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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA :

V`jak ci Ncgtkgts

@J^VZ@NV 6

EGVZCF[NVECG ;

NCGVK_V CI \ZCJAKH 9

\ZCJAKH ^V@VKHKGV @GF ^KVVEGB 5

\[Z\C^K  5

Z K^K@ZNO P[K^VECG  5

^KVVEGB  5

\@ZVENE\@GV  ̂ 0<

ZKYEKR CI AEVKZ@V[ZK 00

KF[N@VECG EG VOK :0^V NKGV[ZU HEFFAK ^NOCCA - VKNOGCACBU @^ @ VCCA  00

VCCA^ CI NCAA@JCZ@VECG - REME @GF CVOKZ :.

@ G CYKZYEKR CI RO@V KF[N@VEGB EG VOK :0^V NKGV[ZU N@G JKNCHK  09

ZK^K@ZNO HKVOCF^ 0?

^KVVEGB  0?

\@ZVENE\@GV 4̂ 0?

AE^V @^^K^^HKGV VCCA^  0?

^[ZYKU VCCA ̂ KNVECG^ @GF FK^NZE\VECG^4 05

E G^VZ[HKGV^  :<

\@ZVENE\@GV  ̂ :0

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA >

\ZCNKF[ZK^4 :0

F@V@ NCAAKNVECG  :>

ZK^[AV^ :6

FE^N[^^ECG >0

ZKIKZKGNK^ >>

@\\KGFE_ 0 >9

 G@VECG@A E G^VEV[VK^ CI OK@AVO (GEO) NKZVEIEN@VK  >9

@\\KGFE_ : >2

Z K^[AV^ CI VOK ^[ZYKU  >2

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA 6

@jstr`nt

Vk`noegb eg tok :0st nkgtury rkquerks tk`nokrs tc `f`pt tok w`y ci egstruntegb `gf rkncrf

mkkpegb irch tr`fetecg`a tkxtjccms, p`pkrs, `gf pkgneas tc tok febet`a `bk. Vok j`rrekrs `sscne`tkf

weto tk`noegb eg ` heffak snocca h`y jk pkrnkevkf cr rk`a, jut weto tok egnrk`segb frevk tc

ehpakhkgt tknogcacby eg kfun`tecg. Voes stufy weaa okap na`reiy tknogcacby j`rrekrs eg tok heffak

snocca skttegb jy kx`hegegb tok rkspcgsks ci tk`nokrs `gf kfun`tecg`a st`ii `t Vweg Ia`ts Heffak

^nocca eg rkb`rfs tc toker usk ci tknogcacby. ^ujskqukgtay, tok rksuats ci toes stufy weaa ak`f tc `

fe`bgcstens woeno weaa jk uskf tc `sskss, buefk `gf ciikr subbkstecgs tc suiienk gkkfs `gf

fkienekgneks eg tok ehpakhkgt`tecg `gf f`eay usk ci tknogcacby `s `g kgo`gnkhkgt pkf`bcben`atcca tc tocsk woc h`y gct ikka nchicrt`jak weto et ykt.

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA ;

Egtrcfuntecg

Vok stufy weaa efkgteiy wo`t, ei `gy, tok pkrnkevkf `gf `ntu`a j`rrekrs `sscne`tkf weto tok

usk ci tknogcacby eg heffak snocca `rk.

Eg :

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA 9

`noekvegb sunnkss tcf`y hust jk h`fk usegb `aa ci tok `v`ea`jak tccas `g kfun`tcr o`s `v`ea`jak

kvkg ei et es cutsefk ci tok nchicrt zcgk.

Voes stufy `ehs tc kxpacrk essuks rkb`rfegb tok ‑[sk ci Kfun`tecg`a Vknogcacby‘  `s wkaa

`s tok akvka ci ‑Ncgiefkgnk‘ `gf wo`t tok ‑\krnkptecgs‘ ci suno tknogcacby `rk `hcgb tok Vweg

Ia`ts Heffak ^nocca (VIH^) i`nuaty.

Ncgtkxt ci \rcjakh

Eg aebot ci Ef`oc―s nurrkgt kfun`tecg`a dugnturk `gf tok i`nt to`t heffak snocca g`tur`aay

tkgfs tc jk ` ncbgetevkay, poysen`aay `gf hcr`aay tr`gsetecg`a pkrecf icr noeafrkg. Heffak snocca

tk`nokrs `rk `t `g `fv`gt`bkf pcsetecg tc egtrcfunk kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby `gf kgncur`bk ets usk(Mkggkto, :

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA 2

heffak snocca kxpcsurk. Voksk tknogcacben`a smeaas weaa jk gkkfkf jcto egsefk `gf cutsefk ci tok

na`ssrcch.

Rokrk`s jcto tk`nokrs `gf stufkgts wkrk i`nkf weto ugea`tkr`a st`ten p`pkr-j`skf

egicrh`tecg eg tok prk-febet`a `n`fkhen ncgdknturk, tok febet`a `bk h`mks tok n`sk icr tok v`aefety

ci tknogcacby `s `g kfun`tecg`a tcca. Vknogcacby prcvefks tk`nokrs `gf stufkgts `aemk ̀ nnkss tc

egst`gt huatepak scurnks ci egicrh`tecg `aacwegb icr iurtokr stehua`tk tok stufkgt-nkgtkrkf

egquery-j`skf hktocfcacby tkg`gts woeak ncgnchet`gtay kgrenoegb tok na`ssrcch kgvercghkgt.

