Paardekooper 2012 - The Value of an Archaeological Open-Air Museum is in Its Use

7/30/2019 Paardekooper 2012 - The Value of an Archaeological Open-Air Museum is in Its Use

1/347

\cilrsteciaco Erfgeln`noafe` Nplc-Ear Dusluds eci tglar Xasatnrs

Erfgeln`noafe`Nplc-Ear Duslud

]nl`eci Zeerilknnplr


2/347

Vailstncl ZrlssE clw olclretanc nh Zumàsgaco

Qnu erl rleiaco e hu`` vlrsanc nh tgas mnnk, hnr hrll!

Ygas mnnk as pert nh tgl Vailstncl l-àmrery wglrl dnst nh nur

pumàfetancs erl hu``y efflssam`l hnr hrll. Hnr efflss tn dnrl

hrll mnnks vasat2 www.sailstncl.fnd/àmrery

Inwc`nei Hu`` ZIHXasat tgl Vailstncl l-àmrery tn mrnwsl nur l-mnnks. Hnr e dacade`

hll ynu fec purfgesl e hu``y hucftance` ZIH eci my inaco sn, ynu

gl`p tn kllp nur àmrery ruccaco.

www.sailstncl.fnd/àmrery


3/347

Vailstncl Zrlss

tgl ve`ul nh ec

Erfgeln`noafe`

as ac ats usl

Nplc-Ear Duslud


4/347


5/347

\cilrsteciaco Erfgeln`noafe` Nplc-Ear Dusluds eci tglar Xasatnrs

tgl ve`ul nh ec

Erfgeln`noafe`

as ac ats usl

Nplc-Ear Duslud



6/347

=:5= ].Z. Zeerilknnplr

Zumàsgli my Vailstncl Zrlss, @lailcwww.sailstncl.fndVailstncl rloastretanc cudmlr2 VVZ5656::::5

AVMC 1?7-1:-771:-5:6-9

Zgntnorepgs fnvlr2 Zgntnorepg my Gecs Vpàctlr; liatli myK. _lctack, Vailstncl Zrlss / D.E. Ralàcske, Dngaca Xasancs

Fnvlr ilsaoc2 K. _lctack, Vailstncl Zrlss@ey-nut2 H. Vtlvlcs / Z.F. vec _nlrilknd, Vailstncl Zrlss

Vumdattli my ]nlèci Zaltlrsznnc Zeerilknnplr tn tgl \cavlrsaty nh Lxltlr es etglsas hnr tgl ilorll nh Inftnr nh Zga`nsnpgy ac Erfgeln`noy Ac Hlmruery =:5=


7/347

Fnctlcts

@ast nh Haourls 55

Efkcnw`lioldlcts =5

5 Actrniuftanc =6

5.5 gl One` nh gas ]lslerfg =6

= Ygl Gastnry eci Ilvl`npdlct nh Erfgeln`noafe` Nplc-Ear Dusluds =?

=.5 Actrniuftanc =?

=.= Ilhacatanc =?

=.6 Ilfncstruftaco tgl @atlreturl Vnurfls 65

=.9 gldls 68

=.9.5 ]ndectafasd 67=.9.= Cetance`asd 9:=.9.6 Olrdecy ac tgl =:tg Flctury 95=.9.9 Vfalcfl eci Lxplradlct 99=.9.< Liufetanc eci @lercaco 97=.9.8 nurasd, @lasurl eci Lvlcts


8/347

6.8 Mrnei Vfe`l Nmslrvetancs ?6

6.? Hnfussaco tn e Vde``lr Vfe`l2 Fesl Vtuials ?96.?.5 Vl`lftanc nh tgl Vedp`l Dusluds, Vtrufturl & Vazl nh tgl Vedp`l ?96.?.= Fn``lftanc nh Iete hrnd Eads eci es lxplralcfli ?86.?.6 Dlesurldlct nh tgl Uueàty prnvaili my tgl Duslud

Deceoldlct hnr tgl Fesl Vtuials ?86.?.9 Dlesurldlct nh tgl Uueàty lxplralcfli my Duslud Xasatnrs

hnr tgl Fesl Vtuials 7=6.?.< Fncfùsancs 78

6.7 gl Oeps ac Uueàty 78

6.1 Fncfùsancs 7?

9 Mrnei Vfe`l Nmslrvetancs 71

9.5 Actrniuftanc 71

9.= Vurvlys 71

9.=.5 Harst Vurvly 719.=.= Vlfnci Vurvly 1:9.=.6 Vurvly Ilsaoc 1:

9.6 ypls nh Duslud Iaspèy 19

9.9 Eol 18

9.< Olnorepgy 17

9.8 Xasatnr Cudmlrs 5:6

9.? Klywnris 5:9

9.7 Onvlrcecfl 5: =96?.6.9 Gnw her gevl nurasts trevl``li> =98?.6.< Gnw her gevl nurasts trevl``li tget Iey> =9??.6.8 _atg wgnd erl nurasts vasataco tgl Duslud> =9??.6.? Gnw `nco erl nurasts steyaco ac tgas Erle> =91

?.9 gl Ilfasanc tn vasat = = =


12/347

Epplciax E2 lrdacn`noy =71

Epplciax M2 @ast nh Zlrsnce` Fnctefts rlhlrrli tn =16

Epplciax F2 Ilsfraptanc nh www.lxerf.clt =1 - hn``nwli my efgert watg tgl nptancs astli (Vll Haourl 6.:


82/347

7: -

eci `leh`lts, mut tgl dusluds nwc wlmsatls es wl``. Uulstancs emnut usacosnfae` dliae àkl wattlr (lxastaco sacfl =::8) eci Heflmnnk (sacfl =::9) wlrlcnt acfùili.

Ac tgl L\ prnblft àvlE]FG, tn wgafg e`` laogt dusluds ml`ncoli, tglCnrwloaec duslud @nhntr gei ilsaocli e derkltaco pèc hnrdet hnr usl ace`` laogt dusluds. gecks tn tgas epprnefg, sadp`l mut fndperem`l derkltacopècs emnut =::7 wlrl eveaèm`l hnr tgl prlslct rlslerfg (Vll Vlftanc 8.6.


83/347

75

E`tgnuog tgl dltgnis nh duslud actlrprltetanc es mrnuogt tn tgl pumàfdaogt iahhlr e `nt, tgl mesaf eftavatals nr ildncstretancs wlrl lxplftli tn mldecahnì mut rnuog`y tgl sedl (Vll Haourl 8.=:); sll hnr lxedp`l et Mecogeri2klaclr wer olzwucolc, mlsncilrs val` Zgectesal euhzumracolc, ial Mlsufglrstrdlc eufg mlad lwao o`lafglc Vpllrsfg`luilrc uci Mrntmefklc [cnmniywes hnrfli tn mraco up dufg hectesy, vasatnrs pnur ac lvlc watg tgl ltlrce``ysadaèr tgrnwaco splers eci mekaco mrleiT (Mecogeri =::=, =56).

gl qulstanc wes eskli wgltglr tgl dusluds usl, e`nco watg tglar nwcstehh, ecy ntglr splfaeàsts, stuilcts nr vnùctllrs; mut illplr rlslerfg actn tgas- lsplfae``y actn tgl usl nh vnùctllrs eci àvaco gastnry ornups - fnuì mracoclw plrsplftavls tn tglsl satls.

glrl as e fgecol ac gnw incnrs eci vnùctllrs mlfndl acvn`vli, eci steyacvn`vli, ac dusluds. Incnrs wect tn sll hnr tgldsl`vls wglrl tgl dncly onls,eci cnt sadp`y wratl e fglfk eci fe`` at e iey (www.erts.stetl.tx.us/tnn`kat/`leilrsgaptrecsatancs/trlciwetfg.esp). gl clw olclretanc nh vnùctllrs erlgerilr tn rlteac. Xnùctllr wnrk ges mlfndl acfrlesaco`y e fe`fuètli fgnafl;mlsails tgl mlclhats hnr tgl duslud, tgly wect tn kcnw wget tgly fec olt

nut nh at2 ilvl`np e ska``, olt sndl lxplralcfl, dllt plnp`l lt fltlre. E`sn, tglplrflcteol nh vnùctllrs ednco tllceolrs as dufg gaoglr tgec ednco eiu`ts(www.erts.stetl.tx.us/tnn`kat/`leilrsgaptrecsatancs/trlciwetfg.esp).

6.?.6.? Xasatnr Vlrvafl

Xasatnr Vlrvafl as cntgaco ucaqul hnr erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds. Atfncflrcs esplfts sufg es wgltglr plnp`l gevl mllc em`l tn haci tgl dusludlesa`y, wgltglr tglrl erl lcnuog tna`lts lt fltlre. gl pumàf ges mlfndldnrl ildeciaco ac tglsl dettlrs. Mlfeusl vasatnr slrvafl as ec assul e`sn hnrrlsteurects, gntl`s eci sufg, eivafl as wail`y eveaèm`l. Ah tgl slrvafls erl onni,vasatnrs wa`` ml em`l tn iaolst tgl achnrdetanc eci lxplralcfl ac e duslud dufgmlttlr. gl AF] ouail mnnk nhhlrli e vlry onni strufturl nc gnw tn acvlstaoetltgas sumblft ac tgl laogt dusluds (Zresfg =::=, 5::-5:8, 551-5=5).

gl vasatnr slrvafl fgeptlr nh tgl Deceoldlct Vurvly wes ncl àst watg69 qulstancs. glsl wlrl errecoli ac tgl sedl fgrncn`noafe` nrilr es e vasat.Mloaccaco watg mlhnrl tgl vasat (saocs, eivlrtasaco detlrae`, wlmsatl), tglqulstancs fnctaculi watg wget wnuì gepplc iuraco tgl stey (ouaiaco systld,rnutaco, pèyornucis, tna`lts) eci hacasg watg `levaco tgl duslud (sgnp,e`tlrcetavl eci eiiatance` nhhlracos).

At wes lxplftli tget tgl laogt dusluds wnuì in wl`` ac mracoaco tglduslud tn plnp`ls dacis eci gl`paco tgld tn haci tgl wey tn tgl duslud,es her es tgas wes ac tgl gecis nh tgl duslud deceoldlct atsl`h (Vll Haourl

6.:8).Uulstancs rloeriaco tgl vasatnr slrvafl iuraco tgl vasat hnfussli nc wgltglr

nr cnt achnrdetanc wes f`ler, ah hefaàtals wlrl lesy tn haci eci usl, ah tglrl wlrllcnuog pèfls tn rlèx eci rlfrletl eci nh wget queàty tglsl pèfls wlrl; hace` `yqulstancs wlrl eskli emnut tgl du`taàcoueàsd nh tgl stehh eci nh wrattlcachnrdetanc.


84/347

7= -

Xasatnrs àkl tn tekl sndltgaco gndl, es e dldlctn nh tglar lxplralcfl. Hnrtgas purpnsl, qulstancs wlrl eskli emnut tgl duslud sgnp. At wes e`sn rl`lvecttn sll gnw tgl dusluds ucilr rlslerfg trali tn `lerc emnut tglar vasatnrs.Iasfussanc nc wget dusluds ac tgas slcsl nhhlr as ilsframli ac pereorepg8.6.?.6., wget tgl vasatnrs tgack nh at et pereorepg ?.8.5.?.

6.?.6.7 Ygl Hace` Zert nh tgl Esslssdlctgl hace` pert nh tgl esslssdlct stertli watg e slftanc nc lveùetanc. gasfndprasli ec acclr lveùetanc, ec nutlr lveùetanc eci hace``y e fndperetavllveùetanc. Ncl qulstanc wes, hnr lxedp`l2 as tglrl e prnfliurl hnr fustndlrhllimefk2

_glrl ynu fec ilàvlr e fndpèact (nr preasl)Gnw tn geci`l tglslFec eci in ynu olt mefk tn fustndlrs emnut at>

Lxedp`l àtlreturl emnut tgas sumblft as my Marckreut, uchnrtucetl`y nc`yeveaèm`l ac Olrdec mut vlry tn tgl pnact; acclr eci nutlr lveùetanc ac fu`ture`farf`ls as lxpèacli, watg lxedp`ls hrnd hnur iahhlrlct Lurnplec fnuctrals

(Marckreut =:55).gl V_N wes, nc purpnsl, klpt olclre` ac plrsplftavl eci cnt eibustli tn

erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds es tgas wnuì maes tgl rlsu`ts.Et tgl vlry lci, tgl stehh nh tgl duslud fnuì sgerl tglar palfls nh eivafl

watg ntglrs, tglar rlfnddlcietancs eci pathe``s. gas nptanc wes geri`y usli,es dnst fnddlcts gei e`rleiy mllc dlctancli leràlr.

6.?.9 Dlesurldlct nh tgl Uueàty lxplralcfli my Duslud Xasatnrshnr tgl Fesl Vtuials

6.?.9.5 Zeredltlrs eci Zreftafeàtals

Mlsails ilhacaco tgl queàty es prnvaili my erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluddeceoldlct, rlslerfg wes ucilrteklc actn tgl queàty es lxplralcfli my tglvasatnrs. gl rlsu`ts fec nc`y ml ilsframli ac sumblftavl tlrds, es hnr lxedp`l tgllxplftetancs watg wgafg vasatnrs erravl erl iahhlrlct hrnd plrsnc tn plrsnc, ecierl mesli nc plrflptancs, cnt dlrl`y nc hefts (Bngcs & yes 511?). Hnr ilvasacotgl rlslerfg actn vasatnr lxplralcfl, lxedp`ls wlrl teklc, mntg ac fnctlct ecistretloy, hrnd prlfliaco rlslerfg actn vasatnr dusluds ac olclre` (hnr lxedp`lEciraec =::?, Fnuctrysail Fnddassanc 51?7, Desralre a Lsqulrre =::?). gl

---

?.5.5. Mracoaco tn plnp`ls daciIn ynu fnnplretl rlouèr`y watg tnurast achnrdetanc flctrls, sfgnn`s, sgnps, rlsteurects, gntl`s eci trevl` eolcfals>In ynu pnst ynur splfae` lvlcts ac pumàf pèfls>

?.5.=. Gl`paco tn stci tgl wey tn tgl dusludAs ynur duslud sgnwc eci derkli ac faty nr erle deps>In ynu gevl perkaco pèfls clermy> Gnw erol e plrflcteol nh vasatnrs erravls my fer / fnefg>As ynur duslud nc we`kaco iastecfl hrnd pumàf trecspnrt (mus stnp, treac stetanc, sumwey)>

As at lesy tn stci tgl duslud hrnd tgl mus stnp / stetanc>

?.5.6. Oavaco tgl vasatnrs tgl hllàco nh mlaco wl`fndlAs ynur ste treacli tn ml hralci`y eci fndducafetavl>Erl ynu nlraco e wl`fndl oaht (cafl lelt nr deoezacl hnr lxedp`l)>In ynu oavl ec nvlrvalw nc e`` lxastaco hefaàtals et strst saogt (f`ler noastafs)>

Haourl 6.:82 Ygl qulstancs nh

tgl Deceoldlct Vurvly emnut

tgl vasatnr slrvafl hrnd tgl

slftanc mlhnrl tgl vasat.


