Paintball and AirSoft

8/14/2019 Paintball and AirSoft

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Section Construction and Deployment

With the exception of the section all other troopformation consist of an uneven number.

Section = 10 personnelPlatoon = 3 SectionsCompany = 3 PlatoonsRegiment = 3 Companies

The point of groupings of 3 allows for a 3 prongedassault on a static or mobile target, minimizing the

targets ability to maneuver itself into a tacticallyoffensive position.

It has been proven repeatedly throughout history withdismal results that an assault conducted as a singleforce focusing on one point of attack generally failswith the exception of an assault with overpoweringnumbers and even then can prove to be an extremely

costly exercise.

Manipulating the defensive force to spread itsnumbers by assaulting from multiple directions anddepleting its ability to concentrate firepower in onedirection.

Utilization of section deployment in an assault is notonly about how best to attack a position / opposingforce but how best to distribute and concentratefirepower.

The section machine gunner / sniper will bedeployed to high ground or a position of best

advantage whilst the riflemen and grenadier will bedivided into two equal groups to assault the flanks.

As a defensive position is generally set around acentral point it is this point that requires the attentionof the machine gunner / sniper as it usuallycomprises of the command and communicationelement of the defensive force therefore it becomes

the primary objective.

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Without this element the structure and cohesion of

the force will be in disarray and turning the battle froman assault on a force to a fight with individuals.

As a sections sole purpose is to either attack ordefend, it should be noted that troop duties anddeployment change very little regardless of which role

it it is employed in at the time.As an opposing force will employ very similar

primary strategies ie: two groups flanking one groupproviding central assault it is quite common for asection only to deploy as two flanking groups. Thistactic often has the disadvantage of no central controland allows the opposing force the opportunity for

maneuverability dependent on direction of greatestthreat and / or strategic advantage, example beingthat due to ground and cover may allow for minimaltroops to defend adequately.

A section is comprised of:

Section commanderRadio operator

Machine-gunner / sniperGrenadierRiflemen x 6

General layout of the section:

Rifleman / scoutRiflemanRiflemanSection commanderRadio operator

Machine-gunner / SniperRifleman / machine-gunners number twoGrenadierRiflemanRifleman

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In the case of a non-military unit forming as an

assault /defensive unit the structure and positioning of keypersonal should remain the same.

As control of the unit is of utmost importance often as

not if the unit is of reduced numbers the commander /leader will adopt the role of radio operator also. Theposition of ' Rifleman / machine-gunners number two'may also be deleted and the grenadier employedprimarily as another rifleman.

The point of control by the commander / leader acting

as radio operator, though the unit should all be inradio contact with each other it is quite often commonpractice to utilize a secondary frequency separatefrom the command frequency.

In these situations there would be a sectioncommunication channel for the section / unit toconverse separate from the overall task-force and acommand channel. This would require the

commander to be either very proficient at changingchannel or the carrying of another radio so as to

communicate with the command centre and thesection separately.

As one of the most critical points for an active unit iscontrol and cohesion it is of utmost importance for all

members to be equipped and proficient with bothradio and hand-signals. Often as not the failure of anexercise can be directly attributed to a breakdown incommunication.

There are many areas in which a section / unit needs

to be proficient and should be laid out and taught inseparate training sessions.

Section formations and movementSetting of an ambush positionSetting up of a defensive position / harborCommunication and signals

Camouflage and concealment

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Basic map reading and navigation

Basic bush survival ie: health and hygiene,] cooking

etc...

Basic stores and equipmentConstruction of a range card

Personal support kitPersonal deployment kit

When deploying non military personal in a tacticalsituation there are many points to consider formaximum utilization of manpower.

It should be understood that the section commandersdecisions are absolute, however a commandersdecision based upon tactical situation and often asnot 'ego' is often a recipe for a failed mission.

For the acting commander it should be known that

though they should have absolute control they alsotake the ultimate responsibility for the success /failure of the mission.

Due to human nature troops will 'grumble' if unhappy

with the current progression of training or mission, agood commander will take note and act upon this.

It should be noted that shamming or bullying of nonmilitary personal will often as not create the reverseof the desired effect. Though ' bastardization ' may

have been / be a valuable training aid within themilitary non military combatants rarely reactfavorably.

