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I
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6SIXTH STANDARDFIRST SEMESTER
2015
Karnataka Textbook Society (R.)100 Feet Ring Road,
Banashankari 3rd Stage, Bengaluru - 85
SOCIAL SCIENCE
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The Textbook Society, Karnataka, has been engaged in producing newtextbooks according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed on NCF -2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 12 languages; seven ofthem serve as the media of instruction. From Standard 1 to 4 there is theEVS, mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects, namely,mathematics, science and social science.
NCF - 2005 has a number of special features and they are:
connecting knowledge to life activities.
learning to shift from rote methods.
enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks.
learning experiences for the construction of knowledge.
making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroomexperiences.
caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country.
making education relevant to the present and future needs.
softening the subject boundaries-integrated knowledge and the joy oflearning.
the child is the constructor of knowledge.
The new books are produced based on three fundamental approachesnamely, Constructive approach, Spiral approach and Intergrated approach.
The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master skills andcompetencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated withvalues. The new books are not examination oriented in their nature. On theother hand they help the learner in the all round development of his/herpersonality, thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthysociety and a productive citizen of this great country, India.
Mathematics is essential in the study of various subjects and in real life.NCF 2005 proposes moving away from complete calculations, constructionof a framework of concepts, relate mathematics to real life experiences andcooperative learning. Many students have a maths phobia and in order tohelp them overcome this phobia, jokes, puzzles, riddles, stories and gameshave been included in textbooks. Each concept is intoduced through anactivity or an interesting story at the primary level. The contributions ofgreat Indian mathematicians are mentioned at appropriate places.
Preface
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We live in an age of science and technology. During the past fivedecades man has achieved great things and realized his dreams and reachedpinnacle of glory. He has produced everything to make life comfortable. Inthe same way he has given himself to pleasures and reached the stage inwhich he seems to have forgotten basic sciences. We hope that at least agood number of young learners take to science in higher studies and becomeleading scientists and contribute their share to the existing stock ofknowledge in order to make life prosperous. Ample opportunity has beengiven to learners to think, read, discuss and learn on their own with verylittle help from teachers. Learning is expected to be activity centered withthe learners doing experiments, assignments and projects.
In Social Science especially in Standard 5 the first chapterdeals with the historical, geographical, cultural and local studyof the division in which learners live. Chapters on sociology,business studies and commerce are introduced in Standard VIII asper the guidelines of NCF-2005. A lot of additional information isgiven through box items. Learners are encouraged to work towardsconstruction of knowledge through assignments and projects. Learningload of memorizing dates has been reduced to the minimum. Lifevalues have been integrated with content of each chapter. TheTextbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the Chairpersons,writers, Scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and theMembers of the Editorial Board and printers in helping the TextbookSociety in producing these textbooks.
Nagendrakumar
Managing Director
Karnataka Textbook Society®
Bengaluru, Karnataka
Prof. G.S. Mudambadithaya
Coordinator
Curriculum Revision and TextbookPreparation
Karnataka Textbook Society®
Bengaluru, Karnataka
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To The TeachersThe Textbook on Social Science for VI Standard students has been written
as per the syllabus prepared by D.S.E.R.T. on the basis of National CurriculumFramework (NCF) 2005. The Textbook is also a product of several trainingprogrammes and workshops. Some of the distinctive features of the Textbookmay be noted.
l At the beginning of every Lesson there is short introduction. This is followedby a list of competencies to be attained by the students after the study ofthe Lesson. Lessons on History have been introduced by rousing thecuriosity of the students through short and pointed questions or picturesof historical structures and sculptures. The teachers are expected to usethe pictures given in the text as supporting effective learning. Teaching ofHistory has to be done with reference to maps which are prepared in aclear and precise manner.
l Only important historical dates have been given in the text. For the benefitof the teachers, chronology pertaining to each Lesson has been given atthe end so that the time perspective is not missed. Teachers are expectedto eliminate the burden of dates, and not to ask any questions on chronologyexcept the dates given in the text.
l At the end of the Lessons, Activities have been suggested. Teachers arerequired to guide and motivate the students to undertake as many activitiesas possible, if not all. For the sake of gifted children, additional informationhas been given in boxes. Teachers are expected not to ask oral or writtenquestions on the material given in the boxes.
l It will be the duty of the teacher to use the items under ‘Discuss’ for ahealthy intellectual interaction between the students and the teacher inorder to bring out the hidden potentiality of the students.
l The emblems given at the very beginning of the Lessons on History may beeffectively used to support the teaching process. In the Lessons onGeography, additional information has been given at the end. In order tocreate interest in Geography, pictures have been incorporated in the text.
l The actual material for study has been indicated by the icons at the beginningand the end. The Lessons have been spread over I and II Semesters keepingin mind the teaching periods available to the teachers.
l With all this, if any lapses are found, the parents may bring them to thenotice of the teachers, so that the quality of the Textbook may be enhanced.
l We thank the Members of the Textbook Preparation Committee, Scrutinizers,Members of the Editorial Board, and the officers and staff of the KarnatakaTextbook Society for their cooperation and support.
Dr. S. Narendra PrasadChairperson
Textbook Preparation Committee
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Textbook Preparation Committee
Chairperson : Dr. S. Narendra Prasad, Associate Professor,History Dept., J.S.S. College for Women (Autonomous),Saraswathipuram, Mysuru.
Members : Dr. P. Sathish Kumar Shetty, Associate Professor,History Dept., Besant Evening College, Mangaluru.Dr. Balasaheb Lokapura, Lecturer in Geography,Government P.U.College, Bagalkot.Sri Shankar Basavannippa Kyasti, Asst. Teacher,Govt. Hr. Pry. School, Hidkal, Mannikeri Tota,Rayabag.
Sri Hussain Shariff, Asst. Teacher, Government ModelHr. Pry. School, Musturu, Jagaluru. Davanagere
Artist : Sri Taranath Kairangal, Drawing Teacher, Govt. HighSchool, Manchikolnad, Bantwal Tq. D.K. Dist.
Scrutinizers : Sri Raghavendra Prabhu M., Associate Professor,History (Retd.), Dambel, Ashoknagar, Mangaluru.Sri Mallappa P., Associate Professor, Geography (Retd.),J.S.S. Extension, Mysuru.
Editorial Committee : Dr. M.V.Srinivas, Professor of History (Retd.), H.Road,Rajarajeshwarinagar, Bengaluru.Dr. R.L.M. Patil, Professor of Political Science (Retd.).1105 Poornaprajnanagar, Uttarahalli, Bengaluru.Dr. Eshwarappa, Head of Dept. of Geography, BengaluruUniversity, Bengaluru.
Tamil Translators : Sri C. Ramamurthy, Teacher, BBMP. Boys High School,Jogapalya Bengaluru - 560 008.Smt. K. Beena, Teacher GTHP School, Jayabharat Nagar,Bengaluru.
Chief Co-ordinator : Prof. G.S. Mudambadithaya, Co-ordinator, CurriculumRevision and Textbook Preparation, Karnataka TextbookSociety, Bengaluru.
Guidance : Sri Nagendrakumar, Managing Director, KarnatakaTextbook Society, Bengaluru.
Sri Panduranga, Deputy Director (in charge), KarnatakaTextbook Society, Bengaluru.
ProgrammeCo-ordinator : Smt S.N. Leelavathi, Senior Asst. Director, Karnataka
Textbook Society, Bengaluru.
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VI
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÷PõÚõºU (J-›-\õ) : ÷PõÚõºU Gßݪ-hz-vÀ A§º-Á-©õÚ `›-̄÷uÁÛß B»-̄ ® EÒÍ-x. `›¯ ÷uÁÛß Cµuzøu¨ ÷£õ»Aø©¢x C¸US® C¢u B»¯® AÇPõÚ ©ØÖ® ¤µ®©õsh©õÚB»-̄ [-P-ÎÀ JßÓõP ÂÍ[-S-Q-Óx. Cµ-uzvß 24 \U-P-µ[-PÒAÇ-PõP ö\xU-P -̈£m-kÒÍÚ.
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£h® 2.5 ÷Põmøh SÁõ-¼-̄ º
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Eu´ -̈§º (µõ-áì-uõß) : C¢-v-̄ õÂß AÇ-S ª-Î-̧ ® |P-µ-©õÚ Eu-̄ -̈§›¾ÒÍ Aµs©øÚ µõ-áì-uõÛ-÷»÷¯ ö£›-̄ x.