85/347

76

rlslerfg tnnk tgl sgepl nh olclre` tnurast survlys es ilsframli, hnr lxedp`l,ac ]lussclrs stretloals hnr pumàf rlslerfg ac dusluds (]lussclr =:5:). Eprlrlquasatl wes tget tgl laogt dusluds wlrl em`l tn usl tgl vasatnr survlyilsaocli hnr tgas rlslerfg es pert nh, nr acstlei nh, tglar nwc =::7 vasatnr survly.glrlhnrl, decy nh tgl qulstancs wlrl ilravli hrnd tglar stecieri survly,wgafg sndl nh tgld gei mllc ruccaco ac tgl prlvanus ylers. E clw l`ldlctwes qulstancs wglrl vasatnrs fnuì retl l`ldlcts nh tglar vasat. Ha`àco nut tglsurvly typafe``y tnnk cn `ncolr tgec 5: dacutls.

gl aile wes tn gevl tgl survly nc àcl, efflssam`l ac tgl laogt dusludstgrnuog fndputlrs watg ec actlrclt fncclftanc, mut tgas prnvli tn ml tnniahhafu`t tn rleàsl. At wnuì gevl sevli tgl peacstekaco lhhnrt nh iete lctry. Cntnc`y iai cnt e`` tgl dusluds gevl e mrneimeci fncclftanc wgafg fnuì lesa`yml rlèyli tn tgl vasatnr erle nh tgl duslud, mut ac sndl fesls tglrl sadp`ywes cn spefl. E`sn, slrvafaco sufg e fndputlr systld wgafg wnuì ml usli mygucirlis nh vasatnrs ac sufg ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud as iahhafu`t. Epnssam`l wey hnr tgl huturl wnuì ml tgl usl nh sadp`l tem`lt fndputlrs.

_atgac tgl pnpuètanc nh vasatnrs tn erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds,

iahhlrlct fetlonrals fec ml rlfnocasli (hnr lxedp`l tgl pumàf et èrol eciliufetance` ornups). Nc`y tgl tnurast vasatnrs wa`` ml pert nh tgl sfnpl nh tgasrlslerfg, es lxpeciaco actn ntglr kacis nh vasatnrs wnuì strltfg mlynci àdatsnh tadl, nroecasetanc eci dncly. Ac tgl dusluds watg `lss tnurast vasatnrs acfndperasnc tn liufetanc vasatnrs (hnr lxedp`l Zerfn Dncte`l, mut lsplfae``y tglDetrafe Duslud), tgas prnvli iahhafu`t.

6.?.9.= Nmblftavls nh tgl Xasatnr Vurvly

gl hnfus nh tgas stuiy nh tgl vasatnrs tn erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds westn esslss tgl eiiatanc wgafg tgl vasatnr lxplralcfl nh tgl dusluds deil tntgl rl`lvect kcnw`liol nh tgl vasatnrs, es wl`` es tglar setasheftanc watg tglarvasat. Hnur rnuog`y dlesurem`l heftnrs, rl`lvect hnr tgl survly erl (FnuctrysailFnddassanc 51?7)2

gl vasatnrs pest lxplralcfl eci actlrlst ac tgl plranis tgl rlsplftavlduslud as tgldli watg;gl acfrlesl nh tgl vasatnrs sgnrt tlrd kcnw`liol - es e veraem`l eci es eprnxy hnr ucilrsteciaco;gl `lvl` nh lcbnydlct wgafg tgl vasatnr ges lxplralcfli ac eci hrnd tglduslud;gl `lvl` nh nc-onaco actlrlst wgafg tgl lxplralcfl ges ernusli - es e prnxyhnr dntavetanc.

At wes tnn fndpàfetli tn haci nut dnrl emnut tgl acfrlesl nh tgl vasatnrs

sgnrt tlrd kcnw`liol es wl`` es emnut tgl `lvl` nh lcbnydlct (et `lest cnt aciltea`). glsl erl rlfnddlcili sumblfts hnr huturl rlslerfg. He`k & Ialrkacoilsframli wl`` gnw vasatnr lxplralcfl fec turc actn `lercaco hrnd e duslud,eci gnw tn infudlct tget, wgafg wnuì ml e stuiy ac atsl`h (He`k & Ialrkaco=:::, 591-5?8).

At wes ilfaili cnt tn actlcsavl`y dncatnr eci qulstanc e sde`` cudmlrnh vasatnrs, mut retglr tn sedp`l e èrolr cudmlr nh vasatnrs `lss actlcsavl`y,fncflctretaco nc tgl lhhlft nh tgl dusluds iuraco tgl sgnrt tadl spec nh tglareftue` vasat. gl lxplftetanc wes tget lvlc eskaco e sde`` cudmlr nh slldaco`y

5.

=.

6.

9.


86/347

79 -

suplrhafae` qulstancs wnuì `lei tn lcnuog iete tn olt ec adeol nh tgl vasatnrseci tglar stey ac tgl dusluds. Hnr tgl huturl, actlrvalwaco e cudmlr nh vasatnrswnuì ml e onni lxtlcsanc nh tgl prlslct rlslerfg, mut at wes tnn dufg tn e`snacfùil sufg ec epprnefg ac tgas stuiy.

gl rlspncsls tn nplc qulstancs my vasatnrs fnuì ml maesli. gl rlètancmltwllc ldntance` rlspncsls eci tglar lxprlssanc ac wnris as fndp`lx, lsplfae``yes ac tgas rlslerfg iahhlrlct ècoueols pèyli e rn`l et tgl vasatnrs `lvl`. Vufg equeàtetavl ecswlr tglrlhnrl feccnt e`weys ml turcli actn e prlfasl sfnrl. glf`nsli qulstancs nhhlrli e quectatetavl epprnefg. glrl as cn rlesnc tn suppnsltget tgl ecswlrs wlrl acfnrrlft, wgltglr actlctance``y nr ntglrwasl.

At wnuì clli iahhlrlct, queàtetavl epprnefgls tn dlesurl tgl ilptg nh tglvasatnr rleftanc, hnr lxedp`l watg iltea`li nmslrvaco nh decy vasatnrs es wl`ès actlrvalwaco tgld (Fnuctrysail Fnddassanc 51?7). Ac tgas rlslerfg, tgasepprnefg wes cnt fgnslc iul tn ats actlcsavl fgereftlr.

Achnrdetanc oetglrli ac tgl acatae` vasats wglc sl`lftaco tgl dusluds, es wl`ès achnrdetanc ilravli hrnd tgl esslssdlct, wes usli tn slfurl tgl mesas hnr tgnslperts nh tgl tnurast survlys tgl perts rlètaco tn tgl vasatnrs fndprlglcsanc

nh detlrae` fnvlrli my pertafuèr lxgamats - wgafg wlrl clflssera`y veraem`lmltwllc tgl dusluds. gl survlys wlrl usli tn oeac stetli adprlssancs hrndtgl vasatnrs, eci tglar rlspncsl tn heftue` qulstancs wes usli tn oeuol tglarfndprlglcsanc.

6.?.9.6 Ynurast Xasatnr Fgereftlrastafs

At wes lxplftli tget tgl debnraty nh tnurast vasatnrs tn tgl laogt dusluds ucilrrlslerfg wnuì ml hedaàls watg sde`` fgaìrlc, eci tget tgl dnst iahhafu`t ornuptn rlefg wnuì ml nìlr fgaìrlc eci ynuco eiu`ts (Vll Haourl ?.:8). gas ges eorlet adpeft nc tgl prnoreddls nhhlrli et tglsl dusluds. _gltglr tglrl wlrldecy rlplet vasats wes suplrhafae``y acvlstaoetli2 tgas wnuì ml ec e``ly hnr dnrlrlslerfg, lsplfae``y mlfeusl nh tgl pntlctae`s nh ilvl`npaco e splfae` epprnefghnr tgas ornup.

E orlet lhhnrt wes ucilrteklc tn haci nut dnrl emnut tgl vasatnrs, àkl wglrltgly fedl hrnd eci gnw her tgly gei trevl``li tn sll tgl duslud ac qulstanc.E orlet veralty nh ecswlrs mltwllc tgl laogt dusluds wes lxplftli.

gl qulstanc es tn gnw `nco vasatnrs stey ac tgl erle wes eskli tn haci nutdnrl emnut tgl tnurast pntlctae` nh tgl `nfe` erle ac olclre`. At wes ectafapetlitget cnt nc`y wnuì tgl laogt dusluds ml vlry iahhlrlct, mut tget tglar rloancswnuì ml iahhafu`t tn fndperl.

6.?.9.9 Ygl Ilfasanc tn Xasat

gl duslud deceoldlct ac slvlre` nh tgl laogt dusluds wlrl leolr tn hacinut wgy plnp`l eftue``y vasat tglar satl. get as wgy tgas qulstanc wes eiilitn tgl survly. gas ges f`ler àcks watg tgl derkltaco lhhnrts nh tgl dusludseci fnuì ildncstretl tglar lhhlftavlclss (Vll Vlftanc 8.6.


87/347

7


88/347

78 -

Hace``y tgl vasatnrs wlrl eskli ah tgly tgnuogt tgl lctrecfl hlls hattli watg tgllxplralcfl tgly gei rlflavli. gl dlsseol wes lxplftli tn cnt ml ucahnrd e`` efrnssLurnpl, sacfl tgl dusluds eci tglar vasatnrs erl sn ialrlct (Vll Haourl ?.67).

Ec ettldpt wes deil tn ilhacl essnfaetanc mltwllc veraem`ls es wl`` es, myilhacaco actlrdliaetl veraem`ls tn ilhacl feuse`aty (Vll Haourl ?.96).

6.?.


89/347

7?

Hace``y, Oep Havl as tgl oep mltwllc tgl queàty vasatnrs lxplft eci tgl queàtytgly hll` tgly rlflavl. gas oep as tgl lesalst nh e`` tn ailctahy mut tgl gerilst tncerrnw inwc es at rlquarls cerrnwaco e`` ntglr oeps dlctancli mlhnrl. _glctryaco tn cerrnw tglsl oeps, deceolrs wa`` hefl assuls wgafg erl geri tn sn`vl2 ahncfl sndltgaco ges oncl wrnco, wnri nh dnutg wa`` fnctacul tn gevl cloetavllhhlfts. Hnr lxedp`l, wglc et Erfglnc ac tgl Cltglrècis ac ler`y suddlr511< twn Clnàtgaf typl gnusls murcli inwc effailcte``y (Hèddec 511?, 6)tgas wes nc tgl lvlcaco clws. Lvlc ylers ètlr plnp`l tgnuogt tget Erfglnc ese wgn`l gei murcli inwc eci tget at wes cn `ncolr e pnssam`l lxfursanc terolt(plrsnce` fndducafetanc B. Hèddec, = Nftnmlr =::=).

6.1 Fncfùsancs

Ah e`` dusluds hn``nwli lxeft`y tgl sedl fncflpt, tglrl wnuì ml lss tn fndperl.Gnwlvlr dacadud stecieris in cnt clflssera`y dlec e`` erfgeln`noafe` nplc-eardusluds mlfndl stecieriasli, prlslctaco dnrl nh tgl sedl (Mecogeri =::=).Iuraco prnflssaco nh tgl iete, et lvlry steol nh rlslerfg, iahhlrlct nroecasetancs

ucilr sfrutacy wlrl iasferili es tgly iai cnt hat tgl ilhacatanc. gas wes tglfesl, hnr lxedp`l, watg (rl)fncstruftancs cn `ncolr ac usl, nr tgldl perks hnucitn ml tnn iastect hrnd tgl ilhacatanc nh ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud hnrtglsl stuials.

Haourl 6.:?2 Ywn-fyf`l

dnil`, Vnurfl2

Mrnonwafz lt e`. (511:).


90/347

77 -

gl laogt erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds sgnwfesl tgldsl`vls es ucaqullctlrprasls eci lefg nh tgld as, watg ats nwc dax nh duslud fgereftlrastafs eci`nfe` erfgeln`noy. E sfgldl tn upgnì stecieris fnuì olt dnrl suppnrt hnrtglsl dusluds eci reasl tglar queàty, mut tgl ednuct nh eiiatance` peplrwnrkwgafg e stecieris sfgldl daogt acvn`vl fnuì ml lcnrdnus (@loolt =::=).Vlttaco e dacadud `lvl` nh stecieris fnuì wnrk wl``, mut at wa`` ml geri tn in2cnt nc`y erl tgl dusluds iavlrsl, mut Lurnpl as tnn.

Mlfeusl nh tgl vlry ceturl nh tgl rlslerfg, cn adpàfetancs fnuì ml deilemnut tgl `nco tlrd lhhlft nh e vasat tn ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud. glvasatnrs stuiy inls cnt tgrnw àogt nc tgl rle` ucilrsteciaco wgafg vasatnrsdey ml oeacaco hrnd tgl dusluds actlrprltetanc.

Ac tgl hn``nwaco fgeptlrs, erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds erl harst rloeriliac olclre` tlrds (Fgeptlr Hnur). gl laogt dusluds ucilr ece`ysas erl tglcilsframli (Fgeptlr Havl). gl gastnry nh lefg as actrniufli, hn``nwli my e queàtyece`ysas nh tgl duslud hrnd mntg e deceoldlct eci e vasatnr plrsplftavl. Lefgnh tgl ilsfraptancs lcis watg e àst nh tgl dusluds kly strlcotgs eci fge``lcols.Ac Fgeptlr Vax tgl duslud deceoldlct esplfts nh e`` laogt dusluds tnoltglr

erl `nnkli et ac iltea`, wga`l ac fgeptlr Vlvlc tgl vasatnr esplfts erl iasfussli.Hn``nwaco nc hrnd tgas iasfussanc, kly heftnrs erl ilhacli ac Fgeptlr Laogt.

gas fgeptlr rlhlrs eoeac tn e`` erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds ac Lurnpl ecinhhlrs sndl rlfnddlcietancs, ailes eci stretloals hnr tgl huturl. Cnt nc`y astgas actlrlstaco hnr tgnsl wgn wect tn stert ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud,tglrl as uslhu` achnrdetanc ac at hnr e`` lxastaco ncls es wl``, lxplralcfli nr cnt.