Eg tok nurrkgt rk`aety ci tok [getkf ^t`tks, hcst stufkgts cwg tok gkkfkf tccas suno `s `

sh`rt pocgk cr ` pkrscg`a nchputkr, tc pkricrh quenm `gf tc-tok-pcegt sk`rnoks (Voch`s &Crtocjkr, :

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA ?

^ujskqukgtay, tok rksuats ci toes stufy weaa ak`f tc ` fe`bgcstens to`t weaa jk uskf tc `sskss, buefk

`gf ciikr subbkstecgs tc tok st`ii tc `g`ayzk gkkfs `gf fkienekgneks eg tok ehpakhkgt`tecg `gf

f`eay usk ci tknogcacby. Vok stufy rksuats weaa jk uskf tc iegf w`ys tc kgo`gnk na`ssrcch

egstruntecg `gf pkf`bcben`a tccas icr tocsk woc h`y gct ikka nchicrt`jak weto et ykt.

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA 5

\rcjakh ^t`tkhkgt `gf ^kttegb

\urpcsk

Vok purpcsk ci toes rksk`rno es tc kx`hegk tok j`rrekrs tc tok usk ci tknogcacby eg heffak

snocca `t Vweg Ia`ts Heffak ^nocca (VIH^). Zksuats irch toes stufy h`y okap prcvefk v`au`jak

egicrh`tecg icr tk`nokrs, `fhegestr`tcrs, `s wkaa `s pcaeny h`mkrs `s kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby es

egtkbr`tkf egtc na`ssrcchs `nrcss Ef`oc.

Zksk`rno Pukstecg

Vc wo`t `jeaety `rk tok tk`nokrs `t VIH^ i`heae`r weto `gf `jak tc usk tok tccas ci tok

:0st nkgtury3Fc tk`nokrs ncgsefkr tokhskavks iaukgt kgcubo eg tok usk ci kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby sc `s

tc gct oegfkr tok usk ci tknogcacby eg tok na`ssrcch3 Fc tk`nokrs iegf ehpcrt`gnk eg usegb

kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby, `s ` rkscurnk eg ` aksscg3 Fc tk`nokrs ikka to`t tok `fhegestr`tecg

suppcrts `gf kgncur`bks kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby usk3 Fc tk`nokrs iegf sebgeien`gnk eg ak`rgegb

ocw tc ehpakhkgt kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby `gf `rk weaaegb tc st`y nurrkgt, kvkg tocubo

tknogcacby no`gbks r`pefay3

^uj-qukstecgs

Reaa tok st`ii jk weaaegb tc ak`rg `jcut ` smeaa to`t ncuaf jk uskf tc kgncur`bk

ncaa`jcr`tevk wcrm `hcgbst tok tk`hs `gf stufkgts `aemk `gf ` gkw w`y tc kgncur`bk `gf

hcgetcr pkkr-kfetegb3

^kttegb

VIH^ es cgk ci twc heffak snoccas eg tok nety eg Ef`oc. @s tok pcpua`tecg ci tok nety o`s

egnrk`skf jy :?% eg tok a`st 0< yk`rs, irch >6,695 tc 66,0:; `nncrfegb tc [^ Nkgsus

Jurk`u(:

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA 0<

tr`gsetecgegb tok twc dugecr oebo snoccas, 2to torcubo 5to br`fks , snoccas tc ` heffak, 9to

torcubo ?to br`fk snoccas. Eg :

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA 00

Zkvekw ci Aetkr`turk

Kfun`tecg eg tok :0st Nkgtury Heffak ^nocca - Vknogcacby `s ` Vcca

Eg aebot ci tok gkw rkquerkhkgts `gf to`t heffak snocca tkgfs tc jk ` g`tur`aay

tr`gsetecg`a pkrecf icr noeafrkg, ncbgetevkay, poysen`aay `gf hcr`aay, tk`nokrs eg heffak snocca

`rk eg tok prehk pcsetecg tc egtrcfunk `gf kgncur`bk tok usk ci kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby (Mkggkto,

:

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA 0:

vertu`aay kaeheg`tegb tehk gkkfkf tc ak`rg eg ` tr`fetecg`a icrh`t. H`gy stufkgts tcf`y `ark`fy

o`vk tccas `v`ea`jak tc sk`rno icr `gswkrs quenmay usegb toker pkrscg`a nkaa pocgks tc `gswkr

toker qukstecgs. Icr kx`hpak, stufkgts n`g vertu`aay w`am torcubo huskuhs `rcugf tok wcraf,

kxpacrk `gnekgt feb setks, `gf wegfcw socp fcwg tok No`hpks Åaysåks eg \`res, Ir`gnk `t `gy

tehk wetocut ak`vegb toker fksm.

Vok `thcspokrk ci kfun`tecg tcf`y n`g prchctk ak`rgegb torcubo kxpacr`tecg,

ncaa`jcr`tecg, `gf egquery jkycgf tok rkstrentecgs ci ` stufkgt eg ` fksm. Ieaaegb eg wcrmsokkts jy

iegfegb tok `gswkrs eg ` tkxtjccm, `s skkg eg snoccas ci tok p`st, fcks gct o`vk tc jk tok gcrh.

 Gkvkrtokakss, tokrk `rk essuks `sscne`tkf weto toes penturk ci kfun`tecg eg tok :0st nkgtury. Vokskessuks r`gbk irch `nnkssejeaety ci tknogcacby fuk tc aehetkf jufbkts, tk`nokr tknogcacben`a

iaukgny, weaaegbgkss ci tk`nokrs tc usk ugi`heae`r tccas, `gf suppcrt irch `fhegestr`tecg `gf

 pcaeny h`mkrs woc aehet ocw huno tknogcacby es `nnkssejak.