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C»U-Q-̄ ®: Cµõ-á-¦z-v-µº-PÒ Põ-»z-vÀ \©ì-Q-̧ u C»U-Q-̄ ® |À»Áͺa-]-̄ øh¢-v-̧ ¢-u-x. Sá-µõzv, î¢v, µõ-áÛ ö©õ-È-PÒ Áͺa-]ö£ØÓÚ. \õ¢u £º-uõ-°¯õÂß "¤-̧ -v-Â-µõä µõ-éú' CU-Põ-»zvß C¢vC»U-Q¯ ¡»õ-S®. PÂbº-P-ÐUS Bu-µ-Ä A-ÎzuÚº. "Ru÷Põ¢uõ'øÁ GÊ-v-̄ öá -̄÷uÁ PÂbº ÷\Ú›ß Aµ\ø£°-¼-̧ ¢-uõº.|õÍ¢-uõ, Põ], ÂU-µ-©-̂ », Eä-á°Û ÷£õßÓ £Çø©¯õÚ PÀ-Âø©¯[-P-ÐU-S Cµõ-á-¦z-v-µº-PÒ Bu-µ-Ä A-ÎzuÚº.
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Cµá-¦z-v-µ Á®-\[PÒ :
C¢-v¯ Áµ-»õØÔÀ A÷|-P Cµá-¦z-v-µ Á®-\[PÒ •U-Q¯ £[-PõØ-Ô-²ÒÍÚ. AøÁPÒ Tº-áº, ¤µ-v-íõ-µº, £õ-»º, ö\Í-íõnº ©Ø-Ö®Sî-»º-PÒ CÁº-PÎß \õuøÚPÒ C[S TÓ -̈£m-kÒÍÚ.
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¤ -̧z-Â-µõá ö\Í-íõß P÷Úõä |õmk Aµ\ÚõÚ öá -̄\¢-vµÛß ©PÒ \®-²U-vø¯ ©n¢-u _Á-µõì-̄ -©õÚ {PÌa-]ø¯¨£ØÔ ÂÁµ® A÷|P ¡À-P-ÎÀ ÂÁ-µ-©õP GÊ-u¨-£m-kÒÍx. \®-²Uøu ªP-Ä® AÇ-PõÚÁÒ. öá -̄\¢-vµß©Ø-Ö® AÁÝøh¯ _Ø-Ó® ¤¸z-Â-µõáÛß Cøh÷¯ Â÷µõ-u-®-C¸¢-ux. ©PÎß _¯®Á-µz-vØS öá¯a-\¢-vµß ¤¸z-Â-µõáøÚAøÇU-P-ÂÀø». AÁøÚ AÁ-©õÚ -̈£-kz-x-Á-uØ-PõP ¤¸z-Â-&µõáøÚ¨ ÷£õßÓ J¸ ö£õ®ø©ø¯z u¯õº ö\´x Áõ-°ÀPõ -̈£õß ÷£õßÖ Áõ-°-¼À {Özv øÁz-uõß.
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Cµä-â-̄ zøuU Põ-̈ £õØ-Ô-̄ £µõU-µ-©-\õ¼¯õÁõß Cµõä-â-̄ zvߣõ-x-Põ -̈¦U-PõP 32 ÷PõmøhPøÍU PmiÚõß. ]z-÷uõm-Piß •U-Q¯öÁØÔzys CÁß Aø©z-u-uõ-S®.
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\•-uõ¯ {ø» :
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Põ» {PÌ-Ä-PÒ (Q.-«.)
Cµá-¦z-v-µº- Põ-»® & 650&1200
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SÊÂÀ P»¢xøµ¯õi Âh¯ÎUPÄ®:
1. Cµõ-á-¦z-v-µº-PÎß Sn-|»ßPÒ ¯õøÁ?
2. Cµõ-á-¦z-v-µº-PÎÀ ¦PÌ-ö£ØÓ Pm-h-h[-PÎß ö£¯º-PøÍGÊ-x-P. AøÁ G[S Aø©¢-xÒÍÚ?
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4. ¸Uµõá ö\Úíõß SÖUS SÔ¨¦ Á÷µU.
5. £ -̈£õ-µõ-ÁÀ GßÓõÀ GßÚ?
6. µõ-nõ \[-P-µõ© ]®-©õøÁ¨ £ØÔ ]Ö SÔ¨¦ GÊ-uÄ®.
7. Cµá-¦z-v-µº- Põ-»zx \•-uõ¯ {ø»PøÍU SÔzx SÔ -̈ö£-Ê-x-P.
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Põ-n-•-i-̄ õx. C[-SÒÍ ]Ø-£[-PÎÀ Cµõ-Ánß øP»õ\ ©ø»ø¯z-yUQ {Ø-S® Põm] AÇ-PõÚx.
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A÷©õP Áºå { -̧£-x[Põ : { -̧£-x[Pß •®-•i ÷Põ-¢uÛß ©Pß. CÁº A›-̄ øn÷ -̄Ö®-÷£õx £vÚõßS Á¯x £õ-»Pß. 60Bs-k-P-ÐU-S® ÷©À Bm] |hzvÚõß. CÁß ÷£µÔbõÚP-Ä®C¸¢-uõß. ÿÂ-á-̄ AÁ-̧ -øh¯ Bì-uõÚ¨ ¦»-Áº.
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C¸¢uõº. "ª-uõ-ñµ \®-îu' CÁ-̧ øh¯ £øh¨£õS®. Cx C¢x\m-h[-PÎß Âuzøu²® ¤µ-©õn ¡ö»ßÖ •ßÝ›-ø©¨ö£Ø-ÖÒÍ-x.•®-•i ÷\õ-÷©ì-Áµ : ÂU-Q-µ-©õ-vzuÛß ©PÚõÚ •®-©i÷\õ-÷©ì-ÁµÛß Põ»zvÀ, Aø©v, ö\ÀÁ ö\Ȩ¦ {ø»¨ö£Ø-Ô-̧ ¢-ux. CÁß "©õÚö\õÀ-»õì' GßÝ® ]Ó¢u \©ì-Q-̧ u¡ø» GÊvÚõß. CvÀ AøÚzx \õì-v-µ[-P-Ю Ah[-Q-²ÒÍÚ.÷\õ-÷©ì-ÁµÝ® ÷£µÔbÚõP C¸¢-uõß ©Ø-Ö® \º-ÁUb\U-µ-Áºzv Gß÷Ó ¦P-Ç -̈ ö£ØÓõß.C»U-Q-̄ ® : PÀ-̄ õn \õ-ÐU-Q-̄ º Põ-»z-vÀ C»U-Q-̄ [P-ÐUSBu-µ-Ä Qøhz-ux.
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©íõ-÷uÁ B»-̄ ® CU-Põ-»zvß ªPa-]-Ó¢u ]Ø-£-Pø»UPõÚ \õßÖ.A[-SÒÍ \õ\Ú® JßÖ Cøu B»-̄ [-PÎß \U-µ-Áºzv GßÖ Áº-oz-xÒÍx.Põ» {PÌ-Ä-PÒ (Q.-¤.)µõèi-µ-T-hºPÎß Bm] Põ-»® & _©õº 750•-uÀ950PÀ-̄ õ-n \õ-ÐU-Q-̄ ºPÎß Bm-]-Põ-»® & 970•-uÀ 1150Áøµ‰ßÓõ® ÷Põ-¢uß & 793&814A÷©õP Áºå { -̧£-x[Pß & 814&878•®-•i Q¸ènß & 939&967BÓõ® ÂU-Q-µ-©õ-vz¯ß & 1076&1127\õ-ÐU-Q¯ ÂU-µ© \÷P & 1076•®-©i ÷\õ-÷©ì-Á-µº & 1127&1137SÊUPÎÀ P»¢xøµ¯õi Âøh¯ÎUPÄ®:
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£õh AÔ-•-P®C -̈£õ-hz-vÀ öíõ -́\Í ©Ø-Ö® ÷\õ-Ç Aµ-\-Á®-\[-PÒ ÷©ßø© ö£õ-̧ ¢-v¯ ÷£µ-µ-\º-PÒ AÁº-P-Ò ]Ø-£U-Pø» ©Ø-Ö® C»U-Q-̄ z xøÓUS AÎzu]Ó¨¦ öPõøhPøͨ £ØÔ¯ ÂÁµ® C[S TÓ -̈£m-kÒÍÚ. AuÝhß÷\õ-Ǻ-PÎß Qµõ-ª¯ Bm] •øÓ £ØÔ²® ÂÁ-›U-P -̈£m-kÒÍx.vÓßPÒ :1. öíõ -́\ͺ ©Ø-Ö® ÷\õ-Ǻ-PÒ ]Ø-£U-Pø» ©Ø-Ö® C»U-Q-̄ z-vØS
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©õ-nÁß : ¥hzvß «x Hß B»-̄ zøu {ØP øÁz-xÒÍÚº.
