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GLADYS HANCOCKForteau
It is with great sadness that the family of the late GladysHancock announce her passing on June 21, 2011 at thePalliative Care Unit in Forteau at the age of 71 years.Leaving to mourn with loving memories husband JamesHancock; children Sharon Keough (Roger), John(Paula), Wanda Russell (Charlie), James Jr. (Lillian),Doreen (Tony Flynn), and Myles (Gail); 15grandchildren Sheldon, Ian, Lance, Loucas, Michael,Michelle, Zackery, Shanda, Cortez, Melissa, Scott,Johnathon, Natasha, and Trevor; two great-grandchildrenSophie and Kendrick, as well as a large circle of otherfamily and friends. She was predeceased by her grandsonStephan, parents Stanley and Minnie Ryland, brotherFred and sister Meta. Visitors were received at theEnglish Point Gospel Hall on Wednesday and Thursdayfrom where the funeral service took place on Friday,June 24, at 2 p.m. with Mr. Edward Barney officiating.Interment followed at the church cemetery in Forteau.As expressions of sympathy no flowers at request.Donations can be made to the Janeway Hospital. Funeralarrangements were entrusted to Fillatre’s Funeral Home,L’Anse au Loup.
In Memoriam
GOULDIn loving memory of our sister
Elizabeth GouldApril 6, 1954 – June 24, 2007
There is a tiny space between life and deathThis space can be filled with just one breathWe watched you as you lay thereWaiting for your final breath unveiling.
You asked questions that we had noanswer toHolding your hand was all that we could doYou kept saying “talk to me, keep meawakeSo that final breath I will not take”.
We watched you laying there in so muchpainSelfishly wanting you to remainPraying for your healing, wiping your tearsTrying not to think about our own fears.
Listing to your breath, praying “just onemore” Fearing soon you would pass throughdeath’s doorYou opened your tear-filled eyes andlooked at usWe had to let her go, this we began to see.
We love you very much, sisters HepseySheppard, Mary Lidstone, brothers Grant,Wallace, Eli, Eric, Terry and families.
In Memoriam
SCANLONIn loving memory ofGeraldine Scanlon
April 24, 1947 – June 27, 2010
We thought of you with love todayBut that’s nothing newWe thought of you yesterday And the day before that too.
We think of you in silenceWe often speak your nameNow all we have are memories And your picture in a frame.
Your memory is our keepsakeWith which we’ll never partGod has you in His keepingWe have you in our hearts.
Forever loved and sadly missed by hus-band Patrick, children Frazer (Clarise),Morris (Dale), Harrison (Kim), Clayton(Linda), Glenn (Terri), and a large circleof grandchildren and families.
In Memoriam
GENGEIn loving memory of
Elijah Gengewho passed away July 3, 2010
Age 70 years.
Lonely are the days without youLife to us is not the sameAll the world would be like heavenIf we could have you back again.
Your life was full of special deedsForever thoughtful of all our needsToday, tomorrow, our whole lifethroughWe will always love and cherish you.
A bouquet of beautiful memoriesSprayed with a million tearsWishing God could have spared youIf just for a few more years.
May the winds of love blow softlyAnd whisper for you to hearThat we’ll always love and miss youAnd wish that you were here.
Forever loved and missed by Beulah,Bill, Deloris, Caroline, Kevin, Jonathan,and Charli.
Card of
ELLIOTTWe, the family of the late Jessie Elliott, would like toexpress our sincere thank you and appreciation to thosewho helped during the passing of our mother. Everyone’svisits, telephone calls, cards, flowers, food, and monieswhich was donated to the Anglican Church were a greatcomfort at such a difficult time. Special thanks to the staffat John M. Gray Centre, Kerry M. Fillatre Funeral Home,Rev. Ralph Moore and Jean Boyd. God bless you all.
The Elliott family
PAGE B6 NORTHERN PEN, MONDAY, JUNE 27, 2011
”I, old Lydia Campbell”: a Labrador Woman
of National Historic SignificanceThis is the second season of Field Notes,
written weekly while the author is conductingarchaeological research in St. Michael’s Bay aspart of the multi-disciplinary research project“Understanding the Past to Build the Future”(www.mun.ca/labmetis/index.html) whichexamines early Inuit presence in southernLabrador.
Dr. Marianne Stopp is an historian at ParksCanada and holds an adjunct position with theDepartment of Archaeology at Memorial Uni-versity.
She has worked as an archaeologist insouthern Labrador for more than 20 years. In2008, she published The New Labrador Papersof Captain George Cartwright, presenting newhistorical material that stands alongsideCartwright’s famous journal as a source ofinformation on the early colonial period.
“I, old Lydia Campbell, 75 years old, I putson my outdoor clothes, takes my game bagand axe and matches, in case it is needed,and off I goes over across the bay, over ice andsnow for about two miles and more, getsthree rabbits some days out of twenty ormore rabbit snares all my own choppingdown. It looks pretty to see them hung up inwhat we calls Hoists. And you say, well doneold woman.”
