PAE HINDUSTAN UNIVERSITY...Stability problems of thin walled structures – Flexural, torsional and local failures – Influence of eccentricity and in elasticity – Buckling of plates

1

PAE

HINDUSTAN UNIVERSITY

HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

AND SCIENCE

SCHOOL OF

AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES

M.Tech (AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING)

With

Composites specialization

CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS

2

HINDUSTAN UNIVERSITY HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

M.Tech. AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

CURRICULUM 2014-15

SEMESTER I

Sl. No. Course

Code Course Title L T P C TCH

1 PMA101 Advanced Engineering

Mathematics 3 1 0 4 4

2 PAE 101 Aerodynamics – I 3 0 2 4 5

3 PAE 102 Aerospace Propulsion 3 1 0 4 4

4 PAE 103 Aircraft Structures 3 1 0 4 4

5 PAE 104 Experimental Stress Analysis 3 1 0 4 4

6 PAE 105 Theory of vibration 3 1 0 4 4

Total 24 25

SEMESTER II

Sl.

No.

Course

Code Course Title L T P Credit TCH

1 PAE 201 Aerodynamics II 3 1 0 4 4

2 PAE 202 Aircraft and Systems – An

Industry Perspective 3 1 0 4 4

3 PAE 203 CompositeMaterials and

Structures 3 1 0 4 4

4 PAE 204 Finite Element Methods 3 1 0 4 4

5 PAE 205 Rocketry and Space

Mechanics AND REPAIR 3 0 2 4 5

6 -- Elective-I 3 1 0 4 4

Practical

7 PAE 206 Aircraft Structures Lab 0 0 3 1 3

Total 25 27

3

SEMESTER III

Sl.

No.

Course


1 --- Elective -II 3 1 0 4 4

2 --- Elective - III 3 1 0 4 4

3 --- Elective-IV 3 1 0 4 4

Practical

4 PAE 301 Aircraft Systems Lab 0 0 3 1 3

5 PAE 302 Project Work-Phase I 0 0 12 6 12

Total 19 27

SEMESTER IV

Sl.

No.

Course

Code Course Title L T P Credit

TCH

1 PAE 401 Project Work-Phase II 0 0 24 12 24

Total 12 24

Total No. of Credit = 80

ELECTIVE COURSES

SEMESTER II

Sl.

No.

Course


1 PAC 701 Aircraft Composite Structures

and Repair 3 0 2 4 4

4

ELECTIVE COURSES

SEMESTER III

Sl.

No.

Course

Code Course Title L T P Credit

TCH

1 PAC 702

Ceramics Technology

3 1 0 4 4

2 PAC 703

Methods of Materials of

Characterization

3 1 0 4 4

3 PAC 704 NDT for Composites 3 1 0 3 4

5

UNIT I CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS 12

Concept of variation and its properties- Euler‟s Equation-Functional dependant on first and

higher order derivatives - Functional dependant on functions of several independent variables-

Isoperimetric problems – Direct methods-Ritz and Kantrovich methods

UNIT II TRANSFORM METHODS 12

Laplace transform methods for one dimensional wave equation – Displacements in a long string

– Longitudinal vibration of an elastic bar - Fourier Transform methods for one dimensional heat

conduction problems in infinite and semi-infinite rod

UNIT III ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS 12

Laplace equation – Properties of Harmonic functions – Solutions of Laplace equation by means

of Fourier transform in a half plane in an infinite strip and in a semi-infinite strip

UNIT IV NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 12 Solution of Laplace and Poisson equation on a rectangular region by Lieebmann‟s method –

Diffusion equation by the explicit and Crank Nicolson – Implicit methods – Solution of wave

equations by explicit scheme Cubic spline interpolation

UNIT V CONFORMAL MAPPING AND APPLICATIONS 12 The Schwarz – Christoffel transformation – Transformation of boundaries in parametric form –

Physical applications - Application to fluid and heat flow

TOTAL: 60

REFERENCES

1. Gupta, A.S, “Calculus of Variations with Applications”, Prentice Hall of India(P) Ltd.,

New Delhi, 6th

print, 2006

2. Sankar Rao, .K, “Introduction to Partial Differential Equations”,Prentice Hall of

India(P) Ltd., New Delhi, 5th

print, 2004.

PMA 101 Advanced Engineering

Mathematics

L T P C

3 1 0 4

Goal To impart fundamental knowledge in various fields of

advanced engineering mathematics and its applications.

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

To develop strong fundamentals of

calculus of variations

To enhance transform methods

To enable the students to properties of

Harmonic functions

To provide a strong foundation in the

understanding of Numerical solution of

partial equations

To enrich the knowledge of conformal

mapping and applications

The student will

Be able to understand the Functional dependent on

functions of independent variables

Have a fundamental knowledge of Laplace equations.

Fourier transformation methods.

Understand the concept Laplace equation and properties

of Harmonic functions

Know the explicit and implicit methods with examples.

Have an understanding of transformation and application

of fluid and heat flow

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3. Jain.R.K,Iyengar.S.R.K, “ Advanced Engineering Mathematics”.Narosa publications

2nd Edition, 2006

4. Grewal, B.S, “ Numerical Methods in Science and Engineering ”., Kanna Publications,

`NewDelhi.

5. Kandasamy.P , Thilagavathy. K and Gunavathy. K, “Numerical Methods”., S Chand

andCo, Ltd., New Delhi, 5th

Edition, 2007

6. Spiegel , M. R ,“ Theory and problems of Complex Variables with an Introduction to

Conformal Mapping and Its applications ”, Schaum‟s outline series, McGraw Hill

Book Co, 1987.