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Põ» Á›ø\:\[-P-µõa-\õ-›--̄ õº & 8&9Á-x ¡Ø-ÓõskCµõ-©õÝá-\õ-›-̄ õº & 11&12Á-x ¡Ø-Óõsk£\-÷Áì-Á-µº & 12Á-x ¡Ø-Óõsk©z-Áõa-\õ-›-¯õº & 13&14Á-x ¡Ø-Óõsk¦v¯ ö\õØ-PÒ :wUøå & ©¢-v-µ-E£-÷u-\®SÊUPÎÀ P»¢xøµ¯õi Âh¯ÎUPÄ®:
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£õh AÔ-•-P®11&12 B® ¡Ø-Óõs-k-P-ÎÀ C¢-v-̄ õÂß «x x¸U-Q-̄ ºPÎßöuõhºa]¯õÚ £øhö -̄k -̈¦-PÒ CÖ-vö£ØÖ vÀ-¼ _À-uõßPÎß Bm-]-(1206&1526) öuõh[Q¯x. C -̈£õ-hz--vÀ vÀ-¼ _À-uõßPÎß ÷uõ-µønBm-]-•øÓ AÁº-PÒ Põ-»z-vÀ \•-uõ¯, ö£õ-̧ Íõ-uõµ {ø»PÒ ©Ø-Ö®Pm-h-hU-Pø», C»U-Q-̄ z-vØS AÁº-PÒ A-Îzu öPõøhPÒ •u-»õÚøÁÂÁ-›U-P -̈£m-kÒÍÚ.vÓßPÒ :1. 11&12B® ¡Ø-Óõs-k-P-ÎÀ Áµ-»õØÖ Áͺa-]-PÒ, CÖ-v-̄ õP vÀ-¼°-ß
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Aµ-]-̄ -»ø©¨¤À TÓ -̈£m-kÒÍvߣi 1951&52À •uÀ ö£¸® ÷uº-uÀ-PÒ |øhö£ØÓÚ. ©õ-{-»[-PÒ AøÁ ©Ø-Ö® ©U-PÍøÁ GßÝ®Cµsk \ø£PøÍ Em-öPõsh •u¼À ÷uº¢-öu-kU-P¨-£mh EÖ¨¤Úº Tm-h® (£õº -¼-ö©ßm) 1952À |øh•-øÓUSÁ¢-ux.
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£h® 7.2 hõU-hº Cµõ-÷á¢-v-µ-¤-µ-\õz Aµ-]-¯»ø©¨¦\ø£°ß uø»Áº. C¢-v¯Si-¯-µ]ß •uÀ uø»Áº
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Âv-P-ÍõPm-k® u® ¸¨£zvØQn[S¨£i ö\´¯ G¢u ©õ-{-»-zxUS®AvPõµ® CÀø». E›-ø©PÒ Ág]UP¨ £k®÷£õx AøÁPøÍPõU-S® Av-Põ-µ® }v ©ßÓ[-P-ÐU-Ssk. Si-©U-PÒ E›-ø©PøÍ u®Â¸¨-£zvØ÷PØ£ Pøh¨-¤-izx \•-uõ- -¯z-vß Aø©vUS £[-P-®HØ-£-hU Põ-µ-n® B-PU Thõx AÀ-»x \m-hz-vØS £[-P® HØ-£h ÂhU&-T-hõx. Aµ-]-¯»ø©¨¤À, Si-©U-PÒ BØÓ ÷Ás-i¯ £vöÚõ¸Phø©PÒ EÒÍÚ.
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\‰uõ¯-©U-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® ö£õ-¸Íõ-uõ-µ £õ-x-Põ¨¦ AøÚÁ-¸U-S®A-ÎU-S® ÷|õU-Pzøu øÁz-xÒÍ ©õ-{-»÷© |À Aµ_ Gߣõº-PÒ.
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£õ-hzvß AÔ-•-P®|®-•øh¯ Aµ-]-̄ À ]» {º-ÁõP öPõÒøPPøÍ EÒÍhUS®. •ßÝøµ°ÀTÓ¨-£m-kÒÍ SÔU÷PõÒPøÍ Aøh¯ CøÁPÒ Eu-Â-¯õP EÒÍÚ.£õ-hz-vÀ CøÁPøͨ £Ø-Ô¯ ÂÁ-µ[-PÒ EÒÍÚ.vÓßPÒ
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B÷µõU-Q-¯-©õP Áͺ-Á-uØS Áõ-´¨¦ ©Ø-Ö® AÁº-P-ÐUSC»-Á-\ ©Ø-Ö® Pm-hõ¯ öuõ-hU-PU PÀ A-Î -̈£x.
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4. öuõ-È-»õͺ- |»® (Labour Welfare) : : : : : öuõ-È-»õͺ-PÎß |»øÚPÁÛ¨-£-x, EøǨ-£-uØS E›-ø©, EøÇUP ÷uøÁ¯õÚ`Ç-ø» A-Î -̈£x, öuõ-È-»õͺ-P-ÐUS SøÓ¢u £m\ Fv-̄ ®©Ø-Ö® AÁº-P-ÐUS {º-Áõ-Pz-vÀ £[-÷PØP Áõ´ -̈£-Î -̈£x.
£h® 8.4:öuõ-È-»õͺ- |»® £h®8.5:Eu-Â-̄ Ø-Ó-Áº-P-ÐUS Eu-Â
5. Eu-Â-¯Ø-Ó-Áº-P-ÐUS Eu- (Help to needy) : : : : : Á¯-uõÚÁºPÒ,÷|õ-̄ õÎPÒ ©Ø-Ö® ÷Áø» Áõ´¨¦ AØ-Ó-Áº-PÒ ÁõÇ Aµ_ EuÂö\´uÀ.
6. AøÚÁ-̧ U-S® ö£õ-x-ÁõÚ \m-h® (Uniform Civilcode) : : : : : C¢-v-̄ õÂßAøÚzx ©U-P-ÐU-S® ö£õ-x-ÁõÚ \m-h® QøhUP Ez-v-µ-Áõ-u-©-Îz-uÀ.
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£h® 8.7 PõÀ-|øh ö\À-Á®
£h® 8.6 ©x-£õÚz-vØSuøh
£h® 8.8 ÷ÁÍõs Áͺa] £h® 8.9 |ÃÚ ÷ÁÍõsø©
7. ©x-£õÚz-øuz ukz-uÀ : ©x-£õÚ®B÷µõU-Q-¯zøuU öPkU-Q-Óx.Sk®-£zvß ö£õ-¸Íõ-uõµ {ø»ø¯£»-ÃÚ -̈£-kz-x-Q-Óx. ÷©¾® ö£s&-PøÍ _µs-k-Áx Av-P-©õ-Q-Óx. CuØ&-PõP |®-•øh¯ Aµ-] -¯ -»ø©¨-¦©x-Â-»UøP A©À-£-kz-x-Áøu|øh•-øÓUS öPõs-k-Áµ ©õ-{»Aµ-_-P-Ð-US ÁÈPõmkÁx
8. »[SPøÍ Áøu ö\´ÁøuzukzuÀ (Prevention of Slaughter of Animals) : : : : :|©x Aµ]¯À Aø©¨¤À»[SPÎß £õxPõ¨¦US•UQ¯zxÁ® öPõkUP¨ £mkÒÍx.Cuߣi P¸|õhP 1964CÀ»[SPøÍU Áøu ö\´ÁøuzukUS® \mhzøu A©¾USUöPõsk Á¢xÒÍx (P¸|õhP®©ØÖ® £» ©õ{»[PÎÀ »[SÁøu uk¨¦a \mh® A©¼À EÒÍx.
9. ÷ÁÍõs Áͺa] :|ÃÚ •øÓPøͨ£¯ß£-kzv ÷ÁÍõsø©, PõÀ-|øhÁͺ¨¦ ©Ø-Ö® Si-ø\zöuõ-ȾUSEu-Â-¯-Ψ-£-x.
