of Trichogramma,

Apanteles, Bracon, Chelonus, Brachemeria,

Pseudogonotopus etc.

Predators: These are free living organisms which prey

upon other organisms for their food. These include

species of spiders, dragon flies, damsel flies, lady bird

beetles, Chrysopa species, birds etc.

Pathogens: These are micro-organisims which infest and

cause diseases in their hosts as a result of which hosts

are killed. Major groups of pathogens are fungi, viruses

and bacteria. Some nematodes also cause diseases in

some insect pests. Important examples of fungi are

different species of Hirsutella, Beauveria, Nomurae and

Metarhizium which have been reported to infest and kill

large number of insects (upto 90%) in the fields. Among

viruses, most important examples are of nuclear

polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and granulosis viruses.

Outbreak of viruses in armyworms, cut worms, leaf

folders, hairy caterpillars and plant hoppers have been

reported many times. Among bacteria, Bacillus

thuringiensis (B.t.) and B. popillae are very common

examples.

Chemical practices Use of chemical pesticides is the last resort when all other

methods fail to keep the pest population below economic




loss. Although there is a great advancement in pest

management research, yet pesticides would continue to

play an important role in crop protection in view of

complexity of pest problems. Therefore, use of pesticides

should be need based, judicious, based on pest

surveillance and economic threshold level (ETL) to

minimise not only the cost involved, but also to reduce

associated problems, following aspects need to be

considered:

ETL and pest defender ratio must be observed

Relatively safer pesticides should be selected e.g. neem

based and biopesticides.

If pest is present in strips or isolated patches, whole field

should net be sprayed.

16.5 USE OF AGRO-CHEMICALS

A great deal of attention has been focused on agro-chemicals especially on

pesticides as these are supposed to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic

and allergenic. The following measures are recommended to prevent pollution

and associated adverse impacts due to over-use of agro-chemicals:

Soil should be tested to analyse the nutrients before each cropping

season and the fertilizer dose shall be fixed considering the

concentration of soil nutrients and the type of crops to be grown.

Organic manures should be used in place of chemicals fertilizers,

Agronomic practices such as crop rotation and green cover mulching

which reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers should be

incorporated in the cropping pattern itself.

Land conservation measures suggested as a part of watershed

management are effective in controlling erosion by surface runoff. The

agro-chemicals clinging to the eroded soil material is prevented from

reaching the surface waters.

16.6 CONTROL OF WEEDS ON AGRICULTURE LANDS

Measures against weeds comprise mechanical (cultivation and mowing),

cultural or cropping, biological and chemical means.



Mechanical Methods

Hand weeding is the most efficient method, but it is back-breaking, time-

consuming and costly. Further, high wages paid to the hired labour narrow

down the profits of the cultivator.

Cultural or cropping methods

The farming practices are capable of changing the condition in such a way as

to enable the crop plants to compete with weeds successfully or to reduce their

interference to the minimum and thus preventing them from acting as

impediments to increased crop production. Seeds with good germination will

give the crop a vigorous and close stand and thus enable it to steal a march on

the weeds.

Chemical methods

The controlling of weeds in the growing crops with weedicides increases their

yields and ensures the efficient use of irrigation, fertilizers and plant protection

measures.

16.7 TRAINING AND EXTENSION COURSES FOR FARMERS

The change from rainfed to irrigated cropping requires extension, training and

demonstration programmes for farmers. Considering these aspects it is proposed

that the project authorities need to provide adequate training to farmers.

The training must include the following aspects of environmental protection:

Prevention of spread of water related diseases;

Safe use of agro-chemicals, and

Environmental conservation programmes.

Measures under prevention of spread of water related diseases must deal with:

Hygeine and personal health care;

Control of water spills, pudding etc.;

Prevention and prophylactic measures for control of vectors;

Disposal of human waste, and

Disposal of drainage water.



The aspects due to be covered under safe use of agro-chemicals are:

Control of weeds in channels

Methods of cleaning and disposal of weeds;

Detrimental environmental effects of agro-chemicals; and

Information on biological weed control.

Pest control

Specific uses of pesticides and its optimization;

Residual degradability;

Effect on untargeted species;

Safety procedures during application;

Rate and frequency of application;

Disposal of packing material and surpluses;

Storage of chemicals;

Information on cropping measures such as weeding, rotational

cropping, cleaning of bunds, etc.

Fertilizer use

Type, dosage, application techniques, timing and frequency of

application and its relationship with type of soils;

Disposal or storage of packing materials and surpluses.

Topics to be covered under Environmental conservation programmes are:

Protection of forest or trees;

Control of tree felling of fuel wood and timber;

Advice on establishment of village woodlot; and

Soil conservation measures.

Such training courses can be organized by Agriculture Department, state

government of Uttar Pradesh.

CHAPTER-17

SAFETY PRACTICES DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE


Chapter 17: Safety Plan Page 1

CHAPTER-17

SAFETY PRACTICES DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

17.1 INTRODUCTION

The information on following aspects pertaining to safety have been presented in

this chapter:

Personal Safety Equipment

Rescue Team

Illumination and Earthing

Maintenance of Traffic and Safety on Public Roads

Blasting

Ventilation of Underground Works

Control of Dust, Silica and Noxious Gases in Underground Works

Management of Explosives

Traffic management during construction phase

Measures to be taken during excavation of earth

Safety practices during construction phase

Fire protection in labour camp and staff colonies

17.2 PERSONAL SAFETY EQUIPMENT

All the personnel as well as the site representatives and visitors shall be

equipped with appropriate personal safety equipment. 'I he use of such

equipment shall be compulsory.

Every person entering the working area in open air or in underground shall

wear a protective helmet. Every person entering into underground works

shall have an battery operated electric lamp.

