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Springdale Primary School
P3 & P4 Parents’ Seminar
Mathematics
Strategies for Model Drawing
26 Jan 2018
1
Springdale Primary School
Objectives
At the end of this session, parents will be able
to:
• understand the rationale of using the model
approach in solving problem sums
• solve middle primary story sums using the
model approach
• guide their child to solve story sums using the
model approach
2
Springdale Primary School
Outline
• Why? (Introduction to model method)
• What? (Explanation of different types
of model)
• How? (Hands-on practice with drawing
of model)
• How? (Home support for your child)
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Springdale Primary School
Curriculum Framework
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Springdale Primary School
Processes – Thinking Skills
• Thinking skills are skills that are used in a
thinking process, such as
– Classifying
– Comparing
– Analysing parts and whole
– Identifying patterns and relationships
– Induction
– Deduction
– Generalising
– Spatial visualisation
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Springdale Primary School
Processes – Heuristics
• Heuristics are problem-solving strategies
when the solution to the problem is not
obvious. These include
– making a guess (e.g. trial and error/guess
and check, making a supposition)
– walking through the process (e.g. acting it
out, working backwards)
– using a representation (e.g. drawing a
diagram, tabulating)
– changing the problem (e.g. simplifying the
problem, considering special cases)
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Springdale Primary School
Using a Representation
• Representations allow students to
– reflect on them;
– modify them; and
– link them to suitable problem-solving strategies
• Representations include
– Picture
– Model
– Diagram
– Table/List
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Springdale Primary School
Mathematics Syllabus
Primary 1 and 2 Primary 3 and 4 Primary 5 and 6
• Whole Number
• Money &
Measurements
• Fractions
• Whole Number
• Money &
Measurements
• Fractions
• Decimals
• Whole Number
• Money &
Measurements
• Fractions
• Decimals
• Ratio & Proportion
• Percentage
• The model method is one of the most frequently
used problem-solving heuristics throughout
primary school.
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Springdale Primary School
Features of Model Drawing
• Simplify the problem.
• Visualize the problem from abstract to
concrete.
• Make sense of and manipulate the
information pictorially.
• Length of the rectangular bars is drawn
proportionately in relation to one
another.
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Springdale Primary School
Features of Model Drawing
• The available information is recorded
onto the models.
• Question marks are used to indicate the
unknown information.
• Translate the problem into mathematics
steps.
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Springdale Primary School
Types of Model
• Part-whole Model
• Comparison Model
• Before-after Model
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Springdale Primary School
Part-Whole Model
Part Part
Whole
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Springdale Primary School
Part-Whole Model
Part
Part
Whole
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Springdale Primary School
Comparison Model
Comparison
X
Y
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Springdale Primary School
Comparison Model
Comparison
X
Y
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Springdale Primary School
Springdale Primary School
Examples
1. A container with 2 packets of milk has a mass of 1200 g. The same container with 4 packets of milk has a mass of 2200 g. What is the mass of the empty container?
17
What do I know?
There are containers and
packets of milk
1 container has 2 packets
of milk
Another container has 4
packets of milk
Asked to find?
Mass of container
Springdale Primary School
Examples
1. A container with 2 packets of milk has a mass of 1200 g. The same container with 4 packets of milk has a mass of 2200 g. What is the mass of the empty container?
18
Have I solved similar
questions before?
What skill should I use?
Guess & Check?
Systematic Listing?
Draw a diagram?
Draw a model?
Springdale Primary School
Examples
1. A container with 2 packets of milk has a mass of 1200 g. The same container with 4 packets of milk has a mass of 2200 g. What is the mass of the empty container?
1200
2200
milkcontainer milk
milkcontainer milk milk milk
?
19
Difference
Springdale Primary School
Examples
1. A container with 2 packets of milk has a mass of 1200 g. The same container with 4 packets of milk has a mass of 2200 g. What is the mass of the empty container?
20
2200 – 1200 = 1000
2 units = 1000
Method A:
1200 – 1000 = 200
Method B:
4 units = 1000 × 2
= 2000
2200 – 2000 = 200
Springdale Primary School
Examples
1. A container with 2 packets of milk has a mass of 1200 g. The same container with 4 packets of milk has a mass of 2200 g. What is the mass of the empty container?
21
200 g makes sense?
Check for:
Number Transfer
Units
Calculations
The mass of the empty
container is 200g.
Springdale Primary School
Examples
1. A container with 2 packets of milk has a mass of 1200 g. The same container with 4 packets of milk has a mass of 2200 g. What is the mass of the empty container?