These words were written by Lydia Camp-bell in 1894 and they form part of her remark-able account of early Labrador life, “Sketchesof Labrador Life by a Labrador Woman.” In2009, the Historic Sites and MonumentsBoard of Canada designated Lydia Campbell(1818-1905) as a person of national historicsignificance. As one of Labrador’s best knownand most cherished historical figures, “AuntLydia” was honoured for her chronicles aswell as for her role as a cultural mediator inthe changing social landscape of the early19th century. In the words of her biographerDr. Anne Hart in the Dictionary of CanadianBiography, “this ‘quaint old lady’ was held inhigh regard as a notable matriarch and trans-mitter of Labrador memories.” Through herwriting and through the oral traditions thathave been passed down through hundreds ofher descendants, Campbell has long been aniconic figure and a touchstone to Labrador’sInuit and English-Scottish past.
Born Lydia Brooks on 1 November 1818along the shore of Double Mer inlet inGroswater Bay, she represents the first gener-ation of Labradorians of British and Inuitparentage. Her mother was an Inuk whom weknow only as Susan. Her father was an Eng-lishman named Ambrose Brooks who cameto Groswater Bay in 1800 to escape Britishpress gangs. The youngest of three daughters,Lydia grew up speaking English and Inukti-tut. Susan passed vital Inuit skills to herdaughters that included trapping, shooting,and fishing as well as medical knowledge andthe preparation of skin-clothing and countryfoods. Ambrose Brooks, the son of a minister,taught his daughters to read English usingthe few texts in his possession, which werethe Bible and the Church of England Com-mon Book of Prayer. Brooks was one of theearliest Europeans south of the Moravian sta-tions to teach his children to read. He alsoinstilled a Christian faith that remained asource of strength for Lydia throughout herlong life.
Campbell married twice. At the age of 16she was married against her wishes to anoth-er mixed-blood Labradorian named WilliamBlake, Jr. whose father had come to Labradorin the 1780s. With Blake she had five children,one of whom, Thomas, continued the familyline. After Blake’s death in 1845, she livedalone with her children for three years. In1848, she married Daniel Campbell who hadcome to Labrador in 1844 from SouthRonaldsey, Orkney, to work a five-year con-tract as cooper for the Hudson’s Bay Compa-ny at Rigolet. The two were married by thenewly arrived factor, Donald A. Smith (laterLord Strathcona) whom they befriended over
the course of his 21 years in Labrador. Theyhad six children, two of whom, Margaret andJohn, continued the Campbell family line. Inaddition to her biological children and in thetradition of many Labrador families, Lydiaand Daniel also raised two informally adopt-ed children. The first was an Inuk namedLemuel George, who died tragically when hewas ten. The second, Hugh Palliser, was tak-en in when Lydia and Daniel were in their 70s.Hugh took the Campbell name and has anumber of descendants. Lydia Campbell’smany descendants live throughout Labradorand her extensive family tree has been com-piled by Patty Way of Cartwright, Labrador.
Over the course of her long life, Campbellbecame somewhat of a legend among thepeople of Groswater Bay for her enduranceand her many skills. Along with her sisterHannah, she was part of a small group of firstgeneration Labradorians of mixed descentwho passed on their education to their chil-dren. This led to a phenomenon noted by vis-iting clergy and other officials in the late1800s and early 1900s whereby HamiltonInlet was one of the few places in the Britishcolonies where residents were not onlyversed in the Christian liturgy without everhaving had a resident clergy, but were alsoremarkably literate despite the absence ofteachers.
In 1894, Aunt Lydia became relativelyfamous beyond her Groswater Bay homelandwhen visiting clergyman Arthur CharlesWaghorne asked her to write an account ofher life, which he published in 13 shortinstallments in The Evening Herald, St.John’s. Campbell had previously written anaccount of her life for a Reverend A.A. Adams,“but he lost it.” “Sketches of Labrador Life bya Labrador Woman” reflects the distinctivestyle of her home-grown education and earlyLabrador English. It is the first publishedwriting by someone born and raised inLabrador and remains an important sourceof historical information on family life, settle-ment, culture change, with brief vignettes ofInuit and Innu life. “Sketches” is also thebeginning of a now lengthy Labrador tradi-tion of home-style narrative put to paper. Itwas followed by daughter Margaret Baikie’sLabrador Memories: Reflections of Mulligan,written about 1918 and covering the years asfar back as 1846. “Sketches” was published byThem Days in 1980.
Lydia Campbell is representative of otherInuit and part-Inuit women throughoutCanada’s North who were the key to the suc-cess of colonial efforts. They gave Europeannewcomers a foothold in a new and relative-ly harsh country through their knowledgeand skills. It was women such as Campbellwho taught their European partners how tobuild appropriate homes, and how to trap,fish, and travel. Daniel Campbell, forinstance, “did not know much about trap-ping,” wrote their daughter Margaret Baikie,“my mother used to go with him to set thetraps.”
Campbell was sought out by severalchurch representatives at a time when theMoravian, Wesleyan Methodist, Anglican,and Roman Catholic churches all consideredsetting up ministries in Groswater Bay. Mis-sionaries were sent to her because of herwell-known piety but especially because shewas considered an Elder and a representativevoice. At his first Sabbath service in Groswa-ter Bay in 1902, Methodist ReverendArminius Young wisely followed Campbell’sadvice. “Now, my son,” she had cautionedhim, “you must go out into the kitchen andtalk to the people as the other ministers usedto do .... If you don’t the people won’t like you.”