The safety-loc footwear with steel caps shall be worn by all employees

engaged in work having an inherent danger to the feel. Light footwear such

as sandals, canvas or tennis shoes shall not be permitted for construction

work.

During the drilling works and in the areas where the employees are exposed

to harmful noise levels, car protectors shall be made available and required

to wear.



Employees engaged in work having an inherent danger of eye or face injury1

shall be furnished and required to wear protection glasses, goggles or masks

Where irritant or toxic substances may come in contact with the skin or

clothing, employees shall be wearing the protective clothing or shall be

required to apply a protective ointment by a competent physician.

Employees working on sleep slopes or otherwise subject to possible falls

from levels not protected by fixed guardrails or safety nets, shall be secured

by safety bells and lifelines.

Requirements for Underground Works

Emergency material shall be provided at each underground excavation heading.

This equipment shall consist of the following, as a minimum:

a) 3 stretchers

b) 3 woollen blankets

c) 2 appliances for artificial breathing

d) I oxygen flask

e) 3 explosion-pcooflamps

f) wound dressing and disinfecting material

g) pain-killing injections

h) gas masks

At least two members of the Rescue Team as described hereinafter, properly

instructed and trained in the rescue procedures, shall be in each crew

working

underground

17.3 RESCUE TEAM

Prior to the commencement of construction, a Rescue Team shall be formed.

This Rescue Team shall be capable to render help after accidents caused by

fire, gas explosion, avalanche, etc.

The Rescue Team shall be organized in such a way that sufficient number of

members will be ready for action at any time until the Completion of Works.

The Rescue Team members shall be instructed and trained for their task by a

qualified and experienced person. If required, an outside specialist shall be

hired to perform such training. A refresher training for all members of the

Rescue Team shall be conducted at least every six months.



Each Rescue Team member shall be skilled in giving the first aid, dealing

with the appliances for artificial respiration, and lire fighting equipment and

shall possess a good local knowledge. Adequate equipment for reaching

even the remotest working area shall be at their disposal.

17.4 ILLUMINATION AND EARTHING

17.4.1 General

All working sites in the open, transit areas, excavation sites, access to

tunnels, etc., shall be adequately illuminated during night work by electrical

lights as specified in the Section "Site Installations and Services".

Illumination of Underground Works

Each working face shall be brightly illuminated.

The vaults along the entire length of the tunnel adits and shaft shall be

illuminated with electrical light throughout the duration of construction works.

The lamps shall be located as follows;

a) Every 25 m in unlined stretches,

b) Every 50 m in lined stretches.

The lamps shall be installed in a particular area immediately after the rock

supporting measures have been completed.

Electrical cables shall be well insulated, protected and firmly fixed to tunnel

walls by means of adequate insulators, Lamps shall be well protected against

damage.

Lighting by flame is expressly forbidden in the underground.

17.4.2 Earthling, Wet Work Areas, Control of Electric Discharges

All equipment and appliances, which are exposed to lightning, shall be

earthed electrically, and the effectiveness of such earthling shall be

periodically checked by the specialized personnel.

No equipment electrically powered by more than 24 Volts shall be operated

by personnel standing in water.

Only air, battery-powered or hydraulic tools shall be permitted in the wet

areas.

Where electrical blasting will be used, equipment shall be installed to control

possible electric discharges in the ground due to storms, electrical motors,



etc. As soon as such discharges arc noted, electrical blasting operations

shall be suspended, or the detonator type changed.

17.5 MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC AND SAFETY ON PUBLIC ROADS

All necessary precautions for the protection of the work and the safety of the

public on the roads affected by his activities shall be taken. Where the work

will be carried out at the site of, or close to an existing road, the vehicular and

pedestrian traffic shall be maintained safe at all times. If any operations can

cause traffic hazards, the repair or fence or any such other measures shall

be taken for ensuring safety.

Roads subject to interference by the work shall be kept open or suitable

detours shall be provided and maintained, and all necessary barricades,

suitable and sufficient flashlights, flagmen, danger signals, and signs be

provided.

Roads, which will be closed to traffic, shall be protected by effective

barricades on which acceptable warning and detour signs shall be placed. All

barricades shall be kept illuminated and all lights shall be kept on from sunset

to sunrise.

The temporary passes and bridges shall be provided lo give an access to the

existing villages, houses, etc., to the satisfaction of the authorities concerned

whenever he disturbs such existing way during the execution of the Works.

17.6 BLASTING

17.6.1 General

All blasting shall be carried out in a workmanlike and safe manner by a

competent, licensed and experienced blasting engineer or foreman. No

blasting shall be done without his approval.

Blasting will be permitted only after adequate provisions have been made for

the protection of persons, the Works, and public or private property.

Responsibility for the safety of persons and property shall be ensured. All

claims resulting from personal injury and damage to property and equipment

that may resulting from its blasting operations shall be taken care of. Any

damage done to the Works or property by blasting shall be repaired.

Blasting in the open air shall be carried out only at certain hours of (he day in

accordance with a schedule. Barriers shall be erected and warning shall be



given to the workers at the Site and to the public immediately before blasting,

so that no person will enter the danger zone until blasting is finished.

Upon completion of blasting, an "all clear" signal shall be given by the

responsible blasting engineer after he has satisfied himself that all charges

loaded have detonated and that no delay-explosions or misfiring arc to be

expected.

Such methods of blasting shall be employed that shock and vibration are

minimized.

No blasts involving charges larger than 200 kg shall be carried without at

least one hour prior to the blast.

No blasting shall be permitted within 25 m of any concrete placed within the

previous 7 days, except backfill concrete behind steel ribs. After 7 days.

Blasting will not be permitted within 10 m of structures or installations

vulnerable to damage by blasting.

No charging and firing will be permitted during thunderstorms and other

electrical disturbances.

Mats or rubber tires tied together with rope shall be used as protection from

flying debris to cover the charges where blasting may expose persons or

properly to injury or damage.