7

UNIT I REVIEW OF BASIC FLUID MECHANICS 10

Continuity and Momentum equations, Point source and sink, Free and Forced Vortex, Uniform

parallel flow, combination of basic flows, Pressure and Velocity distributions On bodies with

and without circulation in ideal and real fluid flows, Magnus effect

Lab : 1. Calibration of wind tunnel

2. Pressure distribution on 3-D bodies

UNIT II AIRFOILS 12

Conformal Transformation, Kutta condition, Karman – Treffz profiles, Thin aerofoil Theory and

its applications.

Lab: 1. Pressure distribution over an aerofoil at different angles of attack.

UNIT III WING THEORY 12

Vortex line, Horse shoe vortex, Biot and savart law, lifting line theory, effects of aspect Ratio,

planform and taper ratio.

Lab : 1. Drag measurements in Wind Tunnels.

UNIT IV ELEMENTS OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS 14

Isentropic flows – shock and expansion waves, compressibility effects on aerodynamic

Coefficients, method of characteristics – small perturbation theory.

Lab : 1. Calibration of supersonic wind tunnel.

UNIT V WIND TUNNELS 12

Types of wind tunnels – Flow visualization processes – Measurements in wind tunnels, 6-

component balance.

Lab : 1. Supersonic flow visualization with schlieren systems.

TOTAL: 60

PAE 101 Aerodynamics -I L T P C

3 0 2 4

Goal To understand the behavior of airflow over bodies with particular emphasis on airfoil

sections in the incompressible flow regime .

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

To review of basic fluid mechanics

To enable the function of airfoils

To enable wing theory

To enrich the knowledge on

compressible flows

To give knowledge on wind tunnel

The student will

Be able to understand the continuity,source,sink,pressure,

velocity distributions with and without circulation with

experiments

Have a fundamental knowledge thin airfoil theory and its

applications with experiments

Understand the concept of lifting line theory, aspect ratio and

taper ratio with experiments

Know the flows. shock, expansion waves and small

perturbation theory with experiments

Have an understanding various types of wind tunnel and

measurement system with experiments

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REFERENCES

1. J.D. Anderson, “Fundamental of Aerodynamics”, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,

1985.

2. E.L. Houghton and N.B. Carruthers, “Aerodynamics for Engineering Students”, Edward

Arnold Publishers Ltd., London (First Indian Edition), 1988.

3. W.H. Rae and A. Pope, “Low speed Wind Tunnel Testing”, John Wiley Publications,

1984.

4. Shapiro, A.H., Dynamics & Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow, Ronald Press,

1982.

5. Zucrow, M.J., and Anderson, J.D., Elements of gas dynamics McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

New York, 1989.

6. Rathakrishnan.E., Gas Dynamics, Prentice Hall of India, 1995.

9

UNIT I ELEMENTS OF AIRCRAFT PROPULSION 12

Classification of power plants based on methods of aircraft propulsion – jet and rocket

propulsion – Differences between jet propulsion engines and rocket propulsion engines – Types

and areas of applications – fundamental of aircraft piston engines.

UNIT II INTRODUCTION TO GAS TURBINE ENGINES 12

Classification of air breathing engines – Principle of turbojet, turbo-prop, turbo-jet with reheat,

by-pass and turbo fan concepts – Thrust augmentation in jet engines and its application to

aircraft.

UNIT III THERMODYNAMICS OF JET ENGINES 12

Thermodynamic analysis of jet engine – components of a jet engine – Compressor, combustion

chamber, turbine and jet nozzle – their efficiencies – Introduction to ramjet, pulse jet and their

application – Introduction to combustion and chemical kinetics.

UNIT IV ROCKET PROPULSION 12

Introduction to rocket propulsion – Reaction principle – Thrust equation – Classification of

rockets based on propellants used – solid, liquid and hybrid – Comparison of these engines with

special reference to rocket performance.

UNIT V RAMJET AND SCRAMJET PROPULSION 12

Ram jet -Operating principle – Sub critical, critical and supercritical operation – Combustion in

ramjet engine – Ramjet performance - Fundamentals of hypersonic air birthing vehicles,

PAE102 AEROSPACE PROPULSION L T P C

3 1 0 4

Goal To understand the principles of operation and design of aircraft and spacecraft power

plants .

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

To review of aircraft propulsion

To enable the function gas turbines

To enable knowledge on

thermodynamics of jet engines

To enrich the knowledge on Rocket

propulsion

To give knowledge on ramjet and

scramjet propulsion

The student will

Be able to understand the classification of power plants

and differences jet engine and rocket engine

Have a fundamental knowledge turbojet,turbo prop and

turbo fan engines

Understand the concept thermodynamic analysis

components of jet engine. Ram jet and pulse jet

application

Know the reaction principle, thrust equation, propellants

and rocket performance

Have an understanding various types of supersonic

combustors, Requirements for supersonic combustors,

Performance estimation of supersonic combustors

10

Preliminary concepts in engine airframe integration, Various types of supersonic combustors,

Requirements for supersonic combustors, Performance estimation of supersonic combustors.

TOTAL: 60

REFERENCES

1. G.C. Oates, “Aerothermodynamics of Aircraft Engine Components”, AIAA Education

Series, Published by AIAA, New York, 1985.

2. G.C. Oates, “Aircraft Propulsion system technology & design”, AIAA Education Series,

1989.

3. G.P.Sutton, “Rocket Propulsion Elements”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 5th

Edition, 1986.

4. H.Cohen, G.F.C.Rogers & H.I.H.Saravana muttoo, “Gas turbine theory”, Longman Co.,

ELBS Ed., 1982.

5. W.P.Gill, H.J.Smith & J.E. Ziurys, “Fundamentals of Internal Combustion Engines as

applied to Reciprocating, Gas turbine & Jet Propulsion Power Plants”, Oxford & IBH

Publishing Co., 1980.