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10. _Ø-Öa-̀ -ÇÀ : _Ø-Ö -̈¦Ó £õ-x-Põ¨¦©Ø Ö® Áͺa]Gkz-xU-Põmk : _µ[-Pz-öuõ -ÈÀ,öuõ-ÈØ-\õø»PÒ ÷£õßÓ ÁØÔ¼¸¢xöÁ-Î-÷¯Ø-Ó¨-£-k® PÈ-Ä-P-Î-¼-¸¢x_Ø-Ö -̈¦-Ózøu Põ -̈£õØ-Ö-Áx.
11. Áµ-»õØÖ ]Ó¨¦ ªUP {øÚÄa]ßÚ[-PøÍU Põz-uÀ :
Gkz-xU-Põmk : í®¤, ÷£¿¸,í-÷Í-¥k, £m-h-u-PÀ •u-¼-̄ Ú
12. AøÚz-x-»P Aø©v: £õ-x-Põ¨ø£U Põ¨-£õØ-Ö-Á-vÀ |õ-k®£[-S öPõÒÐuÀ.
\•-uõ¯ }v GßÓõÀ GßÚ?
\õv, ©u®, £õÀ, ö©õÈ, CÚ®, ¤µ-÷u-\® ©Ø-Ö® HØ-Óz-uõÌ-Ä-P-ÎÀ÷ÁÖ£õißÔ AøÚzx ©U-P-ÐU-S® £õ-x-Põ¨¦ A-Ψ-£x ©ØÖ®AøÚÁøµ²® \©÷|õU-Pz-xhß £õº¨-£÷u \•-uõ¯ }v. ¤ßu[-Q¯CÚ[-PÎß |»ß, SøÓ¢u £m\ Fv-̄ ®, SÇ¢øuPÒ _µs-h -̈£-k-uø» {º-‰-»-©õU-PÀ, ö£s-P-ÐUS \•-›-ø© ©Ø-Ö® öPõÍ-µ-Á®÷£õßÓøÁP-Ò \•-uõ¯ }vUS Em£kQßÓÚ.
£h® 8.11 _µs-hÀ
Aµ-]-̄ À \õ\Ú® £À-÷ÁÖ \¾øPPÒ ©Ø-Ö® {º-ÁõP öPõÒøPPøÍ©õ-{-»[-P-ÐUS A-Îz-xÒÍx. B°Ý® AøÁPÒ AÎUP¨£hõÂmhõÀ©U-PÒ }v-©ßÓz-vÀ ÁÇUS öuõ-h-µ-•i¯õx (G-kz-xU-Põm-hõP :AÖ-£-x Bs-k-PÒ PÈ¢u ¤ßÝ® ø©¯ Aµ_ ©x-Â-»UøP ukUP\m-h® öPõsk Áµ-ÂÀø» Cøu¨ £ØÔ }v©ßÓ[-PÒ ÁÇUS öuõhµ•i¯õx).
£h® 8.10 _Ø-Ö -̈¦-Ózy´ø© & Põ -̈£õØ-Ö-Á-x
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ö\¯À£õk: ©õ{» {ºÁõP uzxÁ[PÒ |©x ©õ{»zvÀ G¢uAÍÂØS A©¼À EÒÍÚ? CßÖ® öÁÆ÷ÁÖ ÁøPPÎÀ\µshÀPÒ {PÌ¢x öPõskuõß EÒÍÚ. Cøu¨£ØÔ¯P»¢xøµ¯õhÀ Tmh® JßøÓ HØ£õk ö\´x Av¼¸¢x }[PÒAÔ¢u ÁØøÓ £mi¯¼kP.
SÊUPÎÀ P»¢xøµ¯õi Âøh¯ÎUPÄ®1. ©õ-{» {º-Áõ-PU öPõÒøPPÒ GßÓõÀ GßÚ?2. ö£s-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® SÇ¢øuPÒ |» Aø©¨ø£ HØ-£-kz-x-Á-uØ-PõP
Aµ-]-̄ -»-ø©¨¦ ©õ-{-»[-P-ÐUS A-Îz-xÒÍ ÁÈPõmhÀPÒ ̄ õøÁ?3. ©õ-{» {º-Áõ-PU öPõÒøPPÒ £_-Áøuø¯z uøh ö\´¯÷Ásk®
GßÖ Hß ÁÈPõmkQÓx.4. AøÚÁ-̧ U-S® \© E›-ø© \m-h® AÁ-]-̄ ® Hß?5. ©x »UøP A©À-£-kzu ©õ-{-»[-P-ÐUS Hß ÁÈPõmhÀ
A-ÎU-P¨-£-k-Q-Óx?ÂÁõ-vUP :
1. £»-ÃÚ©õÚÁº-P-ÐUS (Weak Persons) \•-uõ¯ }v2. ©x-Â-»US3. Áµ-»õØÖ {øÚÄa ]ßÚ[-PÒ4. SÇ¢øuPÒ PÀ PØ-S® E›-ø©ø¯ |øh•øÓ¨ £kzu
©õ{»zvØS ÁÈPõmhø» Hß AÎUQÓx.ö\¯À-£õ-k-PÒ :
1. E[-PÒ _Ø-Öa ̀ Ç-¼À EÒÍ \‰-Pz-vÀ Põ-n -̈£-k® \•-uõ¯ ©ØÖ®ö£õ-̧ Íõ-uõ-µ {ø»°À ¤ß u[-Q-̄ -Áº-PøÍ PÁÛUP AÁº-PÒ Hß¤ß u[-Q-²ÒÍÚº Gߣøu¨ £ØÔ Eß ÷uõ-Ǻ -P -÷ÍõkEøµ¯õ-h-Ä®.
2. ©x-£õÚ® £¯ß£-kz-x-uÀ ©ØÖ® ÷£õøu¨ ö£õ-̧ m-PÒ £¯ß£-kz-x-uÀ |®-•øh¯ G¢u CÚ ©U-PÒ «x ÂÊ® öPk-uÀ-PÒ ¯õøÁ?CuøÚ¨ £ØÔ J¸ ÂÁõ-uzøu |hz-x[PÒ. ©Ø-Ö® E[-PÒGs-nzøu GÊ-u-Ä®. ÂÁ-µ[-PÒ ÷\P-›U-P-Ä®.
3. SÇ¢øuPÎß E›-ø© SÇ¢øu°ß £ß•P •ß÷ÚØ-Óz-vØSAÁ]¯® AøÁPμ¸¢x Ág]UP¨ £k® ÷£õx SÇ¢øuPÒöuõø»÷£] Gs 1098 GßÝ® Gs-qUS AøǨ¦ ÂkUP÷Ás-kö©ßÖ E[-P-ÐUS öu›¢-v-¸U-S®. CuøÚ¨ £ØÔ J¸ÂÁõ-uU SÊ-øÁ HØ-£-kzv A¤ -̈¤-µõ-̄ [-PøÍ ÷\P-›U-PÄ®.
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£õh AÔ-•-P®
|®-•øh¯ Aµ-] -¯À Aø©¨¦ C¢-v¯ ©U-P -ÐUS A-Îz-xÒÍAi¨-£øh E›ø©PÒ ©Ø-Ö® Ph-ø©PøÍ C¨-£õ -hz-vÀAÔ-•-P -̈£-kz-u -̈£m-kÒÍ-Ú.
vÓßPÒ :
1. C¯ØøP¯õÚ E›-ø©PÒ ©Ø-Ö® Ai -̈£øh E›ø©P-ÐU-Qøh÷ -̄²ÒÍ÷ÁÖ-£õ-k-PøÍ AÔ-Á-x.
2. C¢-v¯ Si-©PÝUS Aµ-]-̄ -»ø©¨¦ A-Îz-xÒÍ Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PøÍAÔ¢x öPõÒ-Áx.
3. Aµ-]-̄ À Aø© -̈¤À TÓ -̈£m-kÒÍ £vöÚõ¸ Ai -̈£øhU Phø©PøÍAÔ¢x u©x ÁõÌUøP°À AÁØøÓU Pøh¨-¤-izx |Ø-S-i-©PÚõPÂÍ[-S-Áx.
4. u©U-Q-¸U-S® E›-ø©PøÍ AÝ£-ÂUP uøh¯õP EÒÍ ÷£õx,AøÁPøÍ ©Ö-£-i-²® ö£Ö-Á-uØ-PõÚ ÁÈ•øÓPøÍU Ps-h-Ô-uÀ.
E›-ø© GßÓõÀ GßÚ?