17.6.2 Underwater Blasting

Only water resistant blasting caps and detonating cord shall be used in

underwater blasting operations.

Loading tubes and casings of dissimilar metals shall not be permitted

because of possible electrical transient current from galvanic action.

When more than one charge is placed underwater, a float device shall be

attached to an element of each charge in such manner that it will be released

by the firing.

No drilling, digging or excavating shall be permitted until all misfires have

detonated or the explosives are removed from the missed holes.

17.7 VENTILATION OF UNDERGROUND WORKS

17.7.1 General

Installation and operation of ventilating systems for underground construction

sites, shall be done. Calculations of fresh air supply volume, type of



ventilation scheme, duct diameters, materials and equipment and position of

ventilators and dust arrestors shall be performed. Description of the working

cycle including number of persons employed, number and capacity of diesel-

powered equipment working at one time at each tunnelling face shall also be

included.

All parts of the Works shall be maintained in a slate which will not be injurious

to the health of the personnel. The air in underground shall contain no less

than 20% oxygen and shall not contain a concentration of gases, vapours or

dust greater than is safe for the health of workmen.

If requited, the ventilating system shall be kept in operation also after break-

through in tunnels, galleries and shafts in order to maintain the fresh air

volume requirements staled hereafter

Intermediate fans attached to the main duct line shall be provided as required

to ensure satisfactory removal of contaminated air. All ventilation ducts shall

be maintained in an airtight condition.

Ventilation ducts shall be firmly fixed to the vault in such position that a

minimum clearance of 200 mm remains between the duct and the extremities

of train or vehicular traffic employed in the underground.

Should the volume of fresh air at the heading face not reach the required

amount and quality, the whole duct system shall be pressure-and-volume

tested in portions not exceeding a few hundred meters. Measuring stations

shall be located not closer than 10 times the duct diameter from any fan or

other flow disturbance within the duct.

17.7.2 Ventilating System

The ventilating system shall be of such efficiency that the average air velocity

in the largest excavated profile is not less than 0.3 m/s. In case the presence

of methane gas is detected or suspected this value shall be increased to 0.5

m/s.

Furthermore, the main ventilating system shall ensure that both of the

following minimum fresh air volume requirements are satisfied at all times:

3.0 m3/min for each person employed underground at one time

6.0 m3/min for each metric horse power (PS) of diesel-powered equipment at

work underground at one lime. This value may be reduced to 3.0 m3/min

providing the equipment is using diesel oil low in sulphur content (max. 0.2%

of sulphur by volume).



These fresh air volumes shall be cumulative and the design calculations for

the maximum number of persons and diesel-powered equipment working in

the underground at any one time. Any estimated losses, e.g. due to the leaks

in the ducts, shall be added to the figures stated above.

The ventilating system in the underground excavation performed by drilling

and blasting shall consist of two parts:

a) Main ventilating system,

b) Secondary ventilating system.

The main ventilating system shall be designed to allow the flow to be

reversed and shall be operated as follows:

a) Prior to the blasting, the system will be put in the exhaust mode of

operation. Blasting fumes shall be extracted as close as possible to the

excavation face. Exhaust air and blasting fumes shall be discharged in

such a way that they can neither escape in any other working place nor

be re-circulated in the fresh air supply system.

b) Prior to the commencement of mucking and removal of material the

system will be put in the forced mode of operation which will continue till

termination of mucking.

The secondary ventilating equipment of the forced type shall be installed to

provide adequate ventilation of the area between the heading face and the

air intake/outlet of the main system. This system shall be switched on prior to

the blasting and shall be operating until the main system has been put into

forced mode of operation. The air intake shall be located at a sufficient

distance from the heading face to ensure that blasting fumes do not

permeate into this area and cause a recycling of blasting fumes. The outlet of

this duct shall be located so close to the heading face that the driving of the

blasting fumes and dust away from the face into main system is ensured. The

minimum capacity shall be at least 70% of the main system capacity. The

end diameter of the duct shall be such that the air discharge velocity is not

less than 20 m/s.

Re-entry to the heading face and resuming of the work may not occur earlier

than IS minutes following each blast.



17.8 CONTROL OF DUST, SILICA, AND NOXIOUS GASES IN

UNDERGROUND WORKS

17.8.1 Dust and Silica

To reduce the amount of dust, only wet drilling will be allowed and during

mucking, muck tips shall be kept constantly damp by sprinkling with water.

The use of high-pressure water jets for this purpose will not be permitted.

The concentration of fine dust shall be measured and content of silicon

dioxide (SiO2) in all dust-producing underground operations by an approved

method.

Air samples shall be taken within 10 days of commencing underground

excavation, and at 90-day intervals thereafter. Samples shall be taken from

actual working areas. The sampling and testing shall be performed by a

qualified person or laboratory.

Should the concentration of fine dust exceed the limits, such necessary

measures shall be undertaken and install such additional equipment which

will ensure that the dust concentrations are within the specified safe hygienic

limits.

17.8.2 Noxious Gases

Use of internal combustion engines, other than approved mobile diesel-

powered equipment will not be permitted in underground construction sites.

Concentrations of other flammable gases shall not exceed 40% of the lower

explosive limit at the heading face and 20% of the lower explosive limit in the

general tunnel or shaft atmosphere.

If concentrations of noxious gases or other flammable gases exceed the

permissible limits set forth above, all operations shall be interrupted

immediately and personnel shall be removed to a safe area. AH sources of

ignition shall be extinguished or removed. All equipment, with the exception

of ventilation equipment, shall be shut down.

In case of need, an independent consultant experienced in gaseous

tunneling shall be engaged. Re-entry and resuming of the work shall be

prohibited until such measures are taken.



