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I P¸|õhP Aμ_ \‰P AÔ¯À BÓõ® ÁS¨¦ •uÀ £¸Á® 6 SIXTH STANDARD FIRST SEMESTER 2015 Karnataka Textbook Society (R.) 100 Feet Ring Road, Banashankari 3rd Stage, Bengaluru - 85 SOCIAL SCIENCE ©KTBS Not to be republished

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Page 1: ‰P AÔ¯À SOCIAL SCIENCE ©KTBS republishedktbs.kar.nic.in/new/website textbooks/class6/6th-tamil... ·  · 2016-06-22SOCIAL SCIENCE ©KTBS ... The contributions of great Indian

I

P¸|õhP Aµ_

\‰P AÔ¯À

BÓõ® ÁS¨¦

•uÀ £¸Á®

6SIXTH STANDARDFIRST SEMESTER

2015

Karnataka Textbook Society (R.)100 Feet Ring Road,

Banashankari 3rd Stage, Bengaluru - 85

SOCIAL SCIENCE

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II

The Textbook Society, Karnataka, has been engaged in producing newtextbooks according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed on NCF -2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 12 languages; seven ofthem serve as the media of instruction. From Standard 1 to 4 there is theEVS, mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects, namely,mathematics, science and social science.

NCF - 2005 has a number of special features and they are:

connecting knowledge to life activities.

learning to shift from rote methods.

enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks.

learning experiences for the construction of knowledge.

making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroomexperiences.

caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country.

making education relevant to the present and future needs.

softening the subject boundaries-integrated knowledge and the joy oflearning.

the child is the constructor of knowledge.

The new books are produced based on three fundamental approachesnamely, Constructive approach, Spiral approach and Intergrated approach.

The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master skills andcompetencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated withvalues. The new books are not examination oriented in their nature. On theother hand they help the learner in the all round development of his/herpersonality, thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthysociety and a productive citizen of this great country, India.

Mathematics is essential in the study of various subjects and in real life.NCF 2005 proposes moving away from complete calculations, constructionof a framework of concepts, relate mathematics to real life experiences andcooperative learning. Many students have a maths phobia and in order tohelp them overcome this phobia, jokes, puzzles, riddles, stories and gameshave been included in textbooks. Each concept is intoduced through anactivity or an interesting story at the primary level. The contributions ofgreat Indian mathematicians are mentioned at appropriate places.

Preface

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III

We live in an age of science and technology. During the past fivedecades man has achieved great things and realized his dreams and reachedpinnacle of glory. He has produced everything to make life comfortable. Inthe same way he has given himself to pleasures and reached the stage inwhich he seems to have forgotten basic sciences. We hope that at least agood number of young learners take to science in higher studies and becomeleading scientists and contribute their share to the existing stock ofknowledge in order to make life prosperous. Ample opportunity has beengiven to learners to think, read, discuss and learn on their own with verylittle help from teachers. Learning is expected to be activity centered withthe learners doing experiments, assignments and projects.

In Social Science especially in Standard 5 the first chapterdeals with the historical, geographical, cultural and local studyof the division in which learners live. Chapters on sociology,business studies and commerce are introduced in Standard VIII asper the guidelines of NCF-2005. A lot of additional information isgiven through box items. Learners are encouraged to work towardsconstruction of knowledge through assignments and projects. Learningload of memorizing dates has been reduced to the minimum. Lifevalues have been integrated with content of each chapter. TheTextbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the Chairpersons,writers, Scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and theMembers of the Editorial Board and printers in helping the TextbookSociety in producing these textbooks.

Nagendrakumar

Managing Director

Karnataka Textbook Society®

Bengaluru, Karnataka

Prof. G.S. Mudambadithaya

Coordinator

Curriculum Revision and TextbookPreparation

Karnataka Textbook Society®

Bengaluru, Karnataka

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IV

To The TeachersThe Textbook on Social Science for VI Standard students has been written

as per the syllabus prepared by D.S.E.R.T. on the basis of National CurriculumFramework (NCF) 2005. The Textbook is also a product of several trainingprogrammes and workshops. Some of the distinctive features of the Textbookmay be noted.

l At the beginning of every Lesson there is short introduction. This is followedby a list of competencies to be attained by the students after the study ofthe Lesson. Lessons on History have been introduced by rousing thecuriosity of the students through short and pointed questions or picturesof historical structures and sculptures. The teachers are expected to usethe pictures given in the text as supporting effective learning. Teaching ofHistory has to be done with reference to maps which are prepared in aclear and precise manner.

l Only important historical dates have been given in the text. For the benefitof the teachers, chronology pertaining to each Lesson has been given atthe end so that the time perspective is not missed. Teachers are expectedto eliminate the burden of dates, and not to ask any questions on chronologyexcept the dates given in the text.

l At the end of the Lessons, Activities have been suggested. Teachers arerequired to guide and motivate the students to undertake as many activitiesas possible, if not all. For the sake of gifted children, additional informationhas been given in boxes. Teachers are expected not to ask oral or writtenquestions on the material given in the boxes.

l It will be the duty of the teacher to use the items under ‘Discuss’ for ahealthy intellectual interaction between the students and the teacher inorder to bring out the hidden potentiality of the students.

l The emblems given at the very beginning of the Lessons on History may beeffectively used to support the teaching process. In the Lessons onGeography, additional information has been given at the end. In order tocreate interest in Geography, pictures have been incorporated in the text.

l The actual material for study has been indicated by the icons at the beginningand the end. The Lessons have been spread over I and II Semesters keepingin mind the teaching periods available to the teachers.

l With all this, if any lapses are found, the parents may bring them to thenotice of the teachers, so that the quality of the Textbook may be enhanced.

l We thank the Members of the Textbook Preparation Committee, Scrutinizers,Members of the Editorial Board, and the officers and staff of the KarnatakaTextbook Society for their cooperation and support.

Dr. S. Narendra PrasadChairperson

Textbook Preparation Committee

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V

Textbook Preparation Committee

Chairperson : Dr. S. Narendra Prasad, Associate Professor,History Dept., J.S.S. College for Women (Autonomous),Saraswathipuram, Mysuru.

Members : Dr. P. Sathish Kumar Shetty, Associate Professor,History Dept., Besant Evening College, Mangaluru.Dr. Balasaheb Lokapura, Lecturer in Geography,Government P.U.College, Bagalkot.Sri Shankar Basavannippa Kyasti, Asst. Teacher,Govt. Hr. Pry. School, Hidkal, Mannikeri Tota,Rayabag.

Sri Hussain Shariff, Asst. Teacher, Government ModelHr. Pry. School, Musturu, Jagaluru. Davanagere

Artist : Sri Taranath Kairangal, Drawing Teacher, Govt. HighSchool, Manchikolnad, Bantwal Tq. D.K. Dist.

Scrutinizers : Sri Raghavendra Prabhu M., Associate Professor,History (Retd.), Dambel, Ashoknagar, Mangaluru.Sri Mallappa P., Associate Professor, Geography (Retd.),J.S.S. Extension, Mysuru.

Editorial Committee : Dr. M.V.Srinivas, Professor of History (Retd.), H.Road,Rajarajeshwarinagar, Bengaluru.Dr. R.L.M. Patil, Professor of Political Science (Retd.).1105 Poornaprajnanagar, Uttarahalli, Bengaluru.Dr. Eshwarappa, Head of Dept. of Geography, BengaluruUniversity, Bengaluru.

Tamil Translators : Sri C. Ramamurthy, Teacher, BBMP. Boys High School,Jogapalya Bengaluru - 560 008.Smt. K. Beena, Teacher GTHP School, Jayabharat Nagar,Bengaluru.

Chief Co-ordinator : Prof. G.S. Mudambadithaya, Co-ordinator, CurriculumRevision and Textbook Preparation, Karnataka TextbookSociety, Bengaluru.

Guidance : Sri Nagendrakumar, Managing Director, KarnatakaTextbook Society, Bengaluru.

Sri Panduranga, Deputy Director (in charge), KarnatakaTextbook Society, Bengaluru.

ProgrammeCo-ordinator : Smt S.N. Leelavathi, Senior Asst. Director, Karnataka

Textbook Society, Bengaluru.

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QÔz-xÁ ©u®CßÖ E»-QÀ £µ¢x ›¢-x® EÒÍ ©u[-P-ÎÀ QÔz-xÁ ©u® Cì-»õ-ª¯ ©u[-PÎß ö£¯º-PøÍU TÓ-»õ®. AøÁPÎß öuõ-hU-P®,©»ºa] ©ØÖ® AøÁPÎÚõÀ HØ-£mh ö\À-ÁõUøP |õ® C -̈ö£õ-ÊxAÔ-÷Áõ-©õ!

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Cì-»õ-ª¯ ÷£õuøÚPÒ :

AÀ-»õøÁz uµ ÷ÁÖ Ph-ÄÒ CÀø». •P®-©x AÁ›ßyx-Áº. CøÓÁøÚ G¢u E -̧Áz-v-¾® Án[-PU-T-hõx.

JÆ-öÁõ¸ •ì-½-•® CøÓÁÛß ÷\Á-PÚõP ÷Ás-k®.÷|ºø©¯õÚÁÚõP C¸UP ÷Ás-k®. AøÚzx ©Ûuº-PЮ\©-©õÚÁº-PÒ.

¯õ-£õ-›-PÒ H©õØ-ÓU-T-hõx. Ámi ¯õ-£õ-µ® ö\ -́̄ U-T-hõx. ]_U-öPõø», £ßÔ ©õ-ª-\® Es-£x ©Ø-Ö® ©x-£õÚ®A¸¢-x-Áøuz uºUP ÷Ás-k®.

JÆ-öÁõ¸ •ì-½-•® |õöÍõßÖUS I¢x •øÓ Põ-£õ C¸U-S®vø\ ÷|õUQ öuõ-ÊøP (|-©õä) |hzu ÷Ás-k®. ö\À-Á¢-uº-PÒHøÇ G-Î-̄ -Áº-P-ÐUS Pm-hõ-̄ -©õP uõÚ® (á-Põz) ÁÇ[P÷Ás-k®. •i¢-uõÀ uß ÁõÌ-|õ-ÎÀ J¸ •øÓ¯õ-Áx "íä'(ö©U-Põ) US ¯õz-vøµ ö\À» ÷Ás-k®.

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A÷µ-¤¯ |õ-P-Ÿ-Pzvß öPõøhPÒ :

A÷µ-¤-̄ º, Q÷µU-P®, ÷µõ-©õÛ¯ ©Ø-Ö® C¢-v¯ AÔ-Â-̄ ø»AÔ¢x öPõsk u®-•øh¯ |õ-P-Ÿ-Pzøu ö\È -̈£øh¯aö\´uÚº. £õU-uõz AÁº-P-Ðøh¯ ¦PÌ ö£ØÓ PÀ-Âø© -̄©õPÂÍ[-Q-¯x.

A÷µ-¤-̄ º C»U-Q-̄ z-vØ-S® u®©÷u¯õÚ öPõøhø¯ A-Îz-xÒÍÚº.

"A-÷µ-¤¯ß ø|mì' E®-©º P¯õªß " -̧¤-̄ õz' ©Ø-Ö® ¤º-y-ê¯"åõ-|õ©' CøÁ £õ-µ-̂ P ö©õ-È°ß ]Ó¢u ¡À-PÍõ-S®.

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£h® 1.2 öá¹-\-÷»®

÷£õº-P-ÐU-PõÚ Põ-µ-n[-PÒ : £õ-»ìwÚ® Bm-h©ß x¸U-Q-̄ º-PÎß Á\z-v-¼-̧ ¢-uõ-¾® QÔì-x-Áº-PÒ öÁS-Põ-»-©õP A[S¦Ûu ¯õz-vøµU-Sa ö\ßÖ Á¢x öPõs-i-̧ ¢uÚº. x¸U-Q-̄ ºöá -̧\-»® ¯õz-v-›-PÎß «x uøhÂ-vz-ux ©u -̈÷£õº-P-ÐUPõÚ‰»U Põ-µ-n-©õ-°ØÖ.

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£h® 1.3 ©u -̈÷£õ›ß £h®

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S¨Íõ -́Põß : S¨Íõ -́Põß \[-Qì-PõÛß ÷£µß. S¨Íõ -́Põß ^Ú|õmiß ÷£µ-µ\ÚõP C¸¢-uõß. ]Ó¢u {º-ÁõQ CÍ-Q¯ ©Ú® öPõsh÷£µ-µ\ß. CÁß ©U-P-ÐU-PõP A÷|-P Pm-i-h[-PøÍU PmiÚõß.£g\® uø»z yU-Q¯ ÷£õx £]z-u-Áº-P-ÐUS AßÚuõÚ® ö\ -́uõß.Pø» ©Ø-Ö® AÔbº ö£ -̧©U-P-ÐUS Bu-µ-Ä A-Îz-uõß.

^Ú |õmiß ©u® P»õa-\õ-µ[-PÒ S¨Íõ -́PõÛß ©ÚøuDºzuÚ. CÁß ö£Ízu ©uzøuz uÊÂÚõß.

|À-»-Áº-PÐhß öuõhº¦ öPõÒÍÁuõÀ ©õØ-Ó[-PÒ HØ-£-k®Gߣ-uØS S¨Íõ -́Põß |À» Gkz-xU-Põm-hõ-S®.

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|õ-÷hõi CÚzøua ÷\º¢u x¸U-Q¯›ß : ‰»® ©z-v¯B]-̄ õ-Â-¾ÒÍ x¸U-Qì-uõß (uØ-÷£õøu¯ xºUö©Ûì-uõß).CÁº-PÒ Cì-»õ-ª¯ ©uzøua uÊ-Â-̄ -Áº-PÍõ-Q-̧ ¢uÚº. S¨Íõ´&-PõÛß ÷£µ-µ-_ ÃÌa-]-̄ øh¢-u-Ähß, x¸U-Q-̄ º-PÒ _Ø-Ö® -•Ø-Ô-¾®EÒÍ £µ¢u ¤µ-÷u-\[-PøÍ BU-µ-ªz-xU öPõshÚº. Bm-h©ßGßÝ® ª¼mh› ÷£µµø\Aø©z-uÚº. C¢-v-̄ õÂß «x•ØÖøP°mk ö\À-Ázøu öPõÒøÍ -̄izx, ö£ -̧©ÍÄ ©U-PÎßE°›Ç¨¦USU Põ-µ-n-©õÚõº-PÒ.Áµ-»õØ-ÔÀ Põ»U PnURk (Q.-¤.)Põ»U PnURk •U-Q-̄ -©õÚx ©Ø-Ö® ]Ó -̈£õÚ |õμ¸¢xöuõh[SQßÓx. A¨£i¨£mh Põ» PnURmøh\Põ -̈u® (\-P)GßQ-÷Óõ®. QÔì-xÁ \Põ -̈u® C÷ -̄_ QÔìx ÁõÌ¢u Põ»zvß•uÀ Bs-i-¼-̧ ¢x Bµ®-£-©õ-°ØÖ. Âá-̄ -|-P-µ¨ ÷£µ-µ-_ Q.¤.1336Àöuõ-h[-P -̈ö£Ø-Óx GßÓõÀ Ax xÁ[Q¯ ¤µ¦Âß Bsi¼¸¢x 1336Bs-k-PÒ Ph¢-uÚ GßÖ ö£õ-̧ Ò. QÔì-xÄ-US •ß (Q.-•.) 220GßÓõÀ ""|®-•øh¯ ¤µ-¦ Bs-kUS'' 220 Bs-k-US •ß GßÖö£õ-¸Ò Põ»zøu ©ØÓ \P¨£u[PøÍU öPõsk PnUQkQÓõºPÒ åõ¼

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Põ»U PnURk (Q.-¤.)Põ»U PnURk (Q.-¤.)Põ»U PnURk (Q.-¤.)Põ»U PnURk (Q.-¤.)Põ»U PnURk (Q.-¤.)©u¨-÷£õº-PÒ & 12&13B® ¡Ø-ÓõskSÇ¢øuPÎß U¹÷\m & 1212wºUPz›] ©P®-©x & _©õº 569&632îâ-µõ \Põ -̈u® & 622 •uÀ öuõ-hU-P®\[-Qì-Põß & 1162&1227S¨Íõ´-Põß & 1280&1294øu‰º & 1369&1405

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C¢-v¯ Áµ-»õØ-ÔÀ Cµ-á-¦z-v-µº-PÒ2£õh®

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Pm-h-hU-Pø» ©ØÖ® C»UQ¯[PÒCµá-¦z-v-µº-PÒ Põ-»z-vÀ Pm-h-hU-Pø», C»U-Q-̄ [-PÒ ©Ø-Ö®Pø»PÒ ö\À-Áa ö\È -̈¦ªUPøÁ¯õP ÂÍ[QÚ. AÁº-P-Ðøh¯Pø»|¯® ö£õ-̧ ¢-v¯ B»-̄ [-PÒ, AÇ-Q-̄ Aµs©øÚPÒ ©Ø-Ö®£»® ö£õ-̧ ¢-v¯ ÷PõmøhPøÍ |õ® CßÖ® ö£¸ø©²hßPõn»õ®. CøÁ AÆ-ÁøPø¯a ÷\º¢u ]» Pm-h-h[-PÍõ-S®.

