Palestinian Labor Migration

8/10/2019 Palestinian Labor Migration

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/palestinian-labor-migration 1/15

Arpan Bhandari

November 15, 2013

POLS3137-Gabriela Taraona-Sevillano

!i"ra#ion o$ Pale%#inian labor in#o &%raeli Terri#or'

!an, $rom #he be"innin", ha% al(a'% %ear)hed $or a $orm o$ livelihood and even #oda',

#ha# ha% no# )han"ed* The in#erna#ional )omm+ni#' ha% %een n+mero+% $orm% o$ (or rela#ed

mi"ra#ion and #he #opi) ha% al(a'% been one o$ m+)h di%p+#e* i%#ori)all', be i# in #he .ni#ed

S#a#e% or /a#ar, mi"ran# (orer% have been mi%#rea#ed* The )a%e o$ &%rael i% no e)ep#ion #o #hi%

)on$li)#* &n $a)#, &%raeli #rea#men# o$ mi"ran# (orer% ha% been )on%#an#l' )ri#i)ied b' #he

in#erna#ional )omm+ni#'* rom #he )rea#ion o$ &%rael +p +n#il #oda', #he na#ion ha% oppre%%ed #he

Pale%#inian people and #ho%e (ho mi"ra#e in#o i#% border%* &%rael re$rain% $rom be)omin" a

member %#a#e o$ )onven#ion% i%%+ed b' in#erna#ional or"ania#ion% and i"nore% #he )ri#i)i%m

p+bli%hed on behal$ o$ %#a#e% i# i% $riend% (i#h* The Pale%#inian mi"ran#%, (ho en#er #he #erri#or'

o$ &%rael are vi)#im% o$ an oppre%%ive %'%#em, are %#ripped o$ #heir ri"h#%, and are #he vi)#im% o$

n+mero+% )ivil ri"h#% viola#ion% on behal$ o$ #he &%raeli "overnmen#*

A$#er #he Se)ond orld ar, #he (orld (a% in %hamble%* +rope (a% hi# #he harde%# b'

#he (ar and o#her% %+)h a% #he .ni#ed S#a#e% (ere (orin" ver' hard #o re)+pera#e* +ropean

na#ion% had a ver' )ompli)a#ed i%%+e on i#% hand%4 (ha# i% #o be done (i#h #he di%pla)ed e(i%h

people6 Th+% be"an #he #hird and $o+r#h ma%% mi"ra#ion% #o #he Promi%ed Land* ra(n in 189:,

#he border% o$ &%rael have be)ome one o$ #he mo%# (idel' a)no(led"ed and di%)+%%ed )on$li)#%



)on)ernin" #erri#or' and )i#ien%hip* The )rea#ion o$ &%rael (a% mean# #o provide #he e(i%h

vi)#im% o$ orld ar T(o (i#h a %a$e haven* o(ever, #hi% haven (o+ld be)ome hell $or #he

people o$ Pale%#ine*

The )rea#ion o$ &%rael ori"inall' be"an la#e in #he nine#een#h )en#+r' (hen #he e(i%h

people o$ +rope be"an #o mi"ra#e #o (ha# (a% #hen O##oman r+led Pale%#ine* Thi% (a% no(n a%

#he $ir%# Ali'ah or mi"ra#ion #o #he Promi%ed Land* A$#er #hi%, #here (ere man' in%#an)e% o$

mi"ra#ion* o(ever, i# (a% #he Se)ond Ali'ah #ha# (a% an o$$i)ial and poli#i)al move* Ar#h+r

Bal$o+r, Bri#i%h orei"n Se)re#ar' d+rin" orld ar One, re;+e%#ed #he /+een #o mae #he land

o$ Pale%#ine #he ne( home $or #he e(i%h People* o(ever, )on#rar' #o (ha# #he (orld %ee%

#oda', Bal$o+r ori"inall' (an#ed #o )rea#e a )oopera#ive ei%#en)e be#(een #he Pale%#inian and

&%raeli people* The Se)ond Ali'ah (a% e%%en#ial in )rea#in" an o$$i)ial #erri#or' $or #he e(i%h