17.9 MANAGEMENT OF EXPLOSIVES

17.9.1 General requirements of responsible persons

All persons charged with, responsible for or involved in the storage,

transportation and handling of explosives are to have received appropriate

training, are to be suitably qualified and experienced and are to be familiar

with the details and guidelines of this chapter.

Persons responsible in whatever capacity for the storage, transportation

and/or handling explosives are to be in good health.

Persons not qualified to store, transport or handle explosives may carry, load

and unload dangerous material into vehicles or storage under supervision of

a qualified person, provided they are verbally briefed on safety measures

prior to handling explosives.

All transportation and storage of explosives, temporarily or permanent must

be recorded in a log book showing the amount of explosives transported or

stored and the amount of explosives being used.

17.9.2 Environmental Requirements

The environmental requirements (temperature, humidity and vibration) of explosives

vary, and are dependent on their intended storage conditions (including shelf life),

transportation, handling and use. The performance of explosives will be

unpredictable and the safety will be reduced if the manufacturers' environmental

conditions are not met. In general, explosives should be:

Kept dry and well ventilated.

Kept as cool as possible and free from excessive or frequent changes of

temperature.

Protected from direct sunlight

Kept free from excessive and constant vibration.



17.9.3 STORAGE REQUIREMENTS

The key aspects to be considered while considering the storage site are:

All storage facilities require adequate ventilation to prevent dampening and

heating of stored explosives. Climatic conditions, size of magazine and

location will determine the amount of ventilation required.

Permanent and/or main storage facilities shall be fire-resistant, theft resistant,

weather resistant and ventilated.

Portable storage facilities, such as a skid-mounted container, trailer or semi-

trailer shall be theft-resistant, fire-resistant and weather-resistant. The

magazine should be constructed of steel with an interior lining of timber.

Magazines of less than one cubic meter in size should be fixed to the ground

to prevent theft of the entire magazine.

A day box is used for the on-site storage of explosives required for daily

operation and shall be:

Weather resistant and able to be locked.

Wherever possible or practical it should be of steel construction

but can be wooden boxes or other appropriate containers.

They shall contain no more than 10 kg of explosives and or (including)

appropriate quantity of initiating means to fire the given quantity of

explosives.

Detonators and/or other means of initiation are to be stored and carried in a

separate box from explosives.

Vehicles are not to be left loaded with explosives at any time unless they are

under continuous security guard and are not to be used as overnight storage

facilities.

The following are the minimum general rules and guidelines for the storage of

explosives:

Permanent and/or main storage facilities are to have ventilation, installed in

such a way that it cannot be closed, blocked or allow water to penetrate.

Permanent and/or main storage facilities are to be fitted with lightning

conductors.

Permanent and/or main storage facilities are to have separate rooms or a

substantial barrier for separating explosives and detonators/blasting caps.



In all circumstances, where possible explosives shall be stored in their

original packaging.

All boxes are to be placed at least 100mm above the floor, e.g. on wooden

pallets.

When boxes are stacked the height will not exceed 1.5 metres. The space

between the top of the boxes and the ceiling will not be less than 600mm.

When stacked on shelves boxes are to be at least 100mm away from the

upper shelf, and 500mm away from the walls of the room.

When stacking boxes the width of the base is to be bigger than the height of

stacked boxes.

Blasting caps and electric detonators may be stacked only if packed in boxes

and on wooden shelves maximum two layers on a shelf. Total height of

stacked boxes will not exceed 1.4 meters.

If portable lanterns or pocket torches of any description are required they will

be switched on before entering the store. The person holding the torch will

not handle explosives or detonators or blasting caps.

Materials used for packaging explosives are to be destroyed and not

discarded after use.

Fire extinguishers shall be available in storage facility.

17.9.4 Additional Safety Measures for Storing and Handling of Explosives

These following shall be implemented and adhered to by the contractor/ project

proponent:

A trained and qualified person is to be responsible for managing the receipt,

storage, guarding and issuing explosives at all levels

Only authorized persons are to enter any storage facility and where

appropriate and relevant to be escorted at all times.

All smoking materials, including cigarettes, matches, lighters etc. and any

object or item that might cause fire are prohibited from the storage facility. At

the entrance to the facility there is to be a warning sign stating ‘NO

SMOKING OR SMOKING MATERIALS ALLOWED BEYOND THIS POINT’.

Clothing and shoes of all workers are to be in accordance with rules on

storage of explosives. Shoes are to be manufactured in such a manner as

not to cause sparks.



The storage facility is not to be used for anything other than storing

explosives. It should be kept free from any other tools, equipment of items

and should at all times be kept as clean and tidy as is practicable.

The facility is to be secured at all times except when it is being ventilated

when it should be guarded.

Facilities are to be constructed in such a way as to provide protection from

static electricity.

If thunderstorms are predicted all work in and around the facility is to stop

and personnel are to go to a safe place.

In the event that the facility repair, all explosives and explosive accessories

are to be removed before repairs are started.

17.9.5 Requirements when preparing to Transport Explosives

Persons responsible for the transportation of explosives are to ensure:

That suitable communications systems are available that will allow for

communication from the vehicle to the project throughout the complete

journey.

That an appropriate communication plan (covering as a minimum a radio

check prior to leaving the start location and informing on arrival at

destination) is in place for the journey.

That a route card is prepared covering the complete journey. That the driver

and drivers assistant are aware of all actions to be taken covering all possible

eventualities during the journey i.e. breakdown, accident, robbery, etc.

Explosives will not be transported unless securely packed in appropriate

boxes. Boxes or individual packages are to have specific identification marks

on them.

Each box is to be marked with the applicable hazardous classification code.

Boxes are to be closed and made waterproof in order to prevent any loss or

spilling and moisture ingress during transport. If the vehicle is not a covered

vehicle, boxes are to be covered with a waterproof cover.

