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Page 1PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Avian FluAvian FluBBaselineaseline S Surveyurvey
Backyard PBackyard Poultry oultry Farmers Farmers Of VietnamOf Vietnam
Key RKey Results Presentationesults PresentationHa Noi, Ha Noi, 2222ndnd February 200 February 20066
Replace with VN Map
www.indochinaresearch.com Indochina Research Ltd [email protected]
Page 2PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Objectives Objectives
IntroductionIntroduction
& Methodology& Methodology
Page 3PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
The Academy for Educational Development (AED), on behalf of USAID, is
conducting behaviour change communications (BCC) activities on Avian
Influenza in Laos, Cambodia, and Viet Nam.
The main target group of these activities are rural backyard poultry farmers.
To plan these BCC activities, AED is conducting three successive surveys. The
presentation reports on the Vietnam Baseline Survey. The aims of study are to...
Constitute a KAP (knowledge/ attitudes/ practices) baseline of the rural
backyard poultry farmers relating to the prevention and containment of Avian
Influenza – a set of research tools and parameters which can be repeatedly
applied in order to monitor trends;
Provide insights into Vietnam farmers’ culture, and derive strategies capable
of influencing behavioural and cultural patterns in order to contain the
spread of AI in each country.
IntIntroductionroduction Research Background & ObResearch Background & Objjeectivective
Page 4PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Data collection
Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire, during Dec 2005.
Post-fieldwork, 30% of the interviews were randomly selected and re-conducted.
Interviewees were rural backyard poultry farmers (defined as having 10 to 100
adult poultry, excl. fighting cocks).
Main decision-makers in buying, selling and raising poultry were interviewed.
Sample selection
3 Communes purposively selected in each of the 2 survey provinces.
3 communes with AI outbreaks were purposively chosen in each province
In each commune, 3 villages were randomly selected - 10 interviews per village.
Locations
2 provinces selected in consultation with MARD/DAH: Bac Ninh &Tien Giang
Sample of N=300 in each province
Methodology Description Methodology Description IntIntroductionroduction
Page 5PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Sample - DemographicsSample - Demographics
Backyard Farmer Decision makers are....
Both Male & Female – on par with the general population profile.
Mostly more than 35 years old (80%) – this is in contrast to the general population of these two provinces with only 30% in this same age range.
Nearly two-third households earn less or around 100$ per month – this would indicate that poultry proobably constitutes an important part of the family budget and a valuable source of nutrition.
Educational levels are low – two-third have completed either primary / secondary
From a demographic viewpoint, there are no major differences between Bac Ninh and Tien Giang
S4b, D2, D5, Region, D3
Gender (N=600 )Male 51%
Female 49%
Age (N=600)18-25 3%25-34 15%35-44 26%45-54 33%
55 and over 23%
Household Monthly income (N= 600)less than $50 22%
$50 - $100 37%$101 - $150 22%
More than $150 19%
Education (N=495)
No formal schooling 14%Some primary school 24%
Completed primary school 25%Some secondary school 31%
Completed secondary, etc 6%
IntIntroductionroduction
Page 6PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Vast majority raised less than 20 poultry with the average being 5 head per farm.
Bac Ninh has a more “agricultural” profile than Tien Giang in that the typical farm raises many more breeds of animal...this no doubt contributes to a comparatively higher revenue per month.
Raising poultry is primarly for reasons of Subsistence & Nutrition. 65% in Bac Ninh and 93% in Tien Giang don’t sell poultry.
For those who do sell poultry, sales tend not to be on a regular basis – rather the main motivation is that poultry is sold “when they mature”(67%) and are mostly sold to larger poultry collectors/farms.
S2, Q2a,b, Q3a, MD8, MD13
FARMING ACTIVITIES Bac Ninh (N=300) Tien Giang (N=300)
Growing rice 96% 54%Raising pigs 74% 39%
Raising poultry 97% 97%Raising others 20% 49%
Growing vegetables 52% 37%Avge revenue pm $55 $44
Adult Poultry Chicken Duck Other
20 or less 80% 89% 90%21 to 50 18% 8% 10%
51 to 100 2% 3% 0%
Sample – Raising ProfilesSample – Raising ProfilesIntIntroductionroduction
SELLING POULTRY Bac Ninn (N=300) Tien Giang(N=300)
Regularly 19% 3%Occasionally 16% 4%
Never 65% 93%
Page 7PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Among all media options available, television is the favoured medium.