People* &# (a% a$#er #he Se)ond orld ar #ha# #he Lea"+e o$ Na#ion% "ave Bri#ain permi%%ion #o

r+le over #he #erri#or' o$ Pale%#ine and #h+% be"an #he Aliyah Bet. A$#er #hi% movemen#, #he

)rea#ion o$ &%rael (a% o$$i)ial and i# (a% in#erna#ionall' re)o"nied #hro+"ho+# #he (orld <+%# a

'ear la#er* +rin" #hi% #ime, #he Pale%#inian people and #he horri$i) )rime% bein" )ommi##ed

a"ain%# #hem (ere )onvenien#l' i"nored b' in#erna#ional head%-o$-%#a#e*

A$#er #he )rea#ion o$ &%rael, #here (ere n+mero+% (ar% in #he re"ion* Arab na#ion% %+)h a%

ordan, S'ria, and "'p# $re;+en#l' #ried #o re)laim Pale%#ine $or #heir Arab-!+%lim bro#her% and

%i%#er%* The%e a##emp#% are no(n a% #he (ar% o$ 189:, 18=7, and 1873 >ohn%on?* The (ar o$

189: o))+rred ri"h# a$#er #he Bri#i%h !anda#e )ame #o an end* The Bri#i%h le$# &%rael and ri"h#

a$#er, violen)e be#(een #he Pale%#inian% and &%raeli% rapidl' e%)ala#ed* +%# a da' a$#er i#% )rea#ion

on !a' 15#h, 189:, "'p#, ordan, S'ria, &ra;, Lebanon, and Sa+di Arabia, a##a)ed &%rael and #he

(ar ra"ed on +n#il ebr+ar' 29#h o$ #he ne# 'ear* &# (a%n@# +n#il an armi%#i)e (a% i%%+ed (i#h aid



$rom #he .*N #ha# #he (ar )arried on* The armi%#i)e (a% no# an end #o #he (ar b+# onl' an

a"reemen# #o )ea%e$ire +n#il #en%ion% o))+rred a"ain* The border% a$#er #he (ar o$ 1898 (ere ver'

di$$eren# $rom #ho%e o$ 189:* a%# epan%e% o$ land (ere )laimed b' &%rael* The armi%#i)e )a+%ed

n+mero+% di$$i)+l#ie% and did no# %olve m+)h* One o$ #he bi""e%# lo%%e% $or #he Arab armie% (a%

#ha# #he $inal po%i#ion o$ #he #roop% (a% +%ed a% #he de#erminin" $a)#or $or #he ne( border%*

Al#ho+"h #he' (ere mean# #o be #emporar', #he border% %#a'ed +n#il #he (ar o$ 18=7*

The in#erna#ional )omm+ni#' (ored #o(ard $indin" a %ol+#ion #o #he problem ho(ever i#

(a%n@# eno+"h* +%# nine#een 'ear% la#er ano#her (ar er+p#ed, #hi% one even more %i"ni$i)an# #han

#he la%#* The (ar o$ 18=7 (a% a landmar (ar #ha# i% %#ill re$erred #o be)a+%e o$ i#% border

de)lara#ion%* Onl' $ive da'% lon", #he (ar o$ 18=7 (a% no# onl' %+rpri%in"l' %hor# b+# (ored

"rea#l' in &%rael@% $avor* &%rael a);+ired #he Gaa S#rip and Sinai re"ion $rom "'p# and #he

Golan hei"h#% $rom S'ria* The%e a);+ired #erri#orie% (ere re#+rned d+rin" #he ei"h#ie%* Over one

poin# $ive million Pale%#inian% (ere added #o &%raeli <+ri%di)#ion and ro+"hl' #(o-h+ndred

#ho+%and $led #o ordan* A $e( (ee% la#er, #he .ni#ed Na#ion% General A%%embl' pa%%ed

re%ol+#ion 292 #ha# )alled $or #he $or$ei# o$ #erri#orie% a);+ired in #he re)en# )on$li)#*C >.N

re%ol+#ion 292?* One o$ #he main )on$li)#% #ha# ro%e $rom #hi% (ar (a% #he in)rea%e in re$+"ee%*

A"ain, Pale%#inian re$+"ee% (ere bein" ;+ar#ered o$$ and oppre%%ed*

inall', #he (ar o$ 1873 er+p#ed on O)#ober =, 1873 and ended ro+"hl' #(o (ee% la#er*

