H H

APi PiPi

The protons are combined with the electrons and oxygen….

O

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APi PiPi

….to form a molecule of water

OH H

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In the absence of oxygen, there is a build up of hydrogen atoms

H HH H

H HH H

H H

H H

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The NADH/H+ and FADH2 will not be reoxidised as they will no longer be able to release the Hydrogen they are carrying

H HH H

H HH H

H H

H HH+ H+

H+ H+

H+ H+

H+ H+

APi PiPi

The NADH/H+ and FADH2 will not be reoxidised as they will no longer be able to release the Hydrogen they are carrying

H HH H

H HH H

H H

H HH+ H+

H+ H+

H+ H+

H+ H+

H HNAD

APi PiPi

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

H HH H

H HH H

H H

H HH+ H+

H+ H+

H+ H+

H+ H+

H HNAD

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

The pyruvate accepts hydrogen atoms from the NADH/H+ directly in animals

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

The pyruvate accepts hydrogen atoms from the NADH/H+ directly in animals

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

The pyruvate accepts hydrogen atoms from the NADH/H+ directly in animals

H H+NAD

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

The pyruvate accepts hydrogen atoms from the NADH/H+ directly in animals

H H+NAD

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

The pyruvate accepts hydrogen atoms from the NADH/H+ directly in animals

H H+NAD

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

The pyruvate accepts hydrogen atoms from the NADH/H+ directly in animals

H H

NAD

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

The pyruvate accepts hydrogen atoms from the NADH/H+ directly in animals and forms lactic acid.

H H

NAD

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

A considerable amount of energy is trapped in the lactic acid.

H H

NAD

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

In plants the pyruvate is first decarboxylated to release CO2

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

In plants the pyruvate is first decarboxylated to release CO2

C O

O

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

In plants the pyruvate is first decarboxylated to release CO2

C O

O

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

In plants the pyruvate is first decarboxylated to release CO2

C O

O

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

The 2C intermediate accepts the hydrogen atoms from NADH/H+ and forms ethanol

C O

O

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

The 2C intermediate accepts the hydrogen atoms from NADH/H+ and forms ethanol

C O

O

H H+NAD

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

The 2C intermediate accepts the hydrogen atoms from NADH/H+ and forms ethanol

C O

O

H H+NAD

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

The 2C intermediate accepts the hydrogen atoms from NADH/H+ and forms ethanol

C O

O

H H+NAD

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

The 2C intermediate accepts the hydrogen atoms from NADH/H+ and forms ethanol

C O

O

H H+NAD

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

The 2C intermediate accepts the hydrogen atoms from NADH/H+ and forms ethanol

C O

O

H H+NAD

This means that respiration cannot proceed beyond the first stage – glycolysis.

A considerable amount of energy is trapped in the ethanol

C O

O

H H+NAD

In animals the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid:

Glucose

In animals the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid:

Glucose pyruvate

In animals the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid:

Glucose pyruvate lactic acid

In animals the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid:

Glucose pyruvate lactic acid

In plants the pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide

In animals the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid:

Glucose pyruvate lactic acid

In plants the pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide

Glucose

In animals the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid:

Glucose pyruvate lactic acid

In plants the pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide

Glucose pyruvate

In animals the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid:

Glucose pyruvate lactic acid

In plants the pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide

Glucose pyruvate ethanol + CO2