One of Labrador’s best known historicalfigures, Lydia Campbell’s writing and the sto-ries that are still told about her have given thepeople of Labrador, with their multi-culturalInuit, Innu, and European roots some of theirhistory, in turn affirming self-identification toplace through knowledge about the past.
Lydia and Daniel Campbell at their home in Cul de Sac, nearRigolet, ca. 1875 (Flora Baikie collection, Them Days).
VTA helps out SPCA
The grade seven social studies class at Viking Trail Academy in Plum Point has studied topics on empowerment and ways of helping others. With this in mind, thestudents decided to make a financial donation to the West Coast SPCA to help with its project of constructing a new animal shelter. A cheque in the amount of $200will be presented to the organization. Members of the class include (front, left to right) Courtney Cull, Ryan Coombs, Ashton Tatchell, Sabrina Beaudoin, JanayaToope, Jagger Taylor and (back) Reiley Mitchelmore, Isaac Gibbons, Dillon Gibbons, Austin Tatchell, Oriana Pittman-Caines, Breanna Tatchell and Zachary Doyle.
READER SUBMITTED PHOTO GARFIELD WAY/VTA
The second in a series of columnsby Dr. Marianne Stopp, an historianat the Historical Research Branch,Parks Canada. She has worked asan archaeologist in southernLabrador for over twenty years andis the author of The New LabradorPapers of Captain GeorgeCartwright.
Many years ago I began mystudy of Captain GeorgeCartwright and his eventful yearson the coast of Labrador between1770 and 1786. In the course ofthat work I became familiar withthe well-known story of the fiveInuit who voyaged with Cartwrightfrom Cape Charles, Labrador, toLondon, England, in 1772. Theirnames were Attuiock, his youngestwife Ickongoque, their infantdaughter Ickeuna, as well asAttuoick’s younger brotherTooklavinia and his wife Caubvick.During their eight months in Eng-land, these Inuit became some-what famous. Under Cartwright’scare they experienced an entirelydifferent way of life that includedseeing the sights of London, ridinghorses, dining in English homes,but also being gaped at by crowdsof curious onlookers. London soonbecame so overwhelming thatCartwright eventually took thegroup to his family’s home atMarnham in the countryside nearNottingham. Their visit endedtragically, however. Just as thegroup was to leave Plymouth forLabrador in May 1773, one by onethe Inuit began to fall ill withsmallpox. Except for Caubvickwho recovered from the virus, allwere dead by July and were buriedat Plymouth. One of the saddestand most expressive entries inCartwright’s three-volume A Jour-nal of Transactions and EventsDuring a Residence of Nearly Six-teen Years on the Coast ofLabrador describes the momentwhen he arrived at Cape Charlesand had to convey his terriblenews to the many Inuit gatheredthere awaiting the return of theircompanions.
Six images of these Inuit areknown to exist. The best known isthe pair of full-figure pastel draw-ings of Attuiock and Caubvick by
Nathanial Dance that haveappeared in many publications onLabrador’s history. These werecommissioned by the famous zool-ogist Sir Joseph Banks whoenjoyed the Inuits’ company onseveral occasions. They remain inthe possession of one of Banks’sdescendants in England. Smallerportraits of the heads of Caubvickand Attuiock were copied fromDance’s work in 1792 and given asgifts by Banks to his good friendand colleague J.F. Blumenbach atthe University of Goettingen inGermany along with the famousoil painting of Mikak. Anothersmall drawing of an Inuit womanwas found among the newCartwright papers and can be seenin my book The New LabradorPapers of Captain GeorgeCartwright. The existence of asixth portrait of the entire group ofInuit was long known but neverfound. In a 1790 letter to JosephBanks, George Cartwright askedhim for a copy of “the picture,which you had taken of the Indi-ans.” Cartwright hoped to publishthis image in his journal but waslater deterred by the cost.
The group portrait has beenmissing for at least a century, per-haps longer. The historian A.Lysaght, author of Joseph Banks inNewfoundland and Labrador,1766, searched for it in the 1960s. I,too, tried to track it down over theyears. Various clues suggested thatit could be at the Royal College ofSurgeons in London, but lettersand e-mails came to nothing. Itspeaks to the benefits of digitallycataloguing museum collectionswhen in early 2008 I “discovered”the lost portrait on the new on-linedatabase of the RCS. I shall neverforget the seismic moment whenall five Inuit appeared on myscreen. There they were, like spiritscome to finally greet me after somany years of researching theirlives, and after so many years ofbeing lost.
The old adage “one thing leadsto another” was proven true notlong after completing my study ofthe Inuit. In another search of thedigital universe I learned of theexistence of a series of letters writ-
ten by George Cartwright’s sister atthe time of the Inuit visit to Marn-ham. With the help of GregMitchell at the Labrador MetisNation, copies were obtained.Catherine Cartwright’s letters con-tain detailed descriptions of theappearances, personalities, andexperiences of the five Inuit whilethey were in England. This infor-mation has allowed us to identifythe figures in the group portraitand has added significant newinformation to GeorgeCartwright’s journal aboutLabrador’s rich history.
In Memoriam
SHEPPARDIn Loving Memory of
Minnie SheppardJuly 12, 1937 - July 27, 2001
A wife, a mother, a grandma tooThis is the legacy we have from you.