A"ain, #he .ni#ed Na#ion% had #o %#ep in and #he' did %o b' ena)#in" De%ol+#ion 292 on)e a"ain*

Thi% #ime, "'p# had %ome lee(a' (hen i# )ame #o #erri#orial di%p+#e%* "'p# $inall' "ained

)on#rol o$ #he Sinai on)e a"ain a$#er #he Eamp avid A))ord% o$ 1883* The re%+l#% o$ #he (ar

(ere %een m+)h la#er (hen #he $ir%# in#i$ada o))+rred* +rin" #he%e #hree ma<or (ar%, #he people

o$ Pale%#ine (ere repea#edl' oppre%%ed and p+%hed ba)* A% a re%+l#, modern )ir)+m%#an)e% have



p+%hed Pale%#inian% in#o #he %mall area% o$ #he e%# Ban and #he Gaa S#rip* Do+"hl' one

million people are )rammed in#o #he Gaa S#rip and #he e)onomi) e$$e)#% o$ #he (ar and #he

)on$li)# )an %#ill be %een #oda'*

The Pale%#inian e)onom' ha% #aen

"rea# hi#% d+e #o #he%e (ar% and #he re%#ri)#ion%

and #ae% #ha# &%rael applie%* .nemplo'men#,

<+%# in #he la%# 'ear, ha% in)rea%ed* The $ir%#

;+ar#er o$ 2013 bro+"h# a di%#in)# )han"e in

+nemplo'men# ra#e% in bo#h Pale%#inian

re"ion%* .nemplo'men# )han"ed #o 31F in #he

Gaa S#rip and 20*3F in #he e%# Ban >i"+re

1?* Pale%#inian% (ho live in #he e%# Ban and

(or in &%rael and &%raeli %e##lemen#% ha% in)rea%ed* A% per #he Pale%#inian Een#ral B+rea+ o$

S#a#i%#i)%, #he amo+n# o$ Pale%#inian% (ho live in #he e%# Ban and (or in &%rael and &%raeli

%e##lemen#% in)rea%ed $rom :7,000 #o 83,000* O$ #he%e 83,000 Pale%#inian%, 95,000 (or (i#h

&%raeli permi#%, 1:,000 (or (i#h <+%# a pa%%por# or %ome $orm o$ iden#i$i)a#ion, and 30 #ho+%and

(or (i#ho+# an' permi# >PEBS, 2013?*

The pop+la#ion o$ Pale%#ine i% )rammed in#o #he %mall area% o$ #he Gaa S#rip and #he

e%# Ban* Do+"hl' 1*7 million Pale%#inian% re%ide in #he Gaa S#rip and over 2*7 million in #he

e%# Ban* .nemplo'men# (i#hin bo#h Pale%#inian #erri#orie% i% a# a ver' hi"h level >PEBS?*

De%#ri)#ion% on na#+ral re%o+r)e% p+# in pla)e b' #he &%raeli "overnmen#, have %#+n#ed e)onomi)

"ro(#h in #he re"ion and a% a re%+l#, Pale%#inian% #r' #o )ro%% over in#o &%raeli #erri#or' in order #o

loo $or a <ob* A))ordin" #o #he orld Ban, &%rael@% )on#rol over #he e%# Ban i% )o%#in" #he

Figure 1: PCBS: labour ForceSurvey, Q1- 2013



re"ion more #han 3*9 Billion .*S* ollar% (hi)h e;+a#e% #o ro+"hl' 35F o$ i#% GP* The lo%%e%

are )a+%ed b' &%raeli re%#ri)#ion% on (a#er $lo( in#o #he e%# Ban* The Ban i% divided in#o

#hree por#ion%4 A, B, and E* A i% )omple#el' +nder Pale%#inian )on#rol, B )ome% +nder a mied

<+ri%di)#ion, and E i% )omple#el' +nder &%raeli <+ri%di)#ion* De"ion E i% %e)+red b' #he &%raeli

mili#ar' and #he "overnmen# o$ &%rael ha% pla)ed n+mero+% re%#ri)#ion% on #he re%o+r)e%* A% a

re%+l#, re"ion E lo%e% o+# on, ann+all', on a lar"e %+m o$ in)ome* All &%raeli %e##lemen#%, (hi)h

have been deemed ille"al +nder in#erna#ional la(, are lo)a#ed in re"ion E and a% a re%+l# #he

