Pan-Hellenism and Pan-Hellenism and Relations between Relations between

StatesStates

February 8February 8thth, 2012, 2012

General RemarksGeneral Remarks

Polis system divided Greece Polis system divided Greece politically.politically.

Greece divided along linguistic/ethnic Greece divided along linguistic/ethnic lines (i.e. Aiolians, Dorians, Ionians).lines (i.e. Aiolians, Dorians, Ionians).

An An agonalagonal culture. culture.

Unity rare.Unity rare.

Review: Pan-Hellenic Review: Pan-Hellenic Institutions in Archaic Greece Institutions in Archaic Greece

The Oracle at Delphi.The Oracle at Delphi.

The Olympic Games.The Olympic Games.

Colonization.Colonization.

The Persian Wars.The Persian Wars.

Pan-Hellenism overstated; Athenian and Spartan Pan-Hellenism overstated; Athenian and Spartan propaganda first disseminated by Herodotus (ca. propaganda first disseminated by Herodotus (ca. 430 BCE).430 BCE).

Herodotus of HalicarnassusHerodotus of Halicarnassus(ca. 485-425 BCE)(ca. 485-425 BCE)

B. at Halicarnassus (South-Western Turkey) ca. B. at Halicarnassus (South-Western Turkey) ca. 485 BCE485 BCE

Considered to be the first historianConsidered to be the first historian

Wrote Wrote The HistoriesThe Histories in ca. 430 BCE in ca. 430 BCE

The Histories = an account of the Persian Wars The Histories = an account of the Persian Wars (490 BCE; 480-79 BCE)(490 BCE; 480-79 BCE)

Problems?Problems?

Life of HerodotusLife of Herodotus Halicarnassus = a multi-cultural town in the 5Halicarnassus = a multi-cultural town in the 5thth century BCE (i.e. century BCE (i.e.

Greek, Carian, Persian intermarriage)Greek, Carian, Persian intermarriage)

Herodotus’ family exiled during Persian Wars – Lived on Samos until a Herodotus’ family exiled during Persian Wars – Lived on Samos until a young man.young man.

Traveled extensively through Eastern Mediterranean and the Near Traveled extensively through Eastern Mediterranean and the Near East (esp. Egypt).East (esp. Egypt).

Recited his writings to audiences throughout the Greek-speaking Recited his writings to audiences throughout the Greek-speaking world including Athens.world including Athens.

Probably stitched together disparate writings to form Probably stitched together disparate writings to form The Histories.The Histories.

Joined an Athenian colonization expedition to Thurii (Southern Italy).Joined an Athenian colonization expedition to Thurii (Southern Italy).

Probably died in Thurii in or shortly after 425 BCE.Probably died in Thurii in or shortly after 425 BCE.

The HistoriesThe Histories

Charts the causes and course of events for the Charts the causes and course of events for the Persian Wars.Persian Wars.

Comprises a total of 9 books (artificial division Comprises a total of 9 books (artificial division imposed by later scholars).imposed by later scholars).

Amalgamation of myth, folklore, empirical fact, Amalgamation of myth, folklore, empirical fact, new forms of learning/knowledge.new forms of learning/knowledge.

Seminal text in the development of Pan-Hellenic Seminal text in the development of Pan-Hellenic ideals.ideals.

Herodotus’ ObjectivesHerodotus’ Objectives

To instruct his audience.To instruct his audience.

To entertain his audience.To entertain his audience.

To commemorate the Persian Wars.To commemorate the Persian Wars.

Problems?Problems?

Problems With Herodotean Problems With Herodotean MethodMethod

Historians must rely on Herodotus for much of the Archaic Historians must rely on Herodotus for much of the Archaic period.period.

Crucial to be aware of his quirks.Crucial to be aware of his quirks.

Was not present.Was not present.

Frequently narrates events for which he has no direct evidence Frequently narrates events for which he has no direct evidence (i.e. events in the distant past; events in distant places).(i.e. events in the distant past; events in distant places).

Concerned with oracles and religious matters.Concerned with oracles and religious matters.