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÷PõÚõºU (J-›-\õ) : ÷PõÚõºU Gßݪ-hz-vÀ A§º-Á-©õÚ `›-̄÷uÁÛß B»-̄ ® EÒÍ-x. `›¯ ÷uÁÛß Cµuzøu¨ ÷£õ»Aø©¢x C¸US® C¢u B»¯® AÇPõÚ ©ØÖ® ¤µ®©õsh©õÚB»-̄ [-P-ÎÀ JßÓõP ÂÍ[-S-Q-Óx. Cµ-uzvß 24 \U-P-µ[-PÒAÇ-PõP ö\xU-P -̈£m-kÒÍÚ.

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£h® 2.5 ÷Põmøh SÁõ-¼-̄ º

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Eu´ -̈§º (µõ-áì-uõß) : C¢-v-̄ õÂß AÇ-S ª-Î-̧ ® |P-µ-©õÚ Eu-̄ -̈§›¾ÒÍ Aµs©øÚ µõ-áì-uõÛ-÷»÷¯ ö£›-̄ x.

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C»U-Q-̄ ®: Cµõ-á-¦z-v-µº-PÒ Põ-»z-vÀ \©ì-Q-̧ u C»U-Q-̄ ® |À»Áͺa-]-̄ øh¢-v-̧ ¢-u-x. Sá-µõzv, î¢v, µõ-áÛ ö©õ-È-PÒ Áͺa-]ö£ØÓÚ. \õ¢u £º-uõ-°¯õÂß "¤-̧ -v-Â-µõä µõ-éú' CU-Põ-»zvß C¢vC»U-Q¯ ¡»õ-S®. PÂbº-P-ÐUS Bu-µ-Ä A-ÎzuÚº. "Ru÷Põ¢uõ'øÁ GÊ-v-̄ öá -̄÷uÁ PÂbº ÷\Ú›ß Aµ\ø£°-¼-̧ ¢-uõº.|õÍ¢-uõ, Põ], ÂU-µ-©-̂ », Eä-á°Û ÷£õßÓ £Çø©¯õÚ PÀ-Âø©¯[-P-ÐU-S Cµõ-á-¦z-v-µº-PÒ Bu-µ-Ä A-ÎzuÚº.

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Cµá-¦z-v-µ Á®-\[PÒ :

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Cµä-â-̄ zøuU Põ-̈ £õØ-Ô-̄ £µõU-µ-©-\õ¼¯õÁõß Cµõä-â-̄ zvߣõ-x-Põ -̈¦U-PõP 32 ÷PõmøhPøÍU PmiÚõß. ]z-÷uõm-Piß •U-Q¯öÁØÔzys CÁß Aø©z-u-uõ-S®.

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Cµá-¦z-v-µº-PÒ ¦s-o-̄ z-u-»[-P-ÎÀ S-Î -̈£x ¦Ûu©õÚxGßÖ AÔ¢-v-̧ ¢uÚº. ¤µ®-©õÂß Áõ-\ì-u-»® GßÖ TÓ -̈£-k®."¦èP-µ' (Bä-«-̧ US A -̧QÀ) ¦s-o¯ ¯õz-vøµz u»-©õPÂÍ[-Q-̄ x. JÆ-öÁõ¸ Bs-k® C[S |øhö£-Ö® ö£›-̄v -̧Â-Çõ (áõz-vøµ) C¨ö£õÊx® ¦PÌ-ö£Ø-Óx.

£h® 2.10 JmhPzv¸ÂÇõ ¦èPµ

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Põ» {PÌ-Ä-PÒ (Q.-«.)

Cµá-¦z-v-µº- Põ-»® & 650&1200

|õ-P-£mhõ & 8Á-x ¡Ø-Óõsk

÷£õáõ & 9Á-x ¡Ø-Óõsk

uº-©-£õ»õ & 8&9Á-x ¡Ø-Óõsk

ö\Í-íõnº-PÒ & 12Á-x ¡Ø-Óõsk

SÊÂÀ P»¢xøµ¯õi Âh¯ÎUPÄ®:

1. Cµõ-á-¦z-v-µº-PÎß Sn-|»ßPÒ ¯õøÁ?

2. Cµõ-á-¦z-v-µº-PÎÀ ¦PÌ-ö£ØÓ Pm-h-h[-PÎß ö£¯º-PøÍGÊ-x-P. AøÁ G[S Aø©¢-xÒÍÚ?

3. "¤-̧ z-Â-µõ-á-µõ-÷\õ' ©Ø-Ö® ""R-u-÷Põ-¢-uõ'' GÊ-v¯ PÂbº-PÒ¯õÁº?

4. ¸Uµõá ö\Úíõß SÖUS SÔ¨¦ Á÷µU.

5. £ -̈£õ-µõ-ÁÀ GßÓõÀ GßÚ?

6. µõ-nõ \[-P-µõ© ]®-©õøÁ¨ £ØÔ ]Ö SÔ¨¦ GÊ-uÄ®.

7. Cµá-¦z-v-µº- Põ-»zx \•-uõ¯ {ø»PøÍU SÔzx SÔ -̈ö£-Ê-x-P.

ö\¯À-£õ-k-PÒ :

1. Cµ-á-¦z-v-µº-PÍõÀ Pm-h -̈£mh B»-̄ [-PÒ, Aµs©øÚ©Ø-Ö® ÷PõmøhPÎß {ÇØ-£-h[-PøÍ ÂÁ-µ[-P-Ðhß÷\P-›U-P-Ä®.

2. Cµá-¦z-v-µº- Põ-»zvß ¦PÌ-ö£ØÓ Pm-h-h[-PÎß ø©¯[-PøÍÁøµ£-hz-vÀ SÔUP.

3. Cµ-á-¦z-v-µº- Põ-»zx AÔbº-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® AÁº-PÒ GÊ-v-̄¡À-Pøͨ £m-i -̄¼-hÄ®.

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£õh AÔ-•-P® :PßÚh ö©õÈUS CßÖ ö\®ö©õÈ A¢uìzx AÎUP¨ £mkÒÍx.C®ö©õÈø¯ Áͺzu Aµ\ Sk®£[PÒ ©ØÖ® ]Ó¢u PÂbºPøͨ£ØÔ C[S AÔ¯»õ®.uU-Põ-nz-vÀ öÁØ-Ô-•-µ_ öPõmi •ß÷ÚÔ-̄ -Áº-PÒ µõèiµ Th\U-P-µ-Áºz-v-PÎß ö£¸® \õuøÚPÒ µõèi-µ-T-hºPÎß C»U-Q-̄ ®, Pø»©Ø-Ö® ]Ø-£-Pø»PÐU-S A-Îz-xÒÍ A÷©õ-PU öPõøhPøÍ C -̈£õ-hz-&vÀ Põ-n-»õ®. µõèiµ Thº-P-ÐU-S¨ ¤Ó-S Bm] |hz-v¯ PÀ-̄ õn\õ-ÐU-Q-̄ º Á®-\zvß ÷©ßø© \U-µ-Áºz-v-PÎß \õuøÚPÒ, C»U-Q-̄ ®Pm-h-hU-Pø»z-xøÓUS AÁº-PÒ A-Îz-xÒÍ öPõøhPЮ C -̈£õ-hz-vÀÂÁ›UP¨ £mkÒÍÚ.

vÓßPÒ :1. µõèi-µ-T-hº ©Ø-Ö® PÀ-̄ õn \õ-ÐU-Q¯ Á®-\[-PÎß

\U-µ-Áºz-vP-Îß Aµ-]-̄ À \õuøÚPøÍ AÔ¢x öPõÒ--Áº.2. CÆ-Á®-\[-PÒ C»U-Q-̄ ® ©Ø-Ö® ]Ø-£-Pø»US A-Îzu öPõøhPøͨ

£ØÔ²®, Pº-|õ-h-Pzvß P»õa-\õ-µ® GÆ-ÁõÖ ö\À-ÁõUS ö£Ø-ÓxGߣøu¨ £ØÔ²® AÔ¢x öPõÒ-Áº.

3. CÆ-Â-µsk ÷£µ-µ-_-P-ÐU-Sz öuõ-hº-¦øh¯ Áµ-»õØ-Ö-̈ ¦PÌ-ö£ØÓCh[-PøÍ Áøµ£-hz-vÀ SÔ -̈£x.

µõèiµ Thº-PÒ ©Ø-Ö®PÀ-̄ õn \õ-ÐU-Q-̄ ºPÒ3

£õh®

µõèi-µ-T-hºPÒ \õ-ÐU-Q-̄ ›ß ÷£µ-µ_ ÃÌa-]-̄ øh¢u Ehßµõèi-µThºPÎß

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÷\º¢-ux. CuøÚ GÊ-v-̄ -Áº £›-Â-á-̄ º. Cx-Á-øµ°ÀQøhz-xÒÍ PßÚh ¡À-P-ÎÀ Cx ªP-Ä® £Ç-ø©¯õÚx.Cuß Põ-»® 9Á-x ¡Ø-Óõsk.

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]Ó¢u ¡À-PÒ GßÓõÀ ö©õÈ, |øh, \¢-u-|¯® ÷£õßÓ Sn[-PøÍ ÂÁ-›U-S® ¡»õ-S®. £®£õ: \©ì-Q-̧ u ö©õ-ÈUS ÁõÀ-«Q GÆ-Áõ-÷Óõ AÆ-Áõ÷Ó

PßÚh ö©õ-ÈUS £®£õ Bv-P £®£ß Põ-»z-vØS •ß PßÚhö©õ-È-°À GÊ-u -̈£mh Põ-Â-̄ [-PÒ |©US Cx-Áøµ°ÀQøhU-P¨ ö£Ó-ÂÀø».

"ÂU-µ-©õº-áúÚ Âá-̄ ' £®-£õÂß ©Põ Põ-Â-̄ ®. Cx £®££õ-µ-u® GßÖ ¦PÌ-ö£Ø-ÖÒÍx. CvÀ ©Põ-£õ-µ-uzvß PøuPÒEÒÍÚ. PßÚhzvß •ßÚo PÂbº-PÒ «x £®-£õÂßuõU-P® Av-P-©õP EÒÍx.

£®-£õ ÷Á•»-Áõi°ß ©õßh-¼P A›-÷P-\›ß Bì-uõÚz-v-¼-̧ ¢&uõº.

CU-Põ-»zøua ÷\º¢-u-Áº ö£õßÚ, PßÚh ö©õ-È°ß©Ø-öÓõ¸ ©Põ-PÂ.

GÀ-÷»õ-µõ ©Ø-Ö® G¼-ö£ßmhõ

GÀ-÷»õ-µõÂß øP»õ-\-|õ-uº B»-̄ ® ¡Ö Ai E -̄µ-©õÚ PØ-£õøÓø¯Søh¢x Aø©U-P -̈£mh J÷µ PÀ¼ÚõÀ Aø©¢uB»-̄ ®. CuøÚ Aø©z-u¨ ö£ -̧ø© µõèi-µ-T-h Aµ-\º •u-»õ®Q¸ènøÚa ÷\¸®. E»-QÀ Cx ÷£õßÓ Pm-h-h® ÷ÁöÓ[S®

£h® 3.1 øP»õ-\-º B»-̄ ®, GÀ-÷»õ-µõ

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Põ-n-•-i-̄ õx. C[-SÒÍ ]Ø-£[-PÎÀ Cµõ-Ánß øP»õ\ ©ø»ø¯z-yUQ {Ø-S® Põm] AÇ-PõÚx.

µõèi-µ-T-h ÷£µ-µ-]À CßøÓ¯ ©Põ-µõèi-µzvß £»£S-v-PÒ ÷\º¢-v-̧ ¢-uÚ. GÀ-÷»õ-µõ ©Ø-Ö® G¼-ö£ßhõ ©Põ-µõèi-µõ-ÂÀ EÒÍÚ.

µõèi-µ-T-hºPÎß ]Ø£ Pø»°ß Pø»øÁ£-ÁzøuG¼-ö£ßhõ SøPU ÷Põ-°À-P-ÎÀ Põ-n-»õ®. G¼-ö£ßhõ •®ø£xøÓ•-Pz-vØS A -̧Q¼¸¢x J¸ ]Ô-̄ wÄ. C[S ö£›¯E¸Á®ö£ØÓ ‰ßÖ •P[-P-Ðøh¯ ©÷í-é ‰ºzv ¯¨-£-ÎU-PU Ti-̄ -uõP EÒÍ-x.

£h® 3.2 ©÷íé ‰ºz-v&-G-¼ö£ßhõ. CuøÚ v -̧‰ºzv GßÖAøǨ-£õº-PÒ.

÷©ßø©¯õÚ ÷£µ-µ-\º-PÒ :

‰ßÓõ® ÷Põ-¢uº : ‰ßÓõ® ÷Põ-¢uº µõèi-µ-T-h ÷£µ-µ-]ÀAv-P ]Ó -̈¦øh¯Áß. CÁº öuß C¢-v-̄ õ-Âß AøÚzxCh[-P-Î-¾® uß BvU-Pzøua ö\¾zvÚõß. ¤ß C©-̄ - ©ø»°ßAi-Áõ-µ® Áøµ°À ußÝøh¯ £øhP-Ðhß öÁØÔ •µ-_U öPõm-iUöPõsk •ß÷ÚÔÚõß. C®-©õ-ö£-̧ ® öÁØ-Ôø¯ AÁ-̧ øh¯Bì-uõÚ ¦»-Áº ""÷Põ-¢uÝøh¯ £øh°ß ©u®¤izu ¯õøÚPÒP[Põ|v°ß ¦so¯z wºzuzvß _øÁ £õºzuÚ'' GßÖ ©Ú•P¢xÁºnøÚ ö\ -́xÒÍõº.

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A÷©õP Áºå { -̧£-x[Põ : { -̧£-x[Pß •®-•i ÷Põ-¢uÛß ©Pß. CÁº A›-̄ øn÷ -̄Ö®-÷£õx £vÚõßS Á¯x £õ-»Pß. 60Bs-k-P-ÐU-S® ÷©À Bm] |hzvÚõß. CÁß ÷£µÔbõÚP-Ä®C¸¢-uõß. ÿÂ-á-̄ AÁ-̧ -øh¯ Bì-uõÚ¨ ¦»-Áº.