(a#er $lo( i% re"+la#ed in $avor o$ #he &%raeli %e##ler%* o(ever, #he lar"e%# amo+n# o$ land i%

o(ned b' Pale%#inian% #h+%, i$ #he (a#er re"+la#ion% (ere removed, #he re"ion )o+ld be +%ed $or

a"ri)+l#+re (hi)h (o+ld "rea#l' pro$i# #he people >Sher(ood?* O#her ind+%#rie% %+)h a%

#ele)omm+ni)a#ion%, minin", and #o+ri%m )o+ld develop and a% a re%+l#, #he e)onomi) problem%

o$ Pale%#ine )o+ld be improved, i$ no# %olved*



The &%raeli "overnmen# preven#% #he people o$ Pale%#ine $rom "ro(in" and pro%perin" %o,

#he Pale%#inian% %ear)h $or <ob% (i#hin &%raeli #erri#or'* A% %#a#ed be$ore, more #han 30,000

Pale%#inian% (or in &%rael (i#ho+# permi#% a% repor#ed b' #he PEBS $or #he $ir%# ;+ar#er o$ 2013

>i"+re 2?* or permi#% (ere no# a problem +n#il #he O%lo A))ord%* The $ir%# O%lo A))ord% (ere

%i"ned in 1883 and #he' did no# %olve an' #erri#orial di%p+#e (ha#%oever* &# (a% #he %e)ond ro+nd

o$ O%lo, in 1885 (hi)h )ompli)a#ed #he %i#+a#ion* The %e)ond ro+nd o$ #he O%lo A))ord% bro+"h#

abo+# man' re%#ri)#ion% #o labor re"+la#ion%* The 1885 a))ord% %#a#e #ha# &%rael (o+ld "ain

)on#rol over m+)h o$ #he Pale%#inian #erri#or' and a% a re%+l#, (o+ld have )on#rol over #he border%

and immi"ra#ion* The e)onomi) $a)#or% o$ "ivin" #he &%raeli% )on#rol (ere never )al)+la#ed and

#he border% (ere +nder #he )on#rol o$ #he &%raeli mili#ar'* O%lo && made (orin" permi#%

manda#or' in order #o )ro%% #he border* Thi% onl' )ompli)a#ed #he %i#+a#ion $or #he Pale%#inian

laborer% (ho, +n#il #he earl' nine#ie%, )o+ld )ro%% #he border (i#h ea%e* A))ordin" #o #he &%raeli

Border Poli)e- led b' !o%he Ben Shi- over 15,000 +ndo)+men#ed Pale%#inian (orer% are

arre%#ed ever' 'ear* &%raeli )i#ien% on #he o#her hand (ere and %#ill are $ree #o #ravel a% #he'

plea%e* Thi% bia% on behal$ o$ #he &%raeli "overnmen# mae% ab%ol+#el' no %en%e and viola#e%



in#erna#ional norm%*

Figure 2: University of Chicago Press



B' re%#ri)#in" #he re%o+r)e% (i#hin Pale%#inian #erri#or', Pale%#inian% loo $or al#erna#ive

me#hod% o$ in)ome* One o$ #ho%e me#hod% i% #o #ravel #o &%rael and loo $or menial <ob% or

man+al labor* The Pale%#inian% #ha# do ob#ain (or permi#% have $e(er problem% be'ond #he

ba%i) di%)rimina#ion #ha# #he $a)e a% Pale%#inian% (hile )ro%%in" #he border* o(ever, #ho%e #ha#

do no# have (or permi#% or have #o +%e a pa%%por# #o )ro%% #he border end +p (orin" ille"all'

in ver' poor )ondi#ion%* There i% no# m+)h )overa"e on individ+al (orer% or #heir %#orie%,

ho(ever, %ome (orer% have )alled livin" in #he e%# Ban a %lo( dea#hC and #ha# be)a+%e o$

#ha#, #he' "o looin" $or <ob% in &%rael* The (orer% are more (orried abo+# bein" +nemplo'ed