"E-›ø©' GßÓõÀ J¸ uÛ©ÛuÝU-SU QøhUP ÷Ás-i¯
Av-Põ-µ®. Ax C¯ØøP¯õÚ E›ø©¯õP C¸U-P-»õ®. Gkz-xU-Põmk :Áõ-Ê® E›-ø©, ußøÚU Põz-xU öPõÒ-Ю E›-ø© ©Ø-Ö® ]»\m-h-§º-Á-©õÚ E›-ø©PÒ (G-kz-xU-Põmk : \© E›-ø©, PÀ-Â-ö£-Ö® E›-ø©)
uÛ©ÛuÛß Áͺa-]U-S® ©Ø-Ö® |õmiß Áͺa-]U-S® ]»_u¢-vµ E›ø©PÒ AÁ-]-̄ ®. AuÚõÀ Aµ-]-̄ À Aø©¨¦ ©U-P-ÐUS ]»Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PøÍ A-Îz-xÒÍ-x.
Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PÒAi -̈£øh E›ø©PöÍßÓõÀ Aµ-]-̄ -»ø© -̈¤À TÓ -̈£m-kÒÍ ©ØÖ®£õ-x-PõU-P¨-£-k® E›-ø©PÍõS®. CøÁ Si-©U-P-ÐU-S AÎUP¨£mhE›-ø©PÍõS®. CøÁPøÍ uºUP •i-̄ õx.
Aµ-]-¯-»ø©¨¦ |õmiß AøÚzx Si-©U-P-ÐU-S® BÖ Ai¨-£øhE›ø©PøÍ A-Îz-xÒÍx.
Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PÒ ©Ø-Ö®Ph-ø©PÒ9
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AøÁPÒ :
1. \©z-xÁ E›ø© 2. _u¢-vµ E›ø©
3. \‰P Â÷µõ-uzøu GvºU-S® E›ø©
4. ©u E›ø© 5. PÀÂ P»õa-\õµ E›ø©
6. \mh E›ø©
1. \© E›ø© : \m-hz-vØS •ß¦ AøÚÁ-¸® \©-®. ¯õ -¸®\m-hzøuÂ-h ö£›-¯-Áº-PÒ AÀ-»º ©Ø-Ö® AøÚÁ-¸U-S®\©-©õÚ £õ-x-Põ¨¦ QøhUP ÷Ás-k® GßÝ® A®-\[-PÒ\© E›ø©°À EÒÍÚ.
£h® 9.1 \m-hz-vØ-S•ß AøÚÁ-̧ ® \©®
©u®, CÚ®, áõv, £õÀ, ¤Ó¨-¤-h® CøÁPÎß Ai¨£øh°À-©õ-{-»® ÷£u £õ-Á® Põm-k-uÀ Thõx. Pøh, ]Ø-Ös-ia \õø»©Ø-Ö® ©Ú©-QÌ Ch[-P -ÎÀ ¤µ-÷Á-]¨-£-uØS Pm-k¨-£õkÂvU-PU-T-hõx.
ö£õx Ch[-P-ÎÀ EÒÍ QnÖ, H›, \õø» ©Ø-Ö® K -́Â-h[-PøÍ£¯ß£-kzxÁøu ukUPU Thõx. Aµ\õ[P £oUS÷\¸-Á-uØS AøÚzx Si-©U-P-ÐU-S® \© Áõ´¨¦ EÒÍx.ö£õ-x-©U-PÒ Tk®, ÁÈ-£-k® Ch[-P-ÎÀ A¢-u¢u ©uzøua ÷\º¢uuÛ©Ûuß ö\ßÖ ÁÈ-£-k-Áøu uøh ö\ -́̄ U-T-hõx.
\©zxÁ®
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2. _u¢-vµ E›ø© :1. ÷£a-_ -›ø© ©Ø-Ö® ußÝøh¯ Gs-nzøu _u¢-v-µ -©õP
öÁ-Î -̈£-kz-x® E›-ø©2. Aø©v-̄ õP \ø£ø¯U Tm-k-Á-uØ-PõÚ _u¢-v-µ®3. _u¢-v-µ-©õP \[-P[-PøÍ Aø©z-uÀ4. |õk •Ê-Á-x® _u¢-v-µ-©õP ö\ßÖ Á -̧uÀ5. C¢-v¯ |õmiß G -̈£-S-v-°-¾® _u¢-v-µ-©õP ÁõÌ-uÀ6. GÆ-Â-u-©õÚ ÷Áø» Áõ´¨¦, öuõ-ÈÀ, ¯õ-£õ-µ® ö\´-²®
_u¢-v-µ®.
£h® 9.2 ÷£a-_›ø©ö\¯À£õk: ÷£a_›ø© G¢uÍÄUS •UQ¯zxÁ® ö£ØÖÒÍx.CßÖ |®ªhzvÀ AuÝø¯h Gvº£¯ß£õk HØ£mk Á¸QÓx.AuøÚ¨ £ØÔ¯ ÂÁµ¨£mi¯À u¯õ›zx E[PÒ Gsnõ[PøÍJßÖ TmhÄ®._u¢-v-µ® Ai¨-£øh E›ø©¯õ-Q-¸¢-uõ-¾® AuøÚ ©Ú® ÷£õÚ÷£õUQÀ £¯ß£-kz-uU-T-hõx. ]» \©-¯[-P-ÎÀ Aµ-_, ©Ûu_u¢-v-µzøuU Pmk¨£kzuU Thõx GßÖ Aµ-]-¯-»ø©¨-÷£TÖ-Q-Óx. Gkz-xU-Põmk : ÷£a-_›ø© EÒÍöußÖ ©Ø-Ó-Áøµ¨ £ØÔuÁÓõP¨ ÷£\U Thõx.
3. \‰P Â÷µõ-uzøu GvºU-S® E›ø© :HøÇPÒ, ö£s-PÒ©Ø-Ö® £»-ÃÚ©õÚÁº-PøÍ _µs-h¨-£ -k-Áøuz ukUP÷Ás-k® Gߣ-x CÆ-Ä-›ø©°ß ÷|õU-P -©õ-S®. _µs-h¨&-£ -k-Áøuz ukUP ø©¯ ©Ø-Ö® ©õ-{» Aµ-_ -PÒ £À-÷ÁÖ\m-h[-PøÍU öPõsk Á¢-xÒÍÚ.
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Gkz-x-U-Põmk : Áµ-um-\øn Áõ[-S-Á-x® öPõ-k -̈£-x® ushøÚU-S-›-̄ -uõ-S®. öPõz-u-iø© •øÓ uøh ö\ -́̄ -̈£m-kÒÍx. _µ[-Pz-öuõ -ÈÀ, ¥i u¯õ-›z -uÀ, £m-hõ -_ -PÒ u¯õ-›¨-¦¨ ÷£õßÓA£õ-¯-P-µ-©õÚ öuõ-ÈÀ-P-ÎÀ SÇ¢øuPøÍ {¯ªUPU Thõx.AÁº-PÒ £vÚõßS Á¯x Áøµ°À Pm-hõ-¯-©õ-PU PÀ-ÂPØP÷Ás-k®.
£h® 9.3 SÇ¢øuPÒ ÷Áø» ö\ -́Áøu Aµ_ uøhö\ -́xÒÍx
4. ©u E›ø© : ö£õ-x-©U-PÒ JÊ[S, |ßÚhzøu ©Ø-Ö® y´ø©©ØÖ® Cuµ Âv-PøÍ ©Úv-À öPõsk ©uU ÷Põm-£õ-k-PøÍPøh¨-¤-iU-S® E›ø© AøÚÁ-¸U-S® Esk. £»-Á¢-u-©õP,Ág\øÚ ©Ø-Ö® Bh®-£-µ[-PÒ ‰»-©õP ©u-©õØ-Ó® ö\´-¯U-T-hõx GßÖ Aµ-]-̄ À \m-hø©¨¦ TÖ-Q-Óx.
£h® 9.4 ©u _u¢-v-µ®
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5. PÀÂ, P»õa-\õµ E›ø© :©uz-öuõ -hº -£õÚ ©Ø-Ö® ö©õÈ]Ö-£õßø©°Ú›ß E›-ø©ø¯ £õ-x-Põ¨-£x CÆ-Á-i¨-£øhE›-ø©PÎß ÷|õU-P-©õ-S®. GÀ»õ ©UPЮ u®-•øh¯ ö©õÈ,GÊzx AÀ-»x P»õa-\õ -µzøu £õ -x-PõU -S® E›-ø©ø¯¨ö£Ø-ÖÒÍÚº. ]Ö-£õßø©°Ú¸US PÀ {ÖÁÚ[-PøÍ xÁUQ,{º-Áõ-P® |hz-x® E›ø© EÒÍ-x. BÚõÀ ]Ö-£õßø©°Ú›ß PÀÂ{ÖÁÚ[-PÒ Aµ-]ß Âv-P-ÐUS Em-£mk C¸UP ÷Ás--k®.