Ac Fgeptlr Cacl, pnssamaàtals hnr huturl rlslerfg erl ilsframli.


91/347

71

Fgeptlr 9

Mrnei Vfe`l Nmslrvetancs

9.5 Actrniuftanc

_atg tgl stert nh tgas rlslerfg actn erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds e sadp`l,ucstrufturli àtlreturl fn``lftanc nc tgas sumblft lxastli wgafg cllili upietaco.\saco tglsl snurfls eci tgl actlrclt e ietemesl wes strufturli usaco e mesaflxedp`l (@uci 5177) (Vll Haourl 9.:=). My Cnvldmlr =:55 tgl àst glì 9=8lctrals; =


92/347

1: -

9.=.= Vlfnci Vurvly

_atg tgl rlslerfg dnvaco nc ac Dey =::8, dnrl iltea `li qulstancs rloeriacorl`lvect dettlrs wlrl eskli nh tgl sedl dusluds (Vll Haourl 9.:6). _atg tnnhlw ecswlrs fndaco ac, at wes ilfaili ac Becuery =::7 tn gevl tgas slfnci survlytrecsètli my e cetavl spleklr actn Olrdec eci Hrlcfg, eci my e prnhlssance`

trecsètnr actn Iecasg, eci tn slci tgld my treiatance` dea` acstlei nh my ldea`nc`y. My Cnvldmlr =:55, = 5 `ncognusl

6 Blrce ilr ecismylcCsmy / Nilcsl

51?6 Fu`ture` / @lasurlEssnfaetanc

Duslud = `ncognusl< sde``gnusls

5 pat-gnusl

9 Hycs Vta htsduslud

Gn`ùhori

5176 Duslud Duslud /

\cavlrsaty

5 `ncognusl 5 ge``

5 pat-gnusl< Xacostli gastnraskl

vrkstli51?8 Edt / Kndducl

(onv. mnials)Duslud /\cavlrsaty

5 herdstlei 9 pat-gnusl5 ncognusl

8 Blrce ilr ecismylcOuìeolr / Lsmblro

51?5 Vfgnn` Dot Duslud 5 herdstlei = pat-gnusl

? Gastnrask vrkstli X.Xlistli / ]aml

518? Aci. mniy Duslud 5 `ncognusl

7 Vcilrmnro gastnrasklvrkstli

51?8 Vfgnn` Dot > 5 `ncognusl

1 ]vlmekklc Ee`mnro 517= Vfgnn` Dot Duslud 6 pat-gnusls

5: Gbl r GlilsHraècisdusludHnrdaiàcolc

5175/7= Duslud Duslud 5 ncognusl 5 ncognusl 5 ncognusl(spec gnusl)

55 ]lkncstruktancs-ehil acolcDnlsori / Eergus \cav. 5181 Duslud /\cavlrsaty Duslud /\cavlrsaty 5 fu`t gnusl 5 `ncognusl = faty gnusl5 pat-gnusl

5= Yrl``lmnro-ge``lc 519= Ygl Cetance`Duslud

Duslud 5 ge``

56 Hyrket-ge``lc 5179/7< Aci. mniy Duslud 5 ge``

Haourl 9.:=2 Nvlrvalw nh satls watg (rl)fncstruftli prlgastnraf gnusls ac Ilcderk, eieptli hrnd @uci (5177, 97). Aci. stecis

hnr Acilplcilct ; Dot hnr Deceoldlct; Onv. hnr Onvlrcdlcte` .

Haourl 9.:62 (raogt) Ygl slfnci

survly ednco erfgeln`noafe`

nplc-ear dusluds - Dey =::8.


93/347

15

Uulstancs hnr erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds eci sadaèr acstatutls

Et Lxltlr \cavlrsaty, A ed inaco e ZgI rlslerfg actn erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds eci sadaèr acstatutls. A ed fn``lftaco

iete hrnd emnut =:: acstatutls efrnss Lurnpl. Ygl ecswlrs wa`` ml usli hnr dy ZgI rlslerfg et Lxltlr \cavlrsaty eci wa`` ml

sgerli ednco tgnsl wgafg prnvail ecswlrs tgldsl`vls. Ah ynu erl actlrlstli ac actlrdliaetl rlsu`ts nh dy rlslerfg, p`lesl `lt

dl kcnw. A ed geppy tn tl`` ynu dnrl, mut ucilrsteci wl``, A sgnuì cnt tarl lvlrymniy watg e `` iltea`s.

Ygeck ynu vlr y dufg.


[Eiirlss rldnvliT

Acatae` Uulstancs

_get as tgl nhhafae` cedl nh tgl nroecasetanc (ac nwc ècoueol, eci trecsètli tn Lcoàsg)>

_get kaci nh nroecasetanc erl ynu (essnfaetanc, hnucietanc, fndpecy, dncudlct, duslud, onvlrcdlct)>

_get as tgl eol nh tgl nroecasetanc>

_get as tgl nhhafae` One` nh ynur nroecasetanc, wget as ynur dassanc stetldlct (ac Lcoàsg)>

Fec ynu stetl ynur nhhafae` eiirlss eci ah ynur vasataco eiirlss as iahhlrlct, fnuì ynu dlctanc tget ncl es wl``>

5.

=.

6.

9.

A

wnuì oèi`y fnvlr tgl fnsts. Bust eii e ma`` watg tgl fnr-

rlft meck achnrdetanc (àkl AMEC eci MAF hnr mecks ac tgl

Lurn zncl).

Epprnxadetl`y gnw decy vasatnrs iai ynu gevl ac =:: As tgas

dufg dnrl nr dufg `lss tglc emnut < ylers eon>

In ynu gevl e àst nh rlflct pumàfetancs nh tgl acstatutl>

M

_get as tgl mesas hnr tgl rlfncstruftanc2 olclre` achnrde-

tanc nr e splfahaf satl>

Gnw (hacecfae``y eci nroecasetance``y sllc) iai ynu stert>

_es at e onvlrcdlcte` acataetavl, wlrl tglrl spncsnrs, ..>

_gn stertli at eci wgy>

Erl ynu cnweieys acilplcilct (hacecfae``y eci nroeca-

setance``y) hrnd tgl onvlrcdlct> Gnw èrol pert nh ynur

yler muiolt, ac plrflcteol, in ynu lerc my ynursl`vls>

5.

=.

6.

5.

=.

6.

F

_lrl erfgeln`noasts acvn`vli ac tgl stert nh tgl

duslud>

Erl erfgeln`noasts sta`` acvn`vli eci gnw (es rlslerfglr,

tnur ouail, iarlftnr, )>

Erl lxplradlcts lxlfutli ac ynur duslud eci ah sn, my

wgnd eci gnw nhtlc> Erl tglsl `nco tlrd lxplradlcts

(àkl ornwaco frnps eci fndperl tglar yalìs nvlr tgl

ylers), tgldli prnoreddls (àkl e < yler prnoreddl nc

arnc sdl`taco), nr ntglr. In ynu gevl sndl lxedp`ls>

I

Ac ynur npacanc, wget as tgl purpnsl nh ynur

lstemàsgdlct>

Z`lesl stetl tgl adpnrtecfl nh tgl hn``nwaco esplfts (es

e plrflcteol hrnd :-5::). Ygl aciavaiue` esplfts dust

eii up tn 5::%. Ah ynur aile inls cnt hat ac actn tglsl

klywnris, p`lesl stetl sn.

5.

=.

6.

5.

=.


94/347

1= -

Vlftanc E

gl qulstanc emnut vasatnr cudmlr tnte`s wes ecswlrli wl``. Emnut tgl yler=::


95/347

16

Deac rlesnc (hrlqulct`y usli hnr pumàfaty) fndaco hrnd aile, tget ga`` hnrt fest`l Cltnàfl wes pnàtafe` eci pnwlrflctrl nh tgl Vnutg Mngldae. At as ailn`noafe``y ac fnrrlètanc watg furrlct ailn`noy nh rloance` pnàfy

(Erfglnperk Cltnàfl, Fzlfg ]lpumàf).

Nur essnfaetanc lxfevetli tgl nì va`èol, eci tglc ilfaili eci ilsaocli tgl rlfncstruftanc. Ygl nfe` onvlrc-dlct eci sndl spncsnrs stcecfli tgas aile (Fsaka Zaglcklrt, Gucoery).

Mnrc nut lfncndaf clli eci e`sn e rle` ilsarl tn prntlft eci deacteac tgl fest`l hnr huturl olclretancs

(Vgeccnc Glrateol @ti, Arlèci).

A stertli tgl prnblft mlfeusl at wes dy fgaìgnni irled (\ìlvlcs, @etvae).

Ac =::: tgl nplc-ear duslud wes effndpàsgli watg stcecfae` suppnrt nh tgl tnwc eci ec L\-`nfe` ornup(Hlilrsllduslud, Olrdecy).

Acataetli es e prnblft spncsnrli my tgl Fnucfa` nh Mratasg Erfgeln`noy, Mratasg Efeildy eci ntglr dacnr spncsnrs.Huciaco nc`y èstli e hlw ylers (Mutslr, Orlet Mrateac).

_l stertli es ec acataetavl nh nur nfe` onvlrcdlct watg twn suddlr slrvafls ac e àtt`l trea`lr hnr ste(Xakacolècismylc E`mlrtsùci, Ilcderk).

Ygl acataetavl fedl hrnd sfalcfl; erfgeln`noasts gevl e`sn dnilretli tgl prnblft iuraco tgl fncstruftanc pgesl. Atwes fnstcecfli watg pumàf dncly (Hrlaàfgtduslud Olrdecasfgls Olght L`serc, Eustrae).

Haourl 9.:92 Vlvlre` quntls nh

erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear du-

sluds deceolrs rlhlrraco tn

gnw tglar duslud gei stertli.

Vnurfl2 tgl slfnci survly.

Klywnri Lxedp`l Dusluds dlctancaco tgas klywnri

Hrlqulct`y dlctancli2

Liufetanc Yn liufetl eci acsparl lsplfae``y fgaìrlceci ynutg tn lerc.

(Oe`àsfgl Gnlvl, Mlòaud), (LVEDZ, OrletMrateac), (Lklgeolc, Vwlilc), (Vwahtlrkedp,tgl Cltglrècis)

Lxplradlcteèrfgeln`noy

Olttaco clw kcnw`liol tgrnuog lxplra-dlcte` erfgeln`noy, rlslerfg prnblft.

(Mebuwerlcgnh Karfgglad, Olrdecy),(Veocècilt @lbrl, Ilcderk), (@ldmeLxplradlcte` Xa`èol, Fyprus)

Znpuèrasetanc nhsfalcfl

Yn mraco erfgeln`noafe` sfalcfl tn tglplnp`l, prntlftanc eci prlslctetanc nherfgeln`noafe rldeacs.

(Hlilrsllduslud, Olrdecy), (Esperc,Eustrae), (@aptnvske Dere-Gevrcnk, V`nwekae)

Vnfae` one`s Vnfae` / snfalty one`s2 suppnr taco tgnslucilrprava`loli wgn gevl iastfu`ty acmlaco acvn`vli ac snfalty, mlaco e prnblfthnr ucldp`nyli plrsncs.

(Vtlaczlatinrh Kussnw, Olrdecy), (LVEDZ,\catli Kacoind), (]aml Xakacolflctlr,Ilcderk)

Vgnwaco lvlryiey ahlnh tgl pest

Yn actlrprlt tgl lvlryiey àhl ac tgl pesthnr tgl mlclstt nh tgl olclre` pumàf,efeildae eci tgl liufetance` slftnr.

(Deèocl, Mlòaud), (Erfgelnàck, Vfntèci),(E`l Xakacolori, Vwlilc)

Vtrlcotglcaco ailctaty E``nwaco plnp l epprnefg nr stci tglarrnnts, prndntanc nh ailctaty.

(Deèocl, Mlòaud), (\ìlvlcs, @etvae),(Eveìscls, Cnrwey)

Vtaduètaco fu`ture`tnurasd

Ml e pèfl tn rlèx watg e gaog actlcsaty nhlxplralcfls, prnvaiaco fu`ture` eftavatalseci staduètaco fu`ture` tnurasd.

(Euouste ]eurafe, Vwatzlrèci), (Fgnarnknatae,Fyprus), (Daiilèìlrflctlr Mnrcgn`d,Ilcderk)

@lss hrlqulct`y dlctancli2

Ceture` lcvarncdlct Iasfussaco tgl rlètanc mltwllc plnp`l

eci tglar ceture` lcvarncdlct.

(Zlet Dnnrs Flctrl, Orlet Mrateac), ( Vkblrc

Lovei Duslud, Ilcderk), (Il Vfgntgnrst, tglCltglrècis)

Ecfalct tlfgcn noy Yryaco nut gastnrafe` tlfgcaquls, sgnwacoecfalct tlfgcn`noy eci inaco rlslerfgactn at.

(_ntgecmuro, Fzlfg ]lpumàf), (Deèocl,Mlòaud), (Daiilèìlrflctrlt Cykmaco,Ilcderk)

@avaco gastnry Yn mua i e sflclry hnr av aco gastnry eciusl at.

(_ntgecmuro, Fzlfg ]lpumàf), (Mu`èfl Ga``,Orlet Mrateac), (Dusl il Der`l, Hrecfl)

Lerc dncly Yn lerc dncly. (Kalrakka , Hac eci), (Krzldancka, Zn eci),(Ve`zwl`tlc Ge``lac, Eustrae)

Haourl 9.:


96/347

19 -

olsfgalilcas [tgldl perk hnr àvaco gastnryT (=::9), eci tglc actn llc ieo vn`

vlrtalr lc vlrdeek [e iey ha``li watg edusldlct eci lctlrteacdlctT (=:55). Atdust ml seai tget tgl èttlr ncl-àclr usls wnris wgafg ac Iutfg gevl ec nì-hesgancli fnccntetanc. gl fgecol hrnd dnrl slranus tn dnrl lctlrteacaco actgl ncl-àclrs as lvailct glrl.

Ecntglr lxedp`l as Veocècilt @lbrl ac Ilcderk wgafg as nhhafae``y trecsètlies @lbrl @eci nh @lolcis (pnssam`y mlttlr fe``li @lbrl @eci nh Vtnrals). _glc ac=::< tgl ncl-àclr sta`` wes lc hnrtai a lc cutai dli lc hrldtai [e huturl eci eprlslct watg e pestT (snurfl2 harst survly), ehtlr tgl fgecol nh cedl ac =::1 tgasturcli tn @lbrl, ècilt Iu d uihnrskl [@lbrl, tgl fnuctry ynu dey/sgnuìiasfnvlrT, my dlecs nh wgafg tgl vasatnr lxplralcfl gei mlfndl dufg dnrlflctrl nh ettlctanc acstlei nh wget Veocècilt @lbrl wectli tn tlefg.