Detonators are to be securely packed in a separate metal box from

explosives. Boxes containing detonators are to be carried in a separate

compartment of the vehicle from boxes containing explosives. UNDER NO

CIRCUMSTANCES ARE DETONATORS TO BE CARRIED IN THE SAME

BOX AS EXPLOSIVES.



Detonators and explosives are to be loaded on to the vehicle in such a way

that they do not move about during transportation.

Boxes, pallets and other packaging for transport of explosives are to be

evenly distributed over the whole deck area, and can be loaded up to the

height of the sides of the truck. All individual packaging and boxes with

explosives are to be loaded and fixed to prevent spillage from boxes and

turning over or impact inside boxes.

17.9.6 Requirements of vehicles used for the Transport of Explosives

Vehicles employed to transport explosives are to be roadworthy, well maintained,

and in good working order. Persons in charge of the transport of explosives will

check the following prior to any movement of vehicles carrying explosives.

The vehicle is marked appropriately.

The driver and driver’s assistant are briefed about the type of explosives to

be transported as well as their destination and the route they are to take. The

type and quantity of explosives and conditions of roads to be travelled on are

to be considered when deciding the type of vehicle to be used.

If vehicles carrying explosives are travelling in convoy, then the distance

between vehicles is to be a minimum of 100 meters.

All vehicles that are employed for the transport of explosives should also carry the

following equipment:

At least two appropriate fire extinguishers, one for the vehicle engine and one

for the load, extinguishers are to be charged with a content that will efficiently

extinguish an explosives fire.

Two hand-torches, Two warning triangles for marking the vehicle when

stationary on the road.

Vehicles transporting explosives shall be fitted with an earthing-strap to take

away static electricity from the vehicle to the ground.

No passengers are to be carried in vehicles transporting explosives.

Vehicle crews are to consist only of a driver and a driver’s assistant.

No material that may cause a fire may be carried in vehicles transporting

explosives.

No repairs that might cause fire by sparking due to impact or violent contact

may be carried out.



No smoking is allowed in the driver’s cabin or any other part of the vehicle.

The vehicle is not to be left unattended.

The driver will drive with care and at an appropriate speed for the roads and

conditions which in all cases shall never exceed 70 KPH or 80% of the

highest speed determined for the road whichever is less.

If the explosives are stolen, the project, contractor or persons transporting

the explosives are to take measures to find it and to report the incident to the

person in charge of the transport and also inform the local authorities.

Explosives and the means to initiate explosives may be transported

together only when the quantity of explosives does not exceed 50 kg, and

100 detonators. This will only be allowed provided that the detonators are in

their originally packed boxes, and that the explosives is packed and loaded

separately from the detonators.

17.10 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Temporary diversions will be constructed with the approval of the Engineer. Detailed

Traffic Control Plans will be prepared and submitted to the Engineer for approval, at

least 5 days prior to commencement of works on any section of road. The traffic

control plans shall contain details of temporary diversions, details of arrangements

for construction under traffic, details of traffic arrangement after cessation of work

each day, safety measures for transport of hazardous material and arrangement of

flagmen.

The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in running

condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic flow. He shall

inform local community of changes to traffic routes, conditions and pedestrian

access arrangements. The temporary traffic detours will be kept free of dust by

frequent application of water.

17.11 MEASURES TO BE TAKEN DURING EXCAVATION OF EARTH

While planning or executing excavation the contractor shall take all adequate

precautions against soil erosion, water pollution etc and take appropriate drainage

measures to keep the site free of water, through use of mulches, grasses, slope

drains and other devices. The contractor shall take adequate protective measures to

see that excavation operations do not affect or damage adjoining structures and

water bodies. The recommended measures are listed as below:



Ensure unobstructed natural drainage through proper drainage channels/

structures.

Dispose surplus excavated earth at identified sites. Ensure minimum

hindrance to locals.

All excavations will be done in such a manner that the suitable materials

available from excavation are satisfactorily utilized as decided upon

beforehand. The excavations shall conform to the lines, grades, side slopes

and levels shown in the drawings or as directed by the engineer.

17.12 IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY PLAN

The implementation of this plan will be mandatory for all contractors involved in the

projects. The requirements of this plan will be part of contract agreement; therefore

no cost has been kept under this plan in the EMP.

CHAPTER-18 ECO-TOURISM


Chapter 18: Eco-tourism Page 1

CHAPTER-18

ECO-TOURISM

18.1 MEASURES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-TOURISM

The reservoir will have great tourism potential and it can create many income

generating resources to the local people in many ways viz ; boating , angling

competition , guide, creation of the paying guest houses, travelers’ tour packages

to the nearby sight-seeing places, development of camping sites, birds watching

etc. This must be linked with the ecology environment of the reservoir. For the

development of the tourism, brochures, pamphlets, signage, models, opening of

the tourism information centers, Telescopes, Binoculars, computerized data,

trekking routes and their stay arrangements etc shall be required.

The following activities are proposed for the development of the eco-tourism zone:

Create interest for birds by Bird watching.

Develop infrastructure for perform various water sports activities

such as Boating etc.

Infrastructure for stay of tourists

Provision of house boats, paddle boats

Distribution of plants for plantation on community and private lands.

Distribution of fruit trees for planting on private lands.

Training to locals, viz. Bird Watching, Boating, Catering, Tourist

guides, etc.

.

18.2 BUDGET

An amount of Rs. 13250.0 lakh has been earmarked for development of

infrastructure for Eco-tourism. The details are given in Table-18.1.


Chapter 18: Eco-tourism Page 2

Table-18.1: Cost for development of Eco-tourism

S. No. Items of Expenditure Amount

(Rs. lakh)

1. Development of hotels, resorts, restaurants, etc. 10000.0

2. Construction of helipads 500.0

3. Construction of connecting roads 1000.0

4. Purchase of House Boat, Battery Operated boat and

Motor boat, computers, GPS ,etc .etc.