{ -̧£-x[Pß Â¸®¤¯x ußÝøh¯ ©U-PÎß |»-®. AÁß©õß -̄÷Pm-hõ (uØ÷£õøu¯ ©Í÷Phõ, SÀ£ºPõ ©õÁmh®) |P-µzøuAø©zuõß. Cx µõèi-µ-T-hºPÎß uø»|-P-µ-©õP ÂÍ[-Q-̄ x.AU-Põ»zvß |õßS £µ¢u ÷£µ-µ--_-P-ÎÀ µõèi-µ-T-h ÷£µ-µ-_ JßÓõ-S®GßÖ öÁ-Î-|õm-ka _Ø-Ö-»õ¨ £ -̄o _ø»©õß GÊ-v-²ÒÍõº.(©Ø-ÓøÁPÒ, ÷µõ®, Aµ¦ ©Ø-Ö® ^Ú ÷£µ-µ-_-PÒ)

‰ßÓõ® Q¸ènß : ‰ßÓõ® Q¸ènß Põ-»z-vÀ µõèi-µ-T-h÷£µ-µ-_ ©Ö£i²® C¢-v¯ Aµ-]-̄ -¼À •u-¼-hzøu¨ ö£Ø-Óx.Q¸ènß, ÷\õ-Ǻ-PøÍ ÷uõØ-P-izx Cµõ-÷©ì-Á-µ® Áøµ ußÝøh¯£øhP-Ðhß öÁØ-Ô-•-µ_ öPõm-i-̄ -ÁõÖ •ß÷Ú ö\ßÖ A[S J¸öÁØ-Ôz yøn²®, B»-̄ zøu²® Aø©z-uõß. CÁß £õs-i-̄ º-PøͲ®, ÷\µº-PøͲ® ÷uõØ-P-iz-uõß. ][-PÍ Aµ-\º-P-Î-h-ª-̧ ¢xP -̈£zøu¨ ö£Ø-Óõß. Ax©mk©À»õ©À ‰ßÓõ® ÷Põ-¢uøÚ¨÷£õ»÷Á Áh C¢-v-̄ õ-Â-¾® öÁØ-Ô²hß £øhö -̄k¨ø£|hzvÚõß.

P ö£õßÚõ Q¸ènÛß Bu-µøÁ¨ ö£Ø-Ó-Áº. ‰ßÓõ®Q¸ènÝUS -̈ ¤Ó-S µõèi-µ-T-hºPÎß Bm] ÃÌa-]-̄ øh¯zöuõ-h[-Q-¯-x.

PÀ-̄ õn \õ-ÐU-Q-̄ ºµõèi-µ-T-hºP-ÐU-S¨ ¤Ó-S \õ-ÐU-Q¯ Á®-\zvÚº CßöÚõ¸ •øÓBm-]US Á¢uÚº. CÁº-P÷Í PÀ-̄ õn \õ-ÐU-Q-̄ º-PÒ. ¥uº ©õ-Ám-hz&-v-¾ÒÍ £\-Á-PÀ-̄ õnõ CÁº-P-Ðøh¯ uø»|-P-µ-®.BÓõ® ÂU-Q-µ-©õ-vzuß : BÓõ® ÂU-Q-µ-©õ-vzuß PÀ-̄ õn \õ-ÐU-Q-̄ º-P-ÎÀ ]Ó¨¦ö£ØÓ ÷£µ-µ-\º. CÁ-̧ -øh¯ }s-h-Põ» Bm-]-Põ-»z-vÀ PßÚh |õk Áͺa-]-²Ø-Óx. CÁß "\õ-ÐU-Q¯ ÂU-µ©\Põ¨uzøu Bµ®-¤z-uõß. ÂU-Q-µ-©õ-vz¯ß A÷|-P AÔbº-P-ÐUSBu-µ-Ä A-Îz-uõß. CÁÝøh¯ Bu-µøÁ¨ ö£ØÓ AÔbº"¤-»-ín' ÂU-µ-©õ[P ÷uÁ-\-›uõ' GßÝ® ©Põ Põ-Â-̄ zøu GÊ-vÚõº.CÁØ-ÔÀ ÂU-µ-©õ-vzu¯Ûß ÁõÌUøP {PÌ-Ä-PÒ EÒÍÚ.Âgbõ÷Úì-Áµß, Bì-uõÚzvß ©Ø-öÓõ¸ ]Ó¢u AÔbµõP

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C¸¢uõº. "ª-uõ-ñµ \®-îu' CÁ-̧ øh¯ £øh¨£õS®. Cx C¢x\m-h[-PÎß Âuzøu²® ¤µ-©õn ¡ö»ßÖ •ßÝ›-ø©¨ö£Ø-ÖÒÍ-x.•®-•i ÷\õ-÷©ì-Áµ : ÂU-Q-µ-©õ-vzuÛß ©PÚõÚ •®-©i÷\õ-÷©ì-ÁµÛß Põ»zvÀ, Aø©v, ö\ÀÁ ö\Ȩ¦ {ø»¨ö£Ø-Ô-̧ ¢-ux. CÁß "©õÚö\õÀ-»õì' GßÝ® ]Ó¢u \©ì-Q-̧ u¡ø» GÊvÚõß. CvÀ AøÚzx \õì-v-µ[-P-Ю Ah[-Q-²ÒÍÚ.÷\õ-÷©ì-ÁµÝ® ÷£µÔbÚõP C¸¢-uõß ©Ø-Ö® \º-ÁUb\U-µ-Áºzv Gß÷Ó ¦P-Ç -̈ ö£ØÓõß.C»U-Q-̄ ® : PÀ-̄ õn \õ-ÐU-Q-̄ º Põ-»z-vÀ C»U-Q-̄ [P-ÐUSBu-µ-Ä Qøhz-ux.

PÂa \U-µ-Áºzv GßÝ® ¸x ö£Ø-Ó- "µßÚõ AÁºPÒ\õ-í-\-¥© ÂᯠAÀ-»x P-uõ-²zuõ GßÝ® õU Põ-Â-̄ zøu GÊ-vÚõº. £®£õ, ö£õßÚõ ©Ø-Ö® µßÚõ PßÚhC»U-Q-̄ zvß ‰ßÖ øÁµ[-PÒ GßÖ AøÇU-P -̈£mhÚº.

Á\Ú C»U-Q-̄ ® \õ-ÐU-Q-̄ º Põ-»zvß ]Ó¢u öPõøh¯õS®Á\ÚU-Põ-µº-PÒ G-ί PßÚh ö©õ-È-°À Á\Ú[-PøÍ GÊ-vÚõº-PÒ.

÷£h-µ-uõ-é´¯, £\-Ásnº, AÀ-»-©-¤-µ¦, AU-P-©-íõ-÷uÂ,ö\ßÚ£\-Ásnº, ]z-u-µõ©º, ©i-ÁõÍ©õa-\ -́̄ õ •u-»õ÷ÚõºCU-Põ-»z-u-Áº-P-Îß •U-Q-̄ - Á\ÚU-Põ-µº-PÒ.

Pm-hhU-Pø» : PÀ-̄ õn \õ-ÐU-Q-̄ º-PÒ Põ-»z-vÀ A÷|-PB»-̄ [-PÒ Pm-h -̈£mhÚ. AøÁ C»U-Q-̄ ®, KÂ-̄ U-Pø» ÷£õßÓPø»P-ÐUS ø© -̄©õ-Q-̧ ¢uÚ. öPõ -̈£Í ©õ-Ám-hzvß Cm-hQ B»-¯®.

£h® 3.3 ©íõ-÷uÁ B»-̄ ®, Cm-h-Q.

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©íõ-÷uÁ B»-̄ ® CU-Põ-»zvß ªPa-]-Ó¢u ]Ø-£-Pø»UPõÚ \õßÖ.A[-SÒÍ \õ\Ú® JßÖ Cøu B»-̄ [-PÎß \U-µ-Áºzv GßÖ Áº-oz-xÒÍx.Põ» {PÌ-Ä-PÒ (Q.-¤.)µõèi-µ-T-hºPÎß Bm] Põ-»® & _©õº 750•-uÀ950PÀ-̄ õ-n \õ-ÐU-Q-̄ ºPÎß Bm-]-Põ-»® & 970•-uÀ 1150Áøµ‰ßÓõ® ÷Põ-¢uß & 793&814A÷©õP Áºå { -̧£-x[Pß & 814&878•®-•i Q¸ènß & 939&967BÓõ® ÂU-Q-µ-©õ-vz¯ß & 1076&1127\õ-ÐU-Q¯ ÂU-µ© \÷P & 1076•®-©i ÷\õ-÷©ì-Á-µº & 1127&1137SÊUPÎÀ P»¢xøµ¯õi Âøh¯ÎUPÄ®:

1. £®-£õ, ö£õßÚõ ©Ø-Ö® ÿÂ-á¯õ CÁº-Pøͨ £ØÔ SÔ¨¦GÊuÄ®.

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áU-P-nõa-\õ› : áU-P-nõa-\õ› uß ©øÚ ©Ø-Ö® ©PøÚ ÂmkÂm-k Fº FµõP Aø»¢x B[-Põ[S B»-̄ [-PøÍ Aø©zu£i £zxBskPÐUS® AvP©õP PÈz-uõº. J -̧ •-øÓ AÁº öíõ -́\Í uø»|-P-›À B»-̄ ® JßøÓ {º-©õÚ® ö\ -́²®-÷£õx AÁ-̧ -øh¯ ©Pß h[-P-nõa-\õ› u¢øuø¯z ÷uiU öPõs÷h Aø»¢x v›¢x A[S Á¢-uõß.CÁÝ® ]Ø-£U-Pø»°À {¦nÚõP ÂÍ[QÚõß. B»-̄ z-vÀ ¤µ-vèøh ö\´¯ áU-P-nõa-\õ› u¯õº ö\´x øÁz-v¸¢-u ]ø»ø¯U Ps-hõß. AvÀ SøÓ²ÒÍx GßÖ h[-P-nõa-\õ› TÔ-̄ -÷£õx AuøÚUPõmiÚõÀ uÚx øPø¯ öÁm-iU öPõÒ-Á-uõPáU-P-nõa-\õ› \£-u® ö\ -́uõº. \¢uÚzøu ÷u´zx ]ø»°ß Á°Ø-Ö¨£S-v-ø¯¨ ¤Í¢u ÷£õ-x \¢uÚ |õ¤ £S-v-°À ©m-k® £aø\¯õ-Q-̧ ¢-ux.A -̈£õ-Pz-vÀ ]ø»ø¯ ¤Í¢u ÷£õx AvÀ ]Ôx }¸®, ©n-¾® ©Ø-Ö®uÁøÍ C¸¢-uøuU Psh áU-P-nõa-\õ› ußÝøh¯ øPø¯ Eh÷ÚöÁm-iU öPõs-hõß. áU-P-nõa-\õ›uõß u¢øuö¯ß£x h[P-nõa-\õ›US®, AÁßuß ©Pß GßÖ áU-P-nõa-\õ›US® öu›¯ Á¢-ux. ¤ÓSáU-P-nõa-\õ› ußÝøh¯ ¤Ó¢u F›À J¸ øP°ÚõÀ ö\ßÚ÷P-\-ÁºB»-̄ zøuU PmiÚõß. AuøÚ •iU-S® ÷£õx AÁß øP •ß¦C¸¢ux ÷£õ» Áͺ¢-u-uõ®!

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í-÷Í-¥iÀ EÒÍ £µ¢u £Çø©¯õÚ H›-°ß Põµn©õP AuØS ""x-Á-µ \•z-v-µ®'' GßÓ ö£ -̄º Á¢ux. xÁ-µ \•z-v-µzøu vÀ¼ _À-uõß A»õ-ÄwÛߣøhz-uø»ÁÚõÚ. ©õ-¼U-P-§º öPõÒøÍ -̄izx (1310) Âm-hõß. ¤Ó-SAx ©Ö-£-i-²® _uõ-›z-xU öPõÒÍ-ÂÀø». Ax "í-÷Í-¥k' B°ØÖ.

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Põ-»z-vÀ ]Ó¢u PÂbº-PÒ. PÂa-\U-µ-Áºzv áßÚ ]Ó¢u ¦»-Áº. í›-í-µº Âk-P-øu ©Ø-Ö® ©Põ-Põ-Â-̄ zøu GÊ-v-²ÒÍõº.µõ-P-Á[-Pº A÷|-P Põ-Â-̄ [-PøÍ GÊ-v-²ÒÍõº. CøÁPÒö©õ-È°ß ¦v¯ Áͺa-]US ÁÈ-÷Põ-¼-̄ x.

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•U-Q¯ ÷\õÇ Aµ-\º-PÒ :AøÚzx ]Á B»-̄ [-PÎß •ß £S-v-°À |¢v ]ø»

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Cµõ-÷á¢-v-µ ÷\õÇß : µõ-á-µõáÝU-S¨ ¤Ó-S AÁÝøh¯ ©Pß Cµõ-÷á¢-vµß £m-hz-vØS Á¢-uõß. Áh C¢-v-̄ õ £øhö -̄k¨ø£ öÁØ-Ô-P&-µ-©õP •iz-uõß. Cx AÁÝøh¯ \õuøÚP-ÎÀ JßÓõ-S®. C¢uöÁØ-Ô°ß {øÚÁõP µõ-÷á¢-vµß ""P[øP öPõsh ÷\õ-Ç-ß'' Gßݮ¸øu¨ ö£Ø-Óõß. Ax-©mk-©À-»õ-©À "P[øP öPõsh÷\õ-Ç-¦-µ®' GßÝ® ¦v¯ uø»|-P-µzøu²®, A[S J¸ ö£›¯ ]ÁßB»-̄ zøu²® PmiÚõß. uø»|-P-µz-vØS A -̧QÀ }º -̈£õ\Úz-vØ-PõP÷\õÇ P[øP GßÝ® ö£›¯ H›ø¯z ÷uõsiÚõß. Áh C¢-v-̄ õ-Â-¼-̧ ¢x ö£¸® Bµ-Áõ-µz-xhß öPõsk Á¢u ¦Ûu P[øP }øµ,BP-©-Â-v -̈£i H›-°À ÷\ºU-P -̈£m-hx. |®-•øh¯ •ß÷Úõº-P-ÐUSP[øP }›ß «x GzuøÚ Cøӯߦ!

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C»U-Q-̄ ® :÷\õ-Ǻ-PÎß Bm-]-Põ-»® uªÌ C»U-Q-̄ zvß P»õa-\õ-µzvß ö£õØ-Põ-»-©õP C¸¢-ux. AÁº Põ-»z-vÀ £Uv C»U-Q-̄ ® ö£ -̧©Í-ÂÀÁͺa-]-²Ø-Óx. "ö£-›-̄ -¦-µõ-n®' £Uv C»U-Q-̄ z-vÀ •U-Q¯ Chzøu¨ö£Ø-Óx. C÷u Põ-»zøua ÷\º¢u P®-£º GÊ-v¯ P®-£-µõ-©õ-̄ -n®CßøÓU-S® ©U-PÎß ÷£õØ-Ö-u-¾US E›-̄ -uõP EÒÍ-x.Qµõ-ª¯ Bm] •øÓ : ÷\õ-Ǻ-PÎß Qµõ© {º-ÁõP •øÓ J¸ ]Ó¢u\õuøÚ¯õ-Q-̧ ¢-ux. Qµõ© {º-Áõ-PzvÀ A¢-u¢u Qµõ© \ø£P-ÐUSEÖ¨¤Úº-PÒ ÷uº¢-öu-kzuÚº. ]» EÖ¨¤Úº-PøÍU öPõs-kÒÍ\ø£PøÍ Aø©zx AøÁP-ÐUS SÔ -̈¤mh ö\¯ÀPÒ öu›-̄ -̈£-kz-u -̈£m-hÚ. \ø£PÒ {v PnUS ÁÇU-S-PøÍ J -̈¤UP ÷Ás-k®.A -̧P-øu¯ØÓ EÖ¨¤Úº-PÒ Qµõ© \ø£P-Î-¼-̧ ¢x }U-P -̈£-k®Âv C¸¢-ux. ÷\õ-Ǻ-PÎß Qµõ© Bm] •øÓ CßøÓ¯ Qµõ© £g\õ-¯zx Bm-]ø¯¨ ÷£õßÖÒÍx.