Radio listenership is 3 times higher in Tien Giang than in Bac Ninh.
Bac Ninh farmers tend to watch TV for longer durations than those in Tien Giang.
S2, Q2a,b, Q3a, MD8, MD13
BROADCAST MEDIA Bac Ninn (N=300) Tien Giang(N=300)
Radio everyday 12% 37%TV 1-2 hrs pd 16% 26%TV 2-3 hrs pd 17% 31%TV 3-4 hrs pd 23% 17%TV >4 hrs pd 41% 17%
Sample – Media ProfilesSample – Media ProfilesIntIntroductionroduction
Page 8PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Poultry Raising Poultry Raising
HabitsHabits
Page 9PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
63%
77%
36%
36%
61%
26%
66%
37%
76%
64%
29%
29%
All ducks kept inbuilding/ fenced
All chickens keptin building/
fenced
Free poultry cango outside
Poultry faecesoutside poultry
area
Poultry manurecomposting pit
Contact withother animals (eg
pigs)
Bac Ninh
Tien Giang
Interviewers’ Interviewers’ OObservationsbservationsPoultry Raising Poultry Raising HHabitsabits
Q1
3 key issues demonstrate that Bac Ninh farmers tend to have better poultry raising practices than farmers in Tien Giang.
It needs to be acknowledged when formulating national campaigns that this imbalance among provinces is likely to be replicated in other parts of country.
Page 10PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Reasons for not keeping poultryReasons for not keeping poultrycaged all the timecaged all the time
Q 9b
71%
11%
10%
4%
9%
2%
89%
8%
4%
4%
0%
0%
Chicken / Duck have to find food
Not many poultry, pen not needed
Meat of roaming free poultry is moredelicious
Can't buy feed
No space
Material are too costly
Chickens Ducks
A major common reason is to let the poultry (especially ducks) find their own feed – due to farms’s financial inability to buy food.
Poultry Raising Poultry Raising HHabitsabits
Page 11PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Q10a, Q10c by location
71%
92%84% 88%
29%
8%16% 12%
BAC NINH NO
BAC NINHOB
TIEN GIANGNO
TIEN GIANGOB
Yes No Don't know
Keeping chickens & ducks separateKeeping chickens & ducks separateall the timeall the time
In outbreak areas, past experience seems to have taught a lesson on the importance of seperating chickens to ducks.
For those not separating poultry – the main reason is because of lack of space available to do so – thus the financial reasons seen before are not the only barrier to best practice for AI prevention.
Do you keep chickens separate from ducks all the time? (N=153)
Poultry Raising Poultry Raising HHabitsabits
Page 12PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Q13a, b
51%
22%
9%
10%
8%Everytime
Frequently
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
Personal precautionsPersonal precautionsafter handling poultryafter handling poultry
Only 51% respondents wash their hands with soap everytime after handling poultry while around 1-in-4 never change clothes
95% of those who don’t wash their hands and 90% don’t change clothes regularly say such practices are “not important” or “not necessary”
18%
19%
29%23%
11%
How often…. Wash hands with soap
How Often…Change clothes after handling poultry
Poultry Raising Poultry Raising HHabitsabits
Page 13PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Awareness Awareness of Avian Fluof Avian Flu
Page 14PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
90%
56%
46%
17%
2%
Contact with infected/sick birds
Contact with infectedmanure
Contact withcontaminated
environment, feed
Contact with virusbrought in by people
Don't know
Ways of spreading AI in poultryWays of spreading AI in poultry
Q16a
Answers are quite similar across locations More than half farmers are aware of at least 2
ways in which AI can be spread in poultry.
Number of answers# %
1 answer 138 23%2 answers 317 53%3 answers 80 13%
More than 4 answers 61 10%TOTAL N = 600
Ways to Spread
AIAI Awareness Awareness
Page 15PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
76%
9%
7%
4%
2%
2%
TV
Paravet or village animalhealth workers/vet
Loudspeakers
Radio
Neighbour/friend
Pamphlets/Brochure
Most important source of AI infoMost important source of AI info
Q16c
Mostly TV has played a major source in making farmers aware of AI.