11

UNIT I UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING 12

Stresses in beams of unsymmetrical sections, box beams.

Lab : 1. Use of Double Dial gauge to find the deformations of the given Material.

2. Finding the flexibility coefficients of the given cantilever beam and verification of

Maxwell‟s reciprocal theorem and principle of superposition.

3. Unsymmetrical Bending of cantilever beam.

UNIT II AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE MONOCOQUE AND SEMI MONOCOQUE 12

Analysis of tubular, monocoque and semi-monocoque structures – Torsion and flexure of thin

walled boxes – shear centre – Flexural axis and axis of twist.

Lab: 1. Combined bending of hollow circular shaft.

2. Finding the shear center of the given C-section.

UNIT III ANALYSIS OF STIFFENED STRUCTURES 12

Idealisation and analysis of stiffened tubular structures – Study of open tubes – Analysis of multi

cell tubes. Analysis of rings and frames – Applications to aircraft structures.

UNIT IV STABILITY PROBLEMS 12

Stability problems of thin walled structures – Flexural, torsional and local failures – Influence of

eccentricity and in elasticity – Buckling of plates and sheet stringer combinations - crippling

loads – Tension field theory.

Lab : 1. Buckling of columns and plotting of Southwell‟s plot.

PAE 103 AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES L T P C

3 1 0 4

Goal To understand different types of beams and columns subjected to various types of

loading and support conditions with particular emphasis on aircraft structural

components.

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

To review unsymmetrical bending

To enable the aircraft structure with its

classification

To enable knowledge on Stiffened

structure

To enrich the knowledge on Stability

of structures

To give knowledge on shells

The student will

Be able to understand the stresses in unsymmetrical

sections with experiments

Have a fundamental knowledge monocoque and

semimonocoque structure, Torsion and thin walled

structure with experiments

Understand the analysis of stiffened tubular structure,

Analysis Multi cell, rings & frames revlent to aircraft

structure

Know the buckling and failures of thin walled structures

Have an understanding of idealisation of stiffened panels.

Shear centre and shear flow of multi cell.

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UNIT V SHELLS 12

Idealization of stiffened shells, shear center, shear flow in thin walled multicell box beams, effect

of taper

TOTAL :60

REFERENCES

1. E.F. Bruhn, “Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures”, Tristate Offset Co.,

1980.

2. Megson, T.M.G; Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, Edward Arnold, 1989.

3. Peery, D.J. and Azar, J.J., Aircraft Structures, 2nd

Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,

1993.

4. Stephen P. Tinnoshenko & S.woinowsky Krieger, Theory of Plates and Shells, 2nd

Edition, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1990.

13

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 10

Simple harmonic motion, definition of terminologies, Review of Newton‟s, Laws, D‟Alembert‟s

principle, Energy methods.

UNIT II SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS 10

Free vibrations free damped vibrations, forced excitations with and without damping, support

excitation, vibration measuring instruments.

UNIT III MULTI-DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS 18

Two degrees of freedom systems, Static and dynamic couplings, vibration absorber, Principle

coordinates, Principal modes, orthogonality conditions. Hamilton‟s Prinicple, Lagrangean

equation and applications. Vibrations of elastic bodies, String or stretched cord, Longitudinal

vibration, Lateral vibration, Torsional vibration. Approximate methods for calculating natural

frequencies.

UNIT IV ELEMENTS OF AEROELASTICITY 10

Aero elastic problems – Collar‟s triangle of courses – Wing divergence –

Aileron control reversal – Flutter.

PAE 105 THEORY OF VIBRATION L T P C

3 1 0 4

Goal

To study the dynamic behaviour of different aircraft components and the interaction

among the aerodynamic, elastic and inertia forces

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

To review unsymmetrical bending

To enable the aircraft structure with its

classification

To enable knowledge on Stiffened

structure

To enrich the knowledge on Stability

of structures

To give knowledge on shells

The student will

Be able to understand the stresses in unsymmetrical

sections with experiments

Have a fundamental knowledge monocoque and

semimonocoque structure, Torsion and thin walled

structure with experiments

Understand the analysis of stiffened tubular structure,

Analysis Multi cell, rings & frames revlent to aircraft

structure

Know the buckling and failures of thin walled structures

Have an understanding of idealisation of stiffened

panels.

Shear centre and shear flow of multi cell.

14

UNIT V SOLUTION METHOD 12

Computational technique in vibration, Vibrating string, General method, Beam

element, Global matrices, Transformation of matrices, Equation of motion of

complete system, Consistent and Lombard mass

TOTAL: 60

REFERENCES

1. Timoshenko.S, “ Vibration Problems in Engineering ”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1987.

2. Meirovitch, L, Elements of Vibration Analysis ”, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1986.

3. F.S. Rse., I.F. Morse and R.T. Hinkle, “ Mechanical Vibrations ”, Prentice-Hall of India,

1985.

4. Fung, Y.C, “ An Introduction to the Theory of Aeroelasticity ”, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,

New York, 1985.5. Rao.J.S. and Gupta.K, “ Theory and Practice of Mechanical

Vibrations ”, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Dehli, 1999.

15


Extensometers – Types – Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic and Optical – Review of bridge

circuits.

UNIT II STRAIN GAUGE TECHNIQUES 12

Strain gauge and transducers for measurement of static and dynamic loads – Instrumentation,

measurement and recording systems.

UNIT III PHOTO ELASTIC TECHNIQUES 13

Stress analysis by two and three dimensional photo elasticity – Interpretation of stress patterns –

Typical applications – Description and users of reflection polariscope.