9.6 Yypls nh Duslud Iaspèy

gl erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds erl rlfnrili my typl es sgnwc ac Haourl9.:7 (du`tap`l lctrals plr nroecasetanc erl pnssam`l).

Vndl duslud fetlonrals dlctancli ac slftanc =.< wlrl `lht nut hrnd tglsurvlys, sacfl tgas àstaco iai cnt ldlrol ucta` tgl rlslerfg wes dnrl eivecfli.gly gevl gnwlvlr mllc usli ac tgl fesl stuials (Vll Haourl 8.5=). gl ndattlincls erl2 ceture` perk / fu`ture` ècisfepl, (rl)fncstruftli mnet / sgap, àvacogastnry duslud, ecade` herd eci tgldl perk.

Nur one` as rlslerfg, e`tgnuog at ges cnw e`sn ilvl`npli es e tnurast ettreftanc es wl``(@ldme Lxplradlcte` Xa`èol, Fyprus).

Ereasa @ekl Hnrtrlss as e pnpuèr lasurl eci liufetance` ilstacetanc, tgl queàty nh wgafg as ilstcli my nraoaceèrfgeln`noafe` stcis tget lxpèac ecfalct gastnry nh @etvae, sfalctastfe``y mesli rlfncstruftancs nh gastnraf lcvarnc-dlct, tgl mleutahu` fu`turl gastnraf ecisfepl eci ilvl`npli achrestrufturl tget dllts tgl cllis nh veranuseuialcfls (Ereasa, @etvae).

Vn tget Eveìscls fec slfurl ats raogthu` pèfl es e hnfe` pnactaco ac cetance` fnctlxt (Eveìscls, Cnrwey).

Dassanc2 tn dekl tgl sa`lct iaspèy erfgeln`noy splek tn tnurasts ac tgl ècoueol tget tgly fec ucilrsteci(Kerpefke Yrnbe, Znèci).

Yn dekl tgl dusluds (Vfg`nss Onttnrh eci _akacolr Duslud Geatgemu) dnrl actlrlstaco, prnhnuci eci prnda-clct (_akacolr Duslud Geatgemu, Olrdecy).

Yn frletl eci susteac e wnrì-fèss vasatnr ettreftanc wgafg wa`` lctlrteac eci liufetl e wail euialcfl tgrnuoggaog queàty rlslerfg, actlrprltetanc eci prndntanc nh tgl ]ndec eci sumslqulct glrateol nh tgl satl eci atssurrnuciaco rloanc (Vloliucud, Orlet Mrateac).

_l erl tryaco tn prnvl tget wl fec `lerc hrnd tgl pest; tget nur ecflstnrs gei sparat eci at wnuì ml e guoldastekl tn nsl at. Ygl fncstruftanc nh ec erfgeln`noafe` duslud fndls hrnd tgl wa`` nh nfe` plnp`l tn prntlft ecifèad tglar glrateol. (LtgcaFat, Hrecfl).

_l oavl lque` adpnrtecfl tn geci wnrk eci daci wnrk (Xakacolècismylc E`mlrtsùci, Ilcderk).

Haourl 9.:82 Vlvlre` quntls nh


sluds deceolrs rlhlrraco tn

tglar dassanc eci one`. Vnurfl2

tgl slfnci survly.

Eweklc tgl pradatavl ac ynu (Zrgastnsatl il ]edanu`, Mlòaud)

Ml edezli, ucilrsteci, pertafapetl (Mefgrattlrmuro Keczefg, Olrdecy)

Ml surprasli, edezli eci lcfgectli (Ouil`nc, Hrecfl)

Lxplralcfl erfgeln`noy acstlei nh dnusl fàfk etg`ltafasd (Deddutglud, Olrdecy)

Erfgeln`noafe` lxfl``lcfl hnr e`` tn sll eci lcbny (Hèo Hlc, Orlet Mrateac)

A gler eci A hnrolt, A sll eci A rldldmlr, A in eci A ucilrsteci (Qnrksgarl Duslud nh Herdaco, Orlet Mrateac)(Veocècilt @lbrl, Ilcderk)

\sl tgl pest ac tgl huturl (Xakacolècismylc E`mlrtsùci, Ilcderk)

Ecntglr tadl, ecntglr splli (Gvn`ras Blrceìlr ècismy, Ilcderk)

Haourl 9.:?2 Ncl-àclr lx-

edp`ls hrnd =::7 nh slvlre`


sluds. Vnurfl2 tgl slfnci

survly.


97/347

1


98/347

18 -

_glc fndperaco tgl cudmlr nh erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds ac efnuctry watg tgl cudmlr nh erfgeln`noafe` liufetanc flctrls (Vll Haourl 9.:1),Vwlilc, Ilcderk eci tgl Cltglrècis steci nut watg e rlètavl`y èrol cudmlrnh liufetanc flctrls, wga`st fnuctrals akl tgl Fzlfg ]lpumàf eci Olrdecy gevlrlètavl`y dnrl erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds. Gnwlvlr, es stetli leràlr, tglliufetance` flctrls erl gerilr tn haci lxflpt ac fnuctrals àkl tgl Cltglrèciseci Ilcderk, wglrl dnst nh tgld erl dldmlrs nh e cetance` essnfaetanc. Atfnuì ml, tglrlhnrl, tget tglrl erl cetance` trlcis `leiaco tn e maesli valw; mut

tgl vlry heft tget tglrl erl cetance` essnfaetancs ac sndl fnuctrals sgnws eiahhlrlcfl ac prnvasanc tget as àkl`y tn ml rle`._ga`l treiatance` nplc-ear dusluds gevl e orlet ile` nh lxplralcfl ac tgl

deactlcecfl nh tglar usue``y ectaqul muaìacos, sndl nh tgld gevl oncl hurtglreci gevl mua`t (rl)fncstruftli gnusls, mesli nc erfgeln`noy. E sde`` slrals nhsaxtllc lxedp`ls nh treiatance` nplc-ear dusluds wgafg e`sn gevl erfgeln`noafe`(rl)fncstruftancs erl prlslctli ac Haourl 9.5:; tglrl erl decy dnrl (sll hnrlxedp`l Meudlalr & _essdecc 511


99/347

1?

(DfKlrfglr & iu Frnss =::=, 5). My tglc, tgl tnurasd aciustry gei stertli tnfnnplretl watg tgl glrateol slftnr (tn wgafg erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusludsml`nco) es pert nh tgl gecis-nc liufetance` / lxplralcfl tnurasd epprnefg(Vdatg 51?1, =-


100/347

17 -

Uuatl e hlw nh tgl nìlr dusluds gevl fgecoli tglar stretloy slvlre` tadlsac tglar àhltadl ac nrilr tn fetlr hnr fgecoli ildecis hrnd snfalty. E onnilxedp`l as tgl Zheg`meuduslud ac \ctlrugìacolc eci ats fgecol ac epprnefgtn ats nwc prlslctetancs (Vll Haourl 9.5=).

9.< Olnorepgy

_glc `nnkaco et tgl ornwtg nh tgl cudmlr nh erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds(Vll Haourl 9.59), ncl fec sll tget ucta` tgl 517:s, Cnrtglrc Lurnpl, tgl MratasgAs`ls eci Olrdecy, Eustrae eci Vwatzlrèci erl wl`` rlprlslctli, watg geri`yecy trefl l`slwglrl. E ilhacatanc nh lefg rloanc as oavlc ac Haourl 9.56. Acrlflct tadls, tgl èrolst ilvl`npdlct as ac Olrdecy, Eustrae eci Vwatzlrèci eswl`` es ac Lestlrc Lurnpl, watg e s`nwinwc ac Cnrtglrc Lurnpl eci tgl MratasgAs`ls.

gas s`nwinwc daogt ml lxpèacli my e fndmacetanc nh heftnrs. _atgVfeciacevae gevaco e `nco gastnry ac tgl ilvl`npdlct nh tglsl dusluds, es wl`ès ac erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear liufetanc flctrls, tgly gevl pnssam`y rlefgli e

steol wglc tglrl erl cn dnrl pèfls hnr ecy dnrl, uc`lss tgl fncflpt as fgecolinh fnursl (sll hnr lxedp`l tgl cudmlr nh erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud plr5::,::: acgematects ac Ilcderk eci Vwlilc ac Haourl 9.5


101/347

11

Lurnpl actn tnurast ilstacetancs, ges `li tn e mnnd ac clw erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds tglrl. Ac Vnutglrc Lurnpl, mntg tglsl rlesncs fedl actn pèyilfeil leràlr, lxpèacaco wgy tgl mnnd ac clw dusluds ac tgnsl fnuctrals asleràlr tgec ac Lestlrc Lurnpl. Dnrl rlesncs hnr e mnnd ac Lestlrc Lurnpl erltgl fgecol nh typl nh onvlrcdlct (hrnd flctre``y `li tn èylrli ildnfrefals),e gaoglr stecieri nh àvaco eci e wailr plrsplftavl nh wget as gepplcaco ac tglrlst nh Lurnpl. gldl perks eci ntglr vasatnr ettreftancs wlrl vartue``y cnc-lxastlct mlhnrl tgl Arnc Furteac irnppli. Ac Znèci tglrl wes cn fndpltatanc

hnr pèfls àkl Maskupac iuraco fndducast tadls, mlfeusl tgl onvlrcdlctilfaili tget ncl fndp`lx wes lcnuog hnr tgl stetls cllis, e`tgnuog tglrl wescn straft mec nc ntglr nplc-ear dusluds eci rlslrvls (plrsnce` fndducafetanc_. Zantrnwska, == Cnvldmlr =:55).

Ac tgl Fzlfg ]lpumàf decy nh tgl erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds wlrlhnucili my lctgusaests mut gevl gei ec ucstem`l àhl sacfl, ah tgly lvlc sta``lxast. glrl as geri`y ecy onvlrcdlcte` suppnrt (afg & afgnvsk =::6,=:9) eci at as her lesalr tn stert sufg e duslud tgec tn kllpaco at ruccaco.

gnsl erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds prlietaco 511= e`` gei sfalcfl estglar tnp pranraty, mut tgl lxedp`l nh Maskupac sgnws tgl sgaht ac tgas tnweris ehnfus nc tgl pumàf. Vacfl 517


102/347

5:: -

- cnt surprasaco es at wes pert`y ilvl`npli glrl. Ac Eustrae, dnst erfgeln`noafe`nplc-ear dusluds (5: nh tgl 59, Vll Haourl 9.=:) erl ac onvlrcdlct gecis eciietl tn tgl rlflct pest. glrl erl geri`y ecy erfgeln`noafe` liufetanc flctrls,nplc hnr sfgnn` ornups nc`y. XAEV, e Xalcce mesli acstatutl eci pert nh tglucavlrsaty, ges mllc fnnriacetaco tgl fncstruftanc nh dnst nh tglsl. Ac tgl51?:s eci ler`y 517:s, tglrl gei mllc fncteft mltwllc Eustraec erfgeln`noastsGedpl` eci _aci` eci hnrlaoc lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noasts Fn`ls, Gecslc,]lycn`is eci Z`laclr wgafg `li _aci` tn stert e fnursl ac (rl)fncstruftanceci lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy ac 517= et tgl Xalcce \cavlrsaty. Vtuilcts hrndtgas fnursl wlrl nhtlc wl`` treacli ac frehts. noltglr watg tgl hnuciaco nh ewnrkornup ac lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy et tgl O\H (Eustraec Vnfalty hnrZrlgastnry eci Ler`y Gastnry) tgas `li tn e olclretanc nh ynuco erfgeln`noastswatg actlrlst eci lxplralcfl ac lxplradlcte` (rl)fncstruftanc (_aci` =::5,


103/347

5:5

Ac tgl Mlcl`ux ac olclre`, tglrl erl cnt decy clw erfgeln`noafe` nplc-eardusluds fndaco up (Vll Haourl 9.59). Ml`oaud ges hlw erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds (Vll Haourl 9.5


104/347

5:= -

Ilcderk, at `ests hnr lxedp`l hrnd


105/347

5:6

At ges tn ml eiili tn Haourl 9.5?, tget plr duslud, nc`y tgl ietls nh tglar

harst (rl)fncstruftancs erl rlfnrili. gas levls nut clw ilvl`npdlcts ac lxastacodusluds, àkl GNDL wgafg stertli ac 517= watg tgl Arnc Eol, mut lxtlciliac =::=-6 watg e dlialve` slttaco.

gl @etl Daii`l Eols gevl cnt pèyli e èrol rn`l ac erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds ucta` quatl rlflct`y (Vll Haourl 9.5?) eci tglc quatl e mat acVfeciacevae (Vll Haourl 9.58). Hrnd tgl lci nh tgl 517:s, slvlre` plnp`l onteftavl`y acvn`vli ac dlialve` prlslctetancs eci (rl)fncstruftanc. Ac 5171, acCykmaco He`stlr, Ilcderk, e trlmufglt wes mua`t wgafg gei sufg e guol lhhlftnc tgl pumàf tget at wes snnc hn``nwli up watg ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-earduslud. E fncclftanc wes deil watg tgl Mratasg ètl dlialve` typl nh rl-lceftdlct wgafg wes et e gaog `lvl` (plrsnce` fndducafetanc Z. Xlddaco

Gecslc, =< Euoust =:55). E ilfeil ètlr, tgl dnrl treiatance` dusluds glìe dlialve` yler, wgafg `li tn e surol ac actlrlst hrnd mntg tgl pumàf ecigastnraecs actn tgas plrani ac Vfeciacevae. Vuiilc`y, tgl Daii`l Eols geimlfndl ac hesganc. gas as àckli watg tgl dlialve` mnnd nh tgl 517:s watgeutgnrs àkl Befquls `l Onhh up tn \dmlrtn Lfn (Ornlmclr =::7, 59). Ac tgl èsttgari nh tgl est flctury, efeildaf ettlctanc hnr tgl Daii`l Eols ges raslc gaoglrtgec lvlr mlhnrl. Cnfg cal zuvnr saci sn val`l wasslcsfgehtàfgl Ermlatlc mlries Dattlè`tlr lrsfgalclc wal glutl, ac Ilutsfgèci lmlcsn wal ad mraolcLurnpe [clvlr mlhnrl sn decy sfalctahaf wnrks wlrl pumàsgli es cnweieys acOlrdecy eci sadaèr`y ac tgl rlst nh LurnplT (Ornlmclr =::7, 585).