Vok stufy weaa okap na`reiy tknogcacby j`rrekrs eg ` heffak snocca skttegb jy kx`hegegb

tok rkspcgsks ci tok tk`nokrs `gf kfun`tecg`a st`ii `t VIH^ tc tok usk ci tknogcacby tcf`y. Vok

rksuats ci tok stufy weaa tokg buefk tok kfun`tecg, tknogcacby, cr ehpakhkgt`tecg tc usk

tknogcacby tc kgo`gnk tok prk-kxestegb oeboay kiikntevk dcj tk`nokrs `rk `ark`fy fcegb woeak

oeboaebotegb tok gkkfs `gf `jeaeteks ci tok stufkgts `s toky g`veb`tk eg tok tknogcacby wcraf ci

tcf`y.

Et es wetoeg p`rt twc ci Nusogkr, M. H. (:

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA 0>

fkvkacphkgt`a gkkfs to`t `rk hkt fuk tc o`vegb ` Fkvkacphkgt`aay @pprcpre`tk Na`ssrcch

(F@\) kgvercghkgt. Vok `utocrs kxpa`eg tok ncgstruntevest tocubot ci Fkvkacphkgt`aay

@pprcpre`tk \r`ntenk `gf ocw et es ` icrh ci jkst pr`ntenks (pp. >00->0:).

Iurtokrhcrk, tok jccm rkikrs tc tokcrests to`t suppcrt ncaa`jcr`tevk na`ssrcchs (p. :2?).

@s wkaa `s bkgfkr essuks ci heffak snocca stufkgts `gf ocw toky scne`aezk `gf ak`rg nchp`rkf tc

ctokr `bk brcups (pp. :?;-:?2). Ieg`aay, tok `utocrs `rbukf ci j`skf cg \`rmkr―s `gf Fkwky―s

tokcreks ci akss-tk`nokr-nkgtkrkf ncgnkpts to`t jknchks ` nccpkr`tevk ak`rgegb `gf sh`aa „brcup

`nteveteks woeno prchpt jkst pr`ntenks. (p. >09)

Vccas ci Ncaa`jcr`tecg - Reme `gf ctokr :.< Vccas@s wk o`vk egncrpcr`tkf h`gy `spknts ci tok :0st nkgtury cgaegk kgvercghkgt egtc cur

f`eay aevks, tok fkvkacphkgt ci p`pkr-j`skf `n`fkhen prcdknts es nchegb tc `g kgf. Vokrkicrk,

weto tok uateh`tk bc`a tc egnrk`sk stufkgt kgb`bkhkgt `gf ncaa`jcr`tecg woeak nrk`tegb kiikntevk

egtkr`ntevk p`pkrakss pkf`bcben`a `nteveteks, p`rtenep`gts weaa kxpacrk Remesp`nk `s hk`gs tc

 prchctk p`pkrakss kss`ys, nrcss-nurrenuauh prcdknts, `gf tok st`rt ci ` febet`a pcrticaec (Rktzka &

^trufakr) eg heffak snocca skttegb (Retgky & ^h`aajcrgk, @aascp, ^okkoy, N`gbk, Hcr`aks-

@rrcyc, Vo`g, Vug, & R`gb, @gfks &Na`bbktt). Vokrkicrk, upcg nchpaktecg ci hy wcrmsocp,

 p`rtenep`gts weaa jk `jak tc g`veb`tk ` Remesp`nk, fesnuss tok jkgkiets `gf/cr cjst`naks ci

Remesp`nks `s ` ak`rgegb tcca `gf ak`rg ocw tc nrk`tk ` weme ci toker cwg.

Vok `rtenak, Voch`s, M., &Crtocjkr, N. (:

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA 06

suppcrt tok ak`rgegb tokcry to`t n`g jk `tt`egkf usegb tknogcacby (tkxt-hkss`begb), suno `s

Yybctsmy―s ncgstruntevest ak`rgegb tokcry―s khpo`ses cg nchhugen`tecg.

Ieg`aay, ` uskiua pcrtecg ci tok `rtenak t`ams `jcut essuks to`t h`y rka`tk tc tok usk ci

tknogcacby weto tok ycuto, suno `s nok`tegb, nyjkr juaayegb, `gf skxtegb. Jut eg to`t tok stufy

rksk`rnokf stufeks to`t egfen`tkf to`t tok essuks fc gct egnrk`sk jkn`usk ci tknogcacby, jut to`t et

es ` hcr`a, gct ` tknogcacben`a essuk to`t n`usks tok egnrk`sk ci cnnurrkgnks (pp. ;?-;5). Vok i`nt

to`t tknogcacby fcks `aacw icr `g k`sekr `nnkss tc tok gkw hcr`a fkaegqukgneks, nyjkr juaayegb

`gf skxtegb , nok`tegb o`sg―t no`gbkf irch prk- tc pcst- tknogcacby `nnkssejeaety.

Zkb`rfakss, tok stufy fcks subbkst to`t tok usk ci hcjeak pocgks cr ‑hege-tkrheg`as icrtkxt-j`skf nchhugen`tecg‘ o`vk pctkgte`a jkgkiets eg tok m-0: na`ssrcch. Vok i`nt to`t tok

hcjeak fkvenk es `ark`fy eg hcst o`gfs sc tr`egegb tok stufkgt es `ark`fy fcgk, tokg ci ncursk, tok

i`nt to`t tok jkgkiets egnaufk ‑`gywokrk `gf `gytehk egtkr`ntecg weto pkkrs, egstruntcrs, `gf

ncursk ncgtkgt‘ (Voch`s & Crtocjkr, p. ;5). Jut stkps wcuaf gkkf tc ehpakhkgt tc okap

 prkvkgt/fehegeso tok hcr`a essuks to`t tkgf tc fkvkacp k`sekr fuk tc tknogcacby.