Speeches and private conversations.Speeches and private conversations.

Unreliable on figures (i.e. 1,700,000 Persian soldiers in 480/79 Unreliable on figures (i.e. 1,700,000 Persian soldiers in 480/79 BCE!).BCE!).

Herodotus’ SourcesHerodotus’ Sources Reports from Greek eye-witnesses.Reports from Greek eye-witnesses.

Reports from Persian and other non-Greek Reports from Persian and other non-Greek eye-witnesses.eye-witnesses.

Inscriptions, trophies, monuments.Inscriptions, trophies, monuments.

Local histories.Local histories.

Legends.Legends.

The Expansion of PersiaThe Expansion of Persia Cyrus the Great, became ruler of the Persians in 557 BCECyrus the Great, became ruler of the Persians in 557 BCE

550 BCE – Cyrus overthrows Astayages, king of the Medes550 BCE – Cyrus overthrows Astayages, king of the Medes

549 BCE – Unites Persians and Medes into one kingdom – forges a multicultural 549 BCE – Unites Persians and Medes into one kingdom – forges a multicultural empireempire

546 BCE – Cyrus captures Lydia546 BCE – Cyrus captures Lydia

540 BCE – Captured all mainland Greek cities of Asia Minor540 BCE – Captured all mainland Greek cities of Asia Minor

538 BCE – Cyrus captures Babylon538 BCE – Cyrus captures Babylon

529 BCE – Cyrus dies and is succeeded by his son Cambyses II529 BCE – Cyrus dies and is succeeded by his son Cambyses II

Cambyses rules Persian Empire until 522 BCE – Conquers Egypt in 525 BCECambyses rules Persian Empire until 522 BCE – Conquers Egypt in 525 BCE

Succeeded by Darius I (522 BCE – 486 BCE)Succeeded by Darius I (522 BCE – 486 BCE)

Darius adds Thrace and Macedon to Persian controlDarius adds Thrace and Macedon to Persian control

The Persian Empire (ca. 490 The Persian Empire (ca. 490 BCE)BCE)

http://www.ucalgary.ca/~eslinger/img/content.gifs/maps/maps.abin/PersianEmpire.gif

Two Phases of the Persian Two Phases of the Persian WarsWars

490 BCE – Darius I.490 BCE – Darius I.

480/79 BCE – Xerxes.480/79 BCE – Xerxes.

Both ended in Persian defeat.Both ended in Persian defeat.

What were the primary causes What were the primary causes of the Persian Wars?of the Persian Wars?

Events Leading to HostilitiesEvents Leading to Hostilities 510 BCE – Expulsion of Hippias, tyrant of 510 BCE – Expulsion of Hippias, tyrant of

Athens (Indirectly)Athens (Indirectly)

500 BCE – 500 BCE – The Revolt of Aristagoras The Revolt of Aristagoras of of Miletus (Herodotus, 5.30-40) (Indirectly)Miletus (Herodotus, 5.30-40) (Indirectly)

499 BCE – 499 BCE – The Ionian Revolt The Ionian Revolt (Directly)(Directly)

498 BCE – The Burning of Sardis (Directly)498 BCE – The Burning of Sardis (Directly)

Darius seeks revengeDarius seeks revenge

The Revolt of Aristagoras of The Revolt of Aristagoras of Miletus (500 BCE)Miletus (500 BCE)

Stasis on Naxos – Aristagoras of Miletus asked for Stasis on Naxos – Aristagoras of Miletus asked for helphelp

Miletus under Persian hegemonyMiletus under Persian hegemony

Aristagoras agreed, hoping to become tyrant of NaxosAristagoras agreed, hoping to become tyrant of Naxos

Intrigued with the Persian satrap, Intrigued with the Persian satrap, ArtaphernesArtaphernes – offers – offers all the Cyclades to the Persiansall the Cyclades to the Persians

The campaign failed – Aristagoras could not fulfill his The campaign failed – Aristagoras could not fulfill his promisepromise

Aristagoras resolved on revolt from Persian controlAristagoras resolved on revolt from Persian control