You taught us love and how to fightYou gave us strength, you gave us mightA stronger person would be heard to findAnd in your heart, you were always kind.
You fought for us all in one way or anotherNot just as a wife, not just as a motherFor all of us you gave your bestNow it is your time to rest.
Some may think you are forgottenCause on earth you are no moreBut in our memory you are with usAs you always were before.
Forever in our hearts and sadly missed byhusband Cyril, Colin and family, Olga andfamily, and Edna and family.
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In Memoriam
JENKINSIn loving memory of a mother,mother-in-law and grandmother
Mary Jane JenkinsJune 1925 - Aug 2010
We knew little that morningGod was going to call your nameIn life we loved you dearlyIn death we do the same.
It broke our hearts to lose youBut you did not go aloneFor part of us went with youThe day God called you home.
You left us beautiful memoriesYour love is still our guideAnd though we cannot see youYou are always at our side.
Our family chain is brokenAnd nothing seems the sameBut as God calls us one by oneThe chain will link again.
Forever loved and missed by daughterMelissa, son-in-law Dale, grandchildrenNadine (Kenneth and Lucas), Tammy(Nolan, Hannah and Joshua) andDamien.
5126946
In Memoriam
ACREMANIn loving memory of
Madaline Mae AcremanDec 29 1931 - July 29, 2010
We thought of you with love todayBut that is nothing newWe thought about you yesterdayAnd the days before that too.
We think of you in silenceWe often speak your nameNow all we have are memoriesAnd your picture in a frame.
Some may think you are forgottenThough on earth you are no moreBut in our memory you are with usAs you always were before.
We will always love youAnd will never forget theThings you done for us.
Forever loved and sadly missed and re-membered by Donald, Vina and family,and Brenda, Levi and families.
5126947
In Memoriam
TATCHELLIn loving memory of our
dear mother and wifeDulcie Tatchell
Feb 8, 1952 - July 26, 2009
Every day in some small wayMemories of you come our wayThough absent, you are always nearStill missed, loved, always dear.
It’s lonely here without youWe miss you more each dayFor life is not the same to usSince you were called away.
We who love you, sadly miss youAs it dawns another yearIn our lonely hours of thinkingThoughts of you are ever near.
Loving you is easyWe do it every dayMissing you is a heartacheThat never goes away.
Forever loved and sadly missed by hus-band William Sr., sons: William Jr.(Catherine and Erica), Ronald, andKenneth (Tisa), daughters Sadie(Alvin), and Valerie, as well a large cir-cle of family and friends.
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In Memoriam
COATESIn loving memory of
Melvin Coateswho passed away July 23, 2000
andHarrison Coates
who passed away July 14, 2008
Loving you both was easyWe did it everydayMissing you is a heartacheThat never goes away.
Lonely is our home without youLife is not the sameOur world would be heavenIf we could have you both come homeagain.
We do not need a special dayTo bring you to our mindsThe days we do not think of youAre very hard to find.
The midnight stars are shinningUp on your silent gravesBeneath it sleeps the ones we loveThe ones we could not save.
Forever loved and sadly missed byMom and Dad, brother Gerald (Ruby),sisters Betty (Bob) and Marilyn (Why-man) and families. 5130573
In Memoriam
COATESIn loving memory of
Melvin Coateswho passed away
July 23, 2000
Our hearts still ache in sadnessOur silent tears still flowFor what it meant to lose youNo one will ever know.
It broke our hearts to lose youYou did not go aloneFor part of us went with youThe night God called you home.
In life we loved you dearlyIn death we love you stillIn our hearts you hold a placeNo one can ever fill.
POPPY:If roses grow in heavenLord pick a bunch for mePlace them in poppy’s armsAnd tell him they are from me.
Forever loved and sadly missed by wifeIvy, daughters Jennifer and Carly Ann,and granddaughter Carly Laura.
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In MemoriamSHEPPARD
In loving memory ofhusband, dad and popK. Herber Sheppard
Aug 3, 1919 - July 19, 1996
You left us so many memoriesWith which we’ll never partYou will always live foreverDeep inside our hearts.
We know that you are in heavenAs we search the sky aboveSending you a silent message From our hearts that’s full of love.
Sadly missed along life’s wayQuietly remembered every dayNo longer in our lives to shareBut in our hearts he’s always there.
We miss you because we love you You were dearer to us than goldFor no treasure on earth can replace youYour memory will never grow old.
Always loved by your wife Hepsey,daughter Paula (Wade), son Myles(Cindy), and grandchildren. We loveyou.
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In Memoriam
ACREMANIn loving memory of a beloved mother, mother-in-law, grand-
mother and great-grandmother
Madeline AcremanDec. 29, 1930 – July 29, 2010
Age 79 years.
Memories in the heartFeel no guilt in laughter, she knowshow much you careFeel no sorrow in a smile that she’s nothere to shareYou cannot grieve forever, she wouldnot want you toShe’d hope that you can carry on, theway you always do.
So talk about the good times And the ways you showed you caredThe days you spent togetherAll the happiness you shared.
Let memories surround you, a wordsomeone may say Will suddenly recapture a time, an hour,a dayThat brings her back as clearly asthough she were still hereAnd fill you with the feelings that sheis always near.
For if you keep these moments You will never be apartAnd she will live forever Locked safe within your heart.