J`rrekrs @sscne`tkf weto :0st Nkgtury Vccas

Vok `rtenak, Vok Zka`tecgsoep Jktwkkg Vk`nokr's Vknogcacby Egtkbr`tecg @jeaety `gf

[s`bk, es vkry uskiua eg to`t tok rksk`rno suppcrts hy stufy eg woy tok us`bk ci tknogcacby `gf

tocsk tk`nokrs woc o`vk oebo `jeaety bkgkr`aay egtkbr`tk hcrk tknogcacby. ‑Vok rksuats socwkf `

 pcsetevk ncrrka`tecg jktwkkg tk`nokrs' tknogcacby egtkbr`tecg `jeaety `gf us`bk (\k`rscg r 8

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA 0;

Eg tok `rtenak jy Mcpno`, tok stufy prcvefks schk vkry uskiua eg to`t tok hcfkas `rk

suppcrtevk `gf fksnreptevk eg ocw tc okap ehpakhkgt tknogcacby `s p`rt ci hy `ntecg eg tok

`ntecg rksk`rno p`rt ci tok t`sm. Vok `rtenak bevks `g cutaegk `gf fksnrejks tok pkrnkevkf huatepak

 j`rrekrs (tehk, jkaekis, `nnkss, prcikssecg`a fkvkacphkgt, nuaturk) cg tk`nokrs woc `rk ak`rgegb tc

egtkbr`tk tknogcacby `gf subbksts ` guhjkr ci str`tkbeks icr egtkbr`tegb tknogcacby, suno `s

kst`jaesoegb ` nuaturk ci tknogcacby egtkbr`tecg, hcfkaegb tknogcacby usk, `gf nrk`tegb tk`nokr

ak`fkrs.

Vok p`rtenep`gts eg tok stufy jy Rrebot, Y. O., & Reascg, K. M. (:

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA 09

cg ocw tc hk`surk tok f`t` ci hy cwg survky, subbkstecgs cg wokrk tc sk`rno icr suppcrt ci hy

cwg survky, `gf tok rksuats tc nchp`rk hy cwg survky `gf cjskrv`tecgs weto.

@g Cvkrvekw ci Ro`t Kfun`tegb eg tok :0st Nkgtury N`g Jknchk

Vok `rtenak jy @ujusscg, \., ^nounm, ^., & Jurfkg, M. (:

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA 02

‑Ncgstruntevest tk`noegb hktocfs `aebg weto hk`gegbiua tknogcacby usk‘ (Ohkac-^eavkr, :

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA 0?

Zksk`rno Hktocfs

^kttegb

Vweg Ia`ts Heffak ^nocca es cgk ci twc heffak snoccas eg tok nety eg Ef`oc. @s tok

 pcpua`tecg ci tok nety o`s egnrk`skf sc o`s tok gkkf tc h`mk tok no`gbk irch ` dugecr oebo akvka

snocca ugtea torkk yk`rs `bc `s jcto dugecr oebo snoccas no`gbkf toker stufkgt jcfy tc kgnchp`ss

9to torcubo ?to br`fkrs (@gcgyhcus, :> stufkgts. Vok snocca o`s `jcut 6

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA 05

^urvky Vcca skntecgs `gf fksnreptecgs4

\`rt 04 Fkhcbr`poen Pukstecgs

Voes skntecg ncgsests ci ` sh`aa sex qukstecg tc kst`jaeso tok j`sk. Egicrh`tecg irch toes

weaa jk uskf tc nchp`rk weto tok ctokr f`t` tc iegf trkgfs cr `rk`s ci ncgnkrg.

\`rt :4 [sk ci Kfun`tecg`a Vknogcacby ^urvky= VVH-KV=

Voes survky fk`as weto ycur nurrkgt ehprkssecg ci usegb kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby4 Eg toes

skntecg, p`rtenep`tks `rk tc `gswkr ` st`tkhkgt, j`skf cg tok fkiegetecg ci wo`t es kfun`tecg`a

tknogcacby to`t es tok trukst weto rkb`rf tc toker usk ci kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby.

\`rt >4 Ncgiefkgnk ^urvkyVoes p`rt ci tok survky `sms icr ocgkst kv`au`tecg ci ocw ncgiefkgt tok p`rtenep`gt es eg

usegb kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby eg tok na`ssrcch wokg ctokr toegbs bkt eg tok w`y cr nrk`tk

cjst`naks icr tokh.

\`rt ;4 Nchpaktk tok \csetevks `gf Gkb`tevks ^urvky

Eg toes skntecg st`tkhkgts `rk bevkg to`t rkprkskgt feiikrkgt cpegecgs `jcut usegb

kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby. \`rtenep`tks `rk tc wretk tok guhjkr eg tok sp`nk to`t jkst suhh`rezks

ocw huno toky `brkk cr fes`brkk weto k`no st`tkhkgt.

\`rt 94 Irkqukgny ci Kfun`tecg`a Vknogcacby [sk

Voes p`rt ci tok survky `sms ocw irkqukgtay kfun`tcrs usk v`recus typks ci kfun`tecg`a

tknogcacby eg tok na`ssrcch.