Aristagoras of MiletusAristagoras of Miletus

So Aristagoras was unable to keep his So Aristagoras was unable to keep his promise to Artaphrenes; he was at the promise to Artaphrenes; he was at the same time in difficulties because of same time in difficulties because of the demand for the cost of the army, the demand for the cost of the army, and afraid because of the failure of and afraid because of the failure of the expedition and his quarrel with its the expedition and his quarrel with its commander, and apprehensive of commander, and apprehensive of losing his position in Miletos. With all losing his position in Miletos. With all these worries, he began to plot these worries, he began to plot revolt….” revolt….” (Herodotus, 5.35. Trans. M. Crawford & D. (Herodotus, 5.35. Trans. M. Crawford & D. Whitehead, Doc. 102).Whitehead, Doc. 102).

The Results of Aristagoras’ The Results of Aristagoras’ EffortsEfforts

Aristagoras rejected in Sparta.Aristagoras rejected in Sparta.

Help promised by Athens and Eretria (Athens Help promised by Athens and Eretria (Athens feared a return of Hippias).feared a return of Hippias).

499 BCE: Ionian Greeks revolt – Sardis burned.499 BCE: Ionian Greeks revolt – Sardis burned.

499 – 494 BCE – Darius crushes the Ionian revolt.499 – 494 BCE – Darius crushes the Ionian revolt.

490 BCE – Darius sends an army by sea to seek 490 BCE – Darius sends an army by sea to seek revenge on Athens and restore Hippias.revenge on Athens and restore Hippias.

The Persians AdvanceThe Persians Advance ““It was the beginning of spring that the King dismissed his other strategoi It was the beginning of spring that the King dismissed his other strategoi

and Mardonios the son of Gobryes came down to the sea, bringing with him and Mardonios the son of Gobryes came down to the sea, bringing with him a large force….Mardonios arrived in Ionia and there something remarkable a large force….Mardonios arrived in Ionia and there something remarkable happened, at least I think so….for Mardonios put down all the tyrants of the happened, at least I think so….for Mardonios put down all the tyrants of the Ionians and established democracies in the poleis….Having done this he Ionians and established democracies in the poleis….Having done this he hastened on to the Hellespontos. And as soon as a large fleet and a large hastened on to the Hellespontos. And as soon as a large fleet and a large force of infantry had been assembled, they crossed the Hellespontos in the force of infantry had been assembled, they crossed the Hellespontos in the ships and began to march through Europe, heading for Eretria and Athens. ships and began to march through Europe, heading for Eretria and Athens. These places at any rate were the pretext for the expedition, but it was in These places at any rate were the pretext for the expedition, but it was in their minds to subdue as many as possible of the Greek poleis; so with the their minds to subdue as many as possible of the Greek poleis; so with the fleet they took Thasos, without meeting any resistance, and with the army fleet they took Thasos, without meeting any resistance, and with the army they added the Makedonians to the subjects they already had; for all the they added the Makedonians to the subjects they already had; for all the people up to the Makedonians had already come under their sway….After people up to the Makedonians had already come under their sway….After this Dareios attempted to find out what was in the minds of the Greeks, this Dareios attempted to find out what was in the minds of the Greeks, whether they would go to war with him or surrender. So he sent heralds whether they would go to war with him or surrender. So he sent heralds hither and thither throughout Greece, bidding them ask for earth and water hither and thither throughout Greece, bidding them ask for earth and water for the King. At the same time as he sent these men to Greece he sent for the King. At the same time as he sent these men to Greece he sent others to the poleis by the sea which paid tribute to him, bidding them others to the poleis by the sea which paid tribute to him, bidding them prepare warships and horse transports. While they were in the process of prepare warships and horse transports. While they were in the process of making these preparations, the heralds were in Greece; many of the making these preparations, the heralds were in Greece; many of the mainlanders gave what the Persians demanded and all the islanders whom mainlanders gave what the Persians demanded and all the islanders whom they visited with their request, including the Aiginetans.” (Herodotus 6.43-they visited with their request, including the Aiginetans.” (Herodotus 6.43-49.1. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 107)49.1. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 107)