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¯õ-£õ-µ® : ÷\õ-Ç -̈÷£-µ-µ_ ö\À-Á-ö\-È -̈¦hß ÂÍ[-Q-̄ -x. A¯À-|õmk ¯õ-£õ-µ® |ßÓõP |øhö£Ø-Óx. ^Úõ, _©z-µõ, áõ-Áõ©Ø-Ö® A÷µ-¤-̄ õ ÷£õßÓ ¤µ-÷u-\[-P-Ðhß, ÷£µ-µ-_ ¯õ-£õ-µzöuõ-hº-¦U öPõs-i-̧ ¢-ux. ¯õ-£õµ \[-P[-PÒ EÒ-|õm-i-¾®,öÁ-Î-|õm-i-¾® ¯õ-£õ-µ PnUS ÁÇU-S-PøÍ Ps-Põ-ozx Á¢-ux.

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£õh AÔ-•-P® Q.¤. 8Á-x ¡Ø-Óõsk •uÀ 16Áx ¡Ø-Óõsk Áøµ £À-÷ÁÖ \©¯

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£h® 5.3Cµõ-©õÝáa-\õ-›-¯õº

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Cµõ-©õÝẠ|õmiß |õßS ‰ø»P-Î-¾® øÁn-Ázøu¨£µ¨¤Úõº. •U-vUS £U-v÷¯ ©õºU-P® ©Ø-Ö® \µ-nõ-P-v÷¯ •U-Q-̄ -©õÚx GßÖ® £øÓ \õØÔÚõº. Pº-|õ-hP öíõ -́\Í Aµ-\µõÚÂèq-Áºuß CÁ-øµ Áµ-÷ÁØ-Óõº.

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PÀ-̄ õs |P-µz-v-¼-̧ ¢x Bm-]ø¯ |hz-v-Á¢u P»a-̀ › Á®-\zvß ¤ä-áÍß £\-÷Áì-Á-µøµ P -̧Å» Av-Põ-›-̄ õP { -̄ªz-uõß.PÀ-̄ õ-oÀ £\-Ás-nº ¦µm-]-P-µ-©õÚ \•-uõ¯^º-v-̧ z-u[PøÍ ö\ -́uõº. £Ç-ø©°À FÔ-̄ -Áº-PÒ Ca-]¢uøÚPøÍ GvºzuÚº. CuÚõÀ©Ú® Á¸¢-v¯ AÁº PÀ-̄ õs |P-µzøuÂmk Th» \[-P-©z-v-÷»÷¯ CøÓÁÝhßJßÖ P»¢-uõº GßÖ |®-£ -̈£-k-Q-Óx.£\-÷Áì-Á-µ›ß ^º-v-̧ z-u[-PÒ : £\-÷Áì-Á-µº \õv ÷ÁÖ-£õ-k-PÍØÓ ©Ø-

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Á\ÚU-Põ-µº- P-Î-̧ ¢uÚº. AÁº-PÒ GÀ-÷»õ-̧ ® öÁÆ÷ÁÖ áõ-v¨¤›-Ä-PøÍ ÷\º¢-u-Áº-PÍõP C¸¢uÚº. Á\Ú[-PÎÀ TÓ -̈£mh]¢uøÚPÒ CßÖ® ]Ó¨¦ ö£Ø-ÖÒÍÚ.

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Põ» Á›ø\:\[-P-µõa-\õ-›--̄ õº & 8&9Á-x ¡Ø-ÓõskCµõ-©õÝá-\õ-›-̄ õº & 11&12Á-x ¡Ø-Óõsk£\-÷Áì-Á-µº & 12Á-x ¡Ø-Óõsk©z-Áõa-\õ-›-¯õº & 13&14Á-x ¡Ø-Óõsk¦v¯ ö\õØ-PÒ :wUøå & ©¢-v-µ-E£-÷u-\®SÊUPÎÀ P»¢xøµ¯õi Âh¯ÎUPÄ®:

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£õh AÔ-•-P®11&12 B® ¡Ø-Óõs-k-P-ÎÀ C¢-v-̄ õÂß «x x¸U-Q-̄ ºPÎßöuõhºa]¯õÚ £øhö -̄k -̈¦-PÒ CÖ-vö£ØÖ vÀ-¼ _À-uõßPÎß Bm-]-(1206&1526) öuõh[Q¯x. C -̈£õ-hz--vÀ vÀ-¼ _À-uõßPÎß ÷uõ-µønBm-]-•øÓ AÁº-PÒ Põ-»z-vÀ \•-uõ¯, ö£õ-̧ Íõ-uõµ {ø»PÒ ©Ø-Ö®Pm-h-hU-Pø», C»U-Q-̄ z-vØS AÁº-PÒ A-Îzu öPõøhPÒ •u-»õÚøÁÂÁ-›U-P -̈£m-kÒÍÚ.vÓßPÒ :1. 11&12B® ¡Ø-Óõs-k-P-ÎÀ Áµ-»õØÖ Áͺa-]-PÒ, CÖ-v-̄ õP vÀ-¼°-ß

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ö\¯À£õk: öuõhUPU Põ»zvÀ C¢v¯õÂß «x £øhö¯kzuB[Q÷»¯›ß ÷|õUP® GßÚÁõQ¸¢ux? AuÚõÀ C¢v¯õÂß «xHØ£mh ÂøÍÄPÒ ¯õøÁ? SÊUPÎÀ P»¢xøµ¯õi Âøh AÎUPÄ®.

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•P®-©x ÷Põ› : £ßÛµs-hõ® ¡Ø-Óõsiß CÖ-v -̈£-S-v-°ÀB -̈PõÛì-uõÚz-v-¼-̧ ¢x •P®-©x ÷Põ› C¢-v-̄ õÂß ÷©À£øhö -̄kzx Á¢x ]¢x ©Ø-Ö® £g\õ¨ £S-v-PøÍU øP -̈£Ø-ÔUöPõs-hõß. £øhö¯k¨¦zöuõhµõ©À vÀ¼°ß Aµ\ߤ¸vµõä ö\Ííõß ÷£õ›À GÎuõP ÷uõØPizuõß. BÚõÀ¤¸z-Â-µõä AÁÝUS ©µ-n-ushøÚø¯ A-ÎU-P-ÂÀø».Akzu Bs÷h CÁº-P-ÐUS Cøh ©Ø-öÓõ¸ ÷£õº |h¢-ux. C -̈÷£õ-›À ¤¸z-µõä -ö\Í-íõß ÷uõÀ-Â-̄ øh¢-uõß. AÁøÚ©P©x ÷Põ› GߣõµPÒ vÀ¼ •P®-©-xÂß øPÁ-\-©õ-°ØÖ•P®-©x öá°zu ¤µ-÷u-\[-PøÍz ußÝøh¯ ÷\Úõ-v-£v Sx¨&-Ez&wß I£U GߣÁøÚz ußÝøh¯ ¤µ-v-{-v-̄ õP Bm] |hz-x®-£i TÔÚõß. ÷©¾® Sx¨&-Ez&wß I£U vÀ-¼°ß _À-uõÚõP Bm] |hzvÚõß.

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uø»ÁøÚ Aݨ¤Úõß. ©õ-¼U-P-§º öuß C¢-v-̄ õ-ÂÀ |õßS Cµõä-â-̄ [-PøÍ öÁßÓõß. AøÁPÎß uø»|-P-µ[-PøÍU öPõÒøÍ -̄iz-uõß.

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©U-PÎß Bø\PÒ ©Ø-Ö® Gvº¨-£õº¨-¦ -PøÍ ¤µ-v -£ -¼UQßÓ-x. }v, _u¢-v-µ®, \©z-x-Á®, _¯-©-›-¯õøu, |m¦ ©Ø-Ö® ÷u]-¯J -̧ø© -̈£õk ÷£õßÓøÁPÒ •U-Q¯ ÷Põm-£õ-k-PÍõ-S®.

Aµ]¯À Aø©¨¤ß •UQ¯ £s¦PÒ|®-•øh¯ Aµ-]-̄ À Aø© -̈¦ uÚUöPßÖ ]» ]Ó¨¦ A®-\[-PøÍU

öPõs-kÒÍx.

GÊzx ÁiÁ Aµ-]-̄ -»ø©¨¦: C¢-v-̄ Aµ-]-̄ -À Aø©¨¦ GÊzxÁi-Áz-v-¾ÒÍx. Cx E»Q÷»÷¯ AvP ›ÁõÚ Aµ]¯ÀAø©¨£õS®. Aµ-]ß E¸¨-¦-PÍõÚ \mh ©ßÓ®, ö\¯-»-P® ©Ø-Ö®}vz-xøÓ Aø©¨-¦- Av-Põ -µ® ©Ø-Ö® ö\¯À AÍÄ CvÀSÔ¨£h¨£mkÒÍx. Aµ-]-̄ À Aø©¨¦ ø©¯® ©ØÖ® ©õ-{» Aµ-_-P-ÐUS Jß÷Ó-¯õ-S®. AuÚõÀ Aµ-]-¯À Aø©¨¦ AÍÄ Â\õ-»-©õPEÒÍx.

Si-¯-µ_ : C¢-v-¯õ J¸ Si-¯-µ_ GßÖ Aµ-]-¯À Aø©¨-¦ TÖ-Q-Óx.Si-̄ -µ-]À Aµ-\º-PÎß Bm] C¸ -̈£-vÀø». ©õÓõP ©U-PÍõÀ ÷uº¢-öu-kU-P¨-£mh ¤µ-v-{-v-PÎß Bm] |øhö£-ÖQÓx. C®-©õ-v-›-¯õÚAµ-]-¯À Aø©¨ø£¨ ö£Ø-ÖÒÍ C¢-v-¯õ, J¸ ©U-PÒ \Uv ö£ØÓSi-¯-µ-\õ-S®.

Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PÒ ©Ø-Ö® Ph-ø©PÎß £v÷ÁkAµ]¯À Aø©¨¦ Si©UPÐUS BÖ Ai¨-£øh E›ø©PøÍA-Îz-xÒÍx. AøÁPøÍU Pm-k¨- -£ -kz-u G¢u \õ\Ú ©ØÖ®

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Âv-P-ÍõPm-k® u® ¸¨£zvØQn[S¨£i ö\´¯ G¢u ©õ-{-»-zxUS®AvPõµ® CÀø». E›-ø©PÒ Ág]UP¨ £k®÷£õx AøÁPøÍPõU-S® Av-Põ-µ® }v ©ßÓ[-P-ÐU-Ssk. Si-©U-PÒ E›-ø©PøÍ u®Â¸¨-£zvØ÷PØ£ Pøh¨-¤-izx \•-uõ- -¯z-vß Aø©vUS £[-P-®HØ-£-hU Põ-µ-n® B-PU Thõx AÀ-»x \m-hz-vØS £[-P® HØ-£h ÂhU&-T-hõx. Aµ-]-¯»ø©¨¤À, Si-©U-PÒ BØÓ ÷Ás-i¯ £vöÚõ¸Phø©PÒ EÒÍÚ.

\©-uº© \•-uõ-̄ ® : Aµ-]-̄ À \õ\Ú \m-h® AøÚzx ©u[-P-Ю\©-©õÚøÁ (ö\U-³-¼-µ-\®) GßÝ® uz-x-Ázøu E¯ºzv¨ ¤izxÒÍxAµ\õ[P® ÷ÁÖ£õk Põmhõ©À GÀ»õ ©u[PøͲ® \©©õP÷ÁP¸xQÓx. Aµ-\õ[-P® G¢u ©uzøu²® |õmiß ©u® GßÖ•UQ¯zxÁ® A-Î -̈£-vÀø». Ax JÆ-öÁõ-̧ -Á-̧ U-S® u©x ©uzøu¨¤ß£ØÖ® ©ØÖ® _u¢-v-µzøu²® A-Îz-xÒÍx. ©u _u¢-v-µzøu\•-uõ-¯zvß £õºøÁ°À Pm-k¨£kzx® Av-Põ-µ® Aµ-_US EÒÍx.\©-uº© \©-£õÁøÚø¯ |õz-vP® AÀ-»x Ph-ÄÒ AÀ»x ©u[PÎßGv-› Gߣ-uÀ».

_u¢-v-µ }v ©ßÓ[-PÒ : |®-•øh¯ }v ©ßÓ[-PÒ _u¢-v-µ-©õÚøÁ÷uøÁ¯õÚ AÍÄ Av-Põ-µ[-Pøͨ ö£Ø-ÖÒÍøÁ. Aµ-\õ-Pm-k®Aµ-]-¯À Aø©¨-£õ-Pm-k® }v ©ßÓ[-P-ÎÀ uø»°-h •i¯õx\m-hzvß •ßÚõÀ AøÚÁ-¸® \©-©õÚÁº-PÒ. }v-ø¯¨ö£Ö® Áõ´¨¦ AøÚÁ-̧ U-S® EÒÍ-x GßÝ® uz-x-Ázøu }vzxøÓPõm-k-Q-Ó-x.

Á¯x Á¢-u-Áº-P-ÐUS Km-h-ÎU-S® Phø© :

Á¯-xUS Á¢u Si-©U-PÒ u[-P -Ðøh¯ ¤µ-v -{ -v -PøÍz ÷uº¢-öu-kU-S® •øÓø¯ ""Á¯-x Á¢-u-Áº-P-ÐUS Km-h-ÎU-S® ÁÇUP®''Gߣõº -PÒ. 18 Á¯-xUS ÷©Ø-£mh Si-©U-PÒ AøÚÁ-¸®GÆ-Â-u-©õÚ £õ-S-£õ-ißÔ Km-h-Î -̈£º.

ws-hõø© : ws-hõø© Gߣ-x \•-uõ-̄ z-vÀ J¸ w¯ £ÇU-P-©õPEÒÍx. Cøu JÈUP £» Á¸h[PÍõP •¯Ø] ö\´uÚº. B°Ý® AxA¨£i÷¯ EÒÍx. |®•øh¯ Aµ]¯À Aø©¨¦ C¢u¨ £ÇUPzøuuøh ö\´xÒÍx.

C¢-v¯ Aµ-]-̄ À Aø©¨¤ß ¦Ûu ÷|õU-P® |À Aµø\ (welfare state)

Aø©¨-£-÷u BS®.

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\‰uõ¯-©U-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® ö£õ-¸Íõ-uõ-µ £õ-x-Põ¨¦ AøÚÁ-¸U-S®A-ÎU-S® ÷|õU-Pzøu øÁz-xÒÍ ©õ-{-»÷© |À Aµ_ Gߣõº-PÒ.

C¢-v-̄ õ E»-Q-÷»÷¯ ªP -̈ö£-›¯ ©U-PÍõm] |õ-hõ-S®. Ph¢u AÖ-£x Bs-k-P-ÎÀ ÷uº-uÀ-PÒ SÔ -̈¤mh Põ» AÍ-ÂÀ |øhö£ØÖ Á -̧QßÓÚ. uØ÷£õøu¯ Põ»UPmhzvÀ Põ» AÍ-ÂÀ ©U-PÍõm] •øÓ|õm-iÀ ÷£õ-x-©õÚ AÍ-ÂÀ BÇ-©õP ÷Áº FßÔ-²ÒÍ-x. Cußö\¯À£õkPÎÀ ]» SøÓ£õ-k-PÒ Põ-n -̈£m-hõ-¾® C®-•øÓ v¸¨vA-ÎU-S® •øÓ¯õP÷Á ÂÍ[SQÓx.

¦v-̄ ö\õØ-PÒ :

Aµ-]-¯À Aø©¨¦ ÁøµÄU SÊAµ-]-¯À Aø©¨¦ AøÁ°ÀuõU-PÀ ö\´-¯¨-£mh Aµ-]-¯-»ø©¨¦ ÁøµÄ AÔUøP v¸z-u¨-£h÷Ás-i¯ AÔUøPø¯ u¯õ-›U-zu SÊ Si¯µ_ & Si©UPÎß Bm].

SÊÂÚ¸hß P»¢xøµ¯õi Âøh¯ÎUPÄ®.

1. Aµ-]-̄ -»ø©¨¦ GßÓõÀ GßÚ?

2. Aµ-]-̄ -»ø©¨¦ \ø£°ß uø»Á-µõP ¯õº C¸¢-uõº-PÒ?

3. hõU-hº. ¤.Bº. A®-÷£z-Põº Aµ-]-̄ À Aø©¨¦ u¯õ-› -̈¤À ÁQzu£[S ¯õx?