\`rt 24 Ieg`a Vocubots `gf/cr ^ubbkstecgs

Eg tok sp`nk jkacw, p`rtenep`tks o`vk tok cppcrtugety tc wretk eg `gy tocubots cr

subbkstecgs to`t toky o`vk woeno h`y na`reiy rkspcgsks cr tc okap us jkttkr ugfkrst`gf ycur

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA :<

rkspcgsks. \`rtenep`tks to`t jkaekvk wk o`vk akit cut `gy ehpcrt`gt etkhs `rk irkk tc usk toes

skntecg tc kxpa`eg.

Egstruhkgts

Pu`atrens.nch es ` survky bkgkr`tcr to`t weaa `aacw hk tc nrk`tk ` survky tc b`tokr

egicrh`tecg `jcut ocw tok p`rtenep`gt usks kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby tcf`y. Pu`atrens.nch es `

survky prcbr`h to`t es p`sswcrf prctkntkf `gf weaa `aacw hk tc `g`ayzk tok f`t`. @aa p`rtenep`gts

wkrk bevkg tok cptecg tc t`mk tok survky `s et w`s nchpaktkay cg ` vcaugtkkr j`ses.

Vok st`ii `t Vweg Ia`ts Heffak ^nocca weaa jk vkrj`aay egicrhkf ci tok rksk`rno prcdknt

`gf icaacw up wcrmsocp cg @prea :;to, :

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA :0

\`rtenep`gts

Vok p`rtenep`gts eg toes stufy weaa egnaufk `jcut ieity tk`nokrs `gf `fhegestr`tevk `gf

suppcrt st`ii `t Vweg Ia`ts Heffak ^nocca (VIH^), Ef`oc. Vok st`ii weaa jk `smkf tc ieaa eg `

ncgiefkgte`a wkj-j`skf survky weto ncgskgt bevkg upcg nchpaktecg ci tok survky. Voes survky

weaa o`vk qukstecgs ugfkr tok n`tkbcreks ci4 Irkqukgny ci Kfun`tecg`a Vknogcacby [sk=

Ncgiefkgnk eg usegb Kfun`tecg`a Vknogcacby= \csetevks `gf Gkb`tevks ci tok usk ci Kfun`tecg`a

Vknogcacby `gf et socuaf cgay t`mk `jcut twkgty hegutks tc nchpaktk.

\rcnkfurks4

\`rtenep`gts `t Vweg Ia`ts Heffak ^nocca weaa jk egstruntkf `jcut tok stufy, `gf bevkg tehk tcnchpaktk tok survky cg @prea :;to furegb ` Jueafegb Ehprcvkhkgt hcrgegb hkktegb fkfen`tkf jy

Hr. Oy`tt.

Vok p`rtenep`gts weaa jk `smkf tc t`mk tok febet`a icrh`t ci tok `tt`nokf p`pkr egstruhkgt,

 jy usegb tok survky tcca, Pu`atrens, `t www.ggu.us.qu`atrens.nch. @s tok stufy es gct h`gf`tcry,

 p`rtenep`gts h`y noccsk tc kaknt tc gct p`rtenep`tk wetocut je`s tcw`rfs tokhskavks cr toker dcjs.

Eg tok p`pkr icrh`t, p`rtenep`gts `rk tc fc tok icaacwegb prcnkfurks4

Nchpaktk tok socrt fkhcbr`poen egicrh`tecg cg p`bk : ci toes p`nmkt=

Zk`f tok fkiegetecg ci ‑usk ci kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby‘ cg p`bk > ci toes p`nmkt= tokg

nchpaktk tok VVH-KV jkgk`to tok fkiegetecg=

Nchpaktk tok Ncgiefkgnk ^urvky cg p`bks 6 `gf ; ci toes p`nmkt eg ycur ncgiefkgnk eg

usegb kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby=

Nchpaktk tok \csetevks `gf Gkb`tevks ^urvky cg p`bk 9 ci toes p`nmkt rka`tkf tc tok

 pcsetevks `gf gkb`tevks ycu skk eg usegb kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby=

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA ::

Nchpaktk tok Irkqukgny ^urvky cg p`bks 2 `gf ? ci toes p`nmkt woeno `sms ocw

irkqukgtay ycu usk v`recus typks ci kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby eg tok na`ssrcch.

^o`rk `gy tocubots cr subbkstecgs icr na`reien`tecg cg p`bk ? ci toes p`nmkt=

^k`a tok survky eg tok skai-`ffrksskf, st`hpkf kgvkacpk E prcvefkf weto tok survky p`nmkt

`gf rkturg icr `g`ayses.

@itkr tok t`jua`tecg ci tok survky rksuats, tokrk weaa jk ` icaacw up wcrmsocp. Vok

wcrmsocp weaa `ffrkss `ffetecg`a w`ys tc kgncur`bk wretegb smeaas `gf ncaa`jcr`tecg `hcgbst

stufkgts, w`ys tc jueaf nrcss-nurrenuauh `ssebghkgts, `gf `aacw icr stufkgts tc nrk`tk ` febet`a

 pcrticaec ci oebo qu`aety wcrm. Vok wcrmsocp weaa jk okaf cg ` ^`turf`y tc `aacw p`rtenep`gts tc`ttkgf wetocut hessegb ctokr hkktegbs, woeno hebot egtkrikrk weto toes cppcrtugety. Vok

nchpaktk cutaegk ci tok wcrmsocp es `v`ea`jak eg @ppkgfex ; ci toes fcnuhkgt. Vok j`sen cutaegk

weaa `ffrkss toksk essuks4

Ro`t es ` Remesp`nk3

Ocw n`g ` Remesp`nk jk uskf eg hy nurrenuauh/`n`fkhen tk`h3

Ocw n`g stufkgt wretegb smeaas `gf ncaa`jcr`tecg egnrk`sk usegb ` Remesp`nk3

Roy es et `g ehpcrt`gt efk` tc nrk`tk ` febet`a pcrticaec icr tok stufkgts st`rtegb eg Heffak

^nocca3

Ocw tc bkt st`rtkf usegb ` Remesp`nk3 @gf pcssejak essuks `sscne`tkf weto ` Remesp`nk.