Utilization of individuals strengths and skills in relationto a combat section formation.

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A knowledge of individuals weaknesses /

shortcomings, state of health, physical fitness, abilityto comprehend and follow instructions etc....

Non military personal often as not will not act uponorders / instructions with the single mindedness of a

soldier, therefore it should be taken into considerationhow best to keep troops motivated toward theobjective.

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SECTION FORMATIONS

ARROW / WEDGE

EXTENDED LINESINGLE FILESTAGGERED FILE

Factors to consider for section formation:

Direction of advance in relation to enemy positions.

Expected enemy strength

Terrain

Level of squad skills

Squad armament

Factors to consider when moving in formation:

Presenting the squad as a minimal target as possible.

Allowing for best defensive / offensive use of section

skillsand numbers upon enemy contact.

Maximum utilization of terrain for advancing /withdrawing

squad.

Allowing for best control of squad by the squad leader.

Allowing for movement in relation to other ' friendly 'squads.

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As with the formation, spacing between squad members

should be strictly adhered to.Often as not ranks will close unconsciously as the squadprogresses, so members need to stay very aware of their

position in relation to other squad members.As a standard average 5 - 10 meters, dependent on

terrain, cover and position of opposing forces.

The single most important factor with squad movementand formation is to ensure maximum survivability ofsquad members in the event of an encounter with anopposing force.

The most useful / versatile formation being the staggered

file as it generally offers the most protection whilepresenting the least target area yet keeps the squad in acontrollable formation.

Arrow / Wedge formation, its usefulness is in primarilyopen ground or areas of low / sparse vegetation. It allowsfor a controllable and maintainable formation whilstallowing squad members to spread out making them less

of a target.

Extended Line and Single File are generally only of valuewhilst moving in dense vegetation / jungle environmentwhere full section contact is very minimal. Allows forreasonable section control in these environments andminimal ' displacement ' ( getting lost ) of squad

members in areas of limited visibility.

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Assaulting a fixed position

Factors to consider:

Arcs of fire.

Defensive strength.

Fortification.

Terrain.

Assessing layout and quality of fortification will assist indetermining enemy strength, skill and preparedness.

Layout of fortifications will determine opposing forcesarcs of fire. As the primary concern of an attacking squadis to achieve the objective with minimal casualtiestherefore assaulting to an angle that draws the leastamount of defensive fire.

Squad deployment during assault, concentrating

maximum firepower on the first objective by most suitedpersonal whilst from an altered angle remaining squad

members move up to seize the position.

Use of terrain to allow for maximum cover whilst movingon the objective, covering team to be positioned wherethey are able to suppress target whilst drawing minimum

fire from alternate objectives.

Assaulting squad to move rapidly and presentthemselves as a minimal target as possible. Whilstmoving best utilize staggered movement / pepper potting/ leapfrog in conjunction with cover to present the section

as a minimal number of targets at any one point.

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Setting an ambush

Firstly consider the type of ambush, the purpose.Weather it be a disruptive hit and run, intel gatheringexercise or simply to acquire and dominate a strategic

area.

Factors to consider:

Placement of the cutoff groups.

Controllability of the kill zone.

Cover for the ambushing squad and the lack of it forthe

opposing force.

Most effective utilization and placement of squadfirepower.

Squad discipline.

When preparing for the ambush, squad discipline mustbe ensured as it can be responsible for the success or

total failure.

The only member of the squad that needs to see anadvancing force is the initiator of the squad action,therefore members need to fully utilize cover and stay

hidden.

Opposing force is allowed to pass the squad to thepoint that they reach the initiator at which that person willopen fire, this being the signal for the rest of the squad toemerge partially from cover to provide suppressing fire

over pre-designated arcs to inflict maximum casualties.

Cutoff Group 1The initiator is typically the 'section machine-gunner' or

member that will provide maximum ' rounds down range'.

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Cutoff Group 2The opposite end of the squad will normally be the

grenadier, ensuring that maximum casualties are inflictedand inhibiting the attacking force from reinforcingbesieged

members.

Kill-zone

This will be the squad members in the middle ground,normally the riflemen, providing the firepower across theirarcs to neutralize the body of the ambushed.

The most important points:

Initiator to wait for last possible moment before starting

the fire-fight but not allow first person past.