Anxiety for AthensAnxiety for Athens

““The Athenians and the Aiginetans were The Athenians and the Aiginetans were thus at war with each other; meanwhile the thus at war with each other; meanwhile the King of Persia was at work. His servants King of Persia was at work. His servants regularly reminded Dareios ‘Remember the regularly reminded Dareios ‘Remember the Athenians’, and the Peisistratids were at Athenians’, and the Peisistratids were at hand to traduce them; at the same time hand to traduce them; at the same time Dareios wished to take advantage of this Dareios wished to take advantage of this pretext to subdue those peoples in Greece pretext to subdue those peoples in Greece who had not given him earth and water.” who had not given him earth and water.” (Herodotus, 6.94. Crawford & Whitehead, (Herodotus, 6.94. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 108).Doc. 108).

The Major Battles of the Persian The Major Battles of the Persian WarsWars

Marathon (1st Campaign).Marathon (1st Campaign).

Artemisium (2Artemisium (2ndnd Campaign). Campaign).

Thermopylae (2Thermopylae (2ndnd Campaign). Campaign).

Salamis (2Salamis (2ndnd Campaign). Campaign).

Platea (2Platea (2ndnd Campaign). Campaign).

Mykale and Sestos Mykale and Sestos (2(2ndnd Campaign) Campaign)..

The Battle of MarathonThe Battle of Marathon(490 BCE)(490 BCE)

www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/logos6_19.html

The Landing at Marathon (490 The Landing at Marathon (490 BCE) and the Stakes for BCE) and the Stakes for

Democratic AthensDemocratic Athens ““Led by Hippias the son of Led by Hippias the son of

PeisistratosPeisistratos, the expedition landed at , the expedition landed at Marathon. As soon as the Athenians heard Marathon. As soon as the Athenians heard this, they too set off for Marathon to this, they too set off for Marathon to oppose the Persians, commanded by the oppose the Persians, commanded by the ten strategoi; one of the ten was ten strategoi; one of the ten was Miltiades….A message to Sparta brought a Miltiades….A message to Sparta brought a promise of help after the full moon; promise of help after the full moon; meanwhile the Athenians at Marathon meanwhile the Athenians at Marathon were joined by the Plataians.” (Herodotus were joined by the Plataians.” (Herodotus 6.103-117. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 6.103-117. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 108).108).

The Strategy at MarathonThe Strategy at Marathon ““Now as they marshaled their army on the field at Marathon, in order Now as they marshaled their army on the field at Marathon, in order

that the Athenian front might be of equal length with the Persian, the that the Athenian front might be of equal length with the Persian, the ranks of the center were diminished, and it became the weakest part of ranks of the center were diminished, and it became the weakest part of the line, while the wings were both made strong with a depth of many the line, while the wings were both made strong with a depth of many ranks….The two armies fought together on the plain of Marathon for a ranks….The two armies fought together on the plain of Marathon for a long time, and in the middle of the battle, where the Persians long time, and in the middle of the battle, where the Persians themselves and the Sacae had their place, the barbarians were themselves and the Sacae had their place, the barbarians were victorious, and broke and pursued the Greeks into the inner country. victorious, and broke and pursued the Greeks into the inner country. On the two wings, however, the Athenians and the Plataeans defeated On the two wings, however, the Athenians and the Plataeans defeated the enemy. Having done so, they allowed the routed barbarians to flee, the enemy. Having done so, they allowed the routed barbarians to flee, joined their two wings into one and fell on those who had broken their joined their two wings into one and fell on those who had broken their own center, and defeated them.” (Herodotus, own center, and defeated them.” (Herodotus, HistoriesHistories -.111-117. -.111-117. Nagle & Burstein, 2007. pp.80-1)Nagle & Burstein, 2007. pp.80-1)

In the battle at Marathon about 6,400 of the barbaroi were killed and In the battle at Marathon about 6,400 of the barbaroi were killed and 192 of the Athenians.” (Herodotus 6.103-117. Crawford & Whitehead, 192 of the Athenians.” (Herodotus 6.103-117. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 108).Doc. 108).