100.0

5 POL for vehicles , boats, generators etc. including

hiring of vehicle in apprehending of poaching cases

100.0

6 Training to locals, viz. Bird Watching, Boating, Catering,

Tourist guides, etc. etc.

50.0

7 Miscellaneous Expenses 1500.0

Total 13250

A Committee for implementation of Eco-tourism can be set up by the State

Government of Uttarakhand. The Committee shall have the following members:

Representative of State Tourism Department

Representative of State Irrigation Department

Superintending Engineer of the Project

Representatives of nearby Gram Panchayat

Representatives of women of the nearby villages.

Representatives of Local NGOs

MLA/MP of the Area

The Committee shall review and oversee the conservation work to be undertaken.

CHAPTER 19 RELOCATION OF TEMPLES


Chapter 19: Relocation of Temples Page 1

CHAPTER-19

RELOCATION OF TEMPLES

19.1 INTRODUCTION

The reservoir so constructed as a result of construction of the dam will not

submerge any monument notified by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

However, about 89 temples are likely to be submerged. Among these temples,

three temples located at Pancheshwar, Rameshwar and Taleshwar are the

major temples which are revered not only by the locals but also by the people in

the surrounding areas. The main deity in these three temples is Lord Shiva.

The temple at Pancheshwar is located about 2.5 km upstream of dam site at the

confluence of rivers Sarju and Mahakali. The Reduced Level of the temple is

about 450 m. Thus, the depth of the reservoir water above this temple will be 230

m.

The temple at Rameshwar is situated at the confluence of rivers Sarju and

Ramganga. The R.L. at this site is 550 m. The depth of the water above the

temple will be about 130 m.

The temple at Taleshwar is located along the banks of river Mahakali, about 10

km upstream of Jhoolaghat. The depth of water above this temple would be about

120 m. The reservoir depth over the above mentioned temples sites is too high

(120 m to 250 m) to be protected by engineering structures. Thus, these temples

will be submerged as a result of the projects.

19.2 MANGEMENT MEASURES

In the submergence area, few temples are coming under submergence. It is

proposed to relocate these temples to sites as per sites identified in consultation

with local population. An amount of Rs. 20.0 crore has been earmarked for this

purpose. The details are given in Table-19.1.


Chapter 19: Relocation of Temples Page 2

Table-19.1: Abstract of Estimate for Construction of new temples

S. No.

Description of Item Area / Quantity

Unit Rate Rs.

Amount Rs.

1 Built Up Area

Flooring 900 sqm 3963 3566938

Barricading 900 sqm 1467 1320300

Railing 150 m 12380 1857000

Signage’s 20 no. 73685 1473705

Re-handling Charges for Material 2449 tonne

331 810734

Sub - Total 9028677

2 Covered Area approx. 200 sqm 200 sqm 29951 5990200

3 Trash bins 10 no. - 2 wheeler of 120 ltr. Capacity

10 no. 4553 45530

4 Electrification of entire area 1307328

5 Solar Street Poles 20 no. 20 no. 24467 489340

6 Bio-Digester Toilet (Male & Female) with Water Storage Tank RCC + Reed bed (2 no.)

2 no. 1062087 2124174

7 Chatri Octagonal (2 no.) 2 no. 138822 277644

8 Toe Wall 300 mm around approach path and temple structures

1150 m 10591 12179650

9 Water Spout ( 3 no. of 2.5 m) 3 no. 408008 1224023

10 Planter Bed (25 % area i.e. 225 sqm) 225 sqm 301 67725

11 SS benches 20 no. of 3 seats each 20 no. 37621 752420

12 Murals 144 sqm 35000 5040000

13 Idols @ 50 lakh per idol 5 no. 500000 2500000

14 Access path 500 m 9650 4824775

15 Sheds / Shaded Area 10 no. 82627 826270

16 Type-III Retaining Wall 120 m 24720 2966400

Sub - Total 40615479

17 Topo-graphical Survey 1000000

18 Geotechnical & Soil Investigation 1000000


19 Contingency @ 20% 8523096


20 Cost Index for Pithoragarh @ 20.9% 10687962

GrandTotal 61826536

Cost for Construction of 1 Temple Rs. 618.30 lakh

Cost for Construction of 3 Temples Rs. 1854.90 lakh, say Rs. 20 crore

CHAPTER-20

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME


Chapter 20: Environmental Monitoring Programme Page 1

CHAPTER-20

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

20.1 INTRODUCTION

Environmental Monitoring is an essential tool in relation to environmental

management as it provides the basis for rational management decisions regarding

impact control. Environmental monitoring shall be performed during construction,

commissioning, and operation phases to ensure that the adverse impacts have

been mitigated efficiently and to verify the impact predictions. The monitoring

program will indicate where changes to procedures or operations are required, in

order to reduce impacts on the environment or local population. The monitoring

program for the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project will be undertaken to meet the

following objectives:

To monitor the environmental conditions of reservoirs areas, power

houses and command areas as impacted by the project;

To check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures

have actually been adopted, and are proving effective in practice;

To provide information on the actual nature and extent of key

impacts and the

Effectiveness of mitigation and benefit enhancement measures

which, through a feedback mechanism, can improve the planning

and execution of future, similar projects.

20.2 AREAS OF CONCERN

From the monitoring point of view, the important parameters are water quality, air

quality, noise, erosion and siltation, afforestation, fishery, etc. An attempt will be

made to establish early warning of indicators of stress on the environment.

Suggested environmental monitoring plans are described in the following sections.