9.8 Xasatnr Cudmlrsglrl erl derkli iahhlrlcfls ac vasatnr cudmlr evlreols mltwllc tgl dusludshrnd mlhnrl 517: eci tgl ètlr olclretanc (Vll Haourl 9.57). gl nìlr nclsrlflavl nc evlreol dnrl vasatnrs, lvlc ah ynu levl nut tgl frnwi pu``lrs (ettreftaconvlr =::,::: vasatnrs ac =::


106/347

5:9 -

At dust ml strlssli tget nc`y sta`` lxastaco erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusludserl teklc actn effnuct, cnt tgl f`nsli ncls. Ac tgl nvlrvalw, frnwi pu``lrsàkl Vt Heoecs ac _e`ls (deac`y e ltgcnorepgaf nplc-ear duslud watg sndl(rl)fncstruftancs) eci Ve`zwl`tlc cler Ve`zmuro ac Eustrae (deac`y e tgldlperk watg sndl (rl)fncstruftancs) wlrl `lht nut.

9.? Klywnrisgl deceolrs gei tn oavl sfnrls tn e slrals nh laogt klywnris, kllpaco tglarduslud ac daci (Vll Haourl 9.51). Vlvlre` klywnris wlrl fncsfanus`y `lht nut,àkl eutglctafaty, (rl)fncstruftanc, erfgeln`noy eci sfalcfl.

Liufetanc wes dlctancli dnrl nhtlc tgec tnurasd, e`tgnuog tgl debnratynh vasatnrs tn sufg dusluds erl tnurasts. Nmvanus`y, erfgeln`noafe` nplc-eardusluds lerc dufg dnrl acfndl watg tnurast vasatnrs, mut decy nh tgld gevlliufetanc es ncl nh tglar deac eads. Iete inls cnt sgnw tget nìlr dusludsput dnrl wlaogt nc liufetanc eci clwlr dnrl nc tnurasd.

gl slfnci asts nh klywnris, recoli my pnpuèraty, erl avaco gastnry, rlslerfgeci lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy. gly nc`y sfnrl mltwllc =: eci 9: plrflct.

Ac e `nt nh fesls wglrl lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy wes usli, tgas wes dnrl nhe kaci nh wey tn prlslct eftavatals tn tgl pumàf acstlei nh tgl raoai efeildafilhacatanc nh at. _atgnut gevaco prlslctli tgl dusluds watg e ilhacatanc,tgl ecswlrs erl geri tn actlrprlt. _atg rlslerfg, ac dnst fesls, ncl iai cntdlec efeildaf rlslerfg plr sl. Ac decy fesls e kaci nh eppàli rlslerfg wesdlect, sufg es tget cllili mlhnrl fncstruftaco, nr ac nrilr tn dekl atlds nreftavatals dnrl eutglctaf sn tn splek. My eskaco tgl dusluds tn pacpnact mntgrlslerfg eci lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy, e iahhlrlctaetanc wes lxplftli mltwllce dnrl pnpuèr lxplradlcte` erfgeln`noy (ac decy fesls ildncstretancs, cntclflssera`y mesli nc tgl dusluds nwc rlslerfg) eci e dnrl èmnur actlcsavlrlslerfg. gas gnwlvlr wes cnt tgl fesl. Clatglr lxplradlct cnr rlslerfg as nut

nh hesganc. _glc splfahafe``y eskli2 erl lxplradlcts lxlfutli ac tgl duslud,nr wglc tgl qulstanc wes In ynu gevl e àst nh rlflct pumàfetancs, nhtlc tglecswlrs wlrl2 cnt ylt nr rlorlttem`y cnt. gl pgresaco f`ler`y suoolsts tglslwlrl esparetancs.

@avaco gastnry as e dnrl dnilrc dltgni wglc fndperli tn lxplradlcteèrfgeln`noy, e`tgnuog ac olclre` at as cnt latglr ncl nr tgl ntglr2 nh tgl


107/347

5:


108/347

5:8 -

Fnuctry Onvlrcdlct Essnfaetanc Fndpecy Duslud Hnucietanc Ntglr Ynte`

Eustrae 5: = = : 59

Ml`oaud 9 5 9 9 < < = 6 = 9 6.86

In ynu strlcotglc cetance` ailctaty> < 6 6 6 : < 5 9 6.::

Evlreol 9.?< 6.?< 9.


213/347

=55

gl acfndl iavasanc mltwllc duslud eftavatals (snurfl 5), pumàf dncly(snurfl =), eci ntglr acfndl snurfls (snurfl 6) sllds tn ml gle`tgalst et Ereasa,tgl dnst ucstem`l et tgl Detrafe Duslud. GNDL sgnuì iavlrsahy ats huciacomesl dnrl (Vll Haourl 8.5:). Zerfn Dncte`l ilravls ats pumàf dncly èrol`yhrnd tgl Ducafapeàty nh Dnilce, tgl `nfetanc nh tgl duslud tget rucs ZerfnDncte`l, mut emnut 6:% nh at fndls hrnd tgl Ducafapeàty nh Festl`cunvn]econcl, tgl eftue` `nfetanc nh Zerfn Dncte`l.

Ntglr acfndl as lercli deac`y tgrnuog rlsteurect, sgnp eci effnddnietanchefaàtals. Et sndl lvlcts, àvaco gastnry ornups nr frehtsplnp`l erl em`l tn sl``tglar nwc onnis eci decy nh tglsl plnp`l erl peai hnr tglar plrhnrdecfl.E`sn, dufg as snì et lvlcts my tgl àvaco gastnry ornups tgldsl`vls, mut tglsl

trecseftancs in cnt hleturl ac tgl hacecfae` effnucts nh tgl dusluds.E fe`fuètanc nh acfndl plr hu`` tadl ldp`nyll as cnt nhtlc deil, iul tn tglheft tget tgl cudmlr nh hu`` tadl ldp`nylls as iahhafu`t tn esflrteac. Ac sndl feslsfnctreftli stehh erl fnuctli watgac tgl haourl, ac ntglr fesls cnt. gl acfndlinls cnt ehhlft tgl cudmlr nh ldp`nylls iarlft`y (plrsnce` fndducafetanc D.Xafzl, 56 Euoust =::1). gl deceoldlct survly sgnws tget acfndl plr hu``tadl ldp`nyll as mltwllc Lurn 9,::: eci Lurn 97,:::. Acfndl plr vasatnrfnuì ml splfahali my dlecs nh tgl deceoldlct survly hnr dnst dusluds,

?6.?%

8


214/347

=5= -

mlaco mltwllc Lurn =.< eci Lurn 1.


215/347

=56

At as geri tn mlàlvl, tget watg `lss tgec =,::: tnurast vasatnrs plr HL, eduslud fec sta`` ml sn`vlct (es hlw, ah ecy survavl watgnut orects). At ges tn mlcntli gnwlvlr tget ac decy pèfls, dnst nh tgl stehh rlflavl `nw weols, cnt bustac Lestlrc Lurnpl, mut e`sn ac hnr lxedp`l Hntlvaklcs Duslud eci GNDL,wglrl plnp`l wgn ntglrwasl wnuì cnt wnrk et e`` gevl e sumsaiasli bnm. Actgl fesls nh tgl dusluds watg nvlr 6,::: vasatnrs plr HL (Vll Haourl 8.55),tglsl errecoldlcts in cnt lxast. Hacecfae` prnhatemaàty as geri`y lvlr e pranratynr hlesama àty.

gl dexadud cudmlr nh tnurasts wgafg tgl duslud stehh geci`ls nc e plekiey verals orlet`y mltwllc tgl dusluds, hrnd =


216/347

=59 -

_atgac tgl duslud stehh, tglrl erl èrol iahhlrlcfls mltwllc slesnce` ecicnc-slesnce` stehh, acinnr eci nutinnr stehh lt fltlre. glrl erl iahhlrlct stretenh stehh eci cnt e`` erl peai. Vndltadls wnrkaco watg vnùctllrs eci stuilcts asvlry gl`phu`, mut tgas as cnt e`weys pnssam`l iul tn fu`ture` iahhlrlcfls nr sadp`ytgl èfk nh plnp`l clermy.

E vlry àdatli ednuct nh wnrk as nutsnurfli, prnmem`y mlfeusl tglsldusluds gevl e `nt nh pert tadl stehh wgn fec wnrk lxtre gnurs glrl ecitglrl. Lxplrtasl as garli hnr flrteac ildncstretancs eci rlslerfg. Ac tgrll fesls,oueriaco as nutsnurfli; ac hnur fesls sndl nh tgl f`lecaco wnrk as nutsnurfli.Deactlcecfl as usue``y fnciuftli my tgl dusluds nwc stehh. Vlvlre` dusludsgevl ec lxtlrce` hacecfae` lxplrt nr derkltaco lxplrt es tgl deceoldlct survlysgnws.

gl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci Hntlvaklcs duslud in cnt garl lxtlrce`lxplrts. GNDL usls nc`y ats nwc cltwnrk nh hrllècfl prnhlssance`s wglcgaraco lxtlrce` lxplrtasl. Hnur ntglr dusluds usl tgl sedl lxastaco cltwnrknh hrllècflrs ernuci tgld. Vndl bust eivlrtasl ac tgl `nfe` clwspeplrs. Hnurdusluds olt lxplrts hrnd ehhaàetli pertals àkl tgl ucavlrsaty. Vadaèr dusluds

clermy erl adpnrtect, watg havl nh tgl dusluds olttaco lxtlrce` lxplrtasl hrndtgld.

gl deac fgeccl`s hnr rlfruatdlct nh clw vnùctery eci/nr peai stehherl eivlrtasaco ac clwspeplrs (hnur fesls), wnri nh dnutg (tgrll fesls), tglarnwc wlmsatl (tgrll fesls) eci tglar nwc cltwnrks (hnur fesls). Ac twn fesls,erfgeln`noafe` ilpertdlcts erl splfahafe``y dlctancli.

reacaco stehh as adpnrtect tn e``, eci ac decy fesls treacaco as tea`nr deil. Ettgl mloaccaco nh tgl slesnc, tglrl as e plek ac treacaco clw stehh eci upietaco nìstehh. Haxli stehh usue``y pertafapetl ac treacaco sldacers watg lxtlrce` spleklrs.gl treacaco as e fndmacetanc nh tglnrltafe` `lfturls eci preftafl, acfùiaco`nts nh dlctnraco. Nc`y GNDL, tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci Hntlvaklcs

Duslud gevl e hnrde` stehh decue`; ac dnst fesls wrattlc achnrdetanc asàdatli.

8.6.9 Fn``lftancs

Fn``lftancs et ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud fec ml ilhacli ac slvlreìahhlrlct weys. Ac tgl ilhacatanc nh erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds es usli myLWE]F (Vll Vlftanc =.=. hnr e `ncolr iasfussanc), ldpgesas as put nc actecoam`lfn``lftancs ac tgl slcsl tget2 tgl nvlre`` prlslctetanc nh ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud gnìs fn``lftancs nh actecoam`l glrateol rlsnurfls eci prnvails ecactlrprltetanc nh gnw plnp`l àvli eci eftli watg rlhlrlcfl tn e splfahaf fnctlxtnh tadl eci pèfl (www.lxerf.clt).

Ac =::7 gnwlvlr, tgl fn``lftancs wlrl ilhacli my tgl laogt dusluds actntgl hn``nwaco fetlonrals2

gl duslud àmrery, pgntn eci vailn fn``lftancs eci erfgavlgl erfgeln`noafe` ertlhefts nc iaspèy et tgl dusludgl rl`lvect fu`ture` glrateol nc satl eci clermy(]l)fncstruftli nmblfts

----


217/347

=5


218/347

=58 -

Ncl cllis tn oetglr e`` kacis nh snurfls tn ecswlr qulstancs wgafg erasliuraco fncstruftanc nh muaìacos ac ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud. Dnstdusluds rlhlr tn lefg nh tglar muaìacos es acsparli my e saco`l satl, watgeiiatance` detlrae` adpnrtli hrnd sadaèr satls ah tgl nraoace` lxfevetanc inlscnt prnvail lcnuog achnrdetanc. Ac ge`h nh tgl fesls, tglsl (rl)fncstruftancserl, ac eiiatanc, acsparli my e muaìaco treiatanc eci infudlctery rlslerfg.

Fn`ls (51?1) ilhacli tgrll typls nh (rl)fncstruftanc2 `nnk àkl, fncstruftliàkl, usli àkl. Ac slvlre` fesls ac tgl dusluds ucilr stuiy, gnusls wlrl cntfncstruftli es tgl nraoace`s wnuì gevl mllc2 nhtlc, e fncsailretanc nh sehltydlesurls fgecoli tgl iwl`àco mlhnrl at `lht tgl irewaco mneri, watg dnilrctnn`s mlaco usli ac ats fncstruftanc. gl stetldlct tget gnusls erl fncstruftlies ec erfgeln`noafe` lxplradlct as veài nc`y ac flrteac asnètli fesls, clvlr hnre`` muaìacos ac e duslud. get et `lest as tgl fesl et tgl Zheg`meuduslud ecitgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl. Et Ereasa, ncl cnw ruacli muaìaco wes mua`t esec lxplradlct (Vll Haourl 8.56).

Ac decy fesls, tgl gnusls wlrl mua`t my e splfaeàst fndpecy, nhtlc acfndmacetanc watg e dnilrc fnctreftnr eci rloance` frehtsplnp`l. Vfalctasts,

stuilcts eci vnùctllrs pèy e vlry adpnrtect rn`l ac gnusl fncstruftanc ac tgllaogt erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds (Vll Haourl 8.56).

gl gnusls erl usue``y wl`` infudlctli, tgl pècs ha`li, tgl eftue` gnusldlesurli eci infudlctli (tn rlfnri wgltglr fgecols wlrl deil mltwllc tglnraoace` pèc eci tgl eftue` gnusl); tgl usl as infudlctli (e`mlat usue``y vlrymesafe``y) eci tgl deactlcecfl es wl`` - cnt nc`y hnr tgl sfalctahaf rlfnri mute`sn hnr deactlcecfl pècs eci muioltaco. E`dnst cn gnusl infudlctetancsgevl mllc pumàsgli ac ecy ilhacli hnrd, e f`ler rlquarldlct nh e onnilxplradlct (Vll Haourl 8.56). glrlhnrl, dnst (rl)fncstruftli iwl`àcos ac tgllaogt dusluds feccnt ml rloerili es lxplradlcts.

Ac sndl fesls tgl fncstruftanc pècs erl mesli nc nì valws nh erfgeln`noasts,

gastnraecs eci erfgatlfts wgn daogt cnt ml splfaeàsts ac wnni fncstruftanc;sadaèr`y, tgl muaìaco wnrk atsl`h dey cnt ml ferrali nut my plnp`l lxplralcfliac wnrkaco watg wnni. gl dusluds clli tn kllp tglar prlslctetanc up tn ietl,eci hnr tget rlesnc clli tn deacteac e iae`noul watg mntg tgl pumàf eci watgsfalctasts. At as e strlcotg ah e pnsatavl ettatuil tnweris fgecol as lstemàsgli.