The Athenian Strategy at The Athenian Strategy at MarathonMarathon

Events After the Battle at Events After the Battle at MarathonMarathon

““After the Athenian and Plataian victory, the Persian After the Athenian and Plataian victory, the Persian force boarded the ships and sailed around Cape force boarded the ships and sailed around Cape Sounion, aiming to arrive at the city (astu) before the Sounion, aiming to arrive at the city (astu) before the Athenians; among the Athenians, the Alkmaionidai Athenians; among the Athenians, the Alkmaionidai were blamed for a plot which suggested this plan to were blamed for a plot which suggested this plan to them; they were believed to have come to an them; they were believed to have come to an agreement with the Persians and to have raised a agreement with the Persians and to have raised a shield (as a signal) when they were again aboard shield (as a signal) when they were again aboard ship. Anyway, they sailed around Cape Sounion; but ship. Anyway, they sailed around Cape Sounion; but the Athenians came to the rescue of the city (astu) as the Athenians came to the rescue of the city (astu) as fast as they could and got there before the barbaroi fast as they could and got there before the barbaroi arrived.” (Herodotus 6.103-117. Crawford & arrived.” (Herodotus 6.103-117. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 108).Whitehead, Doc. 108).

Preparations for a Renewed Preparations for a Renewed OffensiveOffensive

Darius returns to Persia; immediately prepares for Darius returns to Persia; immediately prepares for a new invasion (490-487 BCE).a new invasion (490-487 BCE).

486 BCE – Egypt revolts from Persian control.486 BCE – Egypt revolts from Persian control.

485 BCE – Death of Darius; succeeded by son, 485 BCE – Death of Darius; succeeded by son, Xerxes.Xerxes.

484-482 BCE - Xerxes continues preparations; 484-482 BCE - Xerxes continues preparations; sends out heralds to sends out heralds to demand earth and waterdemand earth and water..

481 BCE – The congress at Corinth and the 481 BCE – The congress at Corinth and the Hellenic League.Hellenic League.

Xerxes Demands Earth and Xerxes Demands Earth and WaterWater

““Of those who gave earth and water there were the Of those who gave earth and water there were the following, Thessalians, Dolopians, Ainianes, Perraibians, following, Thessalians, Dolopians, Ainianes, Perraibians, Lokrians, Magnetes, Malians, Achaians of Phthiotis and Lokrians, Magnetes, Malians, Achaians of Phthiotis and Thebans and other Boiotians except for the Thespians and Thebans and other Boiotians except for the Thespians and Plataians. The Greeks who were proposing to make war on Plataians. The Greeks who were proposing to make war on the barbaroi swore an oath against them, that any Greeks the barbaroi swore an oath against them, that any Greeks who gave themselves up to the Persians without being who gave themselves up to the Persians without being compelled to should be required to give up a tenth of their compelled to should be required to give up a tenth of their property to the god of Delphi, if things went well for the property to the god of Delphi, if things went well for the Greeks. This was the oath which the Greeks swore. As for Greeks. This was the oath which the Greeks swore. As for Athens and Sparta, Xerxes did not send heralds there to ask Athens and Sparta, Xerxes did not send heralds there to ask for earth, because when Dareios had sent for this very for earth, because when Dareios had sent for this very purpose, the former had thrown the messengers into a pit, purpose, the former had thrown the messengers into a pit, the latter into a well, bidding them take earth and water the latter into a well, bidding them take earth and water thence to the king.” (Herodotus 7.132-133.1, Crawford & thence to the king.” (Herodotus 7.132-133.1, Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 109C).Whitehead, Doc. 109C).