All other sources have contributed little
It should be noted that some FGDs conducted in these locations confirm that AI leaflets / brochures provide access to very detailed information on AI and have proven to be quite useful.
AIAI Awareness Awareness
Page 16PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
6.8
6.96
6.97
6.9
1 3 5 7
Chickens are infectedwith AI
Ducks are infectedwith AI
People in general areinfected with AI
You & your family areinfected with AI
Q18a1 &2
Perception of Perception of SSeriousness of AI eriousness of AI Poultry Poultry Outbreak .v. Human InfectionOutbreak .v. Human Infection
AI is clearly perceived as a serious threat to human beings as it can potentially cause death and spread among communities.
The vast majority (90%+) take AI quite seriously in regards to poultry...because AI spreads from poultry to human (77% chickens & 65% ducks) AI spreads among poultry and causes massive death (38% chickens & 49% ducks) AI causes financial damage (14% chickens and 16% ducks)
Only those farmers who raise very few poultry view AI with the minimum of worry – as they perceive that financial impact of AI outbreak would be limted – perhaps these smaller farms not seeing the full ramifications of AI.
How serious is Human Infection
Not serious at all = 1; Very serious = 7
AIAI Awareness Awareness
How serious is Poultry Outbreak
Page 17PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Q19a1 &2 by location, Q19c,d
Can you always see when CHICKENS get AI? (N=596)
17%32% 26% 20%
82%67% 74% 80%
1% 1%
BAC NINHNO
BAC NINHOB
TIENGIANG NO
TIENGIANG OB
Yes No Don't know
Awareness of AI & its symptomsAwareness of AI & its symptomsDucks .Ducks .v. Chickensv. Chickens
The vast majority of farms in both locations lack knowledge in recognizing AI symtoms – this is particulalrly true in relation to ducks.
Most symptoms raised (with possible exceptions of sudden deaths (45%) and death in large numbers (32%) are not AI-specific.
AIAI Awareness Awareness
Can you always see when DUCKS get AI? (N=596)
12%24% 20% 19%
87%73% 80% 81%
1% 3%
BAC NINHNO
BAC NINHOB
TIENGIANG NO
TIENGIANG OB
Yes No Don't know
Page 18PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Q21a by location, Q21b
Awareness that AI is a danger to humans is nearly universal in both outbreak and non-outbreak areas.
Knowledge of the methods by which AI can be contracted are well understood for the most common cause - human contact.
Farmers are less aware of others causes of AI such as Contact with Feces and Eating of inflected poultry.
How can humans get AI? (N=585)
92%
50%
54%
35%
Contact withinfectedpoultry
Contact withinfected
poultry feces
Eatingundercooked
infectedpoultry
Eating raw poultry
product
Awareness of AI & its symptomsAwareness of AI & its symptomsin humansin humansAIAI Awareness Awareness
Page 19PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Current AI Current AI Specific Specific PracticesPractices
Page 20PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
79%
12%
11%
11%
6%
Animal HealthWorker
Agr. Extensionworker
People'scommitee
Head of village
Local Authority(Village Chief,
Police etc.)
Q23a & Q23b
Almost 100% of all farms in all areas claim they would report AI outbreaks.
Willingness to report is most likely to initally be to the local animal health worker.