UNIT IV NON – DESTRUCTIVE TESTING 15

Fundamentals of NDT. Radiography, ultrasonic, Holography ,Laser holography magnetic

particle inspection, Fluorescent penetrant technique, Eddy current testing, Acoustic Emission

Technique, Moire fringes –– Grid methods

UNIT V OTHER TECHNIQUES 12

Stress analysis by stress coat ––Induction heating instrumentation, measurement and recording

techniques – Creep testing. X-ray,– applications. Fundamentals of brittle coating methods,

Introduction to Moiré techniques, , ultrasonic C- Scan, Thermograph, Fiber – optic Sensors.

TOTAL: 60

PAE 104 EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS L T P C

3 1 0 4

Goal

To bring awareness on experimental method of finding the response of the structure to

different types of load

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

To review types of extensometers

To enable the strain gauge techniques

To enable photo elastic techniques

To enrich the knowledge Non

destructive testing

To give knowledge on emerging

techniques

The student will

Be able to understand the types and its operating methods

Have a fundamental knowledge transducers for

measurement of static and dynamic loads

Understand the stress analysis of 2D and 3D photo

elasticity, stress patterns and polariscope

Be able to understand method ,types or techniques and

Moire fringes

Have an understanding modern techniques like C-Scan,

Thermograph, Creep testing, optical sensor.

16

REFERENCES

1. J.W. Dally and M.F. Riley, “Experimental Stress Analysis”, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

New York, 1988.

2. P. Fordham, “Non-Destructive Testing Techniques” Business Publications, London,

1988.

3. M. Hetenyi, “Handbook of Experimental Stress Analysis”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New

York, 1980.

4. G.S. Holister, “Experimental Stress Analysis, Principles and Methods”, Cambridge

University Press, 1987.

5. A.J. Durelli and V.J. Parks, “Moire Analysis of Strain”, Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood

Cliffs, New Jersey, 1980.

17

SEMESTER II

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 10

Physical properties and structure of the atmosphere, Temperature, pressure and altitude

Relationship, Measurement of speed – True and Indicated Air speed, Components of an Airplane

and their functions, Different types of flight vehicles.

UNIT II DRAG OF BODIES 10

Types of Drag, effects of Reynold‟ number on skin friction and pressure drag, streamlined And

bluff bodies, Drag reduction of airplanes, Momentum theory of finite wings, Drag polar.

UNIT III AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE 14

Steady level flight conditions for minimum drag and minimum power required, Gliding and

Climbing flight, Range and endurance, Take-off and landing, High left devices, Thrust

Augmentation, Turning performance, V-n diagram, Froude momentum and black elements

Theory of propellers, Fixed and Variable pitch propellers.

UNIT IV NORMAL, OBLIQUE SHOCKS AND EXPANSION WAVES 14

Prandtl equation and Rankine – Hugonoit relation, Normal shock equations, Pitot static tube,

corrections for subsonic and supersonic flows, Oblique shocks and corresponding equations,

PAE 201 Aerodynamics-II L T P C

3 1 0 4

Goal To understand the behavior of airflow, both internal and

external, in compressible flow regime with particular

emphasis on supersonic flows

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

To review principles of flight

To enable knowledge on the different

types of drag


Aircraft performance


Shocks and waves

To impart knowledge on stability &

Control

The student will

Be able to understand the different flight vehicles,

altitude, True and indicated Air speed, Airplane and its

functions

Have a fundamental knowledge of drag, Reynold‟s

number, drag polar and momentum theory

Understand the performance parameters like range,

endurance, Takeoff, landing and propellers and its types

Be able to demonstrate knowledge on shocks,

corrections, Oblique shocks and corresponding equations

Have an understanding of static, dynamic, lateral

,longitudinal and directional stability

18

Hodograph and pressure turning angle, shock polars, flow past wedges and concave corners,

strong, weak and detached shocks, Rayleigh and Fanno Flow.

UNIT V AIRCRAFT STABILITY AND CONTROL 12

Degrees of freedom of a system, static and dynamic stability, static longitudinal stability, Static

lateral stability, static directional stability, dynamic longitudinal stability, dynamic lateral And

directional stability.

TOTAL: 60

REFERENCES

1. Houghton, E.L., and Carruthers. N.B., “ Aerodynamics for engineering students ”.,

Edward Amold Publishers, 1988.

2. Kuethe, A.M., and Chow, C.Y., “ Foundations of Aerodynamics ”., John Wiley & Sons,

1982.

3. L.J. Clancey, “Aerodynamics”., Pitman, 1986.

4. Perkins C.D., & Hage, R.E, “Airplane performance, stability and control”, Wiley Toppan,

1974.

5. Babister, A.W, “ Aircraft stability and Response”., Pergamon Press, 1980.

6. Nelson, R.C. Flight ,“ Stability & Automatic Control ”., McGraw-Hill, 1989.

7. McCornic, B.W, “Aerodynamics, Aeronautics & Flight Mechanics”. John Wiley, 1995.

19

UNIT – I Aircraft Industry – Overview 6

Introduction to Aerospace Industry: Types of aerospace industry, Global and Indian aircraft

scenario, Aerospace industry trends. Key players: Key players in aerospace industry,

Prime contractors and tier 1 suppliers, Key challenges in industry supply chain.

UNIT- II Introduction to Aircrafts 6

Aircraft Configuration: Biplane, Variable sweep, Canard layout, Twin boom layouts, Span

loaders, Blended body wing layout, STOL and STOVL aircraft, Stealth aircraft, Advantages

and disadvantages of these configurations.

UNIT – III Introduction to Aircraft Systems 12

Mechanical systems: Environmental control systems (ECS), Engine control systems, Ice

and rain protection systems, Cabin pressurization and airconditioning systems, Steering

and braking systems, Auxiliary power unit.