The Hellenic League Calls for The Hellenic League Calls for Greek LoyaltyGreek Loyalty

““The Greeks who were loyal to the Greek cause now met The Greeks who were loyal to the Greek cause now met and exchanged promises and guarantees, and concluded in and exchanged promises and guarantees, and concluded in their discussion that the most important thing of all was to their discussion that the most important thing of all was to patch up their quarrels and put an end to the wars between patch up their quarrels and put an end to the wars between them; there were a number of wars going on, but the most them; there were a number of wars going on, but the most serious was that between Athens and Aigina. Later, when serious was that between Athens and Aigina. Later, when they heard that Xerxes and his army was at Sardis, they they heard that Xerxes and his army was at Sardis, they decided to send spies to Asia to find out what the king was decided to send spies to Asia to find out what the king was doing and envoys to Argos to conclude an alliance against doing and envoys to Argos to conclude an alliance against the Persians; they also decided to send envoys to Sicily to the Persians; they also decided to send envoys to Sicily to Gelon the son of Deinomenes, and others to Kerkyra and Gelon the son of Deinomenes, and others to Kerkyra and others to Crete, to bid them come to the rescue of Greece. others to Crete, to bid them come to the rescue of Greece. They hoped in fact that the Greek world would be united They hoped in fact that the Greek world would be united and that everyone would join together and pursue the same and that everyone would join together and pursue the same course of action, since the same dangers threatened all course of action, since the same dangers threatened all Greeks alike. The power of Gelon was said to be very great, Greeks alike. The power of Gelon was said to be very great, greater than that of all the other Greeks.” (Herodotus greater than that of all the other Greeks.” (Herodotus 7.145. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 110B).7.145. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 110B).

The Battle of Artemisium (480 The Battle of Artemisium (480 BCE)BCE)

www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/logos8_23.html

The Battle of Artemisium (480 The Battle of Artemisium (480 BCE)BCE)

Naval battle; spread out over 3 days.Naval battle; spread out over 3 days.

Persian fleet attempting to maintain contact with Persian Persian fleet attempting to maintain contact with Persian land forces.land forces.

Under Spartan leadership (Eurybiades in command); Under Spartan leadership (Eurybiades in command); majority of fleet Athenian.majority of fleet Athenian.

Largely a delaying tactic.Largely a delaying tactic.

Large part of the Persian fleet destroyed by a storm.Large part of the Persian fleet destroyed by a storm.

Greek fleet outmaneuvers Persian fleet but end with a Greek fleet outmaneuvers Persian fleet but end with a draw.draw.

ThermopylaeThermopylae

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Battle_of_Th...

Battle of Thermopylae (Summer 480 Battle of Thermopylae (Summer 480 BCE)BCE)

Delaying tactic for the evacuation of Athens; time for Greek forces to Delaying tactic for the evacuation of Athens; time for Greek forces to muster.muster.

Narrow road through Thermopylae the only path into central Greece Narrow road through Thermopylae the only path into central Greece (only 2 metres wide).(only 2 metres wide).

Greek forces = 4000 men (incl. 300 Spartans) under the command of Greek forces = 4000 men (incl. 300 Spartans) under the command of Leonidas.Leonidas.

Persian numerical advantage eliminated by: 1. The terrain. 2. Persian numerical advantage eliminated by: 1. The terrain. 2. Equipment.Equipment.

The betrayal of Ephialtes.The betrayal of Ephialtes.

Leonidas dismisses his troops (Only 300 Spartans and 400 Thebans Leonidas dismisses his troops (Only 300 Spartans and 400 Thebans remain).remain).

Spartans and Leonidas destroyed; battle a success – Athens given time Spartans and Leonidas destroyed; battle a success – Athens given time to evacuate.to evacuate.

SalamisSalamis

www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/logos8_24.html

Battle of Salamis (Sept. 480 Battle of Salamis (Sept. 480 BCE)BCE)

Athens evacuated; Difference of opinion on strategy after Athens evacuated; Difference of opinion on strategy after Thermopylae.Thermopylae.

Spartans want to fortify the Isthmus of Corinth and face the Spartans want to fortify the Isthmus of Corinth and face the Persians on land.Persians on land.

Athenian fleet stationed at Salamis; Athens demands a naval Athenian fleet stationed at Salamis; Athens demands a naval engagement at Salamis; Themistocles threatens Athenian engagement at Salamis; Themistocles threatens Athenian withdrawal (Themistocles and the Oracle of Delphi).withdrawal (Themistocles and the Oracle of Delphi).