@s tok wcrmsocp es gct h`gf`tcry tc tok survky, tok ncaakntecg ci f`t` weaa jk ocw h`gy

 pkcpak p`rtenep`tkf nchp`rkf tc tok `hcugt ci pkcpak woc tccm tok survky. Vok purpcsk weaa jk

tc kxp`gf pcssejeaeteks icr st`ii eg tok usk ` icrh ci kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby, `gf tok acgb tkrh

rksuats wcuaf jk tc cjskrvk tok s`hk tk`nokrs gkxt yk`r tc skk ei toky gcw usk tok Remesp`nk cr

ctokr icrhs ci kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby, jut to`t es gct `sscne`tkf weto toes nurrkgt stufy.

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA :>

@aa f`t` ncaakntkf furegb tok stufy weaa jk mkpt eg ` p`sswcrf prctkntkf nchputkr `gf

ieaks eg hy acnmkf n`jegkt.

Dcog Oy`tt, tok snocca `fhegestr`tcr, o`s `pprcvkf toes rksk`rno stufy (skk @ppkgfex :).

F`t` Ncaakntecg

Vok tk`noegb st`ii weaa jk bevkg tehk cg @prea :;to tc nchpaktk tok survky usegb tok wkj-

 j`skf survky tcca cg Pu`atrens.nch. Vok f`t` weaa jk mkpt eg tok prcbr`h ugfkr p`sswcrf

 prctkntecg. Cgnk E st`rt tc `g`ayzk tok f`t`, E weaa usk Henrcscit Kxnka woeno weaa jk `v`ea`jak

cgay tc hk `gf eg ` p`sswcrf prctkntkf nchputkr.

Vok icaacw-up wcrmsocp cg H`y 0?

to

, :

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA :6

Zksuats

Vok purpcsk ci toes rksk`rno es tc kx`hegk tok j`rrekrs tk`nokr ikka `rk oegfkregb tok usk

ci tknogcacby eg heffak snocca. Vok rksuats ci tok stufy `rk j`skf cg tok cgaegk survky usegb

www.Pu`atrens.nch, wokrk ci tok ;< st`ii hkhjkrs eg tok heffak snocca to`t wkrk `smkf tc t`mk

tok vcaugtkkr survky cgay :? `ttkhptkf tc nchpaktk `gf cgay :> nchpaktkf tok egstruhkgt weto

0< woc `ffkf Ieg`a Vocubots `gf/cr ^ubbkstecgs.

Vok rksuats icr toes survky kxpacrks tc wo`t `jeaety tok tk`nokrs `t Vweg Ia`ts Heffak

^nocca (VIH^) `rk i`heae`r weto `gf `jak tc usk tok v`st tccas ci tok :0st nkgtury3 Vok survky

w`s `fhegestkrkf cg vcaugtkkr j`sks `gf irch tok rkspcgsks tok icaacwegb qukstecgs weaa jk`gswkrkf woeno `rk vet`a icr sunnkssiua egtkbr`tecg ci tknogcacby4

•  Fc tk`nokrs ncgsefkr tokhskavks iaukgt kgcubo eg tok usk ci kfun`tecg`a

tknogcacby sc `s tc gct oegfkr tok usk ci tknogcacby eg tok na`ssrcch3

•  Fc tk`nokrs iegf ehpcrt`gnk eg usegb kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby, `s ` rkscurnk eg `

aksscg3

•  Fc tk`nokrs ikka to`t tok `fhegestr`tecg suppcrts `gf kgncur`bks kfun`tecg`a

tknogcacby usk3

•  Fc tk`nokrs iegf sebgeien`gnk eg ak`rgegb ocw tc ehpakhkgt kfun`tecg`a

tknogcacby `gf `rk weaaegb tc st`y nurrkgt, kvkg tocubo tknogcacby no`gbks

r`pefay3

Cut ci tok :2 rkspcgsks icr qukstecg cgk, ‑Uk`rs ci Vk`noegb Kxpkrekgnk,‘ tok rksuats

egfen`tkf to`t tok kxpkrekgnk ci tok tk`nokrs r`gbk irch 0 yk`r tc :? yk`rs. Vok hk`g yk`rs ci

kxpkrekgnk `rk 0>.:5> `gf tok Oebokst Kfun`tecg`a Akvka, weto 90% ci tok rkspcgsks egfen`tegb

‑^chk Nrkfets jkycgf J`nokacr―s Fkbrkk‘ weto 02 cut ci :? rkspcgsks Ieburk 0. Rokg `smkf,

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA :;

‑O`vk ycu t`mkg cr `rk ycu nurrkgtay t`megb `g cgaegk na`ss,‘  ;2% ci tok rkspcgsks yks, `gf 6>%

gc Ieburk :. Vok rksuats iurtokr egfen`tk to`t tok h`dcrety ci p`rtenep`tks `rk usegb tok cgaegk

na`ssrcchs icr pkrscg`a brcwto, jut ?9% `rk gct pa`ggegb tc cjt`eg `g cgaegk tk`noegb

kgfcrskhkgt Ieburk >. 