4. C¢-v-̄ õ G¢u |õÍßÖ Si-̄ -µ_ GßÖ AÔ-ÂU-P -̈£m-hx?

5. ©øÓ•-P Km-h-ÎU-S® •øÓ GßÓõÀ GßÚ?

6. Si-̄ -µ_ GßÓõÀ GßÚ?

7. AøÚzx ©u \®£õÁøÚ GßÓõÀ GßÚ?

ÂÁõ-vUPÄ® : •ßÝøµ°À TÓ -̈£mh uz-x-Á[-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® SÔU-÷PõÒ-PÒ £ØÔ ÂÁõ-vUP.

ö\¯À-£õk : Aµ-]-¯À Aø©¨¦ \m-hzøuz u¯õ-›zu SÊ-Â-¼-¸¢uEÖ¨¤Úº-PÎß £h[-PøÍ ÷\P-›U-P. |©x Aµ]¯À Aø©¨¦ |®AøÚÁøµ²® \õ¸®. |©x Aµ]¯À Aø©¨¦ |©US E›ø©PøͲ®,Phø©PøͲ® AÎzxÒÍx. |©x Ps÷nõmhzvÀ Phø©PÒ ©ØÖ®E›ø©PÎÀ GøÁ •UQ¯©õÚøÁ Gߣøu SÊUPÎÀ P»¢xøµ¯õi,E [PÒ Gsn[PøÍ Gs ÁiÁ[PÎÀ £mi¯¼hÄ®.

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£õ-hzvß AÔ-•-P®|®-•øh¯ Aµ-]-̄ À ]» {º-ÁõP öPõÒøPPøÍ EÒÍhUS®. •ßÝøµ°ÀTÓ¨-£m-kÒÍ SÔU÷PõÒPøÍ Aøh¯ CøÁPÒ Eu-Â-¯õP EÒÍÚ.£õ-hz-vÀ CøÁPøͨ £Ø-Ô¯ ÂÁ-µ[-PÒ EÒÍÚ.vÓßPÒ

1. ©õ-{» {º-ÁõP öPõÒøPPøÍ AÔ¢x öPõÒ-Áx2. ©õ-{» {º-Áõ-PU öPõÒøPPÒ |» Aµ-_ Aø©UP GÆ-ÁõÖ Eu-Ä-Q-Óx

Gߣ-øu AÔ-uÀ.

|À Aµ-_ Aø©¨£uØPõÚ SÔU÷PõÒPøÍ SÔø¯ \õ-v¨-£-uØ-Põ-P

Aµ-]-¯À Aø©¨¦ ]» öPõÒøPPøÍ •ß øÁzx ©õ-{» Aµ-_USÁÈ-Põm-i-²ÒÍx. CÆ-Â-u-©õÚ ÁÈ-Põm-hÀ `z-v-µ[-PøÍ ©õ-{»{º-Áõ-PU öPõÒøPPÒ Gߣõº-PÒ. ¯õº Av-Põ-µz-vØS Á¢-uõ-¾®CøÁPøÍ PÁÚz-vÀ öPõsk Bm] |hzu ÷Ás-k® Gߣ-xCøÁPÎß ÷|õU-P-©õ-S®.

C¢-v¯ Si-¯-µ_ Pøh¤-iUP ÷Ás-i¯ RÌU-Põ-q® `z-v-µ[-PÒ©õ-{» {º-Áõ-PU öPõÒøPPÒ BS®.

©õ-{» {º-Áõ-PU öPõÒøPPÒ8£õh®

£h® 8.1 £»-ÃÚÁº-PÐU-PõÚ \•-uõ¯ }v

1. \•-uõ¯ }v : ©U-P-ÐUS {¯õ-̄ -©õÚ \•-uõ¯ ö£õ-̧ Íõ-uõ-µ® ©Ø-Ö® Aµ-]-̄ À }vA-Îzx ©U-PÒ |»øÚ¨÷£oUPõ¨£x.

2. £»-ÃÚÁº-PÐU-PõÚ \•-uõ¯ }v :£»-ÃÚ©UPÎß ÁõÌUøPU-S Buõ-µ-©&-Ψ-£x, AÁº-P-Ðøh¯ ö£õ-¸Íõ-uõµ_µs-hø» uk¨-£x PÀ ©ØÖ®ö£õ-¸Íõ-uõµ •ß÷ÚØ-Ó®, ©Ø-Ö®AÁº-P-ÐUS C»-Á-\ \mh Eu-Âø¯ A-Î -̈£x.

3. ö£s-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® SÇ¢øuPÒ |»® (Women and Child Welfare) : : : : :J÷µ Âu©õÚ ÷Áø»UPõÚ BsP-ÐU-S® Fv¯zøu ö£s-P-ÐUS® Fv¯zøu \©-©õP AΨ£x, ö£s-P-ÐUS ¤µ-\-Á Á\-v,SÇ¢øuPÒ _µs-h¨-£ -k-Áøuz uk¨-£x. SÇ¢øuPÒ

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B÷µõU-Q-¯-©õP Áͺ-Á-uØS Áõ-´¨¦ ©Ø-Ö® AÁº-P-ÐUSC»-Á-\ ©Ø-Ö® Pm-hõ¯ öuõ-hU-PU PÀ A-Î -̈£x.

£h® 8.2 ö£s-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® £h® 8.3 C»-Á-\ ©Ø-Ö®

SÇ¢øuPÒ|»® Pm-hõ¯ PÀÂ

4. öuõ-È-»õͺ- |»® (Labour Welfare) : : : : : öuõ-È-»õͺ-PÎß |»øÚPÁÛ¨-£-x, EøǨ-£-uØS E›-ø©, EøÇUP ÷uøÁ¯õÚ`Ç-ø» A-Î -̈£x, öuõ-È-»õͺ-P-ÐUS SøÓ¢u £m\ Fv-̄ ®©Ø-Ö® AÁº-P-ÐUS {º-Áõ-Pz-vÀ £[-÷PØP Áõ´ -̈£-Î -̈£x.

£h® 8.4:öuõ-È-»õͺ- |»® £h®8.5:Eu-Â-̄ Ø-Ó-Áº-P-ÐUS Eu-Â

5. Eu-Â-¯Ø-Ó-Áº-P-ÐUS Eu- (Help to needy) : : : : : Á¯-uõÚÁºPÒ,÷|õ-̄ õÎPÒ ©Ø-Ö® ÷Áø» Áõ´¨¦ AØ-Ó-Áº-PÒ ÁõÇ Aµ_ EuÂö\´uÀ.

6. AøÚÁ-̧ U-S® ö£õ-x-ÁõÚ \m-h® (Uniform Civilcode) : : : : : C¢-v-̄ õÂßAøÚzx ©U-P-ÐU-S® ö£õ-x-ÁõÚ \m-h® QøhUP Ez-v-µ-Áõ-u-©-Îz-uÀ.

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£h® 8.7 PõÀ-|øh ö\À-Á®

£h® 8.6 ©x-£õÚz-vØSuøh

£h® 8.8 ÷ÁÍõs Áͺa] £h® 8.9 |ÃÚ ÷ÁÍõsø©

7. ©x-£õÚz-øuz ukz-uÀ : ©x-£õÚ®B÷µõU-Q-¯zøuU öPkU-Q-Óx.Sk®-£zvß ö£õ-¸Íõ-uõµ {ø»ø¯£»-ÃÚ -̈£-kz-x-Q-Óx. ÷©¾® ö£s&-PøÍ _µs-k-Áx Av-P-©õ-Q-Óx. CuØ&-PõP |®-•øh¯ Aµ-] -¯ -»ø©¨-¦©x-Â-»UøP A©À-£-kz-x-Áøu|øh•-øÓUS öPõs-k-Áµ ©õ-{»Aµ-_-P-Ð-US ÁÈPõmkÁx

8. »[SPøÍ Áøu ö\´ÁøuzukzuÀ (Prevention of Slaughter of Animals) : : : : :|©x Aµ]¯À Aø©¨¤À»[SPÎß £õxPõ¨¦US•UQ¯zxÁ® öPõkUP¨ £mkÒÍx.Cuߣi P¸|õhP 1964CÀ»[SPøÍU Áøu ö\´ÁøuzukUS® \mhzøu A©¾USUöPõsk Á¢xÒÍx (P¸|õhP®©ØÖ® £» ©õ{»[PÎÀ »[SÁøu uk¨¦a \mh® A©¼À EÒÍx.

9. ÷ÁÍõs Áͺa] :|ÃÚ •øÓPøͨ£¯ß£-kzv ÷ÁÍõsø©, PõÀ-|øhÁͺ¨¦ ©Ø-Ö® Si-ø\zöuõ-ȾUSEu-Â-¯-Ψ-£-x.

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10. _Ø-Öa-̀ -ÇÀ : _Ø-Ö -̈¦Ó £õ-x-Põ¨¦©Ø Ö® Áͺa]Gkz-xU-Põmk : _µ[-Pz-öuõ -ÈÀ,öuõ-ÈØ-\õø»PÒ ÷£õßÓ ÁØÔ¼¸¢xöÁ-Î-÷¯Ø-Ó¨-£-k® PÈ-Ä-P-Î-¼-¸¢x_Ø-Ö -̈¦-Ózøu Põ -̈£õØ-Ö-Áx.

11. Áµ-»õØÖ ]Ó¨¦ ªUP {øÚÄa]ßÚ[-PøÍU Põz-uÀ :

Gkz-xU-Põmk : í®¤, ÷£¿¸,í-÷Í-¥k, £m-h-u-PÀ •u-¼-̄ Ú

12. AøÚz-x-»P Aø©v: £õ-x-Põ¨ø£U Põ¨-£õØ-Ö-Á-vÀ |õ-k®£[-S öPõÒÐuÀ.

\•-uõ¯ }v GßÓõÀ GßÚ?

\õv, ©u®, £õÀ, ö©õÈ, CÚ®, ¤µ-÷u-\® ©Ø-Ö® HØ-Óz-uõÌ-Ä-P-ÎÀ÷ÁÖ£õißÔ AøÚzx ©U-P-ÐU-S® £õ-x-Põ¨¦ A-Ψ-£x ©ØÖ®AøÚÁøµ²® \©÷|õU-Pz-xhß £õº¨-£÷u \•-uõ¯ }v. ¤ßu[-Q¯CÚ[-PÎß |»ß, SøÓ¢u £m\ Fv-̄ ®, SÇ¢øuPÒ _µs-h -̈£-k-uø» {º-‰-»-©õU-PÀ, ö£s-P-ÐUS \•-›-ø© ©Ø-Ö® öPõÍ-µ-Á®÷£õßÓøÁP-Ò \•-uõ¯ }vUS Em£kQßÓÚ.

£h® 8.11 _µs-hÀ

Aµ-]-̄ À \õ\Ú® £À-÷ÁÖ \¾øPPÒ ©Ø-Ö® {º-ÁõP öPõÒøPPøÍ©õ-{-»[-P-ÐUS A-Îz-xÒÍx. B°Ý® AøÁPÒ AÎUP¨£hõÂmhõÀ©U-PÒ }v-©ßÓz-vÀ ÁÇUS öuõ-h-µ-•i¯õx (G-kz-xU-Põm-hõP :AÖ-£-x Bs-k-PÒ PÈ¢u ¤ßÝ® ø©¯ Aµ_ ©x-Â-»UøP ukUP\m-h® öPõsk Áµ-ÂÀø» Cøu¨ £ØÔ }v©ßÓ[-PÒ ÁÇUS öuõhµ•i¯õx).

£h® 8.10 _Ø-Ö -̈¦-Ózy´ø© & Põ -̈£õØ-Ö-Á-x

_µs-hÀ

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ö\¯À£õk: ©õ{» {ºÁõP uzxÁ[PÒ |©x ©õ{»zvÀ G¢uAÍÂØS A©¼À EÒÍÚ? CßÖ® öÁÆ÷ÁÖ ÁøPPÎÀ\µshÀPÒ {PÌ¢x öPõskuõß EÒÍÚ. Cøu¨£ØÔ¯P»¢xøµ¯õhÀ Tmh® JßøÓ HØ£õk ö\´x Av¼¸¢x }[PÒAÔ¢u ÁØøÓ £mi¯¼kP.

SÊUPÎÀ P»¢xøµ¯õi Âøh¯ÎUPÄ®1. ©õ-{» {º-Áõ-PU öPõÒøPPÒ GßÓõÀ GßÚ?2. ö£s-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® SÇ¢øuPÒ |» Aø©¨ø£ HØ-£-kz-x-Á-uØ-PõP

Aµ-]-̄ -»-ø©¨¦ ©õ-{-»[-P-ÐUS A-Îz-xÒÍ ÁÈPõmhÀPÒ ̄ õøÁ?3. ©õ-{» {º-Áõ-PU öPõÒøPPÒ £_-Áøuø¯z uøh ö\´¯÷Ásk®

GßÖ Hß ÁÈPõmkQÓx.4. AøÚÁ-̧ U-S® \© E›-ø© \m-h® AÁ-]-̄ ® Hß?5. ©x »UøP A©À-£-kzu ©õ-{-»[-P-ÐUS Hß ÁÈPõmhÀ

A-ÎU-P¨-£-k-Q-Óx?ÂÁõ-vUP :

1. £»-ÃÚ©õÚÁº-P-ÐUS (Weak Persons) \•-uõ¯ }v2. ©x-Â-»US3. Áµ-»õØÖ {øÚÄa ]ßÚ[-PÒ4. SÇ¢øuPÒ PÀ PØ-S® E›-ø©ø¯ |øh•øÓ¨ £kzu

©õ{»zvØS ÁÈPõmhø» Hß AÎUQÓx.ö\¯À-£õ-k-PÒ :

1. E[-PÒ _Ø-Öa ̀ Ç-¼À EÒÍ \‰-Pz-vÀ Põ-n -̈£-k® \•-uõ¯ ©ØÖ®ö£õ-̧ Íõ-uõ-µ {ø»°À ¤ß u[-Q-̄ -Áº-PøÍ PÁÛUP AÁº-PÒ Hß¤ß u[-Q-²ÒÍÚº Gߣøu¨ £ØÔ Eß ÷uõ-Ǻ -P -÷ÍõkEøµ¯õ-h-Ä®.

2. ©x-£õÚ® £¯ß£-kz-x-uÀ ©ØÖ® ÷£õøu¨ ö£õ-̧ m-PÒ £¯ß£-kz-x-uÀ |®-•øh¯ G¢u CÚ ©U-PÒ «x ÂÊ® öPk-uÀ-PÒ ¯õøÁ?CuøÚ¨ £ØÔ J¸ ÂÁõ-uzøu |hz-x[PÒ. ©Ø-Ö® E[-PÒGs-nzøu GÊ-u-Ä®. ÂÁ-µ[-PÒ ÷\P-›U-P-Ä®.

3. SÇ¢øuPÎß E›-ø© SÇ¢øu°ß £ß•P •ß÷ÚØ-Óz-vØSAÁ]¯® AøÁPμ¸¢x Ág]UP¨ £k® ÷£õx SÇ¢øuPÒöuõø»÷£] Gs 1098 GßÝ® Gs-qUS AøǨ¦ ÂkUP÷Ás-kö©ßÖ E[-P-ÐUS öu›¢-v-¸U-S®. CuøÚ¨ £ØÔ J¸ÂÁõ-uU SÊ-øÁ HØ-£-kzv A¤ -̈¤-µõ-̄ [-PøÍ ÷\P-›U-PÄ®.