Electrical and electronic systems: Autopilot and Flight management systems, Communication,

information systems.

The interplay of aerodynamics, structural mechanics & propulsion: Briguet range equation case

study – Thrust vectoring.

UNIT- IV Aircraft Loads 12

Introduction; Process and methods, Data requirements, Design airspeeds.

Loading scenarios: Symmetric maneuver loads, Antisymmetric maneuver loads, Ground

PAE 202 Aircraft & Systems – An

Industry Perspective

L T P C

3 1 0 4

Goal To introduce the concepts of Aircraft and Systems.To Introduce

to the students Various System Load, Design components of

Aircraft. Industry best practices, Standards and certification.

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

To enable advanced heat conduction

analysis

To enable convective heat transfer

analysis

To enable radiative heat transfer

analysis


Heat exchangers

To impart knowledge on applications in

aerospace engineering

The student will

Be able to understand the conduction, convention systems

Problem solving using numerical solutions

Be able to understand heat transfer involving laminar and

turbulent flows and high speed flows

Be able to understand different radiation types,factors and

shields

Be able to understand heat exchanger classification and

its analysis

Have an understanding of gas turbine combustion

chamber and rocket thrust chamber, ablation cooling process.

20

handling loads, Distributed loads calculations, Control surface loads, Miscellaneous

loads, Dynamic loads analysis, Landing loads, Unsteady aerodynamics, Discrete gust

loads, Random (PSD) loads analysis, Continuous turbulence gust loads, Fatigue loads.

UNIT – V Aircraft Materials 6

Different materials used in aircraft unit: Aluminium and its alloys: Certification methods

of material allowable (A, B and S basis).

Composite materials: Cerification methods of material allowable.

UNIT –VI Airworthiness, Certification and Airworthiness 6

Agencies: Agen ies designated for airworthiness such as FAR, CAR, DGCA, CEMILAC;

Role of these agencies.

Documents and Standards: The intent for documents and standards, Applicable certification

for aircrafts and helicopters.

Unit–VII Aircraft Repairs 6

Inspection: Inspection methods, Manufacturing non-conformances.

Repairs: Temporary repairs, Permanent repairs, In-service repairs, Customizations

and modifications.

UNIT – VIII Industry Approved Aircraft Design and Analysis References 6

Industry approved references: Discussion of industry approved references.

Total: 60

Text Book :

1. Analysis of Design of Flight Vehicle Aircraft Strucutures E.F. Bruhn

2. Aircraft Design : A Conceptual Approach – Daniel P.Raymer

21

UNIT I CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTIC OF COMPOSITE

MATERIALS 8

Need for the composite materials. Types of composite materials and their use in structures.

UNIT II BASIC CONCEPTS 15

Hooke‟s law for orthotropic and anisotropic materials. Micromechanics and macro mechanics.

Lamina stress-strain relations referred and principal material directions and arbitrary axes.

UNIT III ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED COMPOSITES 17

Governing equations for anisotropic and orthotropic plates. Angle-ply and cross ply laminates.

Static, dynamic and stability analysis for simpler cases of composite plates. Inter laminar

stresses.

UNIT IV OTHER METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND FAILURE THEORY 10

Netting analysis, Failure criteria. Sandwich construction.

PAE 203 Composite materials and

structure

L T P C

3 1 0 4

Goal To understand the fabrication, analysis and design of

composite materials & structures

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

To impart knowledge on composites

To impart basic concepts

To do analysis of laminated composites

To enable analysis and failure theory

To know manufacturing and fabrication

Processes

The student will

Be able to understand the need and types of composite

material

Have a fundamental knowledge of orthotropic,

anisotropic material. Micromechanics and macro

mechanics

Know the governing equations, static, dynamic stability

Analysis of composite plates

Have an understanding of Netting analysis, failure criteria

and sandwich construction

To enable to understand manufacturing of fibres and

processes

22

UNIT V MANUFACTURING & FABRICATION PROCESSES 10

Manufacturing of glass, boron and carbon fibres. Open mould and closed mould processes.

TOTAL: 60

REFERENCES

1. R.M. Jones, “Mechanics of composite materials”, McGraw-Hill, Kogakusha Ltd., Tokyo,

1975.

2. L.R. Calcote, “Analysis of laminated structures”, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1989.

3. G.Lubin, “Hand Book on Fibre glass and advanced plastic composites”, Van Nostrand

Co., New York, 1989.

4. B.D. Agarwal and L.J. Broutman, “Analysis and Performance of fiber composites”, John-

Wiley and Sons, 1980.

23


Review of various approximate methods in structural analysis. Stiffness and flexibility matrices

for simple cases. Basic concepts of finite element method. Formulation of governing equations

and convergence criteria.

UNIT II DISCRETE ELEMENTS 12

Use of bar and beam elements in structural analysis. Computer implementation of procedure for

these elements.

UNIT III CONTINUUM ELEMENTS 12

Different forms of 2-D elements and their applications for plane stress, plane strain and axi-

symmetric problems. Consistent and lumped formulation. Use of local co-ordinates. Numerical

integration.

UNIT IV ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS 12

Definition and use of different forms of 2-D and 3-D elements. Computer implementation of

formulation of these elements for the analysis of typical aircraft structural parts like, wing,

fuselage, turbine blades.

UNIT V SOLUTION SCHEMES 12

Different methods of solution of simultaneous equations governing static, dynamics and stability

problems. General purpose Software packages.

TOTAL: 60

PAE 204 Finite Element Methods L T P C

3 1 0 4

Goal To introduce the concept of numerical analysis of structural

components

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

To review approximate methods in

structural analysis

To enable the discrete elements in

structural analysis


Continuum elements


Isometric elements

To give knowledge on solution schemes

The student will

Be able to understand stiffness and flexibility matrices.