Stand made in narrow straits at Salamis; Persian numerical Stand made in narrow straits at Salamis; Persian numerical advantage eliminated by: 1. Narrow straits. 2. Greek advantage eliminated by: 1. Narrow straits. 2. Greek advantage in ship design (Tactical counterpart to advantage in ship design (Tactical counterpart to Thermopylae).Thermopylae).

Persian fleet destroyed; Xerxes flees with remnants of Persian fleet destroyed; Xerxes flees with remnants of Persian fleet; Persian army left behind under Persian fleet; Persian army left behind under MardoniusMardonius..

Battle of Platea (479 BCE)Battle of Platea (479 BCE)

www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/logos8_24.html

Battle of Platea (479 BCE)Battle of Platea (479 BCE) After Salamis (Sept. 480 BCE), Persian army remains in After Salamis (Sept. 480 BCE), Persian army remains in

Greece under Mardonius.Greece under Mardonius.

Greek forces march north toward Platea after Salamis; Greek forces march north toward Platea after Salamis; under command of Spartan, Pausanias.under command of Spartan, Pausanias.

Persian supplies running out; Greek forces beginning to Persian supplies running out; Greek forces beginning to gather and grow.gather and grow.

Spartan contingent absorbs the Persian attack; Mardonius is Spartan contingent absorbs the Persian attack; Mardonius is killed; Persian remnants retreat.killed; Persian remnants retreat.

Greek forces move north to the city of Thebes and attack it Greek forces move north to the city of Thebes and attack it (Medizers); traitors arrested and tortured to death.(Medizers); traitors arrested and tortured to death.

Persian defeat is total.Persian defeat is total.

Greek Unity?Greek Unity? ““These fought the war – Lakedaimonians, Athenians, These fought the war – Lakedaimonians, Athenians,

Corinthians, Tegeates, Sikyonians, Aiginetans, Megarians, Corinthians, Tegeates, Sikyonians, Aiginetans, Megarians, Epidaurians, Orchomenians, Pleiasians, Troizenians, Epidaurians, Orchomenians, Pleiasians, Troizenians, Hermionians, Tirynthians, Plataians, Thespians, Mykenaians, Hermionians, Tirynthians, Plataians, Thespians, Mykenaians, Keians, Melians, Tenians, Naxians, Eretrians, Chalkidians, Keians, Melians, Tenians, Naxians, Eretrians, Chalkidians, Scyrians, Eleians, Poteidaians, Leukadians, Anaktorians, Scyrians, Eleians, Poteidaians, Leukadians, Anaktorians, Kythnians, Siphnians, Amprakiots, Lepreates.” (Meiggs and Kythnians, Siphnians, Amprakiots, Lepreates.” (Meiggs and Lewis no. 27. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 115B).Lewis no. 27. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 115B).

““Now the Phokians were the only ones of the peoples Now the Phokians were the only ones of the peoples hereabouts who did not medise; their only reason, I infer, was hereabouts who did not medise; their only reason, I infer, was their hatred of the Thessalians; if the Thessalians had joined their hatred of the Thessalians; if the Thessalians had joined the Greek ranks, in my opinion the Phokians would have the Greek ranks, in my opinion the Phokians would have medised. As it was, when the Thessalians made the proposal, medised. As it was, when the Thessalians made the proposal, they declined to give any money and said that they could they declined to give any money and said that they could medise as well as the Thessalians, if they were so minded; medise as well as the Thessalians, if they were so minded; but they would not of their own volition betray the Greek but they would not of their own volition betray the Greek cause.” (Herodotus 8.30. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 117).cause.” (Herodotus 8.30. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 117).

Consequences of the Persian Consequences of the Persian WarsWars

Change in the Greek view of Persia Change in the Greek view of Persia and of themselves.and of themselves.

Greece drawn into Near Eastern Greece drawn into Near Eastern politics.politics.

The rise of Athenian confidence and The rise of Athenian confidence and power.power.