God made a mother, so loving and kindAnd I had the honour, of calling hermineWhoever said that sorrow, would healwith timeCould never have had, a mother likemine.
Love is a smile, a tear and a touchLove says so little but means so muchLove is forever and we give it to youFrom the family who thought the worldof you.
There is music in a well lived lifeAnd melodies remainEach time a loving memoryRepeats the sweet refrain.
The song that lingers in our heartsbecomes our legacyIts beauty gently echoing through alleternityThe endless love she bestowedWill be forever cherished and remem-bered.
Forever loved and remembered bydaughter Marion, son-in-law Freeman,grandchildren Trevor (Nicole),Amanda, Christopher (Krista) andgreat-granddaughter Isobella.
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In Memoriam
ACREMANIn loving memory of ourmother and grandmother
Madeline Acremanwho passed away July 29, 2010.
The strong mother with a heart of goldWas taken from us just a year agoAlthough we are now very far apartYour loving memory lies strong in ourhearts.
A special smile, a special faceAnd in our hearts a special placeNo words we speak can ever sayHow much we miss you every day.
Remembering you is easy We do it every dayBut missing you is a longing That never goes away.
Remembered and forever loved by sonDavid, Lydia, grandchildren Karen,Darrell and families. 5130633
NORTHERN PEN, MONDAY, JULY 25, 2011, PAGE B5
The lost portrait
The lost portrait(left to right)Tooklavinia, Caub-vick, Attuiock, Ick-ongoque, and lit-tle Ickeuna (RoyalCollege of Sur-geons of Englandcollection).
New law could return aboriginal status
to some LabradoriansTOM NILES
TRANSCONTINENTAL MEDIA
Some Labradorians may getback their aboriginal status.According to Aboriginal Affairs andNorthern Development Canada,there are Labradorians using newlegislation to get back a status thataccording to law is rightfully theirs.There may be others that qualify,but so far the department only hasthe sole application.
Earlier this year, the departmentannounced, following a SupremeCourt Ruling, more than 45,000Canadians could receive aboriginalstatus and register as status Indians.
In 1951, aboriginal women whomarried non-native men lost theirrights to status as did the childrenborn of such marriages. Aboriginalmen who married non-aboriginalwomen, however, did not lose sta-tus.
In the 1950s a notable case wasbrought to the courts when twoaboriginal women’s case to havetheir native rights restored was lostin the Supreme Court of Canada.This case was notable as one plain-tiff, Yvonne Bedard from Brantford,
Ont., was evicted from her home onthe reserve as she had married anon-aboriginal man, from whomshe was separated. These rightswere restored in 1985, however, thegrandchildren of such women didnot receive status, unlike the chil-dren and grandchildren of nativemen who married non-nativewomen. It was not until April of2009 that a court case known asMcIvor vs. Canada resulted in thisbeing acknowledged, and not untilJanuary of 2011 did the amend-ments come into effect.
Those who may be affected canapply through Aboriginal Affairsand Northern Development Cana-da. According to the department,several residents of Labrador haveapplied already.
To apply, people must submitbirth documents and list any infor-mation relating to their claim, suchas maiden names and band infor-mation. Once the application hasbeen submitted, it can take severalmonths to be processed. Moreinformation can be found onlineat www.ainc-inac.ca.
The Labradorian
This is the third in a series of sum-mer columns by Dr. Marianne Stopp,an historian at the Historical ResearchBranch, Parks Canada. She hasworked as an archaeologist in south-ern Labrador for over 20 years and isthe author of The New LabradorPapers of Captain George Cartwright.
The Norse established their firstsettlements in West Greenland justbefore the year AD 1000. This tookplace over two hundred years beforethe arrival of the Thule Inuit in theeastern Arctic and over 400 yearsbefore the Inuit began to settleLabrador. Thule (pronounced ‘TOO-lee’) Inuit began to settle the easternArctic around AD 1250, arriving inwhat were probably several migra-tion waves out of Alaska. Their
migration from Alaska and acrossthe Canadian Arctic is one of humanhistory’s most remarkable popula-tion expansions, which is why in1978 the Historic Sites and Monu-ments Board of Canada designatedThe Thule Migration as an event ofnational historic significance. Thulesettlement of the Arctic was not onlyrapid, occurring in about a century,but it took place in of the world’smost forbidding environments.
The success of the Thule migra-tion is tied to having the right tech-nology and to broad knowledge ofthe environment. Thule knew how tomake clothing that was perfectlysuited for Arctic living, with water-proof seams and an inner layer ofhide that ensured warmth while also
keeping body moisture from formingon the skin. Their harpoons and thebow and arrow gave them the abilityto hunt bowhead whales, walrus,muskox, and smaller species. Theywere able to travel swiftly and acrossgreat distances because they pos-sessed sled dogs, kayaks, and umi-aks.