#han "e##in" arre%#ed (hi)h i% (h' #he' #ae %+)h bi" ri%%* Depor#edl', i# #ae% 29 ho+r% $or #he

ille"al Pale%#inian (orer% #o mae #he #rip a)ro%% #he border (hi)h, i$ done #hro+"h le"al

me#hod%, onl' #ae% a $e( min+#e%* The%e (orer% $earle%%l' ri% #heir live% %o #he' )an #ae

home (ha#ever li##le mone' #he' earn* &# ha% been repor#ed #ha# #he (orer% (or almo%# all

ho+r% o$ #he da' and in #errible )ondi#ion%* A"ri)+l#+ral (orer% repor#edl' %leep in #he $ield% #ha#

#he' (or in and eep #heir %hoe% nearb' %o #he' )an r+n i$ #he &%raeli Border Poli)e %ho(% +p*

The (orer% do no# even have #he mo%# ba%i) o$ ameni#ie%* The' %leep (here #he' (or, )lean

and (a%h- i$ #he' have #he (a#er #o do %o- (here #he' live and live in $ear o$ #he Poli)e* One

(orer %aid e are h+milia#ed and $a)e pro%e)+#ion(e (or $rom %+nri%e +n#il %+n%e# $or

ver' lo( (a"e%C Alon" (i#h h+milia#ion, #he (orer% al%o $a)e ano#her )ompli)a#ionH be)a+%e

#he' are ille"al (orer%, #he emplo'er doe% no# have #o al(a'% pa' #he (orer% nor doe% #he

emplo'er have #o provide bene$i#%* &%raeli emplo'er% o$#en #ime% (ill promi%e #he (orer% )er#ain

bene$i#% %+)h a% heal#h)are and a pen%ionH ho(ever, (hen #he #ime )ome% $or #he bene$i#% #o be

+%ed, #he emplo'er ba)% o+# or )all% #he Poli)e and ha% #he (orer arre%#ed* A (orer %poe on

#hi% i%%+e4 &ma"ine, "oin" #hro+"h #hi% da' in, da' o+#, or (orin" $or %omeone $or %everal da'%



onl' $or him #o re$+%e #o pa' 'o+ and #hrea#en #o repor# 'o+ #o #he poli)e*C There i% no <+%#i)e in

#hi% #rea#men# nor i% #here an' di"ni#' in %+)h (or >B%airi?*

&%rael ha% a hi%#or' o$ i"norin" vi#al .ni#ed Na#ion% r+lin"%, re%ol+#ion%, and manda#e%*

The .ni#ed Na#ion% ha% repea#edl' re)o"nied &%rael@% )ivil ri"h#% viola#ion% ho(everH &%rael ha%

never paid an' a##en#ion #o (ha# #he .*N* ha% #o %a' and ha% #aen no a)#ion #o $i #he%e

ob%#r+)#ion% o$ in#erna#ional la( and )ivil ri"h#%* A% per a repor# i%%+ed b' #he &n#erna#ional

edera#ion $or +man Di"h#%, +nder &%raeli la(, mi"ran# (orer% have #he $ollo(in" privile"e%4

• 12 da'% paid holida' per ann+m

• 8 da'% paid reli"io+% holida'%

• pa'men# o$ (a"e% b' #he 10#h da' o$ #he ne# mon#h

• ma#erni#' pa', %i)ne%% pa' and %everan)e pa'

o(ever, #he%e privile"e% are %eldom provided #o #he (orer%* The ille"al (orer% do no# "e# an'

o$ #he%e privile"e% nor )an #he' $i"h# $or #hem* Pale%#inian (orer% )anno# $i"h# $or #he%e ri"h#%

be)a+%e man' o$ #hem are (orin" ille"all' and a% a re%+l# #he' are ab+%ed* &%raeli emplo'er%

promi%e lar"e %+m% o$ pa' and n+mero+% bene$i#% b+# (hen #he #ime #o "e# #heir pa')he) or #o

redeem #heir bene$i#% )ome% aro+nd, #he emplo'er% #hrea#en #hem #ha# #he' (ill )all #he Border

poli)e and have #he (orer% arre%#ed* The Pale%#inian laborer% have no op#ion b+# #o )arr' on