The rest of the squad must remain hidden until firstshot is fired.

Squad, including initiator to be very aware of ' arcs offire '.

The squad must not be positioned in such a way as to' attract' friendly fire!. Cross fire is good but not at the

possible risk of targeting own squad members.

Ambushes are a very fast and decisive action thereforethe formation is very important in providing maximumcasualties in shortest space of time.

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Hand signals basics:

Signaling by hand is not as much the signalsthemselves so much as how they are delivered /executed!.

Crisp, clear and clean

Pointing with open flat hand, not limp wave in thedirection.

Indicating with outstretched arm, hinging at elbow.

Be deliberate and methodical with indicating.

Number or finger indicating, palm toward person.

Consider background to indication, Black glovedhand against black BDU's?

Ensure other person has received message, watchfor a moment before moving away.

Radio procedure basics:

Short and to the point.

Clear speech.

Limit 'movie' improvisation.

Ensure serviceability of radio equipment, battery

life etc...

Team sub-channel option created for game-play.Take allocated channel and subtract 2 ?.

'potty' or 'foul' language is never to be used underany circumstances.

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Coms are strictly for tactical squad control andshould never be used for personal discussion or

arguments.

Basic radio responses and calls.

OVER =

you have said your part and may be waiting forresponse.

OUT=you have said your part and expect no response

and / or end of discussion.

SAY AGAIN / REPEAT LAST=you didn't understand or hear properly the last

transmission and require it to be repeated.

ROGER / COPY=you understood transmission and are complying

with instructions.

These basic calls either follow or precede

information but should be coupled with call-sign ofintended recipient,

e.g.: SHADOW -- SAY AGAIN -- OVER

Information contained within the call should be keptminimal but with enough substance to informrecipient,

e.g.; SHADOW -- MOVE TO GRID BRAVOTHIRTEEN -- OVER

When repeating a transmission to an individualconsider the reasons as to why they may notunderstand you and asses your own procedure,

e.g.: SHADOW -- MOVE TO GRID BRAVOTHIRTEEN -- I SAY AGAIN -- GRID BRAVO ONE

THREE OVER

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When repeating a message its not alwaysnecessary to repeat recipients call sign however

precede it with 'I'

e.g.: I SAY AGAIN -- MOVE TO -------------------

Standardized words and phrases create a ' secondnature ' response to transmissions.

SIT-REP=your position on field and situation / actions at

that point.

NOT: where you at, what are you doing, how faraway are you, wheres the enemy at, are you wherewe are.

MOVE TO=go to the instructed location / area.

NOT: go to the, head over to, run/ walk/ crawl to or

any directions involving 'potty' language.

RE-GROUP=reform team on prior or appointed location.

NOT: you lot come here, come here, every bodyback / over to me.

HOLD POSITION=stay where you are.

NOT: stay right there, wait up for a minute, dont goany further, stop for a minute etc etc

Though many words and phrases may seem editedor over simplified the knowledge and consistent useof them createsa second nature use where if radio receptionquality, an inability to speak clearly or otherreasons inhibit clear communication the message

will still be received and hopefully understood.

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The intent of keeping transmissions short and tothe point contributes considerably toward the

message not being confused, missunderstood orlost due to too much information for anindividual toprocess.

The less talking the more understanding!

Speaking clearly. Speaking in an almost controlledmono tone voice (as you would with a child) withdeliberate spacing between message componentsto increase message clarity.

Personal disscusion / conversation should be keptto a minimum so as not to interfere with the given

tactical situation.

Use of movie improvisation should be also keptminimal. As funny as they can be they willinevitably lead to the undermining of good radioproceedure and could compromise a tacticalsituation.

Vulgar or foul language should under nocircumstances ever be employed as part of a

'transmission process', 'potty mouths' should neverbe condoned or tollerated by anyone transmitting orrecieving on the same frequency and some form ofdisciplinary action should be taken.

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Basic Bush Skills

Basic bush skills become a necessity if a missionsduration is extended further than just a few hours.

The ability for an active combatant to be able tomaintain themselves whilst on deployment isessential not only for themselves but the over all

functionality of the unit as a whole.

CookingFirst aidEquipment and weapon maintenanceSimple bush craftAccommodation / hoochie area and setup

It should also be working knowledge not only of howto do certain things in the field but also whatequipment and stores best suited to the tasks, notonly to do the job but also functionality and ability tocarry and maintain.