Be able to understand bar & beam elements with

computer aided engineering

Understand the applications of plane stress-strain and axi-

symmetric problems , use numerical integration

Know the 2D,3D elements with reference to aircraft

structural parts wing, fuselage and turbine blades

Have an understanding static, dynamic problems and

computer engineering software

24

REFERENCES

1. L.J. Segerlind, “Applied Finite Element Analysis”, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons

Inc., New York, 1984.

2. K.J. Bathe and E.L. Wilson, “Numerical Methods in Finite Elements Analysis”, Prentice

Hall of India Ltd., 1983.

3. R.D. Cook, “Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis”, 3rd

Edition, John

Wiley & Sons, 1989.

4. C.S. Krishnamurthy, “Finite Elements Analysis”, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1987.

5. V.Ramamurthi, “Computer Aided Design in Mechanical Engineering”, Tata McGraw-

Hill.

25

UNIT I ORBITAL MECHANICS AND SATELLITE DYNAMICS 15

Description of solar system – Keplers Laws of planetary motion – Newton‟s Law of Universal

gravitation – Two body and Three-body problems – Jacobis Integral, Librations points –

Estimator of orbital and escape velocities – geosynchronous and geostationary satellites life time

– satellite perturbations – Hohmann orbits – calculation of orbit parameters.

UNIT II ROCKET MOTION 15

Principle of operation of rocket motor - thrust equation – one dimensional and two dimensional

rocket motions in free space and homogeneous gravitational fields – Description of vertical,

inclined and gravity turn trajectories determinations of range and altitude – simple

approximations to burnout velocity – staging of rockets.

UNIT III ROCKET AERODYNAMICS 12

Description of various loads experienced by a rocket passing through atmosphere – drag

estimation – wave drag, skin friction drag,and base pressure drag – Boat-tailing in missiles –

performance at various altitudes – conical and bell shaped nozzles – adapted nozzles – rocket

dispersion – launching problems.

PAE 205 Rocketry and space mechanics L T P C

3 1 0 4

Goal To introduce basic concepts of design and trajectory estimation of

rocket , missiles and basic concepts of orbital Mechanics

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

To enable orbital mechanics and

satellite dynamics

To enable the motion of rockets

To enable knowledge on rocket

aerodynamics

To enrich the knowledge on materials for

space craft and missiles

To give knowledge on satellite injection

and its perturbations

The student will

Be able to understand solar system, Keplers, Newton‟s

law of motion, escape velocity, Geosynchronous ,

geostationary satellites

Be able to understand principle of rocket and its stages,

thrust equation, one and two dimensional rocket motions

Understand the loads, drag, performances at different

altitudes, types of nozzles and launching problems

Be able to understand materials used and special coatings

and ablative materials

Satellite injections, orbit transfer, orbit deviation due to

injection error, general perturbation approach

26

UNIT IV MATERIALS FOR SPACECRAFT AND MISSILES 5

Selections of materials for spacecraft and missiles – special requirements of materials to perform

under adverse conditions – ablative materials.

UNIT V SATELLITE INJECTION AND SATELLITE ORBIT PERTURBATIONS 13

General Aspects of satellite Injections – Satellite Orbit Transfer –Various Cases – Orbit

Deviations Due to Injection Errors – Special and General Perturbations – Cowell‟s Method –

Encke‟s Method – Method of vibrations of Orbital Elements – General Perturbations Approach.

TOTAL: 60

REFERENCES

1. G.P. Sutton, “Rocket Propulsion Elements”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 5th

Edition, 1986.

2. J.W. Cornelisse, “Rocket Propulsion and Space Dynamics”, J.W. Freeman & Co., Ltd.,

London, 1982.

3. Van de Kamp, “Elements of astromechanics”, Pitman Publishing Co., Ltd., London,

1980.

4. E.R. Parker, “Materials for Missiles and Spacecraft”, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1982.

27

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS

(For a batch of 30 students)

SL. NO. EQUIPMENTS QTY

1. Electrical strain gauge 10

2. Strain indicator 1

3. Dial Gauges 12

4. Beam Test set up with various end conditions 2

5 Maxwell apparatus 1

6 South – well‟s plot 1

7. Weight 1 Kg and 2kg 10 each

8. Weight Pans 6

9. Column Test Apparatus 1

10 Beam Test set –up 2

PAE 206 Aircraft Structures Lab L T P C

0 0 3 1

Goal To study experimentally the load deflection characteristics

structural materials under different types of loads

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

1.Stress Strain curve for various

engineering materials.

2.Deflection of beams with various end

conditions.

3.Verification of Maxwell‟s Reciprocal

theorem & principle of superposition

4.Column – Testing

5.South – well‟s plot.

6.Unsymmetrical bending of beams

7.Shear centre location for open sections

and closed section

8.Calibration of Photo- elastic materials

9.Stresses in circular discs and beams

using photoelastic techniques

10.Vibrations of beams

The student will

Be able to understand the behaviour of structural

materials through experiments

28

11 Unsymmetrical sections like „Z‟ sections 2

12 Channel ,angle open and closed section 2

13 Dial gauges 12

14 Vibration Test Set – up 2

15 Strain indicator and strain gauges One set

16 Photo – elastic apparatus 1

29

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS

PAE 301 Aircraft System Lab L T P C

0 0 3 1

Goal To train the students “ON HAND” experience in maintenance

of various air frame systems in aircraft and rectification of

common snags.