(orin" be)a+%e mo%# )anno# a$$ord #o +%e ille"al mean% #o )ro%% #he border on)e a"ain* &%raeli

la( ha% al%o provided n+mero+% pro#e)#ion% a"ain%# an' (ron"doin"% #ha# )an be done #o #he

mi"ran# (orer%, ho(ever, #he' are almo%# never $+l$illed >i"+re 3? >llman?*



Figure 3 fdh.org

&%rael@% mi%#rea#men# o$ Pale%#inian individ+al% #ha# en#er i#% #erri#or' #o (or i% #he )a+%e

o$ n+mero+% )ivil ri"h#% ob%#r+)#ion%* The &n#erna#ional )omm+ni#', a% a +nanimo+% bod', ha%

)rea#ed #rea#ie% and )onven#ion% #ha# en%+re and pro#e)# #he ri"h#% o$ individ+al )i#ien%* &%rael

ha% never been one #o adhere #o #he%e )ode% and %o, i# "oe% on per%i%#en#l' viola#in" #he ri"h#% o$

#he people* &# m+%# be no#ed #ha# &%rael ha% a d+ali%# $orm o$ "overnmen# and a% a re%+l#, #he

in#erna#ional #rea#ie% and )ovenan#% #ha# i# ha% ra#i$ied are )on%idered #o be an en#irel' di$$eren#

%phere o$ "overnmen#* De"ardle%%, &%rael@% mi%#rea#men# o$ #he mi"ran# (orer% viola#e%

n+mero+% )ivil )ode%* ir%#, a lar"e amo+n# o$ ar#i)le% o$ the International Covenant on Civil and

Political Rights (1966), (hi)h &%rael ra#i$ied on O)#ober 3rd, 1881, are viola#ed* The %i"ni$i)an#

viola#ion% are o$ ar#i)le% ei"h#, nine, and #en*

• Article 84 Thi% ar#i)le addre%%e% $orm% o$ labor and labor re%#ri)#ion%* Ar#i)le ei"h#

pro#e)#% #he people o$ Pale%#ine and o#her mi"ran# (orer% $rom bein" held in %ervi#+de

andIor per$ormin" )omp+l%or' labor*



• Article 9: Thi% ar#i)le provide% #he mi"ran# (orer% (i#h pro#e)#ion% a"ain%# arbi#rar'

arre%# and "+aran#ee% #ha# +pon arre%#, #he de#ained individ+al (ill be "iven a rea%on $or

#heir arre%#* o(ever, in #he )a%e o$ Pale%#ine and o#her mi"ran#%, &%raeli a+#hori#ie% do

no# provide #he )omple#e in$orma#ion*

• Article 10: Thi% ar#i)le provide% #he pro#e)#ion o$ liber#' #o #ho%e (ho are de#ained*

&%raeli #rea#men# o$ i#% $orei"n pri%oner% i% inh+mane and a viola#ion o$ #hi% ar#i)le*

Ar#i)le #en addre%%e% #he mi%#rea#men# o$ &%raeli pri%oner%* The Economist %#a#ed in an A+"+%#

2013 ar#i)le #ha# Pale%#inian pri%oner%, %ome o$ (hi)h are minor%, are ab+%ed, bea#, emo#ionall'

#ra+ma#ied, and re%#rained $re;+en#l' d+rin" #he d+ra#ion o$ #heir %en#en)e* Alon" (i#h #he

International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, &%rael al%o viola#e% n+mero+% ar#i)le% o$

#he International convention on the rotection o! the rights o! all migrant "or#ers and mem$ers

o! their !amilies. &%rael ha% no# ra#i$ied #he la##er, nor ha% i# %i"ned on#o #he )onven#ion* There$ore,

#he )onven#ion doe% no# appl' #o #he %#a#e o$ &%raelH re"ardle%%, &%rael %ho+ld )on%ider %i"nin" and

ra#i$'in" i# be)a+%e i# ha% a %i"ni$i)an# amo+n# o$ mi"ran# (orer%*

B' ra#i$'in" #he International convention on the rotection o! the rights o! all migrant

