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Anatomy vs. PhysiologyDifferentiate between the two…
Anatomy is about the structurePhysiology is about the function of that
structureStructure determines function
If the structure changes, the function may as well
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is Anatomy?Study of the structure and shape of the body
and its partsObservation is used to see sizes and
relationships of partsThe body is studied on a gross and
microscopic level
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gross Anatomy vs. Microscopic Anatomy Comparing the main digestive system
structures to the cells that comprise themThe next two slides make this comparison
Figure 14.1 The human digestive system: Alimentary canal and accessory organs.
Mouth (oral cavity)
Tongue
Esophagus
Parotid glandSublingual glandSubmandibulargland
Salivary glands
Pharynx
StomachPancreas(Spleen)
Transverse colonDescending colon
Ascending colon
CecumSigmoid colonRectumAppendixAnal canalAnus
Smallintestine
DuodenumJejunumIleum
Liver
Gallbladder
Large intestine
Figure 14.4c Anatomy of the stomach.
Pyloricsphincter
Gastric pits
Ga
str
ic
pit
Ga
str
ic g
lan
d
Surfaceepithelium
Mucousneck cells
Parietal cells
Gastricglands
Chief cells
(c)
Figure 14.4d Anatomy of the stomach.
Chief cells
Enteroendocrinecell
(d)
PepsinogenHCI
Pepsin
Parietal cells
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Levels of Structural OrganizationSix levels of structural organization
1. Atoms2. Cells3. Tissues4. Organs5. Organ systems6. Organisms
Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules.
1
AtomsMolecules
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular levelCells are madeup of molecules.
2
Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells.
3
Organ levelOrgans are made up ofdifferent types of tissues.
4
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist ofdifferent organs that worktogether closely.
5 Organismal levelHuman organisms aremade up of many organsystems.
6
Smoothmuscletissue
Bloodvessel(organ)
Epithelialtissue
Smoothmuscletissue
Connectivetissue
Bloodvessels
Heart
Cardio–vascularsystem
Slide 1
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Integumentary SystemForms the external body covering (skin)Protects deeper tissue from injuryHelps regulate body temperatureLocation of cutaneous nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a The body’s organ systems.
(a) Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering; protectsdeeper tissue from injury; synthesizesvitamin D; location of cutaneous receptors(pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands.
Skin
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Skeletal SystemConsists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and
jointsSupports the bodyProvides muscle attachment for movementSite of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b The body’s organ systems.
(b) Skeletal SystemProtects and supports body organs; provides aframework the muscles use to cause movement;blood cells are formed within bones; storesminerals.
Joint
Cartilages
Bones
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Muscular SystemSkeletal muscles contract or shortenProduces movement of bones
Figure 1.2c The body’s organ systems.
Skeletalmuscles
(c) Muscular SystemAllows manipulation of the environment,locomotion, and facial expression; maintainsposture; produces heat.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Nervous SystemFast-acting control systemConsists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
sensory receptorsResponds to internal and external changeSends messages via nerve impulses to central
nervous system Central nervous system activates effectors
(muscles and glands)
Figure 1.2d The body’s organ systems.
Brain
Sensory receptor
Spinal cord
Nerves
(d) Nervous SystemFast-acting control system of the body;responds to internal and external changes byactivating appropriate muscles and glands.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cardiovascular SystemIncludes heart and blood vessels
Heart pumps blood Vessels transport blood to tissues
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen and carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes
Figure 1.2f The body’s organ systems.
Heart
Bloodvessels
(f) Cardiovascular SystemBlood vessels transport blood, which carriesoxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.;the heart pumps blood.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Respiratory SystemIncludes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and lungsSupplies blood with oxygenRemoves carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h The body’s organ systems.
(h) Respiratory System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygenand removes carbon dioxide; the gaseousexchanges occur through the walls of the airsacs of the lungs.
Nasal cavityPharynxLarynxTracheaBronchusLeft lung
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Digestive SystemIncludes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestines, and accessory organs
Breaks down foodAllows for nutrient absorption into bloodEliminates indigestible material as feces
Figure 1.2i The body’s organ systems.
(i) Digestive System
Breaks food down into absorbable units thatenter the blood for distribution to body cells;indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Anus
Rectum
Large intestine
Small intestine
Stomach
Esophagus
Oral cavity
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Lymphatic SystemIncludes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and
lymphoid organsReturns leaked fluids back to blood vesselsCleanses the bloodInvolved in immunity
Figure 1.2g The body’s organ systems.
(g) Lymphatic System
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels andreturns it to blood; disposes of debris in thelymphatic stream; houses white blood cellsinvolved in immunity.
Thoracic duct
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Urinary SystemIncludes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
and urethraEliminates nitrogenous wastesMaintains acid-base balanceRegulates water and electrolytes
Figure 1.2j The body’s organ systems.
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
(j) Urinary SystemEliminates nitrogen-containing wastes fromthe body; regulates water, electrolyte, andacid-base balance of the blood.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Endocrine SystemEndocrine glands include:
Pituitary gland Thyroid and parathyroids Adrenal glands Thymus Pancreas Pineal gland Ovaries (females) and testes (males)
Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism
Figure 1.2e The body’s organ systems.
(e) Endocrine SystemGlands secrete hormones that regulateprocesses such as growth, reproduction, andnutrient use by body cells.
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland (parathyroidglands on posterior aspect)
Thymus gland
Adrenal glandsPancreas
Testis (male)
Ovary (female)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Reproductive SystemFor males, includes the testes, scrotum, penis,
accessory glands, and duct system Testes produce sperm Duct system carries sperm to exterior
For females, includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Ovaries produce eggs Uterus provides site of development for fetus
Figure 1.2k-l The body’s organ systems.
(k) Male Reproductive SystemOverall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. Testes producesperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to thefemale reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remainingstructures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammaryglands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn.
(l) Female Reproductive System
Prostate gland
Vas deferens
TestisScrotum
Seminalvesicles
Penis
Mammary glands(in breasts)
Uterine tube
OvaryUterus
Vagina