22
Refeed the answer back
to the question:
Container A:
200 + 1000 = 1200
Container B:
200 + 2000 = 2200
Springdale Primary School
Examples
2. 3 shirts and 1 dress cost $84. 3 shirts and 3 dresses cost $132.Find the cost of a dress.
23
What do I know?
There are shirts
There are dresses
Cost of 3S and 1D
Cost of 3S and 3D
Asked to find?
Cost of 1D
Springdale Primary School
Examples
2. 3 shirts and 1 dress cost $84. 3 shirts and 3 dresses cost $132.Find the cost of a dress.
24
Have I solved similar
questions before?
What skill should I use?
Guess & Check?
Systematic Listing?
Draw a diagram?
Draw a model?
Using equations?
Springdale Primary School
Examples
2. 3 shirts and 1 dress cost $84. 3 shirts and 3 dresses cost $132.Find the cost of a dress.
132
84
?
25
S SS
SSS
D
D D D
Springdale Primary School
Examples
2. 3 shirts and 1 dress cost $84. 3 shirts and 3 dresses cost $132.Find the cost of a dress.
26
132 – 84 = 48
2 units = 48
1 unit = 48 ÷ 2 = 24
Springdale Primary School
Examples
2. 3 shirts and 1 dress cost $84. 3 shirts and 3 dresses cost $132.Find the cost of a dress.
27
Better alternative?
3S + 1D = $84
3S + 3D = $132
2D = 132 – 84 = 48
1D = 48 ÷ 2 = 24
Better alternative?
S S S D = $84
S S S D D D = $132
$84 D D = $132
Springdale Primary School
Examples
2. 3 shirts and 1 dress cost $84. 3 shirts and 3 dresses cost $132.Find the cost of a dress.
28
24 makes sense?
Check for:
Number Transfer
Units
Calculations
The cost of a dress is $24.
Springdale Primary School
Examples
2. 3 shirts and 1 dress cost $84. 3 shirts and 3 dresses cost $132.Find the cost of a dress.
29
24 makes sense?
If dress is $24, 3 shirts will
be 84 – 24 = 60
1 shirt = 60 ÷3 = 20
Refeed into the question:
3S= 60
3D= 24 × 3 = 72
Total = 60 + 72 = 132
Springdale Primary School
Examples
3. Aaron is 28 years older than Ben. Ben is 4 years older than Carl.If their total age is 84 years, what is Aaron’s age?
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What do I know?
A older than B
Comparison
B older than C
Comparison
Total of A + B + C = 84
Asked to find?
A’s age?
Springdale Primary School
Examples
3. Aaron is 28 years older than Ben. Ben is 4 years older than Carl.If their total age is 84 years, what is Aaron’s age?
31
Have I solved similar
questions before?
What skill should I use?
Guess & Check?
Systematic Listing?
Draw a diagram?
Draw a model?
Springdale Primary School
Examples
3. Aaron is 28 years older than Ben. Ben is 4 years older than Carl.If their total age is 84 years, what is Aaron’s age?
28Aaron
Ben
Carl
84
?
4
4
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Springdale Primary School
Examples
3. Aaron is 28 years older than Ben. Ben is 4 years older than Carl.If their total age is 84 years, what is Aaron’s age?
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28 + 4 + 4 = 36
84 – 36 = 48
3 units = 48
1 unit = 48 ÷ 3 = 16
16 + 4 + 28 = 48
Springdale Primary School
Examples
3. Aaron is 28 years older than Ben. Ben is 4 years older than Carl.If their total age is 84 years, what is Aaron’s age?
34
Check by refeeding
A = 48
B = 48 – 28 = 20
C = 20 – 4 = 16
Total = 48 + 20 + 16 = 84
Springdale Primary School
Examples
4. The sum of 2 numbers is 1568.The difference between them is 580.What is the greater number?
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What do I know?
There are 2 numbers
Sum = 1568
Difference = 580
One number is greater than
the other
Comparative
Asked to find?
The greater number?
Springdale Primary School
Examples
4. The sum of 2 numbers is 1568.The difference between them is 580.What is the greater number?
36
Have I solved similar
questions before?
What skill should I use?
Guess & Check?
Systematic Listing?
Draw a diagram?
Draw a model?
Springdale Primary School
Examples
4. The sum of 2 numbers is 1568.The difference between them is 580.What is the greater number?
580Big
Small1568
?
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Springdale Primary School
Examples
4. The sum of 2 numbers is 1568.The difference between them is 580.What is the greater number?
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1568 – 580 = 988
2 units = 988
1 unit = 988 ÷ 2 = 494
494 + 580 = 1074
The greater number is
1074.
