PAKISTAN MOVEMENT

Ms Sabeen Yunus

Evolution of Two Nation Theory

Background:-

1) Religious Differences.

2) Hindu Nationalism.

3) Cultural and social Differences.

4) Economic and Educational Differences.

5) Political Differences.

Political Struggle 1927 to 1947 Delhi Proposals 1927 In 1926 Hindu Mahsaba started propaganda against Lucknow

pact and separate electorate. Pandit Nehru requested Quaid to surrender their demands Quaid called a meeting of Muslim leaders on march 20,1927 in

Delhi. 1.Sindh,Balouchistan and N.W.F.P to given status of full province.2.Muslim representation in Bengal and Punjab in accordance to

their strength.3. Muslim’s shall have 1/3 seats in the central legislature.

Disapproval of Delhi proposal by sir shafi (M.L Lahore group)

Simon Commission 1927 A commission(1927) under Sir John Simon, sent

to India to examine the effects of Montague-Chelmsford Reforms(1919)

The Congress and a section of ML under the leadership of Quid e Azam, decided to boycott the commission. Other group of M L under the leadership of Sir Muhammad Shafi, was in favour of commission.

A scheme of constitutional reforms, on the basis of recommendations of Simon Commission was prepared by the Government.

The Congress and Muslim League both refused the recommendations

Nehru Report 1928 Recommendations of Simon Commission (presented in

October ,1927) rejected by the Congress and Muslim League.

Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for Indi , declared in the parliament that Indians are divided, opposed each other and unable to produce a unanimously accepted constitution.

In February, 1928 all parties conference was convened to prepare a draft for constitutional Reforms.

Moti-lal-Nehru presided. Muslims were given insignificant weightage, attended

only one meeting and put their signatures on Nehru report.

Self Governing, Joint Electorate, Unitary Form Hindi as official Language. Hindu-Muslim Rift.

Quaid-e-azam proposed 3 amendments:- 1)1/3 representation.2) Punjab and Bengal on basis of population3) Powers to be given to provinces. Rejected by Hindu Majority. All parties conference held in Delhi under

Sir.Agha khan(1929). Demands :-1)Separate Electorate.2)Federal system to be introduced in centre with

provincial autonomy.3) Representation in central and provincialassemblies.4)Representation on the basis of population5) 1\3 in central legislature

Quaid-e Azam Fourteen Points 1929 In reply of Nehru Report Quid e Azam decided to give

his own formula for the constitutional reforms.1)Future constitution should be federal. Residuary powers

vested in the provinces.2)A uniformed autonomy (all provinces )3)Muslim representation shall not be less than 1\3 in central

legislature4) In the central legislature Muslim representation shall not

be less than one-third 5) Representation of communal group shall continue to be

by separate electorates provided that it shall be open to any community

6) Any territorial redistribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way affect the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and khyber pakhtunkhawa.

7) Full liberty of religion; belief, worship and observance, propaganda, association and education shall be guaranteed to all communities

8) Any bill or resolution shall be passed by three-fourths of the members of any community.

9)Sindh should be separated from the Bombay.10) Reform in the NWFP and the Baluchistan like other

provinces. 11) Muslims should be given services of the state. 12) Constitution for the protection and the promotion of the Muslim culture, education, language religion and

civilizations 13) One-third representation in central and provincial

cabinet14)The constitution shall not be changed without concern of

Indian federation

Allahbad Address 1930 Annual Session of All India Muslim League Allama Iqbal clarified Two nation theory and demanded a

separate homeland

Round Tables Conferences 1930-1932. After publishing Simon commission report , Congress annualmeeting at Lahore,(Dec,1929) Civil disobedience movementlaunched under Gandhi's leadership in April1930. Gandhi andNehru arrested. Govt started Round Table Conferences

I Round Table Conference: 12th Nov,1930 to 19th Jan 1931Congress boycott, Muslim League attended the conferenceEight sub Committees formed. accepted the proposal of fullresponsible government in provinces and a federal system inthe centre.

Gandhi Irvin Pact: Lord Irvin invited Gandhifor talks, continued from17thto19thFeb,1931.Agreement signed on 5th March 1931. i-Congress will call off civil disobedience ii-attend 2nd Round Table Conference iii- Government would withdraw all ordinances which curb

the Congress iii- release detained persons.II Round Table Conference: From7thSep, 1931 till 1st Dec1931 in London. Gandhi from Congress and Allama Iqbal from Muslim League. Gandhi’s stubborn attitude towards minorities Conference ended without any conclusion

III Round Table Conference From 17th Nov, 1932 to 24th Nov 1932 Congress abstained from the conference Sir Agha Khan from Muslim League Congress Leaders were in jail because of civil

disobedience movement again Conference ended without achieving goals

Communal Award( August 1932)

British Governmentt published their own scheme

Retained separate electorate, reduced

Muslim majority to minority in Punjab and

Bengal, political rejected the Award

Government of India Act 1935. The recommendations of round table

conferences published in 1933. Report of committee ( Sir Agha Khan, Zaferullah

Khan, Shafat Ahmed Khan, AbdurRahim,A H Ghaznzvi) published in 1934 in a Bill of Law.

After approval of British parliament, the Bill enforced as Government of India Act,1935.

The Act contained, 14 parts and 10 Schedules, consisted of two parts

I. Provincial subjects II. Federal subjects Political leaders rejected it and Quid declared

as a defective document

1937 Elections and Congress Rule Congress achieved big victory. Muslim

League failed to get seats even in Muslim majority areas

Congress ‘s rigid and dictatorial attitude after winning elections

Congress formed ministries in 8 provinces. Muslim ministry was formed in Sindh but dissolved because of Congress conspiracies

End of Congress Rule and Day of Deliverance