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£õh AÔ-•-P®

|®-•øh¯ Aµ-] -¯À Aø©¨¦ C¢-v¯ ©U-P -ÐUS A-Îz-xÒÍAi¨-£øh E›ø©PÒ ©Ø-Ö® Ph-ø©PøÍ C¨-£õ -hz-vÀAÔ-•-P -̈£-kz-u -̈£m-kÒÍ-Ú.

vÓßPÒ :

1. C¯ØøP¯õÚ E›-ø©PÒ ©Ø-Ö® Ai -̈£øh E›ø©P-ÐU-Qøh÷ -̄²ÒÍ÷ÁÖ-£õ-k-PøÍ AÔ-Á-x.

2. C¢-v¯ Si-©PÝUS Aµ-]-̄ -»ø©¨¦ A-Îz-xÒÍ Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PøÍAÔ¢x öPõÒ-Áx.

3. Aµ-]-̄ À Aø© -̈¤À TÓ -̈£m-kÒÍ £vöÚõ¸ Ai -̈£øhU Phø©PøÍAÔ¢x u©x ÁõÌUøP°À AÁØøÓU Pøh¨-¤-izx |Ø-S-i-©PÚõPÂÍ[-S-Áx.

4. u©U-Q-¸U-S® E›-ø©PøÍ AÝ£-ÂUP uøh¯õP EÒÍ ÷£õx,AøÁPøÍ ©Ö-£-i-²® ö£Ö-Á-uØ-PõÚ ÁÈ•øÓPøÍU Ps-h-Ô-uÀ.

E›-ø© GßÓõÀ GßÚ?

"E-›ø©' GßÓõÀ J¸ uÛ©ÛuÝU-SU QøhUP ÷Ás-i¯

Av-Põ-µ®. Ax C¯ØøP¯õÚ E›ø©¯õP C¸U-P-»õ®. Gkz-xU-Põmk :Áõ-Ê® E›-ø©, ußøÚU Põz-xU öPõÒ-Ю E›-ø© ©Ø-Ö® ]»\m-h-§º-Á-©õÚ E›-ø©PÒ (G-kz-xU-Põmk : \© E›-ø©, PÀ-Â-ö£-Ö® E›-ø©)

uÛ©ÛuÛß Áͺa-]U-S® ©Ø-Ö® |õmiß Áͺa-]U-S® ]»_u¢-vµ E›ø©PÒ AÁ-]-̄ ®. AuÚõÀ Aµ-]-̄ À Aø©¨¦ ©U-P-ÐUS ]»Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PøÍ A-Îz-xÒÍ-x.

Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PÒAi -̈£øh E›ø©PöÍßÓõÀ Aµ-]-̄ -»ø© -̈¤À TÓ -̈£m-kÒÍ ©ØÖ®£õ-x-PõU-P¨-£-k® E›-ø©PÍõS®. CøÁ Si-©U-P-ÐU-S AÎUP¨£mhE›-ø©PÍõS®. CøÁPøÍ uºUP •i-̄ õx.

Aµ-]-¯-»ø©¨¦ |õmiß AøÚzx Si-©U-P-ÐU-S® BÖ Ai¨-£øhE›ø©PøÍ A-Îz-xÒÍx.

Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PÒ ©Ø-Ö®Ph-ø©PÒ9

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AøÁPÒ :

1. \©z-xÁ E›ø© 2. _u¢-vµ E›ø©

3. \‰P Â÷µõ-uzøu GvºU-S® E›ø©

4. ©u E›ø© 5. PÀÂ P»õa-\õµ E›ø©

6. \mh E›ø©

1. \© E›ø© : \m-hz-vØS •ß¦ AøÚÁ-¸® \©-®. ¯õ -¸®\m-hzøuÂ-h ö£›-¯-Áº-PÒ AÀ-»º ©Ø-Ö® AøÚÁ-¸U-S®\©-©õÚ £õ-x-Põ¨¦ QøhUP ÷Ás-k® GßÝ® A®-\[-PÒ\© E›ø©°À EÒÍÚ.

£h® 9.1 \m-hz-vØ-S•ß AøÚÁ-̧ ® \©®

©u®, CÚ®, áõv, £õÀ, ¤Ó¨-¤-h® CøÁPÎß Ai¨£øh°À-©õ-{-»® ÷£u £õ-Á® Põm-k-uÀ Thõx. Pøh, ]Ø-Ös-ia \õø»©Ø-Ö® ©Ú©-QÌ Ch[-P -ÎÀ ¤µ-÷Á-]¨-£-uØS Pm-k¨-£õkÂvU-PU-T-hõx.

ö£õx Ch[-P-ÎÀ EÒÍ QnÖ, H›, \õø» ©Ø-Ö® K -́Â-h[-PøÍ£¯ß£-kzxÁøu ukUPU Thõx. Aµ\õ[P £oUS÷\¸-Á-uØS AøÚzx Si-©U-P-ÐU-S® \© Áõ´¨¦ EÒÍx.ö£õ-x-©U-PÒ Tk®, ÁÈ-£-k® Ch[-P-ÎÀ A¢-u¢u ©uzøua ÷\º¢uuÛ©Ûuß ö\ßÖ ÁÈ-£-k-Áøu uøh ö\ -́̄ U-T-hõx.

\©zxÁ®

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2. _u¢-vµ E›ø© :1. ÷£a-_ -›ø© ©Ø-Ö® ußÝøh¯ Gs-nzøu _u¢-v-µ -©õP

öÁ-Î -̈£-kz-x® E›-ø©2. Aø©v-̄ õP \ø£ø¯U Tm-k-Á-uØ-PõÚ _u¢-v-µ®3. _u¢-v-µ-©õP \[-P[-PøÍ Aø©z-uÀ4. |õk •Ê-Á-x® _u¢-v-µ-©õP ö\ßÖ Á -̧uÀ5. C¢-v¯ |õmiß G -̈£-S-v-°-¾® _u¢-v-µ-©õP ÁõÌ-uÀ6. GÆ-Â-u-©õÚ ÷Áø» Áõ´¨¦, öuõ-ÈÀ, ¯õ-£õ-µ® ö\´-²®

_u¢-v-µ®.

£h® 9.2 ÷£a-_›ø©ö\¯À£õk: ÷£a_›ø© G¢uÍÄUS •UQ¯zxÁ® ö£ØÖÒÍx.CßÖ |®ªhzvÀ AuÝø¯h Gvº£¯ß£õk HØ£mk Á¸QÓx.AuøÚ¨ £ØÔ¯ ÂÁµ¨£mi¯À u¯õ›zx E[PÒ Gsnõ[PøÍJßÖ TmhÄ®._u¢-v-µ® Ai¨-£øh E›ø©¯õ-Q-¸¢-uõ-¾® AuøÚ ©Ú® ÷£õÚ÷£õUQÀ £¯ß£-kz-uU-T-hõx. ]» \©-¯[-P-ÎÀ Aµ-_, ©Ûu_u¢-v-µzøuU Pmk¨£kzuU Thõx GßÖ Aµ-]-¯-»ø©¨-÷£TÖ-Q-Óx. Gkz-xU-Põmk : ÷£a-_›ø© EÒÍöußÖ ©Ø-Ó-Áøµ¨ £ØÔuÁÓõP¨ ÷£\U Thõx.

3. \‰P Â÷µõ-uzøu GvºU-S® E›ø© :HøÇPÒ, ö£s-PÒ©Ø-Ö® £»-ÃÚ©õÚÁº-PøÍ _µs-h¨-£ -k-Áøuz ukUP÷Ás-k® Gߣ-x CÆ-Ä-›ø©°ß ÷|õU-P -©õ-S®. _µs-h¨&-£ -k-Áøuz ukUP ø©¯ ©Ø-Ö® ©õ-{» Aµ-_ -PÒ £À-÷ÁÖ\m-h[-PøÍU öPõsk Á¢-xÒÍÚ.

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Gkz-x-U-Põmk : Áµ-um-\øn Áõ[-S-Á-x® öPõ-k -̈£-x® ushøÚU-S-›-̄ -uõ-S®. öPõz-u-iø© •øÓ uøh ö\ -́̄ -̈£m-kÒÍx. _µ[-Pz-öuõ -ÈÀ, ¥i u¯õ-›z -uÀ, £m-hõ -_ -PÒ u¯õ-›¨-¦¨ ÷£õßÓA£õ-¯-P-µ-©õÚ öuõ-ÈÀ-P-ÎÀ SÇ¢øuPøÍ {¯ªUPU Thõx.AÁº-PÒ £vÚõßS Á¯x Áøµ°À Pm-hõ-¯-©õ-PU PÀ-ÂPØP÷Ás-k®.

£h® 9.3 SÇ¢øuPÒ ÷Áø» ö\ -́Áøu Aµ_ uøhö\ -́xÒÍx

4. ©u E›ø© : ö£õ-x-©U-PÒ JÊ[S, |ßÚhzøu ©Ø-Ö® y´ø©©ØÖ® Cuµ Âv-PøÍ ©Úv-À öPõsk ©uU ÷Põm-£õ-k-PøÍPøh¨-¤-iU-S® E›ø© AøÚÁ-¸U-S® Esk. £»-Á¢-u-©õP,Ág\øÚ ©Ø-Ö® Bh®-£-µ[-PÒ ‰»-©õP ©u-©õØ-Ó® ö\´-¯U-T-hõx GßÖ Aµ-]-̄ À \m-hø©¨¦ TÖ-Q-Óx.

£h® 9.4 ©u _u¢-v-µ®

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5. PÀÂ, P»õa-\õµ E›ø© :©uz-öuõ -hº -£õÚ ©Ø-Ö® ö©õÈ]Ö-£õßø©°Ú›ß E›-ø©ø¯ £õ-x-Põ¨-£x CÆ-Á-i¨-£øhE›-ø©PÎß ÷|õU-P-©õ-S®. GÀ»õ ©UPЮ u®-•øh¯ ö©õÈ,GÊzx AÀ-»x P»õa-\õ -µzøu £õ -x-PõU -S® E›-ø©ø¯¨ö£Ø-ÖÒÍÚº. ]Ö-£õßø©°Ú¸US PÀ {ÖÁÚ[-PøÍ xÁUQ,{º-Áõ-P® |hz-x® E›ø© EÒÍ-x. BÚõÀ ]Ö-£õßø©°Ú›ß PÀÂ{ÖÁÚ[-PÒ Aµ-]ß Âv-P-ÐUS Em-£mk C¸UP ÷Ás--k®.

£h® 9.5 P»õa-\õ-µ® ©Ø-Ö® PÀÂ ö£Ö® E›ø©

6. \mh E›ø© : Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PøÍ «Ö®-÷£õx Si-©-Pß }v-©ßÓz-vÀ ÁÇU-Sz öuõ-h-µ-»õ®. C¢u E›ø©ø¯ \mh E›ø©Gߣõº-PÒ.

Ai¨-£øh E›ø©PöÍßÓõÀ : Aµ-]-¯À Aø©¨¤ß ‰»®÷|µ-i-¯õP Si-©U-P-ÐUS A-ÎU-P¨-£k® E›-ø©PÒ. CøÁPøÍ|õ-hõ-ЩßÓ®, Âu-õÚ \ø£, ©ØÖ® \m-hzvß ‰»-©õPAv-Põ›PÒ ÷£õ-½-\õ - -¸hß ÷\º¢x GÀ»õ ö£õ-x-©U-P -Ю(A-µ-\õ[-P) {Ö-ÁÚ[-PÒ öPõkUP ©Ö¨£x AÀ-»x Gvº -̈£x uøhö\´-¯¨-£m-kÒÍ-x. Gvº¨-¦-PÒ HØ-£-k-®÷£õx A}v HØ£mh©Ûuß ÷|µõP E¯º-}v©ßÓ® AÀ-»x Ea-\ -}v©ßÓzvÀ•øÓ°-mk wºÄ ö£Ó»õ®. Ai¨-£øh E›ø©PÒ öuõ-hº-£õPEa-\-}v©ßÓz-vØ-S AÀ-»õ-©À E¯º-}v©ßÓz-vØ-S öPõ-kU-P -̈£k®©ÝU-PøÍ "›m ©Ý' Gߣõº-PÒ.

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Ph-ø©PÒAi¨-£øh E›ø©PÒ ©Ø-Ö® Ph-ø©PÒ J¸ |õ-n-¯zvß Cµsk•P[-Pøͨ ÷£õßÓøÁ. "P-hø©' GßÓõÀ uÛ©Ûuß ußÝøh¯|õm-iØ-PõP ö\´¯ ÷Ás-i¯ ö\¯À. ©U-PÒ u®•øh¯ Ai¨-£øhUPhø©PøÍ {øÓ÷ÁØÔÚõÀ |õk •ß÷ÚØ-Ó©øhÁx G-Îx.

Aµ-]-̄ -»ø©¨¤À £vöÚõ-̧ Ai -̈£øhUPhø©PÒ ÷\ºU-P¨-£m-kÒÍx. AøÁPÎß _¸U-P® RÌU-Põ-q-©õ-ÖÒÍx.

1. Aµ-]-̄ À Aø©¨¦, ÷u]-̄ U-öPõi ©Ø-Ö®÷u]-¯-R-uzøu öPÍ-µ-¨-£-x.

2. _u¢-v-µ¨ ÷£õ-µõm-hzvß ÷©ßø©¯õÚ¦Ûu ÷|õU-P[-Pøͨ ¤ß£Ø-Ö-Áx

3. C¢-v-¯õÂß J¸-ø©¨-£õmøhUPõ -̈£x

4. uõ -́|õmøh Põ -̈£õØ-Ö-Á-x

£h® 9.7 |õmøh Põ -̈£x

5. C¢-v-¯º -PÍõÚ |õ® AøÚÁ-¸® \÷Põ-u -µº -PÒ GßÝ®©Ú¨£õßø©ø¯ Áͺz-xU öPõÒ-Áx

£h® 9.6 öPÍ-µ-Ázøu A-Î -̈£-x

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£h® 9.8 |õ® AøÚÁ-̧ ® C¢-v-̄ º

6. |®-•øh¯ ö\À-ÁõUS, P»õa-\õµ £µ®-£øµ ©ØÖ® Áµ-»õØÖ{øÚÄa ]ßÚ[-PøÍ Põ -̈£x

7. C¯ØøP `Ì-{ø»PøÍ Põ -̈£x, Áͺa-]-̄ øh¯a ö\ -́Á-x

ö\¯À£õk: ""_ØÖa `ÇÀ £õxPõ¨¤À CßÖ ©õnÁºPÎß £[S''GßÝ® £mi©ßÓzøu HØ£õk ö\´x Eß Gsn[PøÍ GÊxP.

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9. ö£õx ©U-PÎß ö\õz-xU-PøÍPõ -̈£x

10. uÛ©Ûuß ußÝøh¯÷£õ-µõm-hzøu \õ-vUP •¯Ø]ö\´-Áx

11. 6 •uÀ 14 Á¯-xU-Sm-£mhSÇ¢øuP-ÐU-S ö£Ø-÷Óõº -PÒAÀ-»x Põ -̈£õͺPÒ- PÀ ö£Ö&-Á-uØS Áõ´¨¦ A-ÎUP ÷Ás-k®.

Si-©-Pß ußÝ-øh¯ Ai -̈£øh Phø©PøÍ {º-Á-QU-Põ-Â-iÀ Aµ-\õ[&-P® AuøÚ }v-©ßÓ[-P-ÎÀ ÷Pm-PU Thõx. BÚõÀ |õmiß AøÚzx©U-PÒ _ -̄{øÚÄ-hß Ai -̈£øh Phø©PøÍ {øÓ÷ÁØÓ ÷Ás-k®.

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SÊUPÎÀ P»¢xøµ¯õi Âøh¯ÎUPÄ®:

1. Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PÒ GßÓõÀ GßÚ?

2. Ai¨-£øh Phø©PøÍ _¯{øÚÄhß |õ® Hß ö\´¯÷Ás-k®?

3. \© E›-ø© GßÓõÀ GßÚ?

4. \•-uõ¯ ©Ø-Ö® ö£õ-¸Íõ-uõµ _µs-hÀ GÆ-ÁõÖ |hU-Q-Óx?Gkz-xU-Põm-k-PÒ u¸-Ä®.