£h® 9.5 P»õa-\õ-µ® ©Ø-Ö® PÀÂ ö£Ö® E›ø©
6. \mh E›ø© : Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PøÍ «Ö®-÷£õx Si-©-Pß }v-©ßÓz-vÀ ÁÇU-Sz öuõ-h-µ-»õ®. C¢u E›ø©ø¯ \mh E›ø©Gߣõº-PÒ.
Ai¨-£øh E›ø©PöÍßÓõÀ : Aµ-]-¯À Aø©¨¤ß ‰»®÷|µ-i-¯õP Si-©U-P-ÐUS A-ÎU-P¨-£k® E›-ø©PÒ. CøÁPøÍ|õ-hõ-ЩßÓ®, Âu-õÚ \ø£, ©ØÖ® \m-hzvß ‰»-©õPAv-Põ›PÒ ÷£õ-½-\õ - -¸hß ÷\º¢x GÀ»õ ö£õ-x-©U-P -Ю(A-µ-\õ[-P) {Ö-ÁÚ[-PÒ öPõkUP ©Ö¨£x AÀ-»x Gvº -̈£x uøhö\´-¯¨-£m-kÒÍ-x. Gvº¨-¦-PÒ HØ-£-k-®÷£õx A}v HØ£mh©Ûuß ÷|µõP E¯º-}v©ßÓ® AÀ-»x Ea-\ -}v©ßÓzvÀ•øÓ°-mk wºÄ ö£Ó»õ®. Ai¨-£øh E›ø©PÒ öuõ-hº-£õPEa-\-}v©ßÓz-vØ-S AÀ-»õ-©À E¯º-}v©ßÓz-vØ-S öPõ-kU-P -̈£k®©ÝU-PøÍ "›m ©Ý' Gߣõº-PÒ.
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Ph-ø©PÒAi¨-£øh E›ø©PÒ ©Ø-Ö® Ph-ø©PÒ J¸ |õ-n-¯zvß Cµsk•P[-Pøͨ ÷£õßÓøÁ. "P-hø©' GßÓõÀ uÛ©Ûuß ußÝøh¯|õm-iØ-PõP ö\´¯ ÷Ás-i¯ ö\¯À. ©U-PÒ u®•øh¯ Ai¨-£øhUPhø©PøÍ {øÓ÷ÁØÔÚõÀ |õk •ß÷ÚØ-Ó©øhÁx G-Îx.
Aµ-]-̄ -»ø©¨¤À £vöÚõ-̧ Ai -̈£øhUPhø©PÒ ÷\ºU-P¨-£m-kÒÍx. AøÁPÎß _¸U-P® RÌU-Põ-q-©õ-ÖÒÍx.
1. Aµ-]-̄ À Aø©¨¦, ÷u]-̄ U-öPõi ©Ø-Ö®÷u]-¯-R-uzøu öPÍ-µ-¨-£-x.
2. _u¢-v-µ¨ ÷£õ-µõm-hzvß ÷©ßø©¯õÚ¦Ûu ÷|õU-P[-Pøͨ ¤ß£Ø-Ö-Áx
3. C¢-v-¯õÂß J¸-ø©¨-£õmøhUPõ -̈£x
4. uõ -́|õmøh Põ -̈£õØ-Ö-Á-x
£h® 9.7 |õmøh Põ -̈£x
5. C¢-v-¯º -PÍõÚ |õ® AøÚÁ-¸® \÷Põ-u -µº -PÒ GßÝ®©Ú¨£õßø©ø¯ Áͺz-xU öPõÒ-Áx
£h® 9.6 öPÍ-µ-Ázøu A-Î -̈£-x
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£h® 9.8 |õ® AøÚÁ-̧ ® C¢-v-̄ º
6. |®-•øh¯ ö\À-ÁõUS, P»õa-\õµ £µ®-£øµ ©ØÖ® Áµ-»õØÖ{øÚÄa ]ßÚ[-PøÍ Põ -̈£x
7. C¯ØøP `Ì-{ø»PøÍ Põ -̈£x, Áͺa-]-̄ øh¯a ö\ -́Á-x
ö\¯À£õk: ""_ØÖa `ÇÀ £õxPõ¨¤À CßÖ ©õnÁºPÎß £[S''GßÝ® £mi©ßÓzøu HØ£õk ö\´x Eß Gsn[PøÍ GÊxP.
£h® 9.9 _Ø-Öa-̀ -ÇÀ Põ -̈£x.
8. AÔ-Â-¯À ©÷Úõ-£õ-Á® ©Ø-Ö®ö£õ-Ö -̈¦-PøÍ Áͺ -̈£x
9. ö£õx ©U-PÎß ö\õz-xU-PøÍPõ -̈£x
10. uÛ©Ûuß ußÝøh¯÷£õ-µõm-hzøu \õ-vUP •¯Ø]ö\´-Áx
11. 6 •uÀ 14 Á¯-xU-Sm-£mhSÇ¢øuP-ÐU-S ö£Ø-÷Óõº -PÒAÀ-»x Põ -̈£õͺPÒ- PÀ ö£Ö&-Á-uØS Áõ´¨¦ A-ÎUP ÷Ás-k®.
Si-©-Pß ußÝ-øh¯ Ai -̈£øh Phø©PøÍ {º-Á-QU-Põ-Â-iÀ Aµ-\õ[&-P® AuøÚ }v-©ßÓ[-P-ÎÀ ÷Pm-PU Thõx. BÚõÀ |õmiß AøÚzx©U-PÒ _ -̄{øÚÄ-hß Ai -̈£øh Phø©PøÍ {øÓ÷ÁØÓ ÷Ás-k®.
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SÊUPÎÀ P»¢xøµ¯õi Âøh¯ÎUPÄ®:
1. Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PÒ GßÓõÀ GßÚ?
2. Ai¨-£øh Phø©PøÍ _¯{øÚÄhß |õ® Hß ö\´¯÷Ás-k®?
3. \© E›-ø© GßÓõÀ GßÚ?
4. \•-uõ¯ ©Ø-Ö® ö£õ-¸Íõ-uõµ _µs-hÀ GÆ-ÁõÖ |hU-Q-Óx?Gkz-xU-Põm-k-PÒ u¸-Ä®.
5. Huõ-Áx ‰ßÖ Ai-̈ £øh Phø©PøÍ öu›-ÂU-PÄ®.
ÂÁõ-vUP :
1. Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PÎß ©Pz-x-Á®
2. £ÒÎ Ám-hõ-µz-vÀ ©õ-n-Áº-PÒ ö\´¯ ÷Ás-i¯ Phø©PÒ
3. uP-ÁÀ ö£Ö® E›-ø©
ö\¯À-£õ-k-PÒ :
1. Ai -̈£øh E›ø©PÒ ©Ø-Ö® Ai -̈£øhU Phø©PøÍU SÔzx©õ-n-Áº-P -Î-h-ª-¸¢x JßÔ-µsk {ª-h[-PÒ ÷£\aö\ -́Áx.
2. ©U-PÒ Ai¨-£øhU Phø©PøÍ Pøh¨-¤-iz-v-¸U-S®`Ì-{ø»PøÍ ©õ-n-Áº-PÒ ‰»® TÓa ö\ -́Áx G-kz-xU-Põmk :Fº ö£õ-x-©U-PÒ H›-P-ÎÀ PÈ-Ä-PøÍU öPõm-k-Áx. £Çø©¯õÚ÷Põmøh°ß PØ-PøÍ JÆ-öÁõßÓõP v¸-ia ö\À-ÁxÁõU-P-ÎU-Põ-©-¼-¸¨-£-x.
3. |®-•øh¯ P»õa-\õ -µz -vÀ E›-ø©PøÍ Âh Av-PÍÄ•U-Q-¯z-x-Á® Ph-ø©P-ÐUS A-ÎU-Q-Óõº-PÒ. CuøÚ }[-PÒJ¨-¦U öPõÒ-ú-PÍõ? ÂÁõ-vzx J¸ ]Ö ö\´-vz öuõ-S¨ø£u¯õ-›U-P-Ä®.
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_u¢vµzvØS •ß C¢v¯õÂß «x £» £øhö¯k¨¦PÒ |h¢uÚ GߣxE[PÐUSz öu›²®. BÚõÀ _u¢vµzvØS ¤ÓS Ca`Ì{ø»°À ©õØÓ®HØ£mkÒÍx. CuØPõÚ Põµn[PøÍ AÔúPÍõ?