Cooking,

Its not hard and fast as to what constitutes a rationpack but common sense dictates that it must:

Constitute a meal at least twice

dailyKeep with out special packagingBe relatively nutritionalEasily prepared

Canned goods are of a great enough selection that a

primary component of any meal can be chosen andcarried in sufficient number to sustain for deploymentduration.

Other components should also include the additionof snack food, nut and fiber bars, sugar lollies, nutsetc..

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Probably the most important component in any pack

and is often taken for granted is water. Allowing for 2 -3 liters to be consumed daily. Dehydration should beconsidered an extremely real danger and measures

taken to safeguard against it.

Suggested rations list:

Canned watties spaghetti / stew x 2Canned desert / fruit x 2muesli / fruit bars x 6sugar lollies, barley sugars etc...

Recommended utensils:

mess tin setmetal cup, recommended military ' cups canteen 'knife, fork, spoon, can opener

it would be recommended that a spoon beconsidered

part of essential kit.cooking implements, recommended would be

hexaminecooker and associated tablets.fire starting device matches, flint but recommended

cigarettelighter.

Purpose and utilization of above stores andequipment in the above lists should be covered inbasic training. Though it may appear to be astatement in the obvious the objective is not just tocarry, cook and consume, more so to do it in the most

practical and idiot friendly way.As there is often a great number of other kit items

being carried into theatre ie: weapon, ammunition,sleeping kit, it is in the best interest of the individualtroop to be familiar with how to ' streamline ' both theirskills and stores as most that are unfamiliar withoutdoor living and survival will inevitably pack and

carry twice the kit necessary to achieve the objective.

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Sleeping and Accommodation:

An often overlooked and underestimated task bythose unfamiliar with the outdoors or more to the point

the outdoors with no luxuries including basicamenities.

Recommended minimum kit:

thermal matsleeping bagbivvy baglight weight shelter: military hoochie / basha and

associated components, poles, pegs etc...

Though the kit itself is pretty self explanatory as tohow to set up often as not for most, positioning,location and orientation for conditions is not thereforecertain things should be taken into considerationwhen setting up individual sleeping area and sectionharbor.

For the individual sleeping area choosing a position isessential in actually getting a nights sleep.

A depression in the ground or space between grassclumps to lay a bed will minimize movement duringsleep.

Soft soil will aid in the driving of hoochie pegs anderection of shelter but may also be an indication oftoo much moisture / water in the ground

Consider wind direction when erecting shelter anduse natural foliage and cover to offer protection

against the elements inclusive of wind and rain.

Unit harbor:

The positioning of individual sleeping locations isnot only dependent personal comfort but also on

tactical strategies and situation.

20An often overlooked consideration when forming a

unit harbor is the tactical situation and location. Theunit needs to be positioned in such a way as to


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present a very minimal amount of troop exposure inthe eventuality of an assault.

Utilization of natural vegetation and features tomake the direction of possible enemy contact morepredictable and the position more defendable. Use of

gun sentry through out the hours of darkness anddispersment of pyrotechnics, trip mines and flaresand / or audible sensor alarms add to the security

however an aware and proficient troop mentality ofthe tactical situation and options for position defenseis the most crucial point.

It is a known and acknowledged military fact that themost logical time of day for an assault, wetherconducting or defending against is both sun up or sun

down as the unique light conditions make clear visiondifficult and with sun up there is the added bonus ofthe defending unit arising from sleep, therefore themost opportune time for attacking another positionwould be just prior to sun up.

Military practice is that a 'stand to' a half hourbefore till a half hour after both sun rise and sun set.

Working on the assumption of the opposing force

following current military practice, to plan an assaultwould involve maneuvering a unit into assault

positions at least an hour prior to sunrise to bestutilize light conditions and hopefully catch theopposing force half asleep.

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Camouflage and Concealment

The development of apt skills in the art of camouflageand concealment will undoubtedly give the individualand the unit as a whole an advantage for the

execution of a mission, defense of a position andgeneral contact conditions.