"or#ers and mem$ers o! their !amilies% &%rael (o+ld en%+re #he pro#e)#ion o$ n+mero+%

Pale%#inian )i#ien%* B' no# ra#i$'in" #he )onven#ion, #he &%raeli "overnmen# %ho(% #ha# i# la)%

)are $or i#% labor $or)e and i# )an be implied #ha# i# i% even #r'in" #o #ae advan#a"e o$ i#%

(orer%* A% per ar#i)le #hree o$ #he )onven#ion, #he mi"ran#% $rom Pale%#ine #o &%rael are )overed

b' #he )onven#ion* &%rael@% mi%#rea#men# o$ Pale%#inian and o#her mi"ran# (orer% viola#e%

ar#i)le%4 #en, eleven, %i#een, and ei"h#een*



• Article 10: No mi"ran# (orer %hall be %+b<e)# #o #or#+re* Pale%#inian (orer% o$#en (or

in hard and "ro%% )ondi#ion%* Al%o, Pale%#inian (orer% $re;+en#l' ri% "e##in" arre%#ed or

even (or%e, illed, b' #he &%raeli Border Poli)e*

• Article 11: No member %hall be held in %ervi#+de or per$orm )omp+l%or' labor* The

Pale%#inian laborer% are held in %ervi#+de $or #he' are #old #o per$orm a <ob and (hen #he'

a% $or #heir pa', #he' are #hrea#ened b' #heir emplo'er% and ri% "e##in" arre%#ed*

• Article 16: !i"ran# (orer% have #he ri"h# #o %e)+ri#' (hi)h i% )on%#an#l' denied #o

Pale%#inian (orer%* The Pale%#inian (orer%, le"al and ille"al, have ab%ol+#el' ero

ri"h#% #ha# are pro#e)#ed b' #he &%raeli )on%#i#+#ion or in#erna#ional )onven#ion%*

• Article 18: !i"ran# (orer% %hall be deemed e;+al #o #he member% o$ #he %#a#e in (hi)h

#he' (or* The Pale%#inian (orer% are denied #he ri"h# o$ e;+ali#' and &%raeli le"i%la#ion

(or% a"ain%# #he people*

&$ &%rael %i"n% and ra#i$ie% #hi% )onven#ion, i# )an "rea#l' improve #he )ondi#ion% o$ i#% mi"ran#

labor $or)e and preven# n+mero+% )ivil ri"h#% viola#ion% $rom o))+rrin"*

Alon" (i#h #he #(o )onven#ion% %#a#ed above, #he &n#erna#ional Labo+r Or"ania#ion ha%

al%o i%%+ed )onven#ion% #ha# deal (i#h mi"ran# (orer%* On)e a"ain, &%rael ha% no# %i"ned on#o i#*

The )onven#ion )over% #he ri"h#% o$ #he (orer% and (o+ld provide n+mero+% bene$i#% $or #he

mi"ran# (orer%* The Convention on &igrant 'or#ers i%%+ed b' #he &*L*O al%o addre%%e% #he

i%%+e o$ ille"al (orer%* Ar#i)le% #(o, #hree, %i, ei"h#, and nine all addre%% #he i%%+e% o$ ille"al

(orer% and a##emp# #o aid and improve #heir )ondi#ion% >&LO?* The ar#i)le% addre%%ed above )all

$or #he %'%#ema#i) %ear)hin" o$ +ndo)+men#ed (orer%, #he %#oppin" o$ )lande%#ine mi"ra#ion

movemen#%, and aidin" #he ille"al (orer% in#o ob#ainin" permi#% and "ainin" #he $+ll bene$i#% o$

(orin" (i#hin #ha# %#a#e* B' be)omin" a member #o #hi% )onven#ion, &%rael, (o+ld "ive i#%



30,000 +ndo)+men#ed Pale%#inian (orer% m+)h needed help and (o+ld al%o ea%e i#% o(n

)ompli)a#ion% in #he in#erna#ional )omm+ni#'*

&%rael re$rain% $rom %i"nin" and ra#i$'in" #he%e )onven#ion% and ha% paid no a##en#ion