5. Huõ-Áx ‰ßÖ Ai-̈ £øh Phø©PøÍ öu›-ÂU-PÄ®.

ÂÁõ-vUP :

1. Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PÎß ©Pz-x-Á®

2. £ÒÎ Ám-hõ-µz-vÀ ©õ-n-Áº-PÒ ö\´¯ ÷Ás-i¯ Phø©PÒ

3. uP-ÁÀ ö£Ö® E›-ø©

ö\¯À-£õ-k-PÒ :

1. Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PÒ ©Ø-Ö® Ai -̈£øhU Phø©PøÍU SÔzx©õ-n-Áº-P -Î-h-ª-¸¢x JßÔ-µsk {ª-h[-PÒ ÷£\aö\ -́Áx.

2. ©U-PÒ Ai¨-£øhU Phø©PøÍ Pøh¨-¤-iz-v-¸U-S®`Ì-{ø»PøÍ ©õ-n-Áº-PÒ ‰»® TÓa ö\ -́Áx G-kz-xU-Põmk :Fº ö£õ-x-©U-PÒ H›-P-ÎÀ PÈ-Ä-PøÍU öPõm-k-Áx. £Çø©¯õÚ÷Põmøh°ß PØ-PøÍ JÆ-öÁõßÓõP v¸-ia ö\À-ÁxÁõU-P-ÎU-Põ-©-¼-¸¨-£-x.

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_u¢vµzvØS •ß C¢v¯õÂß «x £» £øhö¯k¨¦PÒ |h¢uÚ GߣxE[PÐUSz öu›²®. BÚõÀ _u¢vµzvØS ¤ÓS Ca`Ì{ø»°À ©õØÓ®HØ£mkÒÍx. CuØPõÚ Põµn[PøÍ AÔúPÍõ?

£õh AÔ-•-P® :

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vÓßPÒ :

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2. £øhPÒ, PhØ-£øhPÒ, ©õÚ -̈£øhPÒ £ØÔ AÔ¢x öPõÒ-Áx

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£h® 10.1 ÷©÷» EÒÍ £hz-vÀ }[-PÒ Põs-£x GßÚ?

|®-•øh¯ £õ-x-Põ¨¦ £øhPÒ10£õh®

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|õmøh AßÛ¯›ß £øhö -̄k -̈¤-¼-̧ ¢x Põ -̈£õØ-Ö-Áx |õmiß

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C¢-v¯õ 15,200 Q.« }Í-•ÒÍ GÀø»¨ -¤-µ -÷u -\[-PøÍUöPõs-kÒÍx. 7516.5 Q.« }Í-©õÚ PhÀ GÀø»ø¯UöPõs-kÒÍx.

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uk¨-£xC¢-v-¯õÂß Si-¯-µ_ uø»Áº AÁº-PÒ |®-•øh¯ £õxPõ¨¦

£øhP-ÐUPõÚ •ußø© ÷\Úõ-v-£-v-̄ õ-Áõº. £õ-x-Põ¨¦ £øhPÒ ‰ßÖ¤›-Ä-PøÍU öPõs-kÒÍx. AøÁPÒ Cµõ-q-Á® PhØ-£øh ©Ø-֮©õÚ¨ £øh. £õ-x-Põ -̈¦¨ £øhPÒ _u¢vµ |õÒ ©Ø-Ö® Si-̄ -µ_ vÚAo-Á-S¨-¦ -P -ÎÀ £[-÷PØÖ u[-P -Ðøh¯ £øhz-v-Óø©PøÍöÁΨ£kzxQßÓÚº.£õ-x-Põ -̈¦¨ £øhP-ÎÀ u[-P-Ðøh¯ vÓ-ø©PøÍ ÁͺzxU öPõÒÍ£°Ø] {ø»¯[-PÒ EÒÍÚ. AøÁP-ÎÀ •U-Q-̄ -©õÚøÁPÒ : ÷u]¯£õ-x-Põ¨¦ PÀ-¿›, ¦x-vÀ-¼. ÷u]-¯ £õ-x-Põ¨¦ A¾-Á-»º £°Ø]ø©¯® Eu-P-©s-h-»®. ÷u]-̄ ª¼m-h› AU-Põ-hª, öhí-µõlß ©Ø-Ö® ÷u]-̄ £õ-x-Põ¨¦ APõ-hª PhU-P-Áõì-»õ §÷Ú.

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C¢-v¯ ÷u]¯ Cµõ-q-Á® :

C¢-v¯ Cµõ-q-Á® E»-Q-÷»÷¯ Cµs-hõ-ÁxªP¨-ö£-›-¯ CµõqÁ©õS® Põ-»õm-£øh(C-µõ-q-Á®), Sv-øµ¨-£øh, ¥µ[-Q¨-£øh,Jm-h-P¨-£øh ©Ø-Ö® ÷£õº ÷h[-Pº-PøÍ(P-Á-\ Ási) öPõsk EÒÍx.

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P¨-£Ø-£øh |ÃÚ ©õ-v-›-°À HÄ-P-ønUP¨-£À-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® }º-‰Ì-QU P¨-£À-PøÍ-²®öPõs-kÒÍx. AøÁP-ÎÀ I.Gß.Gì.-Â-§v©Ø-Ö® I.Gß.Gì.-÷Põ-uõ -Á-› •U-Q-¯ -©õÚøÁPÍõ-S®. I.Gß.Gì.-Â-µõm ©Ø-Ö®I.Gß.Gì.-ÂU-µ -©õ-vz-¯õ ÷£õßÓ Â©õÚ®uõ[-S® P -̈£À-PøÍ-²® öPõs-kÒÍ P -̈£Ø-£øhu¯õº {ø»°À EÒÍÚ. Pº-|õ-h-Pz-v-¾ÒÍ Põ-º-Áõ-›À "ê-÷£-µm' P -̈£º-£øh-uÍ® {ÖÁ¨£mkÒÍx.

£h® 10.2 Cµõ-qÁC»a]øÚ

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£h® 10.4 INS ÂU-µ-©õ-vz-̄ õ

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©õÚ -̈£øhø¯U öPõs-kÒÍx. Cuß E¯ºAv-Põ-›ø¯ "Hº-^¨ ©õºåÀ' Gߣõº-PÒ. ©ØÓø©¯ A¾-Á-»-P[-PÒ ¦x-vÀ-¼-°À EÒÍÚ.{º-ÁõP AÝT-»z-vØ-PõP ©õÚ¨-£øh I¢xP©õs-m-PÍõP¨ ¤›U-P¨-£m-kÒÍÚ.

ö£[-PѺ, øíu-µõ-£õz ©Ø-Ö® vs-k-UPÀ-¼À (u-ªÌ-|õk) ©õÚ¨-£øhUS £°Ø]A-ÎU-S® •U-Q¯ ø©¯[-PÒ EÒÍÚ. ©õÚz&öuõ-ÈÀ ~m-£[-Pøͨ £¯ß£-kzv £» ¦v-¯÷£õº ©õÚ[-PøÍU öPõs-kÒÍ vÓø©-̄ õÚ£øh C¢-v¯ ©õÚ -̈£øh-̄ õ-S®.

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|®-•øh¯ ©õÚ -̈£øh áõ-S-Áõº ÷£õßÓ |ÃÚ ÷£õº ©õÚ[&PøÍU öPõs-kÒÍx. Cx _©õº 1,00,000 ÷£õº õºPÒ 1330 ÷£õºÂ©õÚ[-PøÍU öPõs-kÒÍ-x. ©õÚ -̈£øh ö£¸® \U-v-̄ õP C¸ -̈£x |® AøÚÁ-̧ U-S® ö£ -̧ø©u-̧ ® ö\ -́v-̄ õ-S®.

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GÀø» \õø» Aø©¨¦ (Border Roads organization) GÀø» \õø-»Aø©¨¤Úº ‰i-°-̧ U-S® \õø-»-PøÍz vÓ¢x, Cµõ-qÁ ö\¯À-£õ-k-P-ÐUS EhÚi Eu- AÎUQÓx, \õø» Aø©¨¦ AønU-Pm-k-uÀ ©Ø-Ö® Ái-PõÀ Aø©U-S® ö\¯À-PøͲ® CÆ-Á-ø© -̈¦ ö\´x Á -̧Q-Ó-x.

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PhØ-Põ-ÁÀ (Coastal Guard): Cx J¸ xøn¨ £øh¯õP EÒÍx.CuÝøh¯ uø»ø© A¾-Á-»-P® ¦x-vÀ-¼-°À EÒÍx. PhØ-£-S-v-PøÍPõ¨-£x CuÝøh¯ ö£õ-Ö¨-£õ-S®. ¦¯À A›U÷Pß, _Úõª ÷£õßÓC¯ØøP Chº-£õ-k-PÒ HØ£k® \©¯[PÎÀ PõU-S® ö\¯À-PøÍUøPUöPõÒ-Q-Óx. PÒÍU Phz-uÀ, \m-hz-vØS ¦Ó®-£õP |õm-kUSÒ~øÇuÀ ÷£õßÓ ö\¯À-PøÍ uøhö\ -́Áx Cuß •U-Q¯ ö\ -̄»õ-S®.

£h® 10.9 PhØ-£-S-v-£-÷µmPhØ-Põ-Á-¾US 84 |ÃÚ P -̈£À-PÒ 45 ©õÚ[-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® öí¼-Põ -̈hº -PÒ öPõs-kÒÍÚ. ö©õz-u® 5440 õº -PÒ Põ -ÁÀ£o-°À Dk-£m-kÒÍÚº.

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xøn Cµõ-q-Á¨ £øhPÒ|õm-i-¾ÒÍ CøÍbº-P -Îøh÷¯ ÷\øÁ ©Ú¨£õßø© ©Ø-Ö®|õm-k¨-£ØøÓ ÁͺUP £ÒÎ ©Ø-Ö® PÀ-¿-› -P -ÎÀ £À-÷ÁÖ

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ö\¯À-£õ-k-PøÍ |hzv Á¸QÓx. CøÁP-ÎÀ Gß.].-]-²® J¸. •U-Q¯ö\¯À-£õ-hõS®.

Gß.].] ÷|åÚÀ ÷Pöhm Põº£ì (National Cadet Corps)\‰-P ÁõÌUøPUS •UQ¯zxÁ®. uø»ø©÷¯Ø-S® £s¦, ÷£õßÓ Sn-|»ßPøÍ Gß. -].] PØ-¤U-Q-Óx. C¨-£ -°Ø-] ö£ØÓÁºPÐUSCµõ-q-Áz-vÀ ÷\¸-Á-uØS ]Ó¨¦ •ßÝ›ø© A-ÎU-P¨-£-k-Q-Óx. -÷©Ø-£-i¨¦US® ©õ-n-Áº-P-ÐUS CuÚõÀ JxU-Rk QøhU-Q-Óx. £ÒΩØ-Ö® PÀ-¿-›-P-ÎÀ CøÍbº ©Ø-Ö® CÍ®ö£s-P-Ò (CøÍc)Gß.].-]-°À ÷\µ-»õ®. ö£õ-x-ÁõP ÷u]-¯ £õ-x-Põ¨¦, ö£õ-Ö-÷£ØÖö\¯À£kÁx Cuß •U-Q¯ ÷|õU-P[-PÍõ-S®. JÊ[S ©Ø-Ö® JØ-Öø©CƯUPzvß •ÇUP©õS®.

£h® 10.10 Gß.].] ÷Phm-PÒ2012À C¢-v-̄ õ-ÂÀ 610 ©õ-Ám-h[-P-Î-¾ÒÍ 8770 £Ò-Î-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® 5521PÀ-¿-›-P-ÎÀ Gß.].-]. ³Ûm-k-PÒ EÒÍÚ. ö©õz-u® 13,00,000Gß.].-] ÷Phm-PÒ EÒÍÚº.

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÷£õ-½ì £øh ©õ-{-»zvß Pm-k¨-£õm-i-¼-¸U-S®. ©zv¯ Aµ_ußÚ÷u¯õÚ ÷£õ½ì £øhPøÍ Aø©zxÒÍx.

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÷íõ® Põºmì : Cx ÷£õ-½ì £øhUS Eu-Â-¯õP ÷\øÁBØ-Ö-Q-Óx. Cuß ö\¯À-PÒ EÒ-|õmk £õ-x-Põ¨-¤À ÷£õ-½ìUSEu-Â-¯õP ö\¯-»õØ-Ö-Áx ©Ø-Ö® AÁ-\µ {ø»Pξ®, C¯ØøP÷£›-h›ß ÷£õ-x® ußÝøh¯ Bu-µ-Á-Îzx ÷\øÁ¯õØ-Ö-Áx BS®.SÊUPÎÀ P»¢xøµ¯õi Âøh AÎUPÄ®.

1. C¢-v¯ £õ-x-Põ¨-¦¨-£øh°ß •Ê AvPõµ® ¯õ¸US ÁÇ[P¨£mkÒÍx?

2. £õ-x-Põ¨¦ £øh°ß ¤›-Ä-PÒ ¯õøÁ?3. Cµõ-q-Ázvß E¯º Av-Põ-›ø¯ GßÚöÁßÖ AøÇU-Q-Óõº-PÒ?4. Cµõ-q-Ázvß uø»ø©¯-P® G[-SÒÍx?5. P -̈£Ø-£øh°ß E¯º Av-Põ-›ø¯ GßÚöÁßÖ AøÇU-Q-Óõº-PÒ?6. Gß.].-].-°ß •U-Q¯ SÔU-÷PõÒ ¯õx?7. Cµõ-q-Ázvß ªP •U-Q¯ ö\¯À-PÒ ¯õøÁ?8. GÀø-» \õø-»U Aø©¨¤ß ö\¯À-PÒ ¯õøÁ?9. öµm Qµõì PÇ-Pzvß SÔU-÷PõÒ ÁõU-Q-̄ ® ¯õx?

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1. E[-PÒ Qµõ-©z-v-¾ÒÍ £øhÃ-µøµ ÷£m-iU Psk £Ò-ÎUSÁµ-÷ÁØ-P-Ä®.

2. £õ-x-Põ¨¦ £øhPÎß ¤›-Ä-PÎß ]ßÚ[-PøÍ ÷\P-›U-P-Ä®.3. A -̧Q-¾ÒÍ £ÒÎ & PÀ-¿-›-P-ÎÀ EÒÍ Gß.].] SÊ-ÄUS ÷£mi

A-ÎU-P-Ä®.E[-P-ÐUS öu›¢-v-̧ U-Pm-k® :Cµõ-q-Áz-vÀ E¯º £øh Av-Põ-›-PÒ : öáÚµÀ, ö»¨höÚßmöáÚµÀ, ÷©áº öáÚµÀ, ¤›-÷P-i-̄ º, PºÚÀ, ö»¨höÚßmPºÚÀ,÷©áº, ÷P¨hß ©ØÖ® ö»¨höÚß, P¨-£Ø-£øh, ©õÚ¨-£øhPξ® u©US›¯ E¯º £øh Av-Põ-›-PÎß ÷µ[-U-SPÒ EÒÍÚ.

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B]-̄ õ J¸ ©õ-Ö-£mh Ps-h®11£õh®

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£SvPÍõP¨ ¤›UP¨£mi¸¨£øuU Põn»õ®. § £õPzvß BÖ£SvPÎÀ ªP¨ ö£›¯x Gx GßÖ E[PÍõÀ TÓ •i²©õ?B]-̄ õ Ps-hzvß Ch®, £µ -̈£Í-Ä Aø© -̈¦. •U-Q¯ |v-PÒ ©Ø-Ö®ÂÁ-\õ-̄ ®. um£ öÁ¨£ {ø», uõ-Á-µ[-PÒ •U-Q¯ PÛÁÍ® ©U-Pm-öuõøP ö£¸U-P®, Auß £[-Rk ©Ø-Ö® ö|¸U-P® £Ø-Ô¯ AÔ-•-P®.vÓßPÒ :CÆ-Á-»øPU PØ-Ó¤ß }[-PÒ

1. B]-̄ õ Ps-hzvß Ch®, £µ -̈£ÍÄ, C¯ØøP Aø©¨¦ ©Ø-Ö®]Ó¨ø£¨ £ØÔ AÔ-ú.

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C¯À£õk : B]-̄ õ Ps-hh® J¸uÛa ]Ú¨¨ªUPU PÚsh® GnÖAnÇUP¨£h Põºn[Ò GßnöÁߣøÓ AQ¯õ ÁøÓ¨£hUøPUöPõsk PÁ¢SøÓ¯õkP

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B]-¯õ ©Ø-Ö® I÷µõ¨-£õ Ps-h[-Pøͨ ¤›U-S® ÷Põk£» ÁøÍÄ-PÍõ-»õÚx. Ax ³µÀ ©ø»PÒ, Põì-¤¯ß PhÀ,PPõ-\ì ©ø» ©Ø-Ö® P¸¨¦ Ph¼Þ÷h ö\À-Q-Óx.