Primary points to be noted:

ShilloeteSpeedShapeSurroundings / EnvironmentShadows

EngagementExtraction

Shilloete:

When moving in an area that is directionally lit anindividual should consider their outline form showing,

Advancing over the crest of a ridge, day or nightOn night deployment advancing through an areaof light

Moving through open ground

Speed:

When moving it should be noted that the greatestgive away is irregular motion and moving to fast willmost often catch the attention of the opposition. Evenwhen an opponent may be looking to the opposite

direction sudden and fast movement will usually catchthe perlifial attention of another thus revealinglocation.

The simple answer is not to move faster than isrequired, particularly through open spaces unlessthere is an obvious threat.

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Shape:

Being aware of an individuals shape in relation tosurrounding objects. this is particularly important in anurban environment as it is built of primarily straight

lines whereas the human shape is not therefore it isrecommended that the use of smaller, irregularshaped objects in the field of operations should be

fully utilized ie: Cars, shrubs, small out-buildings etc...

Surroundings / Environment :

Often as not, to much reliance is placed upon theuse of camouflage materials, BDU's etc... without theconsideration as to what pattern best hides the

individuals shape in specific environments andtheaters.

The annogramme ' DPM ' stands for Disruptive /Disorderly Patterned Material. Though DPMequipment BDU's etc is designed with the intention ofmaking detection more difficult dependent on theenvironment it was intended for it should not be

considered the ultimate answer for concealment. It isdesigned to disrupt the natural human shape not as a

viable substitute for a cloak of invisibility.

The use of which pattern of DPM BDU's shouldbe considered when considering the environment.The darker cam patterns are primarily for dense bush,

jungle and close urban ie: tiger cam, tdu digital, black,etcLighter cam patterns are intended for more openareas. Light browns and tan are most effective forlarge fields, desert and areas of sparse bush ie: multi-cam, desert tricolor, british desert dpm etc

However some BDU cams and colors arerelatively general purpose ie: US woodland, olivedrab, NZ dpm etc.

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Construction of a Range Card

The point of a range card is as its name suggests, acard depicting pre-established ranges to known

points of orientation.These are drawn up by personnel manning fixed

positions ie: machine-gun pits and forward observersto assist and provide extra targeting information torelieving troops and to provide targeting assistanceduring contact.

Range cards can utilize an established map but oftenas not are a rough sketch depicting known points :particular trees, specific ground features and objectsin the set field etc.

The range card will depict features within a 180degree arc and usually out to a range of 300 meters.They are not required to have exceptional detail

however the drawn detail needs to make features andpoints easily identifiable for most troops.

A range card can be drawn up on most materials,plastic, paper, part of a cardboard box etc....

Though its details need to be accurate for its

functionality it is only as permanent as the positionbeing occupied therefore retaining it after deployingto another site is dependent on the likelihood ofreturning to that position at a later time.

Though a range card isn't an essential item or skill to

master it is a very useful training aid in targetacquisition, tactical deployment and range estimationand orientation.

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Personal Support Kit

In lieu of troops carrying full and comprehensive

assortment of kits to cover any possible unforeseenevent ie: First aid kit, Tool kit, Maintenance kit andspares etc.... a basic survival kit should be

assembled.

Pocket knife / Multi-toolLength of strong stringRoll of electrical tapeSmall compassCigarette lighter

Sticky plasters / Medical tapeNurophen Plus or similar

The intention of the kit is not to replace the othermore comprehensive kits rather to enable troops toperform in a more self sufficient and self reliant wayplacing less responsibility on other unit members toretain combat integrity.

A full first-aid kit would still be carried by the unit

medic as would a tool kit by the designated armorer.

In a non military unit the creation of a position suchas QMS ' quarter master sergeant' to encompass theduties of medic, armorer, stores person etc. not

necessarily to fulfill these duties, more so to ensurethey are accounted for.

Often as not this position would fall to theresponsibility of the 2ic and delegated to qualified /apt' unit members.

Though a survival kit isnt compulsory those thatneglect to assemble and carry one should considerthe outcome and inconveniance for themselves if asituation arises that they require the use of one ofthese items and the other unit members are unable orunwilling to assist.

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Basic Bush Skills

Basic bush skills become a necessity if a missions

duration is extended further than just a few hours.The ability for an active combatant to be able tomaintain themselves whilst on deployment is

essential not only for themselves but the over allfunctionality of the unit as a whole.