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

Aircraft “Jacking Up” procedure

Aircraft “Levelling” procedure

Aircraft “Symmetry Check” procedure

Control System “Rigging check”

procedure

Checks on Landing Gear assembly

Functional Test” on Aircraft Hydraulic

system Maintenance and rectification of snags in

hydraulic and fuel systems

The student will

Be able to understand the maintenance procedures through

various established set up

SL.NO. ITEMS QUANTITY

1. Serviceable aircraft with all above systems 1

2. Hydraulic Jacks (Screw Jack) 5

3. Trestle adjustable 5

4. Spirit Level 2

5. Leveling Boards 2

6. Cable Tensiometer 1

7. Adjustable Spirit Level 1

8. Plumb Bob 1

30

PAE 302 Project work (Phase I) L T P C

0 0 12 6



common snags.

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

The objective of the project work is to

enable the students on a project involving

theoretical and experimental studies related

to the branch of study. Every project work

shall have a guide who is the member of

the faculty of the institution. Full semester

shall be allotted and this time shall be

utilized by the students to receive the

directions from the guide, on library

reading, laboratory work, computer

analysis or field work as assigned by the

guide and also to present in periodical

seminars on the progress made in the

project.

The student will

Be able to understand various procedures in identifying

the project and literature survey, reference of journals,

experiments and theoretical work

31

SEMESTER - IV

PAE 401 Project work (Phase II) L T P C

0 0 24 12



common snags.

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

Impart the students

The objective of the project work is to

enable the students on a project involving

theoretical and experimental studies related

to the branch of study. Every project work

shall have a guide who is the member of

the faculty of the institution. Full semester

shall be allotted and this time shall be

utilized by the students to receive the

directions from the guide, on library

reading, laboratory work, computer

analysis or field work as assigned by the

guide and also to present in periodical

seminars on the progress made in the

project.

The student will

Be able to understand various procedures in identifying

the project and literature survey, reference of journals,

experiments and theoretical work

32

SEMESTER II (ELECTIVE)

PAC 701 AIRCRAFT COMPOSITE STRUCTURES AND

REPAIR

L T P C

3 0 2 4

GOAL To understand Fabrication, sandwich construction, joints and testing and

repairing of composites

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES

The course should enable the student to :

1. know the types of composites

materials and its uses

2. Know the need for sandwich

construction and its process

3. Know the joint design and tooling

4. Know the Manufacturing and Non

Destructive Inspection

5. Know the methods of repairing

composites

The students should be able to:

1. Understand advantages and types of

composite structures

2. Understand Honeycomb properties,

processes and sandwich construction

3. Understand failure criteria, joints and

tooling for composites

4. Understand the NDI Techniques and its

types

5. Understand processes of repairing

composites and processes.

UNIT- I INTRODUCTION 8

Composite – Classification of Composites – Comparison of composites – Advantages and

disadvantages of composite. Fibres – Types of fibres – Matrix- Types of matrices and resin –

Prepregs – Prepregs handling.

UNIT II SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION 14

Introduction – Face material – Core material – Honeycomb types – Honeycomb Prosperities –

Honeycomb Manufacturing – Cell configuration – Adhesive materials – adhesive materials –

Design Guidelines – Honeycomb process – Sandwich fabrications – Structural Application –

Honeycomb testing – Design aspects – Laminate Lay

UNIT III JOINING OF COMPOSITE 10

Introduction – Mechanically fast and joining – Failure criteria – Bonded joints – Typical joint

design – tooling for composite

UNIT IV MANUFACTURING AND INSPECTION OF COMPOSITES 13

Manufacturing Process – Molding Process – Machining of composite material Non-Destructive -

NDI Techniques - Type of NDI Techniques.

UNIT V REPAIR AND APPLICATION OF COMPOSITES IN AERO INDUSTRY

15

Damage Assessment, Evaluation & Classification – Damage Removal – Contamination

Treatment - Design consideration – Repair concepts facilities, procedure – Repair Tooling,

Options Factor for consideration during prepreg repair – Application of Composite and aircraft

industry – Safety Precautions. TOTAL 60

33

Text Book:

1. Advanced Composite Materials by Lalit Gupta.

Reference Books:

1. Advance Composites by Cindy Foreman.

2. Composite structures by K.K. Chawla

3. Composite Materials : Fabrication Handbook # 1 by John Wanberg

34

SEMESTER – III (Electives)

PAC 702 CERAMICS TECHNOLOGY

L T P C

3 1 0 4

GOAL To know about the properties and application areas of ceramic material

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES


1. Know ceramics materials and its

applications

2. Know the refractories, manufacturing

process and properties

3. Know the white wares, properties and

application

4. Know the ceramic coatings

5. Know the engineering ceramics and

its applications


1. Understand ceramics and it applications

2. Understand refractories and development

trends, manufacturing process

3. Understand classification of white wares and

manufacturing process

4. Understand types of glazes and enamels,

processes and properties

5. Understand the different materials, abrasive

materials and wear applications

UNIT I GENERAL 10

Concepts of materials science, Definition & scope of ceramics and ceramic materials,

classification of ceramic materials – conventional and advanced, Areas of applications.

UNIT II REFRACTORIES 15

Classification of Refractories, Modern trends and developments, Basic raw materials,

Elementary idea of manufacturing process technology, Flow diagram of steps necessary for

manufacture, basic properties and areas of application, Physical properties

UNIT III WHITEWARES 10

Classification and type of Whitewares, Elementary idea of manufacturing process technology

including body preparation, basic properties and application areas.

UNIT IV CERAMIC COATINGS 10

Types of glazes and enamels, Elementary ideas on compositions, Process of enameling &

glazing and their properties.