20.3 WATER QUALITY

Construction Phase

It is proposed to monitor the waste water before and after treatment from sewage

treatment plants. The frequency of sampling and analysis could be once per



month. The sampling sites shall be labour camps area, power house site,

reservoirs sites; the parameters to be monitored include pH, Biochemical Oxygen

Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Oil

& Grease. A total of 240 samples shall be analysed for which a provision of Rs.

7.2 lakh/year has been earmarked.

Operation phase

The surface water quality of the proposed reservoirs can be monitored during pre

and post-monsoon seasons. The proposed parameters to be monitored include;

pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, chlorides,

sulphates, nitrates, DO, COD, BOD, etc.

During project operation phase, a Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) is proposed to

be set up to treat the sewage from the power houses. It is envisaged to analyze a

sample each before and after treatment from the STP, once every month. The

parameters to be analyzed include pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Oil &

Grease. It is proposed to analyse 24 samples in a year which a provision of Rs.

0.72 lakh/year has been earmarked.

20.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

Construction Phase

The ambient air quality monitoring during construction phase will be carried out by

the external agency, approved by Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board. Every year

monitoring is to be done for the following three seasons:

Winter Season

Summer Season

Monsoon Season

The number of sites to be covered as a part of Environmental Monitoring

Programme shall be around 6. The frequency of monitoring could be twice a week

for four consecutive weeks at each station for each season. The parameters to be

monitored are Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Particulate Matter (PM10), Sulphur

dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The number of days of monitoring shall



be 144 days in a year for which a provision of Rs. 7.20 lakh/year has been

earmarked.

20.5 NOISE

Construction Phase

Noise levels from vehicular movement and operation of various construction

equipment will be measured during construction phase at major construction sites.

The frequency of monitoring could be once every month at various construction

sites. For monitoring of noise levels at construction sites an Integrating Sound

Level Meter will be purchased. An amount of Rs. 1.5 lakh has been earmarked for

this purpose.

20.6 METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS

It is suggested that a meteorological laboratory be set up to monitor various

meteorological parameters. Automatic instruments for continuous recording of

following meteorological parameters will be installed:

Temperature

Rainfall

Humidity

Cloud cover

Wind speed

Wind direction

Evaporation Rate

Solar Intensity

Cloud Cover

An amount of Rs. 15 lakh has been earmarked for this purpose.

20.7 EROSION AND SILTATION

Operation Phase

Soil erosion rates, slope stability of embankments of reservoirs, efficacy of soil

conservation measures, need to be closely monitored ones a month. The study



should be undertaken throughout the life of the project so as to design the soil

erosion prevention measures and also for the rehabilitation of the project. The

various parameters to be monitored include soil erosion rates, stability of bank

embankment, etc. An amount of Rs. 10 lakh has been earmarked for this purpose.

20.8 ECOLOGY


A detailed ecological survey covering forestry, fisheries, wildlife is recommended

during entire construction phase. The survey can be conducted three seasons every

year for the entire construction period. The various aspects to be covered include:

- Qualitative and Quantitative assessment of flora and fauna.

- Monitoring of restoration of muck disposal area.

An amount of Rs. 30 lakh/year has been earmarked for this purpose.


Status of afforestation programmes, changes in migration patterns of the aquatic

and terrestrial fauna species should be studied. The study could be undertaken

with a frequency of three seasons per year for the entire design life of the dam. An

amount of Rs. 30 lakh/year has been earmarked for this purpose.

20.9 FISHERIES

Operation Phase

Monitoring of fisheries in the reservoirs will be essential to achieve sustainable

yield of fish. Some of the parameters to be monitored are phytoplanktons,

zooplanktons, benthic life and fish composition, etc. Based on human resources

and facilities available, monthly observations in time and space need to be made.

An amount of Rs. 30 lakh/year has been earmarked for this purpose.



20.10 INCIDENCE OF WATER-RELATED DISEASES


Identification of water-related diseases, adequacy of local vector control and

curative measures, status of public health are some of the parameters which

should be closely monitored three times a year with the help of data maintained in

the local dispensaries/hospitals. An amount of Rs. 20 lakh/year has been

earmarked for this purpose.


Identification of water-related diseases, sites, adequacy of local vector control and

curative measures, status of public health are some of the parameters which should

be closely monitored four times a year with the help of data maintained in the local

dispensaries/hospitals. An amount of Rs. 20 lakh/year has been earmarked for this

purpose.

20.11 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

The Environmental monitoring programme for implementation during construction

and operation phases is given in Tables-20.1 and 20.2 respectively.

Table-20.1: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme during Project

Construction Phase

S. No. Item Parameters Frequency Location

1. Effluent from STPs

pH, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS

Once every month

Before and after treatment from Sewage Treatment plant

2. Water-related diseases

Identification of water related diseases, adequacy of local vector control and curative measure, etc.

Three times a year

Labour camps and colonies

3.

Noise Equivalent noise level (Leq)

Once in three months

At major construction sites.

4. Air quality PM10 SO2 and NO2 Once every season

At major construction sites



Table-20.2: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme during Project

Operation Phase

S. No. Items Parameters Frequency Location

1. Water pH, Temperature, EC,

Turbidity, Total Dissolved

Solids, Calcium,

Magnesium, Total

Hardness, Chlorides,

Sulphates, Nitrates, DO.

COD, BOD, Iron, Zinc,

Manganese

Thrice a

year

1 km upstream of

dam site

Reservoir area

1, 5 and 10 km

downstream of Tail

Race discharge

2. Effluent from

Sewage

Treatment

Plant (STP)

pH, BOD, COD, TSS,

TDS

Once every

week

Before and after

treatment from

Sewage Treatment

Plant (STP)

3. Erosion &

Siltation

Soil erosion rates,

stability of bank

embankment, etc.

Twice a year -

4. Ecology Status of afforestation

programmes of green

belt development

Once in 2

years

-

5. Water-

related

diseases

Identification of water-

related diseases, sites,

adequacy of local vector

control measures, etc.