CookingFirst aidEquipment and weapon maintenanceSimple bush craft

Accommodation / hoochie area and setup

It should also be working knowledge not only of howto do certain things in the field but also whatequipment and stores best suited to the tasks, notonly to do the job but also functionality and ability tocarry and maintain.

Cooking,

Its not hard and fast as to what constitutes a rationpack but common sense dictates that it must:

Constitute a meal at least twicedaily

Keep with out special packagingBe relatively nutritionalEasily prepared

Canned goods are of a great enough selection that aprimary component of any meal can be chosen andcarried in sufficient number to sustain for deploymentduration.

Other components should also include the additionof snack food, nut and fiber bars, sugar lollies, nutsetc...

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Sleeping and Accommodation:

An often overlooked and underestimated task bythose unfamiliar with the outdoors or more to the pointthe outdoors with no luxuries including basic

amenities.

Recommended minimum kit:

thermal matsleeping bagbivvy baglight weight shelter: military hoochie / basha and

associated components, poles, pegs etc...

Though the kit itself is pretty self explanatory as tohow to set up often as not for most, positioning,location and orientation for conditions is not thereforecertain things should be taken into considerationwhen setting up individual sleeping area and sectionharbor.

For the individual sleeping area choosing a position is

essential in actually getting a nights sleep.

A depression in the ground or space between grassclumps to lay a bed will minimize movement duringsleep.

Soft soil will aid in the driving of hoochie pegs and

erection of shelter but may also be an indication oftoo much moisture / water in the ground

Consider wind direction when erecting shelter anduse natural foliage and cover to offer protectionagainst the elements inclusive of wind and rain.

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Unit harbor:

The positioning of individual sleeping locations isnot only dependent personal comfort but also ontactical strategies and situation.

An often overlooked consideration when forming aunit harbor is the tactical situation and location. Theunit needs to be positioned in such a way as to

present a very minimal amount of troop exposure inthe eventuality of an assault.

Utilization of natural vegetation and features tomake the direction of possible enemy contact morepredictable and the position more defendable. Use ofgun sentry through out the hours of darkness anddispersment of pyrotechnics, trip mines and flares

and / or audible sensor alarms add to the securityhowever an aware and proficient troop mentality ofthe tactical situation and options for position defenseis the most crucial point.

It is a known and acknowledged military fact that themost logical time of day for an assault, wetherconducting or defending against is both sun up or sun

down as the unique light conditions make clear visiondifficult and with sun up there is the added bonus of

the defending unit arising from sleep, therefore themost opportune time for attacking another positionwould be just prior to sun up.

Military practice is that a 'stand to' a half hourbefore till a half hour after both sun rise and sun set.

Working on the assumption of the opposing forcefollowing current military practice, to plan an assaultwould involve maneuvering a unit into assaultpositions at least an hour prior to sunrise to bestutilize light conditions and hopefully catch theopposing force half asleep.

Health and Hygiene:

Personal health and hygiene is considered by faran extremely important component the the well beingand survival of a unit.

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A simple fact is that the incapacitation of one unit

member is the loss of another for support purposesalso, therefore due to the possible neglect or illequipped actions or the lack of by one unit member

will cost the unit / section a minimum of twopersonnel, the ten man section now becomes eight,placing considerable strain on the units ability to

complete even the simplest of missions.

Simple factors to stay aware of:The consumption of non-contaminated water.Staying hydrated,Eating relatively healthyGetting enough sleep and rest.

Development of good personal hygiene skillsincluding:

changing under clothes and socks regularly,washing

regularly, especially areas areas prone toperspiration as

this is a breeding ground for all forms of viruses

and fungi.

Ensuring that your section commander / teamleader isaware of your physical condition should any

issues arise,twists and sprains, fungal conditions, cuts etc...

A good commander will stay aware of the physicaland

mental state of his troops whilst on deploymenthowever

often as not when asked most troops will

attempt toconvince their commander they are ok even

knowing thattheir problems may develop to something more

serious.

Though a unit commander shares the responsibility of

a

members health and well-being it is only shared,ultimately

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it is the responsibility of the individual to ensure

they arein fit and fighting condition and thus ensuring

they are

not a liability to other members and the integrityof the unit

and its ability to fulfill mission requirements.

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Paintball and AirSoft