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1pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
April. 2005
WiMAX: 4G or Never ?WiMAX: 4G or Never ?
BeyondSpot TechnologyBeyondSpot Technology
2pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
HighlightHighlight
What is WiMAX? (or “Mobile WiMAX” more precisely) WiMAX is a marketing term, a certification body, or an industry ad-hoc
forum to complete IEEE 802.16 standard (marketing, regulatory, interoperability, test, certification, and high level protocol)
IEEE 802.16 also known as BWA or WirelessMAN WiFi IEEE 802.11 (WirelessLAN) = WiMAX IEEE 802.16
Why chose such topic? mobility extension started in late 2002 WiMAX is recognized as one of the new
competitions to CDMA based 3G Other competitions are proprietary
technologies, WiFi, Mesh, or IEEE 802.20
Can WiMAX be 4G or Never? OFDM/OFDMA based broadband mobile is
recognized as 4G (beyond 3G) This presentation shares our story
CDMA?CDMA? OFDM?OFDM?
3pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
Drivers from Two WorldsDrivers from Two Worlds Broadband Access is a merging process
Legacy Cellular, led by 3GPP and 3GPP2, extends bandwidth to support broadband data services, especially in IP format.
Fixed Wireless, led by IEEE, enhances techniques to support mobility. 3GPP (UMTS/WCDMA) and 3GPP2(CDMA2000) started from ITU IMT-2000.
InternetInternetInternetInternet
DataData
19981998 20102010
CellularCellularCellularCellular
200 Million 200 Million UsersUsers
200 Million 200 Million UsersUsers
300 Million 300 Million SubscriberSubscriber300 Million 300 Million SubscriberSubscriber
1 Billion 1 Billion UsersUsers
1 Billion 1 Billion UsersUsers
Broadband Broadband MobileMobileAccessAccess
Broadband Broadband MobileMobileAccessAccess
1 Billion 1 Billion SubscriberSubscriber1 Billion 1 Billion
SubscriberSubscriber
Mar
ket
Siz
eM
arke
t S
ize
4pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
Migration of WiMAXMigration of WiMAX
Data Rate
Mobility
Fixed WiMAX IEEE 802.16d2005
Mobile WiMAX IEEE 802.16e2007?
SOC Available
Standard Maturing
Portable WiMAXNomadic WiMAX IEEE 802.16d/e2006?
Standard Maturing
5pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
802.16e Compatibility with 16d802.16e Compatibility with 16d
Convergence Sub LayerConvergence Sub Layer
MAC LayerMAC Layer
PHY LayerPHY Layer
Security/Privacy Key, AES, EAP
Security/Privacy Key, AES, EAP HandoffHandoff
Bandwidth ManagementBandwidth
ManagementConnection
ManagementConnection
Management
Power Mgnt Sleep/Idle
Power Mgnt Sleep/Idle
IPIPPacket
ClassifierPacket
ClassifierEthernetEthernet ATMATM Header Suppression
Header Suppression
ARQARQ
PDU Generation
PDU Generation
PDU Reassembly
PDU ReassemblyNet EntryNet Entry
PHY Burst SchedulingPHY Burst Scheduling
SC 10-66GHz
SC 10-66GHz
SCa 2-11GHz
SCa 2-11GHz
OFDM 2-11GHz 256FFTOFDM
2-11GHz 256FFTOFDMA
2-11GHz 2048FFTOFDMA
2-11GHz 2048FFTOFDMA 2-11GHz (PAR <6GHz)
128, 256, 512,1024, 2048
OFDMA 2-11GHz (PAR <6GHz) 128, 256,
512,1024, 2048
802.16d802.16d 802.16e802.16e WiMAXWiMAX
802.16e is the mobile extension from 802.16 Modification in PHY from OFDM to Scalable OFDMA Modification in MAC for security, handoff, roaming, & resource management
6pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
Players in WiMAX ForumPlayers in WiMAX Forum WiMAX SOC/System Pairs (examples)
Intel Proxim, Alvarion, ZTE, Alcatel,… Fujitsu WiLAN, Aperto Wavesat ATMEL LG Nortel… and more
WiMAX Forum has >200 members Marketing, technical, interoperability and
spectrum
And a lot more…..And a lot more….. IEEE802.16 2004 and TGe
Air Interface standard
Alliance
Portable/MobileFixed/Nomadic
7pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
A Million Dollar QuestionA Million Dollar Question
Can WiMAX (16e) be the broadband candidate after 3G? WiMAX brings higher throughput and longer range, it is a growing threat to
the deployment of 3G and the promised ROI in every 3G business model
or just an idea that sounds great but never comes true? WiMAX inherits issues of 3G and has even more challenges in spectrum, the
following presentation provides a balanced view
8pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
Advantages in MultipathAdvantages in Multipath
OFDMA carries advantages in “Multipath” CDMA uses the whole spectrum, wasting system resource to combat
frequency selective fading. CDMA also creates worse interference problem OFDMA only select subcarriers with less channel degradation, prevent
wasting system resource (power or throughput ) => achieving higher system capacity.