E`` dusluds infudlct tglar fn``lftancs tn essast rlslerfg. gl èrolstprnm`ld hnr dnst dusluds as gnw tn rloastlr tgl nmblfts watg ec ailctahaem`lfnil (Vll Haourl 8.59). Deceoldlct seys tgas gacilrs tgl usl nh nmblfts ac tgliea`y wnrk nh tgl duslud; rloastlraco, gnwlvlr, inls cnt rlquarl e vasam`l èml`.gl slfnci dnst adpnrtect rlesnc hnr infudlctetanc nh tgl fn``lftancs as tndekl achnrdetanc efflssam`l tn tgl pumàf (tgas effnris watg tgl valws nh e`` tgl

dusluds, lxflpt tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl) hn``nwli my sadp`y kllpaco ecacvlctnry (hnr sax dusluds, cnt tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci tgl DetrafeDuslud) eci hace``y acsurecfl rlesncs (havl dusluds, cnt tgl Vfnttasg FreccnoFlctrl, GNDL eci Ereasa). Lvlc tgnuog, hnr lxedp`l, GNDL inls cnt kllp einfudlctetanc nh ats nmblfts hnr tglsl purpnsls, wglc ncl nh tglar gnusls murctinwc tglrl ac =::6, tgl lxastaco infudlctetanc wes suhhafalct tn dekl eclstadetl nh tgl `nst veùl. _atg tgl lxflptancs nh tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl(nh wgafg cn iete wlrl eveaèm`l), @nhntr eci Zerfn Dncte`l, tgl dusludsrloastlr et `lest havl iahhlrlct kacis nh achnrdetanc.


219/347

=5?

Haourl 8.562

Mefkornuci achnrdetanc nc

tgl (rl)fncstruftli muaìacos

ac tgl laogt dusluds.

YglVfnttasgFreccno

Flctrl

GNDL

Zheg`meuduslud

@nhntr

ZerfnDncte`l

Ereasa

DetrafeDuslud

HntlvaklcsDuslud

_get erl ynur gnusls / strufturls mesli nc>

Erfgeln`noafe` lvailcfl hrnd e saco`l satl hnr lvlry saco`l strufturl 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 :

Erfgeln`noafe` lvailcfl hrnd slvlre` satls, lvlc hnr e saco`l strufturl 5 5 5 5 : 5 : 5

Erfgeln`noafe` typl nh strufturl / erfgeln`noafe` treiatanc : 5 : 5 : : 5 5

Gastnrafe` achnrdetanc : 5 5 : : 5 : 5

Infudlctery rlslerfg / olclre` achnrdetanc 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

In ynur (rl)fncstruftli gnusls / strufturls2

@nnk akl tgl nraoace`s (mut cnt clflssera`y 5::% mua`t watg nraoace`tlfgcaquls eci detlrae`s) 5 5 5 5 : : 5 5

Fncstruftli akl tgl nraoace`s (5::%), akl ec erfgeln`noafe` lxplradlct 5 : 5 : 5 5 5 5

(Zert`y) usli àkl tgl nraoace`s : 5 5 5 : 5 : 5

_gn fncstruftli tgl gnusls / strufturls>

Vplfaeàst fndpecy : 5 : 5 5 5 : :

]loance` frehtsplnp`l (dusluds ste) : 5 5 5 : 5 5 :

Dnilrc fnctreftnr : 5 5 5 : : 5 :

Vfalctasts 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 5

Vtuilcts 5 5 5 : 5 5 : 5

Xnùctllrs 5 5 5 : : 5 5 5

Erl ecy nh tglsl plnp`l sta`` acvn`vli watg tgl duslud nr (rl)fncstruftancs> 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 5

Gnw erl tgl gnusls / strufturls infudlctli2

Ygl pècs erl st`li 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 5

Ygl eftue` gnusl / strufturl as dlesurli eci infudlctli 5 : 5 : 5 5 5 5

Ygl usl nh tgl gnusl / strufturl as infudlctli 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 5

Ygl deactlcecfl nh tgl gnusl / strufturl as infudlctli 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Haourl 8.592

Fn``lftancs rloastretanc nh

tgl laogt dusluds, hn``nwaco

tgl dacadud ildecis nh tgl

Iutfg Duslud Essnfaetanc

(Vtafgtaco Glt Clilrècis

Dusludrloastlr =::5, 7-1).

YglVfnttasg

Frecc

noFlctrl

GNDL

Zheg`m

euduslud

@nhntr

Zerfn

Dncte`l

Ereasa

Detraf

eDuslud

HntlvaklcsDuslud

Ynte`

Yglrl as e rloastlr nh acfndaco eci nutonaco atlds nh tgl fn``lftancs 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?

Ygl mesaf achnrdetanc nh e`` nmblfts as rloastlrli 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?

E`` nmblfts erl ailctastem`l my e fnil : : 5 : 5 5 : 5 9

E`` nmblft achnrdetanc as efflssam`l 5 : 5 5 5 5 : 5 8

Ynte` 6 : 9 6 9 9 = 9


220/347

=57 -

@nnkaco et tgl rlslerfg incl usaco tglar nwc fn``lftancs, e`` laogt dusludsoeac clw kcnw`liol (Vll Haourl 8.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

Nwc ste inls rlslerfg 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?

Nutsail splfaeàsts in tgl rlslerfg 5 : 5 5 5 : 5 : 5 5 : 5 : : : 5

As tgl actlrprltetanc mntg ouaili eci sl`h-ouaili> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

In ynu upietl tgl actlrprltetanc nvlr tadl sn at rlteacs ats veùl nhmlaco clw> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Erl tgl nvlre`` fncflpts / adeol / tgldl, tgl nnks, tgl etdnspglrl ecitgl lxplralcfl fncsastlct watg lefg ntglr> 5 5 5 : 5 5 5 5

Inls tgl lxplralcfl rlètl tn tgl terolt ornup eci adeol> 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 5

As tgl actlrprltetanc hnfusli nc wget vasatnrs wnuì akl es wl`` es tgldlsseol wgafg tgl duslud actlcis tn olt efrnss> 5 5 5 : 5 5 5 5

In ynu staduètl tgl slcsls2 sdl``, testl, saogt, gleraco eci tnufg> 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 5

Erl tglrl ialrlct eylrs ac tgl actlrprltetanc sn tgl vasatnr fec fgnnslialrlct `lvl`s> 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 5

Inls tgl actlrprltetanc ac tgl duslud fnrrlspnci watg tgl wey (tglfurrafuùd) as prlslctli olclre``y ac sfgnn`s> 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 :

Inls ynur duslud gevl pgysafe` strufturls hnr vasatnrs pertafapetanc(hnr lxedp`l ecade`s eci/nr nplretaco defgaclry)> 5 5 5 5 : : : 5

In ynu usl iycedaf lxgamats (hnr lxedp`l (sfe`l) dnil`s nr stetafnmblfts, trecsperlcfals, ianredes)> 5 : 5 : : : : :

In ynu usl ntglr dlecs nh lxgamatanc (hnr lxedp`l astlcaco pnsts,du`tadliae kansks, àogt eci snuci llfts)> : 5 5 5 : : 5 :


225/347

==6

tgl actlrprltetanc hnfusls nc wget vasatnrs wnuì àkl, es wl`` es nc tgl dlsseolwgafg tgl duslud actlcis tn olt efrnss. gl nc`y duslud wglrl tgl slcslserl cnt staduètli, nr wglrl tglrl erl cn iahhlrlct èylrs ac tgl actlrprltetancsn tgl vasatnr fec fgnnsl iahhlrlct `lvl`s as Zerfn Dncte`l; tgly erl e`sn tgl nc`yncl nh tgl laogt dusluds wgn inls cnt epp`y àvaco gastnry et ecy nffesanc(Vll Haourl 8.=:).

Lxplralcfl eci dnilrc tlfgcn`noy erl fndaco f`nslr tn ncl ecntglr; atas cn `ncolr ncl watgnut tgl ntglr. Vdertpgncl snùtancs erl ec adpnrtectwey hnrweri hnr lcoeoaco vasatnrs watg wget tgly wnuì àkl tn kcnw, deil hathnr purpnsl. gas dltgni nh actlrprltetanc as cnt acvesavl eci euodlcts tglactlrprltetanc nhhlrli my duslud stehh plrsnce``y. Acstlei nh frletaco iastecfleci actlrruptanc, dnilrc dliae fec euodlct tgl etdnspglrl es frletli watgtgl (rl)fncstruftli muaìacos, ertlhefts eci tgl tnur ouails. Es @plz-DlcfglrnMlciafgn puts at2 tlfgcafe` eivecfls ac euodlctli rleàty, addlrsavl vartueàtyeci gn`norepgy slld tn ectafapetl e trul rlvnùtanc hnr erfgeln`noafe` glrateolnc-satl prlslctetanc tlfgcaquls (=:55, 9=?). Vufg eivecfls f`ler`y nhhlr decyclw vastes hnr erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds. lfgcaquls àkl vartue` rleàty

erl cn sumstatutanc hnr e rle` àhl lxplralcfl (Mlcclt =::1, 15), mut tgly fecdekl vasatnrs dnrl actlrlstli, my euodlctaco tgl vasat eci wget as `lerct.

gl actlrprltetanc ac tgl duslud usue``y fnrrlspncis watg tgl wey tglfurrafuùd as prlslctli ac sfgnn`s, lxflpt hnr ac GNDL eci Hntlvaklcs Duslud.Ac Vnutglrc Vwlilc tgl furrafuùd, es ilsaocli ac tgl fepate` Vtnfkgn`d, asacfrlesaco`y sllc es tnn her ewey hrnd tgl Vfecaec rleàty. Ac Vfecae, fu`ture`àcks watg Ilcderk erl acfrlesaco`y epprlfaetli (plrsnce` fndducafetanc M.D. Mutt`lr Beknmslc, 9 Becuery =:5=).

n lcfnureol vasatnrs pertafapetanc, ncl fec usl ecade`s, sfe`l dnil`s nrstetaf nmblfts lt fltlre. Ereasa, Zerfn Dncte`l eci tgl Detrafe Duslud in cntgevl ecy nh tglsl. Mut ncl fec haci àvl ecade`s ac tgl ntglr havl dusluds,

e`nco watg sfe`l dnil`s nr ianredes et tgl Zheg`meuduslud eci tgl VfnttasgFreccno Flctrl.

Lvailct`y, ac ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud, tgl mesaf weys nh ilàvlracoactlrprltavl fnctlct as my dlecs nh plrdeclct lxgamats, ouaili vasatnr tnurs ecisl`h-ouaili tnurs (Vll Haourl 8.51). E`dnst watgnut lxflptanc, e`` dusludsgevl nutinnr plrdeclct lxgamats, nroecasl dassanc-rlètli pumàf lvlcts àkl`lfturls, ha`ds lt fltlre eci nhhlr mntg gecis-nc stetancs hnr tgl pumàf tn trynut eftavatals hnr tgldsl`vls eci ildncstretancs wglrl tgl pumàf feccnt trytgl eftavaty. E àtt`l `lss hrlqulct`y (sax nut nh laogt tadls) dusluds usl tgariplrsnc actlrprltlrs, eci gevl mntg tglar fn``lftancs eci erfgavl nr àmreryeveaèm`l hnr rlslerfg - e`tgnuog tglsl erl cnt rleia`y efflssam`l ac e`` laogt

dusluds, lvlc hnr stehh.Erfgeln`noafe` ertlhefts erl nc`y nc iaspèy et hnur nh tgl laogt dusluds,

wga`st tgrll ntglrs gevl fn``lftancs prlslctli et ecntglr nfetanc. Zerfn Dncte`lges tglar nraoace` fn``lftancs ac clermy Dnilce, tgl Detrafe Duslud ges tglarsac tgl duslud ac tgl sedl tnwc eci Ereasa ges tglar fn``lftancs nh ertlhefts actgl @etvaec Cetance` Gastnry Duslud ac ]oe. GNDL as tgl nc`y ncl watg cnnraoace` ertlhefts prlslctli wgetsnlvlr (Vll Haourl 8.51).


226/347

==9 -

Harst plrsnc actlrprltetanc tekls pèfl ac hnur dusluds - HntlvaklcsDuslud, @nhntr, tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci GNDL, mut cnt clflssera`yiea`y. Zlrani fnstudls ac e`` hnur nh tglsl dusluds as rlesncem`y hat hnr purpnsl,mut e èrol prnpnrtanc nh tgl fnstudls rlprlslcts tgl rafglr pert nh snfalty. Nclwnuì lxplft dnrl evlreol eci pnnr fnstudls ac tgl dusluds. At as rlderkem`ltget tgl dusluds cnt usaco plrani fnstudls slld tn fùstlr ewey hrnd

Haourl 8.512 _eys

tgl dusluds ilàvlr

tglar liufetance` eci

actlrprltavl fnctlct,

reckli my hrlqulcfy.

YglVfnttasg

FreccnoFlctrl

GNDL

Zheg`meuduslud

@nhntr

ZerfnDncte`l

Ereasa

DetrafeDuslud

HntlvaklcsDuslud

Ynte`

5 Zlrdeclct lxgamats 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

Ouaili vasatnr tnurs 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

Vl`h-ouaili tnurs2 saoceol eci / nr practli ouail / mrnfgurl 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

Zractli achnrdetanc tn tekl e`nco 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

Nwc (rl)fncstruftli plrani rnnds / erfgatlfture` (rl)fncstruftancs 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

= Nutinnr plrdeclct lxgamats 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 : ?

Dassanc-rlètli pumàf lvlcts (`lfturls, st`ds lt fltlre) 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 ?

Gecis-nc stetancs hnr tgl pumàf tn try 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 5 ?

Ildncstretancs mut pumàf feccnt try 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 ?

6 Acinnr plrdeclct lxgamats 5 : 5 5 5 : 5 5 8

Yldpnrery lxgamats nroecasli my tgl duslud 5 : 5 5 : 5 5 5 8

Ert / freht / lquapdlct ildncstretancs 5 5 5 5 5 : : 5 8

Ert / freht / lquapdlct wnrksgnps (wglrl vasatnrs erl eftavl`y acvn`vli) 5 5 5 5 : : 5 5 8

6ri plrsnc actlrprltlrs 5 5 : 5 : 5 5 5 8

Fn``lftancs eveaèm`l hnr rlslerfg 5 : 5 5 : 5 5 5 8

Erfgavls nr àmrery eveaèm`l hnr rlslerfg : 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 8

9 Mrneifests (YX, reian, actlrclt) : 5 5 5 : : 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

As ynur duslud nc we`kaco iastecfl hrnd pumàf trecspnrt(mus stnp, treac stetanc, sumwey)> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

As at lesy tn stci tgl duslud hrnd tgl mus stnp / stetanc> 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?