Ieburk 0

# @gswkr Zkspcgsk %0 J`nokacr's 6 06%

:^chk nrkfets jkycgfJ`nokacr's Fkbrkk

02 90%

> H`stkr's 6 06%

6^chk nrkfets jkycgfH`stkr's Fkbrkk

> 00%

; Fcntcr`tk <

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA :9

st`gf`rf fkve`tecg ci 0.06, icugf v`auk eg usegb kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby `s ` mky p`rt ci tok

aksscg pa`g Ieburk 6. Vok acw pkrnkgt`bk hebot jk egfen`tkf jy toes st`tkhkgt h`fk jy ` survkycr

‑[segb tknogcacby eg tok na`ssrcch n`g o`vk jkgkiets icr stufkgt pkricrh`gnk, jut wk n`ggct

 dust torcw ` jugno ci tknogcacby egtc tok na`ssrcch dust tok s`mk ci jregbegb et eg, et o`s tc hk`gs

schktoegb, ctokrwesk wk h`y `s wkaa tkaa tok mefs tc jregb toker _jcxks tc snocca…‘ 

Ieburk 6

# @gswkr Zkspcgsk %

0Vok usk ci kfun`tecg tknogcacby `s ` tk`noegb tcca es cvkrr`tkf. E fcg't skk`gy gkkf tc usk ` act ci tknogcacby eg hy na`ssks= hy nurrkgt hktocfswcrm wkaa.

< E o`vk jkkg toegmegb `jcut egnrk`segb hy usk ci kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby= Etoegm et hebot okap stufkgts ak`rg hcrk kiikntevkay.

: 5%

6E o`vk jkkg t`amegb tc ctokrs `jcut usegb hcrk kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby eghy na`ssks cr accmegb up egicrh`tecg, `gf E o`vk jkbug tryegb cut ` ikwgkw hktocfs.

9 :9%

;E o`vk jkkg usegb `gf weaa ncgteguk tc usk h`gy typks ci kfun`tecg`atknogcacby eg hy na`ssks= E `h ncgtegu`aay ak`rgegb ocw tc h`mk et wcrmkvkg jkttkr.

2 > 0

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA :2

ci kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby, jut Z@ZKAU eg na`ss‘ cvkr tok h`dcrety ci tok cptecgs. Vok usk ci

gkwkr tknogcacby r`tkf acwkr cg tok irkqukgny sn`ak Ieburk ;, woeno h`y jk jkst suhhkf up eg tok

nchhkgt jy ` tk`nokr, ‑E fcg―t o`vk ` prcdkntcr cr sh`rt jc`rf „  sc E `h w`y jkoegf! E o`vk `

FYF pa`ykr to`t fcksg―t wcrm, ` YO^ pa`ykr to`t fcks wcrm, `gf ` VY `gf VY`tcr.‘  Iurtokr

suppcrtegb tok acw guhjkrs tok rksuats socw to`t :< cut ci tok >0qukstecgs, 9;%, egfen`tk to`t

tok h`dcrety ci rkspcgsks r`rkay uskf tok kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby tccas hkgtecgkf eg tok survky

woeno es suppcrtkf jy cgk tk`nokr ―s st`tkhkgt ‑ei p`rkgts cr `fhegestr`tecg n`g h`mk tok n`sk

to`t tknogcacby es gct okapegb tok stufkgts icr schk rk`scg, tokg E wcg ―t usk et ugtea E n`g iegf `

 jkttkr hktocf. Gc cgk n`g dust rujjkr st`hp tknogcacby `gf s`y to`t et es okapiua cr jkst

 pr`ntenk.‘ 

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA :?

Ieburk ;

Vok rksuat ci tok irkqukgny `gf ocw ikw tok tk`nokrs ci tok heffak snocca usk tok v`st

fkvenks `v`ea`jak eg tok na`ssrcch (rkikr tc Ieburk ;) es kvefkgt eg tok cutnchks ci tok ncgiefkgnk

survky skntecg. Eg bkgkr`a, tok tk`nokrs rkspcgfkf ‑ncgiefkgt‘ tc ‑nchpaktkay ncgiefkgt‘ wokg

`smkf ei tok usk cr scautecg tc usegb tknogcacby. Ocwkvkr, tok ncgiefkgt akvka frcppkf wokg

kx`hegkf `jcut tok `fhegestr`tecg suppcrt tc tknogcacby wokg jufbkts `rk tebot kvkg tocubo

9;% ci tok rkspcgsks st`tks tok usk ci kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby weaa jkgkiet hk furegb tk`nokr

kv`au`tecgs `s wkaa `s jkgkiet tok stufkgts― pkrscg`a brcwto `gf ak`rgegb. @ffetecg`aay ;:% ci

tok rkspcgsks socw ` a`nm ci v`auk ci usegb kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby woeak t`amegb `jcut usegb

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA :5

tknogcacby eg tk`noegb `pprc`noks `gf cgay >

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA ><

gkkfkf icr stufkgt ak`rgegb, 50%, `s wkaa `s ?2% ci tok survkykf fes`brkk weto tok st`tkhkgt

to`t weto tknogcacby tok qu`aety ci tok na`ssks wcuaf rkfunk. Iurtokr fes`brkkhkgts weto tok

st`tkhkgts `b`egst usegb tknogcacby `rk tok ncgnkpts to`t weto tknogcacby tok ‑strkss eg wcrmegb

weto stufkgts, p`rkgts, `gf/cr aksscgs wcuaf egnrk`sk,‘ ?2%, `gf ?>% ci tok rkspcgfkgts

fes`brkkf weto tok st`tkhkgt to`t ‑E fcg―t mgcw kgcubo `jcut kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby tc jknchk

kiikntevk usegb et.‘ 

 Gkvkrtokakss, tok rksuats socw to`t tok rkspcgfkgts― gketokr `brkkf gcr fes`brkkf eg

h`dcrety `jcut st`tkhkgts suno `s, ‑E wcuaf ikka ` brk`tkr skgsk ci v`auk eg hy tk`noegb ei E uskf

kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby eg na`ss‘ 90% eg fes`brkkhkgt `gf >5% eg `brkkhkgt, ‑E wcuaf ikka hcrk

kiikntevk `s ` tk`nokr ei E wkrk tc usk kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby eg na`ss,‘ weto 6>% eg fes`brkkhkgt