£õh AÔ-•-P® :
C¨-£õ-hz-vÀ |©-x £õ-x-Põ¨¦ £øhPÎß ö\¯À-PÒ, ¤›-Ä-PÒ, £°Ø]ø©¯[-PÒ, |ÃÚ B²-u[-PÒ, ø©¯ A¾-Á-»-P[-PÎß AÔ-•-P® A-ÎU-P -̈£m-kÒÍx. £õ-µõ-ª-¼m-h› £øhPÒ, xøn µõ-q-Á¨ £øhPÒ ©Ø-Ö®©U-PÒ Eu- £õ-x-Põ -̈¦¨ £øhPÒ £ØÔ C -̈£õ-hz-vÀ TÓ -̈£m-kÒÍx.
vÓßPÒ :
1. |®-•øh¯ £õ-x-Põ -̈¦ -̈£øhPÒ £ØÔ AÔ¢x öPõÒ-Áx
2. £øhPÒ, PhØ-£øhPÒ, ©õÚ -̈£øhPÒ £ØÔ AÔ¢x öPõÒ-Áx
3. £õ-x-Põ -̈¦¨ £øhPÎß vÓßPøÍ AÔ-Áx
4. xøn µõ-qÁ £õ-x-Põ¨-¦¨ £øhPÎß ÷\øÁø¯ AÔ¢x ö£¸ø©öPõÒ-Á-x
5. Eu £õ-x-Põ -̈¦¨ £øhPÎß _ -̄÷\øÁø¯U SÔzx ÷£õØ-Ö-Á-x
£h® 10.1 ÷©÷» EÒÍ £hz-vÀ }[-PÒ Põs-£x GßÚ?
|®-•øh¯ £õ-x-Põ¨¦ £øhPÒ10£õh®
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|õmøh AßÛ¯›ß £øhö -̄k -̈¤-¼-̧ ¢x Põ -̈£õØ-Ö-Áx |õmiß
•ußø©¯õÚ ö\¯-»õ -S®. Ca-ö\ -¯À £õ -x-Põ¨-¦¨£øhP-ÐUS A-ÎU-P¨-£m-kÒÍx. AuÚõÀ £õ-x-Põ¨-¦¨ £øhPÎß•U-Q¯ £õz-v-µ-©õ-S®.
C¢-v-¯õ JÊ[-S, vÓø© ©ØÖ® £µõUQµ©\õ¼¯õÚ £øhÃ-µº&-Pøͨ ö£ØÔ¸¨£x ö£ -̧ø©US›¯ Âå -̄©õ-S®. Âk-u-ø» Aøh¢u¤ÓS |©x |õmiß J¸ø©¨-£õm-iØ-S \ÁõÀ-PøÍ \¢v¨£uØS |õ®AÁØøÓ vÓø©²hß GvºU-öPõÒ-Q-÷Óõ®. (^Úõ ©Ø-Ö® £õ-Qì-uõßBU-Q-µ-ª¨-¦-PÒ) |©-x £øhÃ-µº-PÒ uõ´-|õm-iØ-PõP, AøÚz-xzv¯õ-P[-PÒ ö\ -́Á-uØS u¯õº Gߣøu Põº-QÀ ÷£õ-›À {¹-¤zuÚº.
C¢-v¯õ 15,200 Q.« }Í-•ÒÍ GÀø»¨ -¤-µ -÷u -\[-PøÍUöPõs-kÒÍx. 7516.5 Q.« }Í-©õÚ PhÀ GÀø»ø¯UöPõs-kÒÍx.
|õmiß £õ-x-Põ¨¦ •øÓUS Bsk ÁµÄ ö\»ÄUPõP (£m-öám)25 & 30 \u-Ã-u® {v JxU-P -̈£-k-Q-Ó-x.
£õ--x-Põ -̈¦¨ £øhPÎß Ph-ø©PÒ : |õmiß GÀø»¨ ¤µ-÷u-\[-PøÍ Põ -̈£õØ-Ö-Áx |õmiß J¸ø© -̈£õmøh Põ -̈£õØ-Ö-Áx PÒÍU-P-hz-uÀ ©Ø-Ö® \m-hz-vØS ¦Ó®-£õÚ ö\¯À-£õ-k-PøÍ
uk¨-£xC¢-v-¯õÂß Si-¯-µ_ uø»Áº AÁº-PÒ |®-•øh¯ £õxPõ¨¦
£øhP-ÐUPõÚ •ußø© ÷\Úõ-v-£-v-̄ õ-Áõº. £õ-x-Põ¨¦ £øhPÒ ‰ßÖ¤›-Ä-PøÍU öPõs-kÒÍx. AøÁPÒ Cµõ-q-Á® PhØ-£øh ©Ø-֮©õÚ¨ £øh. £õ-x-Põ -̈¦¨ £øhPÒ _u¢vµ |õÒ ©Ø-Ö® Si-̄ -µ_ vÚAo-Á-S¨-¦ -P -ÎÀ £[-÷PØÖ u[-P -Ðøh¯ £øhz-v-Óø©PøÍöÁΨ£kzxQßÓÚº.£õ-x-Põ -̈¦¨ £øhP-ÎÀ u[-P-Ðøh¯ vÓ-ø©PøÍ ÁͺzxU öPõÒÍ£°Ø] {ø»¯[-PÒ EÒÍÚ. AøÁP-ÎÀ •U-Q-̄ -©õÚøÁPÒ : ÷u]¯£õ-x-Põ¨¦ PÀ-¿›, ¦x-vÀ-¼. ÷u]-¯ £õ-x-Põ¨¦ A¾-Á-»º £°Ø]ø©¯® Eu-P-©s-h-»®. ÷u]-̄ ª¼m-h› AU-Põ-hª, öhí-µõlß ©Ø-Ö® ÷u]-̄ £õ-x-Põ¨¦ APõ-hª PhU-P-Áõì-»õ §÷Ú.
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C¢-v¯ ÷u]¯ Cµõ-q-Á® :
C¢-v¯ Cµõ-q-Á® E»-Q-÷»÷¯ Cµs-hõ-ÁxªP¨-ö£-›-¯ CµõqÁ©õS® Põ-»õm-£øh(C-µõ-q-Á®), Sv-øµ¨-£øh, ¥µ[-Q¨-£øh,Jm-h-P¨-£øh ©Ø-Ö® ÷£õº ÷h[-Pº-PøÍ(P-Á-\ Ási) öPõsk EÒÍx.
Cµõ--q-Á¨-£øh°À ö©õz-u® 11,00,000÷£õº õº-PÒ £øh°À EÒÍÚº. 9,60,000›\ºÆ £øh õº-PÒ EÒÍÚº.
Cµõ-q-Ázvß uø»Áøµ ÷\Úõ-v-£v(öáÚµÀ) GßÖ AøÇU-Q-÷Óõ®. CÁº£øhPÎß Av-Põ-µ®, £°Ø], ö\¯-»õUP®©Ø-Ö® {º-Áõ-P® •u-»õÚÁØøÓ ¦x-vÀ-¼-°ÀEÒÍ Cµõ-q-Á •ußø© A¾-Á-»-Pz-v-¼-̧ ¢x {º-Áõ-P® ö\ -́Áõº.
|õmiß GÀø»PøÍ £õ-x-Põ¨-£÷uõk C¯ØøP Chº-£õ-k-PÍõÚ§P®-£® ({-» Avºa]) öÁÒÍ®, £g\®, {»a-\ -›Ä, ¦¯À÷£õßÓøÁPÒ HØ-£ -k® \©-¯[-P -ÎÀ ©Ûu ÷|¯z-xhßö\¯À£kQÓõºPÒ. Cµõ -q-Á® öuõ-ÈÀ ~m£zvÀ ªP-Ä®•ßÚo°À EÒÍx. JØ-Ó-›-²® xøÓø¯²® ö£Ø-ÖÒÍx.
C¢-v¯ P -̈£Ø-£øhPhØ-Pøµ¨ ¤÷u-\zø-u-²® wÄ-PøÍ-²® Põ -̈£õØÓP¨-£Ø--£øh AÁ-]-¯-©õ-S®. C¢-v-¯õÂß P¨-£Ø-£øh E»-Q-÷»÷¯ BÓõ-Áx ªP¨-ö£-›¯ P¨-£Ø-£øh-¯õ-S®. P¨-£Ø-£øh°ß E¯º Av-Põ-›ø¯“Am-ª-µÀ’ GßÖ AøÇU-Q-Óõ-º-PÒ. P -̈£Ø-£øh°ßuø»ø© A¾-Á-»-P® ¦x-vÀ-¼-°-¾ÒÍ-x.