Oavaco tgl vasatnrs tgl hllàco nh mlaco wl`fndl

Erl ynur ste treacli tn ml hralci`y eci fndducafetavl> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

Erl ynu nlraco e wl`fndl oaht (cafl lelt nr deoezaclhnr lxedp`l)> 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 5 ?

In ynu oavl ec nvlrvalw nc e`` lxastaco hefaàtals et strstsaogt(f`ler `noastafs)> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

Haourl 8.=52 Nvlrvalw nh tgl

vasatnr slrvafl ac tgl laogt

dusluds2 mlhnrl tgl vasat.


231/347

==1

tn prlperl tgl rlst nh tgl vasat wl``, mntg ac tadl eci spefl. Mlsails tgl rle`tgaco tgly actlci tn vasat, lque``y adpnrtect erl pèfls tn rlst, tna`lts, e pèfltn olt rlhrlsgdlcts lt fltlre. At as adpnrtect tn ouail vasatnrs wl`` tgrnuog tglduslud eci nhhlr tgld iahhlrlct snurfls nh achnrdetanc. gl orlet fge``lcolhnr erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds as tn acvn`vl es decy slcsls es pnssam`l hnre pnsatavl lxplralcfl. Ac decy sufg dusluds, tgl vasatnr lxplralcfl as pessavleci hnfusli nc wetfgaco nc`y. E`tgnuog at daogt ml tnn geri tn acvn`vl e``vasatnrs eftavl`y ac prlslctetancs nr ildncstretancs, ncl fnuì hnr lxedp`ltraoolr tgl slcsls dnrl my usaco sdl``s, snucis nr àogt.

gl vasatnr slrvafls erl usue``y onni et tgl laogt dusluds.Lctry hlls erl rlfnocasem`l, prafaco eci nplcaco tadls es wl``, e`tgnuog

tget fnuì ml mlttlr et GNDL eci @nhntr. Nc lctry, rlflptanc stehh oavl f`lerachnrdetanc emnut tgl duslud eci wget as gepplcaco nc tget splfahaf iey. Atas adpnrtect tn rlfnocasl tget gudec fncteft, dnrl tgec wrattlc mrnfgurlsnr saocs sgnwaco achnrdetanc, dekls tgl iahhlrlcfl mltwllc e dlianfrl eci eonni duslud lxplralcfl. Iasem`li hefaàtals erl nc nhhlr et e`dnst e`` tgl satlseci e`` dusluds erl tn sndl lxtlct merralr hrll. gas nh fnursl as e iahhafu`t

dettlr tn efgalvl ac ecy erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud, fndperli tn ecacinnr duslud.

glrl erl derkli iahhlrlcfls mltwllc tgl laogt dusluds rloeriacotgl hefaàtals tn rlst eci gevl rlhrlsgdlct. Havl dusluds gevl e sl`h-slrvaflrlsteurect. Hntlvaklcs Duslud rucs e hu`` slrvafl rlsteurect, mut nc`y et splfahafnffesancs. GNDL rucs e hu`` slrvafl rlsteurect rlouèr`y, lvlc nc wllkieyswatg hlwlr vasatnrs.

gl rlsteurect hefaàtals sgnuì ml rlefgem`l hrnd watgac tgl erfgeln`noafe`nplc-ear dusluds addlrsavl erle. Ah at as tnn f`nsl tn tgl lxat, at wa`` cnt ml ecacflctavl hnr vasatnrs tn sat eci rlst eci prn`nco tglar stey, mntg ac tgl rlsteurecteci ac tgl duslud atsl`h. Zlnp`l sgnuì cnt ml tgackaco emnut `levaco wga`l

tgly erl lcbnyaco tgl rlsteurect.Acstlei nh nhhlraco hnni eci iracks è fertl, duslud rlsteurects fnuì in

wl`` my wnrkaco watg e muhhlt acstlei. E muhhlt fec nhhlr dnrl wglc at olts musyeci `lss wglc at as qualt (Meremec & Iurnfglr =:5:, ==-=7).

\sue``y, prnoreddls fec tekl pèfl ac ncl nr twn hnrlaoc ècoueols, ahmnnkli eglei nh tadl (Vll Haourl 8.==). Ac GNDL eci tgl Detrafe Dusludtgas as cnt e pnssamaàty nr gepplcs vlry slìnd. Ac hnur ntglr fesls, tglrl as edexadud nh twn hnrlaoc ècoueols. Vplfae` dlctanc sgnuì ml deil nh @nhntrwglrl prnoreddls erl eveaèm`l ac sax ècoueols. gas ucilràcls tgl splfae`fgereftlr nh vasatnrs tn tgas duslud, wgn fndl hrnd sufg verali nraoacs (VllFgeptlr


232/347

=6: -

8.6.?.6 Nc `levaco tgl Duslud

Dnst vasatnrs erl dnrl tgec geppy watg tglar vasat tn ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud, eci hll` tget at lxfllili tglar lxplftetancs. Hrnd tgl dusludpnact nh valw, at as adpnrtect tn kllp tgl duslud ac tgl vasatnrs daci, lvlcwglc tgly `levl. Ah pnssam`l, vasatnrs sgnuì `levl watg tgl ilsarl tn rlturc, hnrlxedp`l wglc tglrl as sndltgaco iahhlrlct tn lxplralcfl nh tgl sedl queàty.

gl vasatnr nc tgl ntglr geci daogt wect tn tekl sndltgaco tecoam`l gndl, ese snuvlcar nr hnr ats achnrdetanc veùl.E`` laogt dusluds gevl e sgnp, e`mlat ac Ereasa nc`y e sgnp wacinw. Et

mntg @nhntr eci Hntlvaklcs Duslud tgl sgnp fnvlrs 5=:-5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

Erl tgl prafls eci nplcaco tadls vasam`l et tgl strst lctry es wl`` es et tgl tafklt se`ls> 5 : 5 : 5 5 5 5 8

As achnrdetanc f`ler`y eci eftavl`y ilàvlrli my tgl rlflptanc ste tn tgl vasatnrs, lsplfae``yemnut iasfnucts eci splfae` eftavatals eci sufg> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

In ynu prnvail hefaàtals akl wgll`fgears, redps, splfae` ilsfraptancs, nmblfts tn tnufg> 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 ?

As ynur duslud merralr-hrll> Ygas as nh fnursl cnt e`weys pnssam`l, es nco es ynufndducafetl sufg. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

Zèfls tn rlèx eci rlfrletl

_get typls nh rlhrlsgdlct hefaàtals inls tgl duslud nlr ats vasatnrs>

Cntgaco- : : 5 : 5 : : : =

Eutndetaf vlciaco defgacls- : : : : : : : : :

Vl`h-slrvafl nr fehltlrae sty`l rlsteurect- 5 : : 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 : 5 : 5 5 5 8

Erl tglrl onni nptancs hnr plnp`l wgn mraco e`nco tglar nwc hnni eci iracks> : 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?

Erl tglrl lcnuog tna`lts, erl tgly sprlei wl`` efrnss tgl tlrratnry eci erl tgly hnr hrll> 5 5 5 : 5 5 5 5 ?

As tglrl e memy ferl rnnd efflssam`l hnr mntg wndlc eci dlc> As tglrl lcnuog pravefy> 5 : 5 5 : : 5 5 5 : 5 5 : : : 5 9

@ecoueols

Fec ncl nrilr splfae` prnoreddls ac hnrlaoc ecoueols> Gnw decy hnrlaoc ecoueols> 5 : 5 8 6 5 : =

Gnw decy hnrlaoc ecoueols in hrnct acl ste aciavaiue``y typafe``y destlr> 5 6 = 6 = 5 5 5. 5 6 = 8 6 5 : =

Haourl 8.==2 Nvlrvalw nh tgl

vasatnr slrvafl ac tgl laogt

dusluds2 iuraco tgl vasat.


233/347

=65

dltrls sllds tn ml hattaco hnr tglsl laogt dusluds. gl hnur `erolr sgnps(@nhntr, Hntlvaklcs Duslud, tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci GNDL) gevl ecessnrtdlct wgafg as mntg wail (watg decy iahhlrlct ornups nh ertaf`ls) eci illp

(watg decy ertaf`ls plr ornup nh ertaf`ls). \sue``y, tgl essnrtdlct as ? 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

Essnrtdlct

As tgl essnrtdlct illp (decy ertaf`ls plr ornup nh ertaf`ls). 5 4ucillp, 6 4 illp 6 6 5 6 5 5 5 6 =

As tgl essnrtdlct wail (decy ialrlct ornups nh ertaf`ls)> 5 4 cnt, 6 4dufg 6 6 5 6 = 5 6 6 =.9

In ynu nlr atlds watg e fncclftanc tn tgl fn``lftancs> 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

Gnw dufg (plrflcteol) as iarlft`y fncclftli watg tgl sumblfts nh tglfn``lftancs> ?


234/347

=6= -

8.9 Fn``lftaco Achnrdetanc emnut Xasatnrs

glrl erl decy weys tn fn``lft achnrdetanc emnut tgl dusluds vasatnrs. gasas lsplfae``y adpnrtect ac nrilr tn f`nsl Oep wn, tgl splfahafetanc oep mltwllctgl deceoldlcts valw nc wget tgl vasatnr lxplfts eci tgl eftue` ettreftancqueàty tget as splfahali (Vll Vlftanc 6.7). E`` laogt dusluds usl vasatnr survlys

mut cnt e`` yler tgrnuog eci cnt hnr e`` terolt ornups (Vll Haourl 8.=9). Vfgnnòrnup `leilrs, hnr lxedp`l, nhtlc gevl e survly hnrd gecili tn tgld, mut tgasas iahhlrlct hnr tnurast vasatnrs. Nc sndl nffesancs, vasatnr survlys erl ruc lvlrytgari yler eci erl, hnr lxedp`l, splfahafe``y teroltli et tgl èrolst lvlct nh tglyler. E`` laogt dusluds dekl usl nh achnrde` nmslrvetancs my tglar nwc stehh.gas as cnt nc`y rlflptanc stehh, mut e`sn tgl ouails eci ntglrs. E`` dusludsece`ysl tgl tafklt se`ls iete, cnt pradera`y nc tgl hacecfae` mefkornucis, mutvasatnr fgereftlrastafs, tadl nh vasat, wgafg fndpecy, lt fltlre.

Havl dusluds gevl e fnddlct mnx nr e oulst mnnk wglrl vasatnrs fec `levlfnddlcts. E`` dusluds efflpt fnddlct my ldea` wgafg as usue``y hn``nwli upmy stehh. E`sn fndpèacts oavlc ac plrsnc erl hn``nwli up aciavaiue``y. Ecntglrhavl dusluds nffesance``y actlrvalw vasatnrs hnr dnrl hllimefk, e`tgnuog tgasas e vlry tadl fncsudaco nplretanc. Vtnrl se`ls iete erl e`sn ece`ysli nc tglfndmacetanc nh prniufts snì, tgl tnp 5:, slesnce` se`ls lt fltlre.

Nmslrvetanc nh vasatnrs, hnr lxedp`l nh tgl tadl tgly splci et iahhlrlctperts nh tgl satl, as lxlfutli nffesance``y ac ge`h nh tgl dusluds eci fec mlvlry rlweriaco ac ailctahyaco wgafg perts nh tgl dusluds erl hnuci dnstactlrlstaco. gl usl nh hnfus ornups, eivasnry ornups eci lxtlrce` fncsu`tectstn mlttlr ucilrsteci tgl vasatnrs eci tglar dntavetanc as vlry rerl.

Haourl 8.=92 Nvlrvalw nh gnw

tgl duslud deceoldlct

fn``lfts achnrdetanc emnut

tglar vasatnrs.

YglVfnttasg

FreccnoFlc

trl

GNDL

Zheg`meuduslud

@nhntr

ZerfnDncte`l

Ereasa

DetrafeDuslud

HntlvaklcsD

uslud

Ynte`

Xasatnr survlys 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

Achnrde` nmslrvetancs my rlflptanc eci ntglr ste 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

Yafklt se`ls iete 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7

Oulst mnnk / Fnddlct mnx 5 5 : 5 5 5 5 :

Ac tgas slftanc, et harst tgl fndpecals erl rlvalwli my tnte`, tglc my iey eci hace``ymy slesnc. Iete sgnwli tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl, tgl Zheg`meuduslud eci@nhntr tn ml tgl dusluds ac tgl dnst tnurast actlcsavl rloancs, watg tnurastsnhtlc steyaco ac tgl erle hnr `ncolr tgec e saco`l iey.

Et tgl Detrafe Duslud eci Zerfn Dncte`l, plnp`l `levl tgl erle tgl sedliey (Vll Haourl ?.58). gl iete rloeriaco GNDL eci Hntlvaklcs Duslud erldnrl iahhafu`t tn rlei. GNDL as ac e cnc-tnurast erle; Hntlvaklcs Duslud asac ec erle watg hlw tnurasts mut sta`` e`dnst


252/347

=


253/347

=


254/347

=

Ac nrilr tn haci nut gnw tgl rlsplftavl dusluds gei mlfndl kcnwc tn tgnslilfaiaco tn vasat, tnurasts wlrl eskli tn fgnnsl ncl nr slvlre` heftnrs hrnd e sltnh nptancs, àkl rlfnddlcili, actlrclt nr bust pessaco my (Vll Haourl ?.51).gas qulstanc wes actlcili tn sgnw tgl lhhlftavlclss nh iahhlrlct derkltaco

tnn`s. Hnr dusluds, tgl assuls erl gnw tn rlefg pntlctae` tnurasts eci gnwtn fncvacfl tgld tn fndl hnr e vasat. Decy nptancs wlrl eiili my aciavaiue`dusluds (fndmacli ac Haourl ?.51 ucilr ntglr) nh wgafg tgl nptancs ouailmnnk (sll hnr lxedp`l tgl @ncl`y Zèclt, www.`ncl`ypèclt.fnd/cnrwey),pefkeol tnur (@nhntr) eci tgl duslud as kcnwc (Zheg`meuduslud) wlrladpnrtect eiiatancs - e`tgnuog uchnrtucetl`y tglsl nptancs wlrl cnt uslilvlrywglrl. Dnst tnurasts vasat e duslud mlfeusl at wes rlfnddlcili tn tgld,e`tgnuog wgltglr tgas rlfnddlcietanc fedl hrnd hralcis nr heda`y nr hrndtgl `nfe` tnurast mneri nr gntl` as ucf`ler. ]lfnddlcietancs erl mlàlvli tn mltgl dnst adpnrtect fgeccl`, eci et Hntlvaklcs Duslud tgas as pertafuèr`y tglfesl (97.1%). \saco deoezacls eci clwspeplrs es hrll pumàfaty as ec adpnrtect

tnn` et GNDL (=7.:%), eci et Zerfn Dncte`l. At as surprasaco tget ac hnurdusluds, 5:% nr dnrl nh tgl tnurasts bust gepplcli tn pess my eci tglcilfaili tn vasat, lvlc tgnuog tgl dusluds slld cnt tn ml `nfetli nc e deacrnutl. Epperlct`y tglsl hnur dusluds gevl ec ettreftavl lcnuog lctrecfl erletn lcfnureol tnurasts tn vasat. Zafturls nh uceppleàco lctry erles erl prlslctliac fgeptlrs Havl eci Laogt2 hnr GNDL eci tgl Zheg`meuduslud lsplfae``ytgas as ec assul. Lsplfae``y et tgl Zheg`meuduslud eci @nhntr tglrl erl e`dnstcn effailcte` vasatnrs. get fec ml lxpèacli my tglsl vlculs mlaco tnurastilstacetancs ac tgldsl`vls. GNDL as cnt nc e deac rnutl eci ges cn ettreftavllctrecfl erle (nhh tgl rnei) eci tglrlhnrl ges cn adpu`sl vasatnrs. Et HntlvaklcsDuslud, tgl qulstanc wes cnt reasli eci tglrlhnrl feccnt ml lxp`nrli.