UNIT V ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND APPLICATIONS 15

Carbides - Boron carbide, Silicon carbide, Titanium carbide, Zirconium carbide, Hafnium

carbide & Uranium carbide. Nitrides : Boron, Silicon & Aluminium nitrides. Silicides,

Molybdenum disilicide, Borides. Sialon. Graphite, Cermets & Composites. Ceramics used in

advanced applications- Nuclear energy, Magneto- hydrodynamic, generation, Gas turbine blades,

Abrasives, Aerospace, Diesel engines, Heat Exchangers, Cutting Tools, Wear Applications

TOTAL: 60

35

TEXT BOOKS:

1. F.H Norton , “Elements of Ceramics”

2. Barsoum, “Fundamentals of Ceramics”

REFERENCES:

1. W.D Kingery, “ Introduction to Ceramics”

2. Smith , “Materials Science”

3. Singer & Singer , “Industrial Ceramics”

36

PAC 703 METHODS OF MATERIALS

CHARACTERIZATION

L T P C

3 1 0 4

GOAL

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES


1. Know thermal analysis types and its

applications

2. Know the electron imaging techniques

3. Know the particle size and surface

area measurement

4. Know the non linear electro-optical

studies

5. Know the Mechanical characterisation

of composite laminates and sandwich

structures


1. Understand principles and applications of

thermal analysis

2. Understand classification of imaging

techniques

3. Understand various measurement techniques

4. Understand the positron Annihilation life

time spectroscopy and non-linear electro-

optical studies

5. Understand the different strength like

Tensile, Bending, Impact and shear strength

UNIT-I 10

Thermal analysis; TGA; DTA; DSC; dilatometry; (Thermal expansion) Principles and

applications.

UNIT-II 10

Electron imaging techniques; SEM; TEM; FESEM; STM; AFM; SPM; HRTEM; HRSEM

UNIT-III 10

Particle size measurement, surface area measurement, DC polarization, AC impedance

measurements.

UNIT-IV 15

Photoluminescence, Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy, Non-linear electro-optical

studies, mechanical properties, tensile strength, micro hardness, conductivity measurements;

particle size analysis; zeta potential.

UNIT – V 15

Mechanical characteriasation of composite laminates and sandwich structures – Tensile

strength – Bending strength – Impact strength – Shear strength.

Total: 60

References

2. Sam Zhang, Lin Li and Ashok Kumar, Materials Characterization Techniques, CRC

Press, (2008)

3. Yang Leng, Materials Characterization: Introduction to Microscopic and Spectroscopic

Methods, Wiley & Sons (2008)

37

4. Elton N. Kaufmann, Characterization of Materials, Vol.1, Wiley & Sons (2003)

5. R.A. Laudise, Growth of Single Crystals, Prentice Hall, (1973)

6. G. Dhanaraj, K. Byrappa, V. Prasad and M. Dudley (Eds.), Springer Handbook of Crystal

Growth, Springer-Verlag (2010)

7. Peter E.J. Flewitt and R.K. Wild, Physical Methods of Materials Characterization, 2nd

Edition, Taylor & Francis (2003)

38

PAC 704 NDT FOR COMPOSITES L T P C

3 1 0 4

GOAL To understand the Non Destructive Testing for composite materials

OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES


1. Know the types of composites

materials and its applications

2. Know the defects in composites

3. Know the ultrasonic testing methods

4. Know the different methodologies

used

5. Know the usage of advanced

equipment‟s


1. Understand usages and types of composite

and its advantages

2. Understand the damages in composites

3. Understand the different levels ultrasonic

testing

4. Know the radiographic Inspection and

computed tomography

5. Know the applications and limitations of

Stereography and Vibrotheromography

UNIT - I: INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITES

Fibre, matrix: materials, properties and fabrication processes, types/classification of composites,

fabrication methods of composites, advantages and applications.

UNIT - II: DEFECTS IN COMPOSITES

Delamination, cracks, disbands, voids, Impact or Barely visible impact Damage(BVID),

Porosity, core splices, core dis bonds, core crushing, matrix cracking, fibre breakage, kissing

bonds environmental Ingress, Fibre wrinkling or waviness fibre and ply misalignment, incorrect

cure and incorrect volume fraction.

UNIT- III: ULTRASONIC ACOUSTOGRAPHY AND LOW FREQUENCY METHODS

Pulse –echo, applications ,strength , limitations Back scatter , Through transmission, application,

strength, limitations ,ultrasonic spectroscopy, application, strength, limitations , low frequency

methods , application, strength, limitations, Ultrasonic thickness measurement (A-scan)

,Ultrasonic linear scan (B-scan) ,Ultrasonic through-transmission amplitude scan (C-scan)

,Ultrasonic depth scan (D-scan) .

UNIT-IV: GLOBAL METHODS AND LOCAL METHODS

Optical holography , application, strength, limitations ,Tap test, mechanical impedance methods ,

application, strength, limitations ,membrane Resonance methods , application, strength,

39

limitations, Radiographic inspection, computed tomography , Local Methods, application,

strength, limitations.

UNIT-V: SHEARNOGRAPHY, THERMOGRAPHY AND ACOUSTIC EMISSION

METHODS

Shearography, application, strength, limitations, conventional Shearography, digital

shearography, Applications, Thermography, introduction, Thermal pulse, Vibrotheromography,

applications, strength, limitations, visual inspection, Acoustic emission and acoustic ultrasonic ,

application, strength, limitations

References

1. Bernd-H Kroplin, Falk K. Wittel, “Damage and its evolution in Fiber composite materials: Simulation

and Non Destructive Evaluation, ISBN: 3930683903, 2006.

2. Spanner, J.C. “Acoustic Emission Techniques and Applications, Evanston, I, L.: latex Publishing Co.,

1974.

American Society for Metals, Non-Destructive Inspection and Quality Control: Metals hand Book, Vol-11, 8th Ed,

Metals park Oh, 1976.