To whom most likely? (N=574)
Reporting an AI outbreak Reporting an AI outbreak in one’s own poultryin one’s own poultryCCurrent urrent AIAI Practices Practices
Page 21PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Things done/ doable toThings done/ doable toprotect protect poultrypoultry from AI from AI
Q 24a, b
94%
74%
69%
64%
39%
8%
8%
6%
5%
11%
9%
11%
11%
15%
15%
11%
Vaccinate poultry
Keep in a protectedenvironment
Wash hand with soap
Separate chickensfrom ducks
Keep poultry in goodcondition
Changeclothes/shoes/sandals
Restrict entries intothe farm
Keep all poultrybrought to the farm
separate from others
Done Could do
Number of answers
# % # %1 answer 16 3% 456 76%
2 answers 84 14% 102 17%3 answers 148 25% 33 6%4 answers 186 31% 3 1%5 answers 125 21%
More than 5 answers 37 6%TOTAL N = 600
DONE COULD DO
CCurrent urrent AIAI Practices Practices
Page 22PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Things done/ doable toThings done/ doable toprotect protect yourself & your familyyourself & your family from AI from AI
Q 25a, b
87%
85%
72%
50%
45%
29%
20%
6%
10%
20%
9%
14%
16%
15%
Wash hand with soap before &after taking care
Wash hand with soap beforehandling/ preparing food
Change & wash clothes aftertaking care of poultry
Do not let children handle poultryeggs
Do not eat duck or geese bloodpudding
Do not eat under cooked poultryand egg
Don't eat birds that fall dead;bury or burn them
Done Could do
Number of answers
# % # %1 answer 18 3% 435 73%
2 answers 46 8% 112 19%3 answers 155 26% 39 7%4 answers 164 27% 10 2%5 answers 108 18%
More than 5 answers 105 18%TOTAL N = 600
DONE COULD DO
Respondents state they are taking many precautions to protect themselves and their family from AI – but earlier data (re washing hands & changing clothes before & after handling poultry) raise questions about the frequency of these practices. Further investigation & monitoring is required in these areas
CCurrent urrent AIAI Practices Practices
Page 23PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
60%
40%
0.7%
0.3%
0.2%
60%
Follow Animal HealthDept instructions
Kill them and burythem
Keep them in a closedbuilding
Sell them
Kill them and throwthem away in the
river/pond
Eat them
Dealing with AI-suspected poultryDealing with AI-suspected poultry
Q26a
Following the instruction of Animal Health Dept., Killing & burying them or keeping them under surveillance are the key ways AI suspected poultry are dealt with currently.
CCurrent urrent AIAI Practices Practices
Page 24PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
What to do if there is What to do if there is an AI outbreak in the areaan AI outbreak in the area
Q27
71%
56%
32%
18%
15%
4%
Follow AnimalHealth Deptinstructions
Keep the poultry inan enclosed space
Clean the farmyard,the animalbuildings
Do not allow otherpeople to come
into the farm
Do not buy oraccept new animals
into the farm
Store the manure
Animal Health Workers appear to be the key external influence in how backyard famers deal with cases of AI outbreak
Number of answers# %
1 answer 208 35%2 answers 258 43%3 answers 82 14%
More than 4 answers 48 8%TOTAL N = 600
WHAT TO DO
CCurrent urrent AIAI Practices Practices
Page 25PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
1.6 1.4 1.3 1.41.21
3
5
Perceived poultry risk
BAC NINH NO BAC NINH OB TIEN GIANG NO TIEN GIANG OB TOTAL
Q29a by location, Q30 by location
Own poultry’s risk ofOwn poultry’s risk ofbeing infected by AIbeing infected by AI
A key finding is that on the whole, backyard farmers find the risk of their own poultry contracting AI as very low. The result of this may be...
May not motivate farmers to be continually vigilant & proactive in preventing AI.
Current widespread vaccination may be leading to a “false sense of security”
Creates a challenge for BCC to emphasise that Vaccination alone does not replace the need to implement other preventative measures.
How likely you think it is …. Very unlikely = 1; Very likely = 7
CCurrent urrent AIAI Practices Practices
Page 26PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Past AI Past AI ExperienceExperience
Page 27PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Q34a by location, Q33b
Compensation Received? (N=90)
48%
76% 72% 77%
19%
4% 8%33%
20% 23%20%
BAC NINHNO
BAC NINHOB
TIEN GIANGNO
TIEN GIANGOB
Yes No Don't know
For poultry culled because of AI…For poultry culled because of AI…Compensation FeedbackCompensation Feedback
Except BN (Non Outbreak Areas) farmers, more than 2 in 3 received compensation after culling of their own poultry.
Additionally there was a common dissatisfaction (seen from FGD conducted in these areas) about the amount of compensation provided.
The fact that some farm decision makers were unaware of whether or not compensation had been made indictates possible confusion in the compensation process.
Past AIPast AI Experience Experience
Page 28PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Q33c, d, e
Overall 67% sample would want compensation – not real difference between outbreak/non outbreak areas – and Interestingly 1-in-4 were unsure
Almost everybody wanted monetary compensation, on average they asked for 17,330VND ($1.1) per bird and were prepared to wait only about 2 weeks before getting compensation.