Springdale Primary School
Examples
4. The sum of 2 numbers is 1568.The difference between them is 580.What is the greater number?
39
Check by refeeding
Greater number = 1074
Smaller number:
1074 – 580 = 494
Sum:
1074 + 494 = 1568
Springdale Primary School
Examples
2
3of the sales from potatoes is as much as
2
5of the sales
from tomatoes. The sales from the potatoes is $500 less than the sales from tomatoes. Find the total sales from the potatoes and tomatoes.
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5.
What do I know?
2
3of the sales from potatoes
as much as
2
5of the sales from tomatoes
$500 less from sales of potatoes
Asked to find?
Total sales?
Springdale Primary School
Examples
2
3of the sales from potatoes is as much as
2
5of the sales
from tomatoes. The sales from the potatoes is $500 less than the sales from tomatoes. Find the total sales from the potatoes and tomatoes.
41
5.
Making sense of ….
2
3of the sales from potatoes
as much as
2
5of the sales from
tomatoes.
Springdale Primary School
Examples
2
3of the sales from potatoes is as much as
2
5of the sales
from tomatoes. The sales from the potatoes is $500 less than the sales from tomatoes. Find the total sales from the potatoes and tomatoes.
42
5.
Have I solved similar
questions before?
What skill should I use?
Guess & Check?
Systematic Listing?
Draw a diagram?
Draw a model?
Springdale Primary School
Examples
2
3of the sales from potatoes is as much as
2
5of the sales
from tomatoes. The sales from the potatoes is $500 less than the sales from tomatoes. Find the total sales from the potatoes and tomatoes.
Potatoes
Tomatoes
?
500
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5.
Springdale Primary School
Examples
2
3of the sales from potatoes is as much as
2
5of the sales
from tomatoes. The sales from the potatoes is $500 less than the sales from tomatoes. Find the total sales from the potatoes and tomatoes.
44
5.
2 units = 500
1 unit = 500 ÷ 2 = 250
8 units = 250 ×8 =2000
The total sales from the
potatoes and tomatoes is
$2000.
Springdale Primary School
Examples
2
3of the sales from potatoes is as much as
2
5of the sales
from tomatoes. The sales from the potatoes is $500 less than the sales from tomatoes. Find the total sales from the potatoes and tomatoes.
45
5.
Check by refeeding
Sales from potatoes:
3 units = 250 × 3 = 750 2
3of it =
2
3×750 = 500
Sales from tomatoes:
5 units = 250 × 5 = 12502
5of it =
2
5× 1250 = 500
Springdale Primary School
Examples
6. At a concert, there were twice as many girls as boys. The number of girls is 4 times as many as the adults. There were 360 fewer adults than girls. How many people were at the concert?
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What do I know?
Concert
Girls = 2 units; Boys = 1 unit
Adults = I unit; Girls = 4 units
Fewer adults than girls
Comparative
Asked to find?
Total no of people?
Springdale Primary School
Examples
6. At a concert, there were twice as many girls as boys. The number of girls is 4 times as many as the adults. There were 360 fewer adults than girls. How many people were at the concert?
47
Making sense of ….
The number of adults is 1
4of
the number of girls
Springdale Primary School
Examples
6. At a concert, there were twice as many girls as boys. The number of girls is 4 times as many as the adults. There were 360 fewer adults than girls. How many people were at the concert?
48
Have I solved similar
questions before?
What skill should I use?
Guess & Check?
Systematic Listing?
Draw a diagram?
Draw a model?
Springdale Primary School
Examples
6. At a concert, there were twice as many girls as boys. The number of girls is 4 times as many as the adults. There were 360 fewer adults than girls. How many people were at the concert?
Girls
Boys
Adults
360
?
49
Springdale Primary School
Examples
6. At a concert, there were twice as many girls as boys. The number of girls is 4 times as many as the adults. There were 360 fewer adults than girls. How many people were at the concert?
50
3 units = 360
1 unit = 360 ÷ 3 = 120
7 units = 120 ×7 = 840
There were 840 people at
the concert.
Springdale Primary School
Examples
6. At a concert, there were twice as many girls as boys. The number of girls is 4 times as many as the adults. There were 360 fewer adults than girls. How many people were at the concert?
51
Check by refeeding
1 unit = 120 (A)
4 units = 120 × 4 = 480 (G)
2 units = 120 ×2 = 240 (B)
twice as many girls as boys
number of adults is 1
4of the
number of girls
Total: 120 + 480 + 240 = 840
Springdale Primary School
Before-After Model
• A basic change situation involves
3 elements
– the initial value of a quantity
– the change, which can be an increase or
decrease, and
– The final value of the quantity
• 2 models are drawn for comparison.
• It is not always the case when the
before model is drawn first.