Canadian archaeologists believethat the Thule Inuit were migratingeastward with a purpose. Along withwood, iron was highly valued in thewestern Arctic. Early Alaskan Inuitwere familiar with iron that wastraded in from Siberia. Thule Inuitmigration parties may have beensearching for iron, or may havealready known of two key sources ofiron to be found in the eastern Arc-tic. These were the smelted iron pos-sessed by the Norse in Greenland,and a meteoritic iron deposit atCape York in northwestern Green-land. It is quite possible that theylearned of these iron sources fromthe Dorset Palaeoeskimo, an arctic-adapted people who lived in the Arc-tic for over two thousand yearsbefore the Thule but had largely dis-appeared at the time of the Thulemigration. The Dorset had quarriedthe Cape York meteor deposit andmay have somehow passed thisknowledge on to Inuit newcomers.Although very little iron has beenfound on archaeological sites acrossthe Arctic because it rusts anddecomposes, tell-tale evidence of itsuse is the narrow blade slot of someharpoon heads.
Of all the indigenous people inNorth America, the Inuit of the east-ern Arctic and Labrador have hadthe longest contact with Europeanobjects. The earliest Thule Inuit sitesin the eastern Arctic are in BuchananBay on Ellesemere Island, only 45 kmaway from Greenland. These sitesdate to ca. AD 1250. In the 1980s,Archaeologists Karen McCulloughand Peter Schledermann uncoveredplenty of evidence to show that
Norse iron and other Norse goods aswell as meteoritic iron were beingused by Inuit in Buchanan Bay at thisearly date - whether through directcontact with Norse or indirect con-tact through shipwrecks or aban-doned Norse camps is unknown.Iron passed through Inuit handsfrom that time forward followinglong-distance trade networks. Forinstance, fragments of meteoriticiron from the Cape York meteordeposit have been found at Thulesites dated between AD 1350 and AD1700 throughout Arctic Canada.After the end of the Norse settle-ments in the late 1400s, Inuit scav-enged these places for Europeangoods that continue to appear atInuit sites until the 1700s. Face-to-face contact between Inuit and Euro-peans in northeastern Canada mayhave happened a number of timesand in several ways. It is certain thatthe Norse voyaged widely, sailingalong Greenland’s west coast tohunt, and eastward towards DavisStrait and the coast of Labrador inregular search of precious wood andbog iron deposits. Their voyagesprobably brought them into contactwith Inuit peoples. Ongoing archivalresearch into the history of the NorthAtlantic fishery also offers theintriguing possibility that very earlyEnglish were sailing northern watersin the 15th century in search of codstocks, and could have come in con-tact with Inuit. By the late 1500s, Inu-it in Labrador were in regular con-tact with Basque and Dutch whalersas well as with successive early Euro-pean explorers seeking a northwestpassage. By the late 17th century,Inuit were meeting French fisher-men in southern Labrador and onNewfoundland’s Great NorthernPeninsula followed by the Englishfrom 1763.
This is not to say that all Inuit pos-sessed European goods or had metEuropeans. Successive waves ofmigrating Inuit settled in differentparts of the Arctic and Labrador andsome did not meet Europeans untilthe nineteenth century. There areInuit sites in northern Labradorwhere no European goods have beenfound. As early as the 1500s, howev-er, Inuit in southern Labrador began
to acquire iron and ceramics fromthe different Europeans who fishedthese waters and used Europeaniron, ceramics, glass, and otherobjects alongside their traditionaltools of bone and wood until theEnglish colonial period. After 1763,with the growing presence of Englishmerchant crews along the Labradorcoast, as well as Moravian missionstations in northern Labrador, thereis a marked increase in the use ofEuropean materials at Inuit sites andby the early 1800s Inuit and mixedInuit-European families were usingall of the same items as Europeansettlers. Influences flowed both waysin Labrador, however, with Europeansettlers adopting the komatiks, seal-skin boots, sod insulation, parkas,sled dogs, food preparation tech-niques, and settlement patterns ofthe Inuit.
ALICE CAINESBird Cove
Passed away peacefully at the Health Sciences Complex in St.John’s on the July 17, 2011, Mrs. Alice Caines in her 65th year.She leaves to mourn her husband Austin; sons Austin Jr.(Jackie) and Kirby; daughter Nadine (Dean); grandchildrenKyle, Kayla, and Matt; brothers Simon (Ethel), John(Georgina) and Joseph; sister Melina (Pat), as well as a largecircle of wonderful friends. She was predeceased by her fatherSimon and mother Catherine. Visitation was held at Our Ladyof Grace Parish in Bird Cove, from where the funeral servicewas held on Thursday, July 21 at 2 p.m. with Fr. Biju Antonyofficiating, followed by the burial at the Roman CatholicCemetery. Funeral arrangements were entrusted to Kerry M.Fillatre Funeral Homes, St. Anthony and Roddickton, Lee Nip-pard, funeral director.
5142448
GORDAN BARRETTForesters Point
Passed away peacefully at the Western Memorial RegionalHospital in Corner Brook on July 19, 2011, Mr. GordanBarrett in his 66th year. He leaves to mourn with a lifetimeof fond and loving memories wife Gloria; brother Ray;sisters-in-law Marilyn, Rachel, Pricilla, Vivian, and Jessie;brothers-in-law Colin, Howard and Garland; nieces,nephews, great nieces and nephews, extended family and alarge circle of friends, especially one close friend Don. Hewas predeceased by his father Herbert, mother Gladys,mother-in-law Caroline Williams, father-in-law JosephWilliams and brother-in-law Edgar Taylor. Visitation washeld at the Anglican Church in Black Duck Cove from wherethe funeral service was held at 2 p.m. on July 23, followedby burial in the church cemetery. Funeral arrangements wereentrusted to Kerry M. Fillatre Funeral Homes Ltd. St.Anthony and Roddickton, Lee Nippard, funeral director.