(ha#%oever in re%pon%e #o #he in#erna#ional )omm+ni#'* or 'ear%, #he .*N ha% )ri#i)ied #he

mi%#rea#men# o$ Pale%#inian and o#her mi"ran# (orer% in &%raelH ho(ever, &%rael ha% onl' made i#

more )ompli)a#ed $or #he (orer% #o a)hieve <+%#i)e and be re(arded $or #heir (or * Thro+"ho+#

i#% hi%#or', &%rael ha% repea#edl' oppre%%ed #he people o$ Pale%#ine, be i# #hro+"h #he ille"al

ob#ainmen# o$ land, mi%#rea#men# o$ laborer% and )ivilian%, or #he b+ildin" o$ %e##lemen#%* The

$o+ndin" o$ &%rael i#%el$ (a% done onl' a$#er #ho+%and% o$ Pale%#inian% (ere $or)ibl' removed

$rom #heir home%* The )on$li)# o$ mi"ran# (orer% i% one #ha# ha% been a h+"e problem and

de%pi#e n+mero+% (arnin"%, &%rael ha% no# heeded #o #he (ord o$ #he in#erna#ional or"ania#ion%*

N+mero+% )onven#ion% pro#e)#in" )ivil ri"h#%, i%%+ed b' in#erna#ional or"ania#ion%, have been

i"nored b' &%rael and )on#in+e #o be i"nored* &$ #he %#a#e o$ &%rael %i"n% and ra#i$ie% #he%e #rea#ie%,

#he ri"h#% o$ man' mi"ran# (orer% (o+ld be %e)+red and i# (o+ld ea%e $+#+re #al% be#(een #he

Pale%#inian% and #he &%raeli%*



Bibliograhy

B%airi, Sen+%%i* JThe Predi)amen# o$ Pale%#inian orer% in &%rael*J &iddle East &onitor The

atest !rom the &iddle East * N*p*, 29 eb* 2010* eb* 13 Nov* 2013*

E193 - !i"ran# orer% >S+pplemen#ar' Provi%ion%? Eonven#ion, 1875 >No* 193?

llman, !i)haelH Laa)her, Smain* !i"ran# orer% in &%rael- A Eon#emporar' orm o$ Slaver'*C

+ro-!edi#erranean +man Di"h#% Ne#(or K &n#erna#ional edera#ion $or +man Di"h#%* 2003*

International Convention on Civil and Political Rights. *nited +ations. 1966.

ohn%on, a#hr'n* Class +otes* .NEE*

Pale%#inian Een#ral B+rea+ o$ S#a#i%#i)%, 2013* Labo+r or)e S+rve'4 >an+ar'-!ar)h, 2013?

Do+nd, >/1I2013?* Pre%% Depor# on #he Labo+r or)e S+rve' De%+l#%* Damallah - Pale%#ine*

Pale%#inian Labor lo(% #o #he &%reali )onom'4 A ini%hed S#or'6 Leila ar%ah* o+rnal o$

Pale%#ine S#+die% , ol* 32, No* 1 >A+#+mn 2002?, pp* 13-27* P+bli%hed b'4 .niver%i#' o$Eali$ornia Pre%% on behal$ o$ #he &n%#i#+#e $or Pale%#ine S#+die%* Ar#i)le O&4

10*1525I<p%*2002*32*1*13* Ar#i)le S#able .DL4

h##p4II(((*<%#or*or"I%#ableI10*1525I<p%*2002*32*1*13

JPale%#inian Pri%oner% h' The' Eo+n#*J Economist.com* )onomi%#, 17 A+"* 2013* eb*

Sher(ood, arrie#* J&%raelM% e%# Ban Eon#rol M)o%#in" Pale%#inian )onom' Billion%MJ The,-ardian* N*p*, n*d* eb* 18 Nov* 2013*

The Role o! omestic Co-rts in Treaty En!orcement/ A Comarative 0t-dy. Edited $y avid0loss. Cam$ridge% +e" or#/ Cam$ridge *niversity Press% 2339. P. 44i4% 626. Inde4. 599.

http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucal



http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=palstud

http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jps.2002.32.1.13

http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=palstud

http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jps.2002.32.1.13





Devie( b'4 Donald * Be##a+er, The American o-rnal o! International a" , ol* 105, No* 2

>April 2011?, pp* 387-903

Documents

Palestinian Labor Migration