Signal Sent
Signal Received
MultipathMultipath
9pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
Spectral Efficiency WinsSpectral Efficiency Wins
2.5G TDMA: Very limited data rate and low spectral efficiency (1.0-1.5 bps/Hz)
500kHz500kHz 5MHz5MHz
3G WCDMA: Reasonable data rate, range, and mobility, improved spectral efficiency (1.5-2.5 bps/Hz)
WiFi: OFDM 64FFT, Reasonable data rate, limited range and mobility, improved spectral efficiency (2-3 bps/Hz)
WiMAX:OFDMA, Up to 2048FFT much improved range and mobility, potential for best spectral efficiency (3-4 bps/Hz)
15 MHz15 MHz 20 MHz20 MHz
Spectrum efficiency is an important factor for data service The scarce of available (or useful) spectrum makes efficiency a key
factor to approve spectrum and the success of business model. Regulatory bodies shall recycle spectrum for existing systems with low
spectral efficiency. Future systems with high spectrum re-use advantages or higher spectral
efficiency shall have favored allocation during application.
10pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
Global HarmonizationGlobal Harmonization
WiMAX has global harmonization WiMAX forum pushes harmonization between IEEE and ETSI; there is only
one WiMAX standard (ETSI has not fully adopted Mobile WiMAX yet) WiMAX share one MAC for all, fixed, portable, and mobile
3G breaks into WCDMA (3GPP), CDMA2000 (3GPP2), and more Among WCDMA, venders has their own proprietary modes. China has TDS-CDMA, US has UWC-136, and Japan has DoCoMo 3G…
CDMA2000CDMA2000WCDMAWCDMA
11pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
Local Optimization is BetterLocal Optimization is Better
802.11 covers indoor users
802.16d covers fixed outdoor
802.16e covers moving vehiclesWiMAX
WiFiWiFi
Future terminal can handover among multiple standards Thanks to high integration of silicon, dual-/tri- mode terminals are practical.
Each standard is optimized for a specific environment, saving resource.
Avoid sacrificing power to support indoor users.
12pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
VoIP Changes TelecommVoIP Changes Telecomm
VoIP changes everything ! The growing popularity of VoIP triggers the demand for IP based access
and changes the landscape of telecomm 3G products are compatible with traditional circuit based PSTN and
PSMN, while 4G may only need to support VoIP with gateway and gatekeeper separately purchased
IP Based Voice Network
Circuit BasedVoice Network(PSTN)
VoIP To PSTN Gateway
POTS Phones Cellular Phones
Circuit BasedCellular Network(PSMN)
VoIP toPSMN Gateway
PC to Phones
POTSPhones
VoIPTerminal
VoIPFixed Phones
Circuit basedConnections
VoIPMobile Phones
IP Based Voice Network
Circuit BasedVoice Network(PSTN)
VoIP To PSTN Gateway
POTS Phones Cellular Phones
Circuit BasedCellular Network(PSMN)
VoIP toPSMN Gateway
PC to Phones
POTSPhones
VoIPTerminal
VoIPFixed Phones
Circuit basedConnections
VoIPMobile Phones
13pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
Regulatory DifficultyRegulatory Difficulty
VoIP over WiMAX has no obligation to secure QoS From architecture point of View VoIP challenges Traditional Telecom
Regulatory Model. Is it an application or a telecomm service? When voice is no longer consider as telecommunication service, it is not
bounded for availability, emergency service (911), or voice quality of service It is a pure low cost application, not a telecom service
VoIP Can Not Address: 99.999% availability The high quality of
voice support as 3G The same level of
robustness as circuit
The same level of QoS as circuit TransportTransport
VoiceVoice VoiceVoice
VoiceVoice
TransportTransport
TransportTransport
TCP/IPTCP/IP TCP/IPTCP/IP
ApplicationApplicationApplicationApplication
14pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
Power and RF Constraint Power and RF Constraint
Battery Life Challenge WiMAX standard was targeted to long range (high power), fixed (non-
battery based), or portability (recharged daily), not mobility. Higher data rate demands higher power transmission; battery
technology show difficulty to catch up with the such demand. Power consumption of WiMAX device could be a major problem.