5143619
AALLLL PPOOLLIISSHHIINNGG AATT NNOO EEXXTTRRAA CCOOSSTT
5134304
FLORA MAY EARLECorner Brook
It is with great sadness that the family of the late FloraEarle, announce her peaceful passing at the PalliativeCare Unit of Western Memorial Regional Hospital onSaturday, July 23, 2011 at the age of 80 years. Flora wasborn in Forteau, Labrador and lived most of her life inCorner Brook. She was a long time parishioner with St.Michaelʼs Anglican Church and a volunteer for theAnglican Church of Canada, Diocese of WesternNewfoundland and the Long Term Care Unit of WesternHealth. She leaves to mourn with fond and lovingmemories, her husband Clifford; daughter Michelle(husband Keith Beaubien), Corner Brook; belovedgranddaughters Allison Earle-Beaubien, St. Anthony andAlexa-Rae Beaubien, Corner Brook; sister Shirley Ladd(Bruce), Florida; brothers Edward Hancock (Mary),Forteau, Wallace Hancock (Dorothy), Forteau, DouglasHancock (Jeanette), Garson, Ontario, and RussellHancock (Cynthia), Forteau. She is survived by 21 niecesand nephews, and a large circle of great-nieces andnephews, other relatives and friends. She is predeceasedby her parents, Artemas and Blanche Hancock, Forteau,sister Gertrude Gallichon of La Tabatiere, Quebec andbrother Clyde Hancock, Forteau. Friends and familyvisited Fillatreʼs Funeral Home, 4 St. Marks Avenue onMonday from 2-4 and 7-9 p.m. The funeral service washeld on Tuesday, July 26 at 2 p.m. from St. Michael andAll Angels Anglican Church, Park Drive. Rev. NellieThomas officiated. Interment followed at Mt. PatriciaCemetery. As expressions of sympathy, flowers weregraciously accepted or donations may be made to thePalliative Care Unit, Corner Brook Long Term Care Homeor to the charity of oneʼs choice. The family guest bookmay be signed or a memorial donation may be madethrough our website www.fillatre.ca.
5140069 5143148
Weekly Church Services
AUGUST 1 - 7Anglican Parish Port SaundersSunday: 2 p.m., Holy Eucharist, Holy Innocents,Hawkes Bay; 4 p.m., Flower Service, Sandy CoveInterfaith Cemetery. If weather is unsuitable it will beheld Aug. 8, at 7 p.m.; 11 p.m., Holy Eucharist, St.Peter’s, River of Ponds.
Apostolic Faith Church, RoddicktonWednesday: 8 p.m., Prayer Meeting. Thursday: 7:00p.m., Children/Youth Meeting. Sunday: 11 a.m.,Worship Service; 3 p.m., Sunday School for all ages;7 p.m., Evangelistic Service.
Bethel Pentecostal Church, St. AnthonyMonday: 7:30 p.m., (bi-weekly), Women’s Ministries.Wednesday: 7:30 p.m., Bible Study and Prayer.Thursday: 6:30 p.m., Kids Stuff Program; 8 p.am., YouthNight. Sunday: 11 a.m., Family Worship Service; 7p.m., Evening Worship.
Calvary Pentecostal Church, St. Lunaire-GriquetMonday: (bi-weekly) 8 p.m., Women’s Ministries.Tuesday: 8 p.m., Prayer Service. Wednesday: (bi-weekly) 6:30 p.m., Kid’s Church. Thursday: 7:30 p.m.,Youth. Sunday: 9:45 a.m., Sunday School; 11 a.m.,Morning Worship Service; 7 p.m., Evening Service.
Salvation Army, St. AnthonyTuesday: 7:30 p.m., Home League. Wednesday: 8 p.m.,Adult Bible Study/Prayer Meeting. Thursday: 8 p.m.,Men’s Fellowship. (every second Thursday), Friday:6:30 - 7:30 p.m. Kids Night Out, Sunday: 11 a.m.,Holiness Meeting; 6:30 p.m., Prayer Meeting; 7 p.m.,Salvation Meeting.
St. Francis Xavier Roman Catholic ParishMonday: 1 p.m., Shirleys Haven. Saturday: 7 p.m.,Goose Cove. Sunday: 11 a.m., St. Anthony; The firstSunday of every month, Griquet 2 p.m.
Parishes who wish to post weekly services in thissection must have information to the Northern Penby 5 p.m. on Wednesday to appear in the nextedition.
KENDRAGIBBONSKENDRAGIBBONS
TO THE
5143160
PAPER CARRIER
Winner of $100 Gift Certificate
Charlotte Bartlett
CANADA DAY CONTEST
P.O. Box 520, St. Anthony, NL A0K 4S0, Ph. 454-2191Serving Northern Newfoundland and Southern Labrador
of L’Anse aux Meadows
Congratulationsto
WINNER5143479
Card of
GREENWe, the family of the late Shane Green of Gunner’s Cove whowas residing in Brampton, Ontario, would like to express oursincere appreciation and heartfelt thanks to all our family andfriends who helped in any way to alleviate our sorrow afterhis sudden passing. Special thanks to family and friends whotravelled from Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba and other areas ofNewfoundland and Labrador to be with us at this very diffi-cult time. Thank you to Major Baggs for conducting the Me-morial Service. Thanks also to all who visited, gave monetarygifts, brought food, sent messages, cards, and phone calls.The overwhelming support of our community and surround-ing area is unbelievable. We appreciate every act of kindness.It is impossible to thank everyone individually because thereare far too many to name but please be assured your supportand generosity will never be forgotten. Thanks from the bot-tom of our hearts to all of you.