Three times

a year

Villages adjacent to

project sites

6. Aquatic

ecology

Phytoplanktons,

zooplanktons, benthic

life, fish composition

Once a year 1 km upstream of

dam site

Reservoir area

1, 5 and 10 km

downstream of Tail

Race discharge

7.

Land use Land use pattern using

satellite data

Once in a

year

Catchment area

8. Soil pH, EC, texture, organic

matter

Once in a

year

Catchment area



20.12 COST FOR IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

PROGRAMME

The cost required for implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Programme

is of the order of Rs.736.74 lakh @ Rs.64.4 lakh/ year. A 10% annual price

increase may be considered for every year. The construction period for estimation

of cost for implementation of Environmental Monitoring programme during

construction phase has been taken as 8 years. The details are given in Table-20.3.

The cost required for implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Programme

in operation phase is of the order of Rs.81.0 lakh/year. The details are given in

Table-20.4.

Table-20.3: Cost for Implementing Environmental Monitoring Programme during

construction phase

S. No Item Cost

(Rs. lakh/year)

Total cost for construction period

of 8 years with 10% escalation

per year (Rs. lakh)

1 Water quality 7.20 82.37

2 Ambient Air quality 7.20 82.37

3 Ecology 30.0 343.20

4 Incidence of water

related diseases

30.0 228.40

Total 64.4 736.74

Table-20.4: Cost for Implementing Environmental Monitoring Programme during

operation phase

S. No Item Cost (Rs. lakh/year)

1 Water quality 0.72

2 Ecology 30.00

3 Fisheries 30.00

4 Incidence of water related diseases 20.00

Total 80.72,

say Rs. 81.0 lakh/year

CHAPTER-21

COST ESTIMATES


Chapter 21: Cost Estimates Page 1

CHAPTER-21

COST ESTIMATES

21.1 COST FOR IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The total amount to be spent for implementation of Environmental Management

Plan (EMP) is Rs. 1089650 lakh or Rs. 10896.50 crore. The details are given in

Table-21.1.

Table-21.1: Cost for Implementing Environmental Management Plan

S. No. Item Cost (Rs. million)

Cost (Rs. lakh)

1. Compensatory Afforestation 581.40 5814.0

2 Biodiversity Conservation 380.10 3801.0

3. Fisheries Management 195.0 1950.0

4. Public health delivery system 292.94 2929.4

5. Construction of labour camps including land cost 312.00 3120.0

6. Sanitation facilities in labour camps 206.00 2060.00

7. Solid Waste Management in labour camps 137.00 1370.0

8. Fuel in labour camps 820.85 8208.48

9. Muck management 800.00 8000.0

10. Restoration of quarries 300.00 3000.0

11. Landscaping of construction sites 29.00 290.0

12. Environmental Management in Road construction

447.20 4472.0

13. Greenbelt Development around reservoir 4.32 43.2

14. Air pollution control 90.00 900.0

15. Water pollution control 68.00 680.0

16. Energy Conservation Measures 45.00 450.0

17. Catchment Area Treatment 7000.00 70000.0

18. Disaster Management Plan 123.00 1230.0

19. Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan 77339.88 773398.8

20. Livelihood Plan 2261.82 22618.16

21. Fund for Local Area Development Activities @ 0.5% of project cost

1683.35 16833.5

22. Monitoring and Evaluation Aspects 25.00 250.00

23. Tourism Development 1325.00 13250.0

24. Relocation of temples 200.0 2000.0

25. Environmental Monitoring during construction phase

73.67 736.74

26. Micro-meteorological instruments 1.50 15.0

27. Noise meter 0.15 1.5


Chapter 21: Cost Estimates Page 2

S. No. Item Cost (Rs. million)

Cost (Rs. lakh)

28. Environmental Audit 10.00 100.0

Sub-Total (A) 94752.18 947521.78

Contingency (15%) of Sub-total (B) 14212.827 142128

Total (A+B) 108965.01 1089650

CHAPTER-22 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS

INVOLVED IN THE CEIA STUDY


Chapter 22: Disclosure of Consultants Involved in CEIA Study Page 1

CHAPTER-22

DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS INVOLVED IN THE CEIA STUDY

The EIA study has been conducted by WAPCOS Ltd., a Government of India

Undertaking under Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga

Rejuvenation. WAPCOS Ltd. has a full-fledged Centre for Environment who has

conducted the CEIA study. The list of the Experts involved in the EIA study is


Table-22.1: List of Experts involved in the CEIA study

S. No.

Name Expertise Signature

1. Dr. Aman Sharma

EIA Coordinator

Air Pollution Expert

Water Pollution Expert

Solid Waste Management Expert

Hydrologist & Ground Water Expert

2. Dr. A. K. Sharma Ecology and Bio-diversity Expert

3. Mr. R.V. Ramana Noise Expert

4. Dr. K.K. Gaur Social Expert

5. Mr. S.M. Dixit Air Quality Expert

6. Mrs. Moumita Mondal Ghosh

Landuse Expert


Chapter 22: Disclosure of Consultants Involved in CEIA Study Page 2

S. No.

Name Expertise Signature

7. Mr. Sanjeev Sharma

Noise & Vibration Expert

8. Dr. H S Rumana Ecology and Bio-diversity Expert

9. Mr. B M Sinha Geologist

10. Dr. Santosh K Sati

Geologist

Consultant:

76-C, Institutional Area, Sector – 18, Gurgaon – 122015, Haryana (INDIA)

Telephone: 0124-2342576, Fax: 0124-2349187 [email protected]

Website: http://www.wapcos.co.in JUNE 2017

Documents

PANCHESHWAR DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (PDA) · 13.5 training and awareness 4 13.6 budget 4 chapter-14: catchment area treatment plan 14.1 need for catchment area treatment 1 14.2 approach