802.16’s Effort in Power/RF Power-Saving mode
and Scalable OFDMA are added to 802.16e
But higher FFT has more severe PAPR (peak to average power ratio)
Challenge the RF design for WiMAX
Guard IntervalGuard Interval IFFT Symbol DurationIFFT Symbol Duration TimeTime
OFDM Symbol PowerOFDM Symbol PowerPeak PowerPeak Power
Average PowerAverage Power
15pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
Hi Layer Protocol IntegrationHi Layer Protocol Integration
High Layer mobility is a challenge IEEE 802.16 by its mandate (PAR) only defines protocol stacks in the
PHY and MAC layer, 802.16e defines mobility support for MAC and PHY only
Lack of network layer mobility completion
WiMAX Forum is supposed to cover network mobility, but… WiMAX forum has weak experience in end-to-end protocol stack
development WiMAX is a pure industry ad-hoc group, like WiFi, which may not be the
appropriate place to deal with Network Mobility standards Integration with legacy network requires support from the carriers
3G MAC/PHY3G MAC/PHY WiMAX/3G Dual MAC/PHY WiMAX/3G Dual MAC/PHYWiMAX MAC/PHYWiMAX MAC/PHY
3G Based Network 3G Based Network WiMAX Based NetworkWiMAX Based Network
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
16pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
Market & Time Competition Market & Time Competition
Marketing HypeMarketing Hype
DisappointmentDisappointment
Rebuild Business ModelRebuild Business Model
Steady GrowthSteady Growth
Market takes time! Markets takes time to mature;
most new services will follow the letter “N” curve as below
Fixed WiMAX technology is far from mass adoption, mobile WiMAX would take even longer
WiMAX has risks too! Mobile WiMAX market is squeezed by
both 3G, Flash OFDM, and WiFi. 802.11e, 11r, and 11n are enhancing QoS,
handover, and throughput. HSDPA (of 3G) shorten the gap with
WiMAX in throughput. Flash OFDM (by Flarion) has
demonstrated end-to-end solution.
WiMAX Marketing GuyWiMAX Marketing Guy
17pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
Global Spectrum AvailabilityGlobal Spectrum Availability Lack of Spectrum
most licensed spectrum for broadband are either for fix services or for 3G; hard to use license-exempt band to provide QoS guarantee mobile services WiMAX Forum is working on regulatory drawbacks, but progress is slow
2.4 - 2.485 GHz (WLAN, Indoor Only) 2.4 - 2.485 GHz (WLAN, Indoor Only) 3.5GHz (WLL) License bands3.5GHz (WLL) License bands
5.4 - 5.725 GHz (RLAN, Europe) 5.4 - 5.725 GHz (RLAN, Europe) 2.5-2.6GHz MDS, MMDS License bands ) 2.5-2.6GHz MDS, MMDS License bands )
5.725 - 5.825 GHz (U-NII) or 5.725-5.850 GHz (ISM)5.725 - 5.825 GHz (U-NII) or 5.725-5.850 GHz (ISM)
5.25 - 5.35 GHz (U-NII, Outdoor/Indoor)5.25 - 5.35 GHz (U-NII, Outdoor/Indoor)
18pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
Back to Square OneBack to Square One
Recent Trend in IEEE Standard Body More members notice the challenge of WiMAX for 4G, and recognize the
value to demonstrate success of WiMAX first in Fix services, shown below. Progress in maintenance group is slow Worst case, WiMAX is back to square one (day one) as a pure fix standard!
19pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
BeyondSpot White PapersBeyondSpot White Papers
BeyondSpot Offers White Papers for Selected Customers Fixed wireless based WiMAX and QoS Please find me to exchange business cards
20pagepage WiMAX TopicWiMAX TopicBeyondSpot ProprietaryBeyondSpot Proprietary
ConclusionsConclusions
Most information on WiMAX comes from press releases or the campaign of WiMAX forum, not balanced.
It is equally important to see through the marketing smoke and understand the real challenges.
We provide view points from both ends;
Almost equal weight in YES and NO to become 4G by (Mobile) WiMAX.
Service providers should not make investment decision without knowing the risks;
But can not afford not to know about WiMAX.
WiMAX is a worth watching topic !
YesYes NoNo
Opportunity of WiMAX for 4G