The Green and Pilgrim families.5143469
PAGE B4 NORTHERN PEN, MONDAY, AUGUST 1, 2011
How the Inuit came to Northeastern Canada
Eva Luther with a whalebone sled runnerat the Inuit site of North Island in St.Michael’s Bay. MARIANNE STOPP PHOTO
Dr. Marianne Stopp is an historianat the Historical Research Branch,Parks Canada. She has worked as anarchaeologist in Southern Labradorfor over 20 years and is the author ofThe New Labrador Papers of CaptainGeorge Cartwright. Since 2009, she hasbeen researching early Inuit presencein southern Labrador as part of a mul-ti-disciplinary research team.
The 2011 archaeological field sea-son in St. Michael’s Bay was a successbut it differed from previous years intwo ways in that the weather was farworse and the artifacts were fewer.By these accounts, it shouldn’t havebeen a good season but this year myfocus was on different aspects of thisInuit sod house, which was lived insometime from the mid-1600s to themid-1700s. In other years I looked forartifacts that would help to showthat Inuit lived here and the date thesite, as well as for bone remains thatwould help to understand diet andwhich season(s) of the year the housewas lived in. In 2011, I was interestedin learning more about the architec-ture and design of the house.
Although only its lowermost lev-els remain we were able to discoversome key information. A distinctentrance passage was uncoveredmade of stones laid on top ofbedrock and a thin earth layer. Theentrance passage runs downslope,towards the east, creating a cold-trapeffect that prevented cold air fromreaching the main living area. Therealso appears to be a small activityarea or alcove that extends off theside of the entrance passage. Fromthe amount of charcoal found in onecorner of this alcove, this may bewhere cooking took place. We exca-vated into the walls of the house totry to learn more about constructionand in one area of the interior weremoved all the floor rocks to findout what was underneath. Results ofthis year’s findings are still beingmulled over, but what can be said isthat a great deal of planning wentinto the building of this house. Forinstance, the paving stones that formthe house floor were carefullyaligned and laid atop the bedrock.This in turn also shows that a fairamount of soil was first removedfrom the house area to expose thebedrock before the interior floor waslaid. A course of stones can be seenwithin the mounded soil that formsthe house wall at the entrance. Herethe wall was given extra support toprevent collapse, because this is alsothe side of the house that slopesdownward.
One aspect of the house’s con-struction that will probably alwaysremain a puzzle is the shape of theroofline and how the roof was con-structed. Early descriptions and pho-tos of 19th century sod houses inLabrador confirm that there is no
single sod house design. Some earlysod houses have a gabled roof line,while others are hipped or rounded.All seem to have wooden beams cov-ered by substantial peat sods. Insome parts of the Arctic, Inuit usedwhale ribs and other parts of thewhale skeleton to support and shapethe house roof. In St. Michael’s Bay,our sod house gives no clues on howthe roof was built. The thin layer ofsoil over the entire house suggeststhat roofing sods were not very thick.There are no wooden struts orbeams lying about and I suspect thatthese were salvaged and used else-where at some point in the past. Thewood we’ve uncovered so far is shortand appears to have collapsedinwards from the walls. One veryunusual piece in the southwest cor-ner of the house is a nearly completewooden plank resting atop the slop-ing bedrock that forms the wall inthat area. It is of European origin and
probably of oak.Although the artifacts were fewer,
what we found was quite unique. Forinstance, we now have two Europeanspoon bowls from the house. Theseweren’t just ordinary spoons, whichthe Inuit probably had no use for, butwere used as decoration. The spoonhandle was removed from the bowland a small hole pierced through theedge of the bowl so that it could besewn onto a women’s amauti as dec-oration. Such artifacts illustrate thechanging symbolic meaning ofmaterial objects as they move fromone culture to another. Like theFrench ceramics and beads recov-ered from this site, the spoons alsorepresent trade encounters with theFrench fishermen at this time.Another artefact of great interest,despite its tiny size, is a translucent,oval bead with a pale opalescent orlavender colour tone. It is a typeknown as a wound bead because it
was made by winding a strand ofmolten glass around a heated wireuntil the desired shape was reached.It was then left to cool before it wasslipped off the wire. Probably madeby Venetian bead-makers, it fits thetime period of the house perfectly,
dating to around AD 1740 and possi-bly as early as AD 1670. In closing, Ilook forward to next year, whenwork in St. Michael’s Bay will contin-ue.
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PAGE B12 NORTHERN PEN, MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2011
The end of the field season
The 2011 archaeology crew in Triangle, Labrador were (left to right) Dylan Morris, ArtLuther, Eva Luther, Kara Wolfe, Marianne Stopp, Laura-June Zinck, Thomas McKenna.Inset: Will McGrath. READER SUBMITTED PHOTOS: MARIANNE STOPP