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Springdale Primary School
Examples
7. Aaron had 5 times as many marbles as Ben. After Aaron gave 72 marbles to Ben, they each had the same number of marbles. How many marbles did Aaron have at first?
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What do I know?
2 people: A and B
A has more than B
A has 5 times as many as B
A gave 72 to B
After: they had the same
number of marbles
Asked to find?
A at first?
Springdale Primary School
Examples
7. Aaron had 5 times as many marbles as Ben. After Aaron gave 72 marbles to Ben, they each had the same number of marbles. How many marbles did Aaron have at first?
54
Have I solved similar
questions before?
What skill should I use?
Guess & Check?
Systematic Listing?
Draw a diagram?
Draw a model?
Springdale Primary School
Examples
7. Aaron had 5 times as many marbles as Ben. After Aaron gave 72 marbles to Ben, they each had the same number of marbles. How many marbles did Aaron have at first?
Aaron
Ben
?
72
Aaron
Ben
BEFORE
AFTER
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Springdale Primary School
Examples
7. Aaron had 5 times as many marbles as Ben. After Aaron gave 72 marbles to Ben, they each had the same number of marbles. How many marbles did Aaron have at first?
56
2 units = 72
1 unit = 72 ÷ 2 = 36
5 units = 36 ×5 = 180
Aaron had 180 marbles
at first.
Springdale Primary School
Examples
7. Aaron had 5 times as many marbles as Ben. After Aaron gave 72 marbles to Ben, they each had the same number of marbles. How many marbles did Aaron had at first?
57
Check by refeeding
Aaron = 180
Ben = 180 ÷5 = 36
Aaron gave 72:
180 – 72 = 108
Ben received 72:
36 + 72 = 108
Springdale Primary School
Examples
8. Aaron had 6 times as much money as Ben at first. When their mother gave them $300 each, Aaron had 3 times as much money as Ben in the end. How much money did Aaron have at first?
58
What do I know?
2 people: A and B
A has more than B
A has 6 times as much
money as B
Mother gave them $300
each
After: A has 3 times as
much money as B
Asked to find?
Amount Aaron had at first?
Springdale Primary School
Examples
8. Aaron had 6 times as much money as Ben at first. When their mother gave them $300 each, Aaron had 3 times as much money as Ben in the end. How much money did Aaron have at first?
59
Have I solved similar
questions before?
What skill should I use?
Guess & Check?
Systematic Listing?
Draw a diagram?
Draw a model?
Springdale Primary School
Examples
8. Aaron had 6 times as much money as Ben at first. When their mother gave them $300 each, Aaron had 3 times as much money as Ben in the end. How much money did Aaron have at first?
Aaron
Ben
?
?
Aaron
Ben
BEFORE
AFTER 300
60
300
300 300
300
300
Springdale Primary School
Examples
8. Aaron had 6 times as much money as Ben at first. When their mother gave them $300 each, Aaron had 3 times as much money as Ben in the end. How much money did Aaron have at first?
61
6 units + $300 = 3 units +
$900
3 units = 600
1 unit = 600 ÷ 3 = 200
6 units = 200 ×6 = 1200
Aaron had $1200 at first.
Springdale Primary School
Examples
8. Aaron had 6 times as much money as Ben at first. When their mother gave them $300 each, Aaron had 3 times as much money as Ben in the end. How much money did they have at first?
62
Check by refeeding:
Aaron = $1200Ben = $200
Mother gave them $300 each: Aaron = 1200 + 300 = 1500Ben = 200 + 300 = 500 Aaron had 3 times as much
money as Ben in the end.
Springdale Primary School
A Final Word
What Makes Model-drawing Difficult?
• Knowledge Factors
– Linguistic knowledge
– Algorithmic knowledge
– Conceptual knowledge
– Schematic knowledge
http://repository.nie.edu.sg/jspui/bitstream/10497/132/1/ME-2-1-93.pdf
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Springdale Primary School
A Final Word
What Makes Model-drawing Difficult?
• Affective factors
– Interest and motivation
– Confidence
– Perseverance
http://repository.nie.edu.sg/jspui/bitstream/10497/132/1/ME-2-1-93.pdf
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Springdale Primary School
A Final Word
Common Model-drawing Pitfalls
• Incorrect representation of the story sum
• Incomplete representation of the story
sum
• Transfer error
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Springdale Primary School
A Final Word
Resources for Model-drawing
• Facebook group – “Maths Model Method
– Singapore”
• http://www.teach-kids-math-by-model-
method.com/
• http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/dow
nload?doi=10.1.1.555.5563&rep=rep1&ty
pe=pdf
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Springdale Primary School
Q & A
THANK YOU
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