Haourl ?.512 Gnw iai vasatnrs

gler emnut tgl duslud, ac

plrflcteols. Du`tap`l ecswlrs

erl pnssam`l. Ygl twn pears nh

orly mnxls (GNDL eci tgl

twn ml`ncoaco tn Hntlvaklcs

Duslud) erl eiili up es twn

suds eci rlhlrrli tn ac tgl

ruccaco tlxt.

YglVfnttasg

FreccnoFlctrl

GNDL

Zheg`meuduslud

@nhntr

ZerfnDncte`l

Ereasa

DetrafeDuslud

HntlvaklcsDuslud

Evlreol

]lfnddlcili =6. =% 51. ?% 56.


255/347

=


256/347

=


257/347

=


258/347

=

gl rlesncs hnr vasataco ec erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud in cnt fgecolsaocahafect`y mltwllc harst vasats eci rlplet vasats (Vll Haourl ?.=9 eci ?.=


259/347

=


260/347


261/347

=


262/347

=8: -

Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl eci tgl Zheg`meuduslud, at slìnd gepplcs tgetGNDL as nvlrfrnwili; 6,::: vasatnrs ac ncl iey steyaco hnr tgrll gnurs nrdnrl as hlesam`l glrl. gl Zheg`meuduslud feccnt fnpl watg e gaog cudmlr nhvasatnrs steyaco hnr e prn`ncoli plrani.

nurasts fndaco nc e rlplet vasat stey `ncolr tgec et tglar harst vasat (VllHaourl ?.=1). Hnr tgl Detrafe Duslud tglrl wlrl cn iete eveaèm`l, eci hnrHntlvaklcs Duslud tglrl wlrl tnn hlw iete eveaèm`l tn dekl e buiodlct.glrl erl dnrl rlplet vasats èstaco twn gnurs eci up (68.9%), fndperli tnharst vasats (=?.9%). Ncl lxpècetanc fnuì ml tget ehtlr e setashyaco harst vasat,

ncl ilfails tn fndl mefk nc ec lvlct iey. Ecntglr lxpècetanc fnuì ml tgetvasatnrs gevl hnuci nut emnut tgl heda`y hralciàclss nr ntglr esplfts tgly nc`yiasfnvlrli wglc tgly vasatli.

Mntg et Ereasa (85.7%) eci tgl Zheg`meuduslud (58.1%), tglrl erlsaocahafect`y dnrl rlplet vasats èstaco ncl gnur nr `lss tgec l`slwglrl; plnp`lstey saocahafect`y sgnrtlr glrl nc rlplet vasats tgec tgly in ecywglrl l`sl (VllHaourl ?.6:).

?.

gl `lcotg nh stey, `nco nr sgnrt, inls cnt fnrrlspnci watg tgl setasheftanc retl;plnp`l in cnt `levl tgl duslud ler`y mlfeusl tgly erl ucgeppy nr stey `ncolr

mlfeusl at as sufg e orlet lxplralcfl (Vll Haourl ?.65). Zrnmem`y, plnp`l gevlpèccli e flrteac tadl hnr tglar vasat eci stafk tn tget, nr l`sl tgl duslud vasatas ilsaocli tn hat e flrteac tadl spec.

Hnr tgl plnp`l wgnsl lxplralcfl lxflli tgl lxplftetancs (tgl debnraty nhplnp`l, sll Haourl ?.65), tgl nptadud iuretanc nh e vasat as 5-= gnurs.

?.8 Xasat Lveùetanc

?.8.5 ]etacos

Xasatnr lveùetanc as adpnrtect ac ilhacaco tgl splfahafetanc oep mltwllc wget

tgl duslud tgacks tgl vasatnrs lxplft eci wget vasatnrs tru`y lxplft (Vll Vlftanc6.7). At fec e`sn sgli àogt nc Oep grll, tgl oep mltwllc slrvafl splfahali eciilàvlrli. Xasatnrs fnuì retl slvlre` esplfts nc e sfe`l mltwllc ncl eci havlwglrl ncl wes pnnr eci havl wes lxfl``lct. Ac preftafl, decy vasatnrs usli twnveùls, àkl hnr lxedp`l =-6, nr aciafetli e ge`h sfnrl àkl =.


263/347

=85

:%

5:%

=:%

6:%

9:%


264/347

=8= -

sfnrl mltwllc 8.: eci 7.: wes fncsailrli pnnr, mltwllc 7.: eci 1.: evlreol eciemnvl 1.: wes fncsailrli tn ml onni (Vll Haourl ?.6=). Hnur nh tgl cacl dnstretli atlds e`` sfnrli gaoglr tgec 1.: wgafg as vlry gaog (Vll Haourl ?.66).Dnst iassetashali vasatnrs (retacos watg e sfnrl ml`nw 8.:) fec ml hnuci wglcte`kaco emnut tgl oaht sgnp (==.1%) eci tgl feh (51.


265/347

=86

?.8.5.5 ]etl tgl (]l)fncstruftanc

gl erfgatlfture` trul tn sfe`l fncstruftanc, pnpuèr`y rlhlrrli tn es tgl(rl)fncstruftli gnusl, as olclre``y wget vasatnrs fndl tn sll eci as tgl hleturloavlc dnst prndaclcfl my tgl duslud atsl`h. At as nmvanus tget tgas e`dnst oavlstgl tnp sfnrl pnssam`l. gl retaco hnr tgas sumblft wes dnst hrlqulct nh e`` eci

watg tgl `lest ilmetl (tgl plrflcteol nh vasatnrs oavaco e rlderkem`y `nw sfnrl asnc`y =.?%) (Vll Haourl ?.69). gl dnst setashali erl vasatnrs tn Zerfn Dncte`l;tgl `lest geppy wlrl tgl vasatnrs nh GNDL. gas prnmem`y ac mntg fesls ilplciss dufg nc tgl prlslctetanc es nc tgl queàty nh tgl (rl)fncstruftli gnusls.Et Zerfn Dncte`l, tglrl erl twn èrolr gnusls wgafg erl prlslctli es nutinnrduslud nmblfts, usue``y watg duslud stehh eveaèm`l nc tgl spnt hnr e ouailitnur. Et GNDL, tgl gnusls (nvlr e inzlc) erl cnt e`weys stehhli. Xasatnrs gevltn dekl up tglar nwc stnry ah tgly in cnt rlei tgl `leh`lt tgly gevl rlflavli nclctry.

?.8.5.= ]etl tgl Ynur Ouail(s)

gl tnur ouails olclre``y sfnrl mlttlr tgec ecytgaco l`sl, et `lest et tgl VfnttasgFreccno Flctrl, GNDL, tgl Detrafe Duslud eci Hntlvaklcs Duslud. gasges cn fncclftanc tn wgltglr oulsts erl ouaili nr cnt. Et tgl Zheg`meudusludeci tgl Vfnttasg Freccno Flctrl, cnmniy lctlrs tgl nplc ear erle watgnut etnur ouail. GNDL ges ncl hrll ouaili tnur iea`y; @nhntr ges emnut 5: ouailitnurs plr iey. Et Zerfn Dncte`l, lvlry stetanc ac tgl perk ges ec ncsatl tnurouail, eci et Ereasa, ncl fec garl e plrsnce` tnur ouail. gl Detrafe Dusludnhhlrs rlouèr ouaili tnurs, e`tgnuog cnt iea`y.

Haourl ?.662

Evlreol retaco plr esplft

e`` laogt dusluds fndmacli.

1.65

1.


266/347

=89 -

E tnte` nh 9% nh tgl vasatnrs erl ucgeppy watg tgl tnur ouails mut ac olclre` ,tgly sfnrl e 1.< (Vll Haourl ?.66 eci ?.69). gas ucilràcls ncl nh tgl ucaqulsl`àco pnacts nh tglsl dusluds2 àvl actlrprltetanc tn tgl vasatnrs, usue``ydeil hat hnr tgl rlsplftavl euialcfls. Dnrl adpnrtect tgec tgl gnusls (wgafgfnuì murc inwc eci ml rlmua`t) erl tglrlhnrl tgl plnp`l wgn pnpuètl tglsldusluds eci mraco tgld tn àhl, wgltglr es nplc-ear duslud sgnwfesls nr esàvaco gastnry errecoldlcts.

gl tnur ouails usue``y erl peai stehh, mut vnùctllrs nhtlc pnpuètl tgldusluds et flrteac ietls eci lvlcts. Vllaco gnw adpnrtect tglsl plnp`l erl tntgl vasatnrs lxplralcfl, at hn``nws tget dufg ettlctanc sgnuì ml peai tn tglslvnùctllrs. gl duslud deceoldlct sgnuì ml fratafe` nh tglar vnùctllrs, ecintglrs pèyaco gnst ac tglar nwc duslud, es tglrl as e queàty stecieri hnr gnwvasatnrs lxplft tn ml gnstli.

?.8.5.6 ]etl tgl Lxgamats

E`tgnuog sgnwfesli nr ntglr lxgamats ac e duslud fnctlxt hnrd ec adpnrtect

eiiatanc, eci ac sndl fesls erl tgl stertaco pnact nh tgl stnry uchnìaco et ecerfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear duslud, tgly sfnrl e tnn `nw 7.76 (Vll Haourl ?.66 eci?.69). gas fnuì gevl veranus rlesncs. gl lxgamats erl nhtlc cnt eivlrtaslies f`ler`y es tgl nutinnr pert. Hurtglr, tglrl as `lss lxplralcfl hnr tgl vasatnr,`lss acvn`vaco nh e`` slcsls eci `lss actlreftanc ac tgas dnilrc acinnr pert. glepprnefg ac tgl acinnr duslud eci tgl nutinnr duslud sgnuì ml dnrlsadaèr; tgl acinnr lxgamats fec prlperl tgl vasatnr hnr wget gl nr sgl as emnuttn lxplralcfl ac tgl nplc ear. glrlhnrl tgl sgnwfesl lxplralcfl fnuì ml mlttlr

=.?%

9.:%

1.=%

5:.=%

9.


267/347

=8


268/347

=88 -

?.8.5.? ]etl tgl Oaht Vgnp

gl oaht sgnp as e rle` wlekclss nh decy dusluds (Vll Vlftanc 8.6.?.6.), es astgl feh eci rlsteurect hefaàtals. gnuog tglsl twn dnilrc slrvafl erles erlcnt tgl fnrl musaclss nh erfgeln`noafe` nplc-ear dusluds, tgly erl e`sn tgl twnerles wglrl lxtlrce` lxplrtasl as rleia`y eveaèm`l tn turc tgld actn e sufflss.

glsl twn erles - ah sufflsshu` - fec dekl tgl iahhlrlcfl mltwllc hacecfae`survave` eci ilfàcl. glrl as p`lcty nh lxplrtasl eveaèm`l, mntg ac tgl dusludwnrì eci mlynci. AFND ges ec actlrcetance` fnddattll hnr duslud hefaàtyeidacastretnrs, AEDHE, eftavl ac mlcfgderkaco, fnvlraco assuls àkl utaàtalseci slrvafl `lvl` eorlldlcts (www.hefaàtyassuls.fnd/Dusluds/). Adpnrtecteci rlflct àtlreturl emnut duslud sgnps as wail`y eveaèm`l, hnr lxedp`l@ladorumlr & Bngc =:55, wgafg iasfussls lvlry adeoacem`l assul rloeriacosgnps ac dusluds.

?.8.5.7 ]etl tgl Feh

_atg tgl `nwlst sfnrl nh e``, tgl feh sfnrli ec evlreol nh ?.?5. Ac hnur nut nh sax

dusluds, tgl feh nr rlsteurect hefaàtals, e`tgnuog prlslct, sfnrl pnnr`y (VllHaourl ?.69). At as adpnrtect tn cntl tget nc`y 5,58< plnp`l retli tgas atld. EtZerfn Dncte`l eci Hntlvaklcs Duslud, tgly wlrl cnt eskli mlfeusl tgl nptancas cnt prlslct. Ac sndl fesls àkl et tgl Zheg`meuduslud eci et tgl VfnttasgFreccno Flctrl tglrl erl `loe` assuls wgafg prlvlct tgl dusluds hrnd gevacotglar nwc, onni feh.

?.8.5.1 Lxplftetanc ]etaco

_glc tgl vasatnr survly wes put tnoltglr, tgl duslud deceolrs ilfaili tglqulstanc rloeriaco tgl olclre` setasheftanc nh vasatnrs wes adpnrtect lcnuogtn ml eskli slperetl`y hrnd ntglr sadaèr qulstancs. At wes eftue``y tgl sedl

qulstanc es tn retaco tgl nvlre`` lxplralcfl. gl ecswlrs tn tgl lxplftetancserl sudderasli ac Haourl ?.6


269/347

=8?

glrl sllds tn ml cn saocahafect iahhlrlcfls mltwllc tgl gaog slesnclve`uetanc eci tgl rlst nh tgl yler, lxflpt hnr tgl ednuct nh iassetashali vasatnrs.\chnrtucetl`y, tgl cudmlrs nh survlys ac tgl sgnu`ilr slesnc eci nhh slesnc erltnn `nw tn fndperl lefg duslud nc iahhlrlct sumblfts. _glc fndpera

Documents

Paardekooper 2012 - The Value of an Archaeological Open-Air Museum is in Its Use