For those not culled….For those not culled….Compensation ExpecCompensation Expectations (1)tations (1)
Compensation Wanted (N=375)
67%9%
24%
YesNoDK
Type of Compensation Preferred
95%
5%
MoneyPoultry
Past AIPast AI Experience Experience
Page 30PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Past AI Past AI VaccinationVaccination
Page 31PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
96%
4%
Yes No
Have your poultry been vaccinated? (N=596)
50%
23%
14%
9%
5%
5%
Vaccinator did not come
Chickens are not oldenough at time of
vaccination
Not home whenvaccinators came
Can not catch chicken tovaccinate
Did not know vaccinatorswere coming
Not necessary, raising notmany poultry
Why not vaccinated? (N=22)
Have Have PoultryPoultry been vaccinated? been vaccinated?Past AIPast AI Vaccination Vaccination
Page 32PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
29%
6%
71%
94%
Ducks Chickens
Only one shot 2 shots
How many have been vaccinated? Chickens (N=582) Ducks (N=170)
Why not vaccinated the 2 nd shot? Chickens (n=32) Ducks (N=50)
VVaccination by Poultry Typeaccination by Poultry TypePast AIPast AI Vaccination Vaccination
38%
25%
28%
6%
3%
20%
70%
4%
4%
2%
The 2nd campaign ofvaccination hasn't come yet
Not home when vaccinatorscame
Did not know vaccinatorswere coming
Can't eat chickens for longtime after shot
Poultry were vaccinated oneshot, then were healthy
ChickensDucks
Page 33PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Conclusions Conclusions & &
ImplicationsImplications
Page 34PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Q33c, d, e
Summary CommentsSummary CommentsConclusions & ImplicationsConclusions & Implications
Farm Profiles & Poultry Raising Habits
Backyard farms are typically very small in nature poultry only sold rarely – with their livestock being a main source of nutrion. Implication – this may make many farms hesitant to any cull poultry without swift & appropriate levels of compensation.
Animals mix freely, foraging for food and farms are constrained by physical size & finances in their ability to pen, house & separate poultry. Implication – the impact of BCC alone on long term behaviour will be limited unless these underlying factors are recognised and initiatives launched to resolve.
Few wash their hands with soap after handling poultry and even fewer change clothes regularly saying such practices are “not necessary”. Implication – continued emphasis the basic AI prevention practices must be core to any communication campaigns.
Awareness & Knowledge
A significant proportion of farms believe that it is possible to recognise birds that are sick with AI - as well as being generally unaware that other birds could get AI. Implication – the educational nature of BCC needs focus in this area.
Knowledge of contracting AI via human contact is well understood but lesser causes of contagion are less understood. Implication - Broadening of the education message may be required so that all possible ways of contagion are covered & emphasised.
Page 35PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAMKEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006
Q33c, d, e
Summary CommentsSummary CommentsConclusions & ImplicationsConclusions & Implications
AI Practices & Perceptions
Local Animal Health Workers appear to be the main reporting & support mechanism and as such are a distinct medium / channel to backyard farmers in Vietnam and should not be ignored in BCC planning. Implication – the institutional questions regarding the number of AHW (are there enough?) and the support (resources, education, information) provided to them by government need some careful consideration in planning AI prevention.
Most farms can mention only 1 additional practical AI prevention measures that they can do. Implication – farmers may feel that they are limited in what they can do. Thus to prevent relapse to old practices over time – consistent re-inforcement of key AI prevention messages is required
Despite the perceived seriousness of AI, backyard farmers see the risk of their own poultry contracting AI as very low. This sentiment has the following implications.... May not motivate farmers to be continually vigilant & proactive in preventing AI. Current widespread vaccination may be leading to a “false sense of security” Creates a challenge for BCC to emphasise that Vaccination alone does not replace the
need to implement other preventative measures.Compensation Compensation has not been universal, some dissatisfaction exists with the amount of
compensation provided – thus there may be some confusion in the compensation process. Implication – with farm wanting monetary compensation from local authorities the onus is to co-ordinate & facilitate the compensation process as this should assit with backyard farmer compliance in AI prevention activities.
Thank YouThank You
HanoiHanoi2222ndnd February 2006 February 2006
www.indochinaresearch.com Indochina Research Ltd [email protected]