`gf ;2% eg `g `brkkhkgt. @ffetecg`aay, tok st`tkhkgt to`t ‑usegb kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby wcuaf

h`mk hk ikka hcrk cptehesten `jcut hy n`rkkr ‘ rksuatkf eg cgay ;2% eg `brkkhkgt `gf 6>% eg

fes`brkkhkgt.

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA >0

Fesnussecg

Voes stufy `ehkf tc kxpacrk tok pkrnkevkf essuks rkb`rfegb tok ‑[sk ci Kfun`tecg`a

Vknogcacby‘ `s wkaa `s tok akvka ci ‑Ncgiefkgnk‘ `gf wo`t tok ‑\krnkptecgs‘ ci suno tknogcacby

wkrk `hcgb tok Vweg Ia`ts Heffak ^nocca (VIH^) i`nuaty. Vok rksuats icugf eg tok Ncgiefkgnk

^urvky skntecg, `gswkrs tok qukstecg4 Fc tk`nokrs ikka to`t tok `fhegestr`tecg suppcrts `gf

kgncur`bks kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby usk3 Cgay :9% `gswkrkf to`t toky `brkkf ‑E `h ncgvegnkf

to`t hy `fhegestr`tecg weaa suppcrt hy usk ci kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby kvkg wokg jufbkts `rk

tebot.‘ Vokrkicrk tok suppcrt icr usegb tknogcacby eg tok na`ssrcch es gct suppcrtkf jy tocsk woc

n`g h`mk tok nocenks tc egncrpcr`tk tok rkscurnks `s tok snocca a`nms eg kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby

fkvenks. Hcvegb icrw`rf egtc tok :0st nkgtury ak`rgegb es o`rf wokg tok suppcrt es gct bevkg cr

 pkrnkevkf tc jk `v`ea`jak. @t tok tehk ci tok survky, Vweg Ia`ts Heffak ^nocca cgay o`s icur

nchputkr a`js, `gf twc ci tocsk rcchs o`f jkkg jccmkf icr tok wocak yk`r weto ctokr na`ssks cr

`nteveteks. Vok i`nt to`t tok tk`nokrs w`gt tc suppcrt ak`rgegb eg tok :0st nkgtury usegb tok tccas

`v`ea`jak, tok snocca etskai es jkoegf eg tok tehk tknogcacby wesk.

 Fc tk`nokrs ncgsefkr tokhskavks iaukgt kgcubo eg tok usk ci kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby sc `s

tc gct oegfkr tok usk ci tknogcacby eg tok na`ssrcch3 Vok a`nm ci suppcrt icr usegb `gf kfun`tegb

tok st`ii oegfkrs cg tok weaaegbgkss tc usk es skkg eg tok Irkqukgny ci Kfun`tecg`a Vknogcacby

[sk skntecg ci tok survky. Vok tk`nokrs, woc `rk tok ak`fkrs ci tok ycuto r`rkay, tc gkvkr , ok`rf

ci tok v`st h`dcrety ci tok tccas `v`ea`jak icr tk`nokrs tc ehpakhkgt egtc toker nurrenuauh jkegb

 p`rt ci tok :0st nkgtury. Vok h`dcrety ci tknogcacby tkgfs tc jk nkgtkrkf cg tok tk`nokr ―s gkkfs

`gf `nnkss tc fkvenks. Voes h`y jk tok rksuat to`t tokrk es a`nm ci `nnkss tc tknogcacby `s jkst

st`tkf eg tok rkspcgsk ci ` tk`nokr ‑E ikka to`t ycu socuaf `sm pkcpak ei toky rk`aay o`vk `nnkss tc

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA >:

tknogcacby, ` act ci pkcpak wcuaf acvk tc usk tknogcacby, jut toker festrents fc gct `aacw tokh

`nnkss tc et jkn`usk ci tok iugfegb.‘ 

Vokrkicrk tc `gswkr tok qukstecg4 Fc tk`nokrs iegf ehpcrt`gnk eg usegb kfun`tecg`a tknogcacby,

`s ` rkscurnk eg ` aksscg3 Vok rksuats ci tok survky es suppcrtkf jy tok rkspcgsk ‑Hcrk no`gbks

gkkf tc o`ppkg eg @hkren` tc okap kfun`tecg, dust jregegb eg tok gkw aettak b`fbkts weaa gct jk tok

seavkr juaakt to`t iexks toegbs.‘ Eg ctokr wcrfs, yks tok b`fbkts `rk `rcugf, jut jksefks tok ncst,

tok survky rksuats egfen`tk to`t tok tk`nokrs cgay `brkk, weto huatepak rkspcgsks eg tok 2

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA >>

Zkikrkgnks

@aascp, U. (:

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K_@HEGEGB VKNOGCACBU J@ZZEKZ^ EG HEFFAK ^NOCCA >6

Osu, ^. (:

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