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1. QÇUS B]-¯õ : CvÀ ^Úõ, ÁhUS ©Ø-Ö® öußöPõ-›-¯õ, á¨-£õß, íõ[-Põ[, uõ´Áõß ©Ø-Ö® ©[-÷Põ-¼-¯õ |õ-k-PÒ ÷\¸®.Cx ÁhU÷P £µ¢u E¸-]-¯õ, öuØ÷P öuß B]-¯õ ©Ø-×®öußQ-ÇUS B]-̄ õÂß Cøh÷¯ £µ¢-xÒÍx.

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¨¹ß÷í ©Ø-Ö® ¤¼¨ø£ßì |õ-k-PøÍ EÒÍ-hU-S®. Cx J¸w£-PØ-£® ©Ø-Ö® £» wÄU-Tm-h[-PÎß ¤µ-÷u-\-©õ-S®. G.Põ: _©z-v-µõ, áõ-Áõ, _÷»õ÷Áæ, ÷hõºÛ÷¯õ, £õ-¦-Áõ •u-¼-¯Ú.Cuß ÷©Ø-S -̈£-S-v-°À C¢x ©Põ \•z-v-µ® ©Ø-Ö® QÇU÷P £]¤Uö£¸[-P-hÀ EÒ-Íx.

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©Ø-Ö® Aøµ¨ £õø»ÁÚ[-PÎÚõÀ `Ǩ-£m-i-¸¢-uõ -¾®,ö£m-÷µõ-¼-¯® ©Ø-Ö® C¯ØøP G›-ö£õ-¸m-PÎÚõÀ ÁÍø©ö£Ø-ÖÒÍ-x.

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3. C¯ØøP Aø© -̈¦-PÒB]-¯õÂß C¯ØøP Aø©¨-¦-P-ÎÀ E¯-µ-©õÚ ©ø»z-öuõ-hº-PÒ•U-Q-¯-©õÚøÁ. öÁÆ-÷ÁÖ ÁøP¯õÚ ¥h-§-ª-PÒ, Ás-hÀ ©s¤µ-÷u-\[-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® wÄU-Tm-h[-PЮ C[S EÒÍÚ.•U-Q¯ C¯ØøP ¤›-Ä-PÒ : B]-¯õÂß {» Aø©¨¦ ©Ø-Ö®÷©Ø-£-µ¨¦ C¯À-¦-PÎß Ai¨-£øh°À Aøu I¢x C¯ØøP¨¤›-Ä-PÍõ-P¨ ¤›U-P-»õ®. AøÁ

1. öußQ-ÇUS uõÌ-{-»¨-£-Sv2. ©z-v¯ ÷©mk {»[-PÒ3. öuØS ¥h-§ª4. BÖ-PÎß ö£›-̄ ø©uõÚ[-PÒ5. wÄU Tm-h[-PÒ1. Áh-÷©ØS uõÌ-{-» -̈£-Sv : B]-̄ õÂß C¯ØøP¨ £›-Ä-PÒ ÷£›[U

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2. ©z-v¯ ÷©mk {»[-PÒ : Cx B]-¯õÂß Cµs-hõ® •U-Q¯C¯ØøP¨ ¤›-Áõ-S®. Áh-÷©ØS uõÌ-{-»¨-£-S-v°ß öuߣS-v-°À Aø©¢-xÒÍx. ©z-v¯ B]-¯õ-Â-¾ÒÍ ©ø»z-öuõ-hº-PøÍ÷¯ ©z-v¯ ÷©mk {»¨-£-S-v-PÒ GßÖ AøǨ-£º. CxB]-̄ õ ø©Ú›-¼-̧ ¢x ÷£›[ á»-\¢v Áøµ £µ¢-xÒÍÚ. C[S £»©ø»z-öuõ-hº-PÒ £õ-ªº •ia-]-¼-¸¢x G[-S® £µ-Â-²ÒÍx.QÇ-U÷P C©-̄ -©ø», Sß¾ß, Põ-µõ-÷Põ-µ®, iö¯ßåõß, BÀ-hõ´,

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\¯õß, ¯¨-÷»õÛ, Q[-Põß ©Ø-Ö® ìhõßÁõ´ ©ø»PÒ •U-Q-¯&-©õÚøÁ. ÷©Ø-Sz öuõ-hº-P-ÎÀ C¢-xSè, Qº-uõº,_ ø » © õ ß ,GÀ-£ºU, áõU-÷µõì, ö£õßiß©Ø-Ö® hõ-µì ©ø»PÒ ÷\º¢-xÒÍÚ.•ia-_ ©ø»PÍõÚ C©-̄ -©ø»z-öuõ-hº-PÒ £õ-ªº •ia-_-P-Î-¼&-¸¢x öußQ-ÇUS¨ £Sv Áøµ£µ¢-xÒÍx. AøÁ E»-Q-÷»÷¯ ªP E¯-µ-©õÚ ©ø»PÍõ-S®.C[-SÒÍ ö©Íßm GÁ-öµìm E»-Q& -÷»÷¯ E¯-µ -©õÚ

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]P-µ-©õ-S®.©ø»z öuõ-hº-PÎÛøh÷¯ £» ¥h-§-ª-P-ÐÒÍÚ. G.Põ: vö£z,©[-÷Põ-¼-̄ õ, Dµõß, AÚöuõ-¼-̄ õ ¥h-§-ª •u-¼-̄ Ú. B]-̄ õ Ps-hzvß £» |v-PÒ CÆÄ -̄µ-©õÚ £S-v-P-ÎÀ E -̧ÁõQßÓÚ.

3. öuØS ¥h-§-ª-PÒ : CøÁ vh-©õÚ ©Ø-Ö® ì£-i-PUPØ-PÍõ-»õÚ £øǯ ¥h-§-ª-PÍõ-S®. AÁØ-ÔÀ ]Ó¢-uøÁA÷µ-¤-¯õ, uU-Põ-n® (C¢-v-¯õ, ³ßÚõß (^Úõ) ©Ø-Ö® åõß(©-̄ õß©õº) ¥h-§-ª.A÷µ-¤-¯ ¥h-§-ª, J¸ Asøh wÄ ©Ø-Ö® Ax J¸ ÁÓsh¤µ-÷u-\-©õ-S®.uU-Põn ¥h-§ª, C¢-v-̄ õÂß Asøh wÂß Av-P-©õÚ £S-v-ø¯`Ì¢-xÒÍ-x. ©z-v¯ C¢-v-¯õÂß ©ø»z-öuõ-hº-PÒ, ÷©ØSPn-Áõ´ ©Ø-Ö® QÇU-SU Pn-Áõ´-PÎß Cøh÷¯ EÒÍx. CxQÇUS vø\°À \›-ÁõP C¸ -̈£-uõÀ £» |v-PÒ C[S £õ´QßÓÚ.^ÚõÂß öuß÷©Ø-S¨ £S-v-°À ²ßÚõß ¥h-§-ª-²ÒÍx. CxAv-P _s-nõ®-¦U-PÀ {øÓ¢u £S-v-¯õ -S®. C¨-£-S-v°ßöuõ-hºa-]÷¯ åõß ¥h-§-ª-̄ õ-S®.

4. ö£¸ |v-PÎß \©-öÁ-Î-PÒ : C¢-x-©-Põ \•z-v-µ® AÀ-»x£]-¤U ö£¸[-P-hø» Aøh²® B]-¯õÂß |v-PÒ £» \©-öÁ-Î-PøÍ EÒÍhUSQßÓÚ. C[S £õ-²® BÖ-PÒ Ás-hÀ ©søna÷\º -̈£-uõÀ, ö\È -̈£õÚ \©-öÁ-Î-PøÍ E -̧ÁõU-SQßÓÚ. C -̈£-i -̈£mh •U-Q¯ \©-öÁ-Î-PÒ ]›-̄ õ ©Ø-Ö® DµõUQß øhU-µì&³ -̈öµ-iì, C¢-v-¯õ&-£õ-Qì-uõÛß, ]¢-x&-P[-Põ \©-öÁÎ, ©¯õß©õ›ßCº-µõ-Áõi, C¢-÷uõ ̂ ÚõÂß «Úõ® ©Ø-Ö® ªPõ[, ̂ ÚõÂß ]¯õ[&-Q-̄ õ[ (¯õ[÷\), ]Q-̄ õ[ ©Ø-Ö® íü-Áõ[ ÷íõ \©-öÁ-Î-PÍõ-S®.C[S ö£¸® Gs-oUøP°À ©U-PÒ ÁõÌQßÓÚº.

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G.Põ: K÷Põ-hì-Põ PhÀ, I¨-£õß PhÀ, ©g\Ò PhÀ, QÇUS ^ÚõPhÀ ©Ø-Ö® öuß^Úõ PhÀ.•U-Q-¯-©õÚ wÄU-Tm-h[-PÒ : 1. Q³-øµÀ 2. á¨-£õß 3. »õ[a_4. ¤¼ø£ßì 5. ÷£õºÛ÷¯õ CÁØ-ÔÀ £» G›-©-ø»PÒE -̧Áõ-Q-²ÒÍÚ. ö\È -̈£õÚ ©s BÇ-©õÚ £ÒÍz-uõUS ©Ø-Ö® T®¦ÁiÁ ©ø»P-Ю EÒÍÚ.

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4. •U-Q¯ |v-P-Ю, ÷ÁÍõsø©²®B]-̄ õÂß •U-Q¯ |v-PÒ : B]-̄ õÂß |v-PÒ ©õ-Ö-£m-høÁ. C¢uzwÂß |v Aø©¨¤ß «x C¯ØøP Sn[-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® _Ø-Ô-¾-•ÒÍ }º£SvPÒ uõUPzøu HØ£kzxQßÓÚ. C¢x ©Põ-\ -•z-v-µ®B]-̄ õøÁa `Ì¢-xÒÍx. CU Ps-hz-vÀ £õ-²® £» |v-PÒ C -̈ö£&-̧ [-P-hÀPøÍ AøhQßÓÚ. CÆ-ÁõÖ, ö£¸[-P-hÀ-P-ÐUS |v-PÒ CønÁ-uß Ai¨-£øh°À B]-¯õÂß |v-PøÍ 4 SÊU-PÍõ-P¨¤›U-P-»õ®.

1. C¢-x-©-Põ \•z-v-µzxhß Cøn²® |v-PÒ : CU-S-Ê-ÂØS ÷\¸®|v-PÍõÚ, ]›-¯õ ©Ø-Ö® DµõU |õ -k-PÎß øhU-›ì©Ø-Ö® ³¨-÷µ-iì |v-PÒ, £ºæ¯õ, Põ› £õ-Qì-uõß ©Ø-Ö®C¢-v¯õÂß ]¢x, P[-Põ ©Ø-Ö® ¤µ®-©-¦z-µõ |v-PÒ,C©-¯-©ø»°À ¤Ó¢x öuØ÷P £õ-²® £» |v-PÒ C¨-ö£-¸[-P -hÀ-PøÍa ÷\¸-QßÓÚ. ©¯õß©õ›ß ]m-¯õ[U \õÀÃß©Ø-Ö® Cµõ-Áõi |v-PÒ Á[-PõÍ Â›-S-hõøÁ AøhQßÓÚ.

2. £]-¤U Ph-ø» Aøh²® |v-PÒ : CU-S-Ê-ÂÀ, E -̧]-̄ õÂß A•º,

£h® 11.5 B]¯ |vPÒ Aø©¨¦

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^ÚõÂß íü-Áõ[ ÷íõ ]¯õ[ â¯õ[ (¯õ[÷\) ©Ø-Ö® ]U-Q-̄ õ[|v-PÒ QÇU÷P £õ´¢x •øÓ÷¯ K÷Põ-hì-Põ, ©g\Ò PhÀ ©Ø-Ö® ^Úõ PhÀ-PøÍa ÷\ -̧QßÓÚ. C¢-÷uõ^ÚõÂß «Úõ® ©Ø-Ö®ªPõ[ |v-PÒ öuß^Úõ Phø» AøhQßÓÚ.

3. BºU-iU ö£¸[-P-ø» Aøh²® |v-PÒ : K¨, ö¯ß] ©Ø-Ö® ÃÚõCU-S-ÊÂß •U-Q¯ |v-PÍõ-S®. CøÁ ©z-v¯ E¯-µ¨£S-v-°-¼-¸¢x ¤Ó¢x, ÁhUS ÷|õUQ¨ £õ´¢x BºU-iUPh-ø» AøhQßÓÚ.

4. EÒ-|õmk |v-PÒ : CU-S-ÊÂØS ÷\¸® |v-PÒ EÒ-|õmk PhÀ-PøÍ AøhQßÓÚ. G.Põ: ÷ÁõÀ-Põ ©Ø-Ö® ³µÀ |v Põì-¤¯ßPhø»²®, A•-u-›-¯õ ©Ø-Ö® ]º-u-›-¯õ |v-PÒ BµÀ Phø»²®AøhQßÓÚ.

B]-¯õÂß ÷ÁÍõsø© :B]¯ ©U-PÎß •U-Q-¯z öuõ-ÈÀ ÷ÁÍõsø©¯õ-S®. _©õº |õßQÀ‰ßÖ £[S ©U-PÒ ÷ÁÍõsø©°À Dk-£ -k-Q-ßÓÚº. B]-¯õ -Â-¼-¸¢x HØ-Ö-© -v -¯õ -S® ö£¸®-£-Sv \µU-S-P -ÎÀ ÷ÁÍõsö£õ-¸mPЮ ÷\¸®.

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B]-¯õÂß £» £S-v-P-ÎÀ ªPU SøÓ¢u öÁ¨£ AÍ-Ä®, Av-PS-κa-]-̄ õÚ um£ öÁ¨£ {ø»²® EÒÍx.

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uØ-÷£õx ø\¥-›-¯õÂß £S-v-P-ÎÀ ö£m-÷µõ-¼-¯® EØ-£zvAv-P-©õP EÒÍx.

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•U-Q-¯-©õÚøÁ.

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7. B]-̄ õÂß ©U-Pm-öuõøP©U-Pm-öuõøP ö£¸U-P® : B]-¯õ Ps-hz-vÀ _©õº 4.2 ¤À-¼¯ß©U-PmöuõøP-²ÒÍx. Cx E»-Pzvß ©U-PmöuõøP-°À 60% BS®.CßÓøÓ¯ ©U-PmöuõøP, Ph¢u ‰ßÖ ¡Ø-Óõs-k-PøÍÂ-h I¢x©h[S Av-P-©õ-Q-²ÒÍx. 1950CÀ B]-¯õÂß ©U-PmöuõøP 1.4¤À-¼¯ß BP ©m-k÷© C¸¢-ux . ©U-PmöuõøP Av-P-©õ-QU öPõs÷hö\ßÓ {ø»ø© ©õÔ C -̈ö£õ-Êx SøÓ¢x Á -̧Q-Óx.

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Áøµ£-h® 11.10 B]-̄ õÂß ©U-Pm-öuõøP

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¦v¯ ö\õØ-PÒ : Cø»²-vº-Põ-»®, ¤-¼¯ß, F]-°ø»z uõ-Á-µ[-PÎßPõ-k-PÒ, ¦øu¨-£-iÁ G›¨-ö£õ-¸Ò, •ia_ ©ø»PÒ, _s-nõ®-¦U-PÀ, £õ],J÷ -̄]ì, Pa-\õ-ö£õ-̧ Ò, øhPõ, x¢-v-µõ.

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ö\¯À-£õ-k-PÒ :

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