P¨-£Ø-£øh |ÃÚ ©õ-v-›-°À HÄ-P-ønUP¨-£À-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® }º-‰Ì-QU P¨-£À-PøÍ-²®öPõs-kÒÍx. AøÁP-ÎÀ I.Gß.Gì.-Â-§v©Ø-Ö® I.Gß.Gì.-÷Põ-uõ -Á-› •U-Q-¯ -©õÚøÁPÍõ-S®. I.Gß.Gì.-Â-µõm ©Ø-Ö®I.Gß.Gì.-ÂU-µ -©õ-vz-¯õ ÷£õßÓ Â©õÚ®uõ[-S® P -̈£À-PøÍ-²® öPõs-kÒÍ P -̈£Ø-£øhu¯õº {ø»°À EÒÍÚ. Pº-|õ-h-Pz-v-¾ÒÍ Põ-º-Áõ-›À "ê-÷£-µm' P -̈£º-£øh-uÍ® {ÖÁ¨£mkÒÍx.
£h® 10.2 Cµõ-qÁC»a]øÚ
£h® 10.3P -̈£Ø-£øh ]ßÚ®
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£h® 10.4 INS ÂU-µ-©õ-vz-̄ õ
£h® 10.6 ÷£õº ©õÚ®
£h® 10.5©õÚ¨-£øh°ß ]ßÚ®
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C¢-v¯ ©õÚ¨£øhC¢-v-̄ õ E»-Q-÷»÷¯ I¢-uõ-Áx ªP -̈ö£-›¯
©õÚ -̈£øhø¯U öPõs-kÒÍx. Cuß E¯ºAv-Põ-›ø¯ "Hº-^¨ ©õºåÀ' Gߣõº-PÒ. ©ØÓø©¯ A¾-Á-»-P[-PÒ ¦x-vÀ-¼-°À EÒÍÚ.{º-ÁõP AÝT-»z-vØ-PõP ©õÚ¨-£øh I¢xP©õs-m-PÍõP¨ ¤›U-P¨-£m-kÒÍÚ.
ö£[-PѺ, øíu-µõ-£õz ©Ø-Ö® vs-k-UPÀ-¼À (u-ªÌ-|õk) ©õÚ¨-£øhUS £°Ø]A-ÎU-S® •U-Q¯ ø©¯[-PÒ EÒÍÚ. ©õÚz&öuõ-ÈÀ ~m-£[-Pøͨ £¯ß£-kzv £» ¦v-¯÷£õº ©õÚ[-PøÍU öPõs-kÒÍ vÓø©-̄ õÚ£øh C¢-v¯ ©õÚ -̈£øh-̄ õ-S®.
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|®-•øh¯ ©õÚ -̈£øh áõ-S-Áõº ÷£õßÓ |ÃÚ ÷£õº ©õÚ[&PøÍU öPõs-kÒÍx. Cx _©õº 1,00,000 ÷£õº õºPÒ 1330 ÷£õºÂ©õÚ[-PøÍU öPõs-kÒÍ-x. ©õÚ -̈£øh ö£¸® \U-v-̄ õP C¸ -̈£x |® AøÚÁ-̧ U-S® ö£ -̧ø©u-̧ ® ö\ -́v-̄ õ-S®.
£õ-µõ ª¼m-h› £õ-x-Põ -̈¦ -̈£øhPÒ£õ-x-Põ¨-¦¨-£øh-PÐUS AÁ-\ -µ {ø»ø©PÎÀ Eu ö\´¯£õ-µõ-ª-¼m-h› £øhPÒ ö\ -̄»õØ-ÖQßÓÚ.
GÀø» £õ-x-Põ -̈¦ -̈£øh-PÒ (Border Security Force): C¢-v-̄ õÂß GÀø-» -̈ £-S-v-PøÍ Põ -̈£õØ-Ö-Áx GÀø» £õ-x-Põ¨¦ £øh°Ú›ß •U-Q¯ö\ -̄»õ-S®. Põº-QÀ ÷£õ-›À GÀø-»¨ £õ-x-Põ¨¦ £øh°Úº ©ø»°ßE -̄µ® Áøµ, £øh°Ú -̧hß Ti ÷£õ-µõiÚõº-PÒ. "\õ-S® Áøµ Ph-ø©'(Duty Until Death) Gߣ-x CÁº-P-Ðøh¯ SÔU-÷PõÍõ-S®
£h® 10.8 £õ-x-Põ -̈¦ -̈£øh
GÀø» \õø» Aø©¨¦ (Border Roads organization) GÀø» \õø-»Aø©¨¤Úº ‰i-°-̧ U-S® \õø-»-PøÍz vÓ¢x, Cµõ-qÁ ö\¯À-£õ-k-P-ÐUS EhÚi Eu- AÎUQÓx, \õø» Aø©¨¦ AønU-Pm-k-uÀ ©Ø-Ö® Ái-PõÀ Aø©U-S® ö\¯À-PøͲ® CÆ-Á-ø© -̈¦ ö\´x Á -̧Q-Ó-x.
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PhØ-Põ-ÁÀ (Coastal Guard): Cx J¸ xøn¨ £øh¯õP EÒÍx.CuÝøh¯ uø»ø© A¾-Á-»-P® ¦x-vÀ-¼-°À EÒÍx. PhØ-£-S-v-PøÍPõ¨-£x CuÝøh¯ ö£õ-Ö¨-£õ-S®. ¦¯À A›U÷Pß, _Úõª ÷£õßÓC¯ØøP Chº-£õ-k-PÒ HØ£k® \©¯[PÎÀ PõU-S® ö\¯À-PøÍUøPUöPõÒ-Q-Óx. PÒÍU Phz-uÀ, \m-hz-vØS ¦Ó®-£õP |õm-kUSÒ~øÇuÀ ÷£õßÓ ö\¯À-PøÍ uøhö\ -́Áx Cuß •U-Q¯ ö\ -̄»õ-S®.
£h® 10.9 PhØ-£-S-v-£-÷µmPhØ-Põ-Á-¾US 84 |ÃÚ P -̈£À-PÒ 45 ©õÚ[-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® öí¼-Põ -̈hº -PÒ öPõs-kÒÍÚ. ö©õz-u® 5440 õº -PÒ Põ -ÁÀ£o-°À Dk-£m-kÒÍÚº.
©z-v-¯ öuõ-ÈÀ £õ-x-Põ¨-¦¨-£øh : Cx E»-Q-÷»-÷¯ ªP¨-ö£-›¯öuõ-ÈÀ £õ-x-Põ¨-¦¨-£øh 1,28,000 õº-PÒ Cv-¾ÒÍÚº. Cx|õm-i-¾ÒÍ _©õº 300U-S® Av-P-©õÚ Aµ-_ ©ØÖ® Aµ-_ Eu- ö£Ö®öuõ-ÈØ-\õø-»-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® £›-÷\õ-uøÚ \õø»P-ÐUS £õ-x-Põ¨¦A-ÎU-Q-Óx. Cx ©mk©À»õ©À ©õÚ {ø»¯[-PÒxøÓ•-P[-PÒ, Cµ-°À {ø»¯[-P-Ò, Áµ-»õØÖ {øÚÂ-h[-P-Ò ©Ø-Ö®Aq-\Uv ø©¯[-P-ÐUS® £õxPõ¨¦ A-Îzx Á -̧Q-Óx.
xøn Cµõ-q-Á¨ £øhPÒ|õm-i-¾ÒÍ CøÍbº-P -Îøh÷¯ ÷\øÁ ©Ú¨£õßø© ©Ø-Ö®|õm-k¨-£ØøÓ ÁͺUP £ÒÎ ©Ø-Ö® PÀ-¿-› -P -ÎÀ £À-÷ÁÖ
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ö\¯À-£õ-k-PøÍ |hzv Á¸QÓx. CøÁP-ÎÀ Gß.].-]-²® J¸. •U-Q¯ö\¯À-£õ-hõS®.
Gß.].] ÷|åÚÀ ÷Pöhm Põº£ì (National Cadet Corps)\‰-P ÁõÌUøPUS •UQ¯zxÁ®. uø»ø©÷¯Ø-S® £s¦, ÷£õßÓ Sn-|»ßPøÍ Gß. -].] PØ-¤U-Q-Óx. C¨-£ -°Ø-] ö£ØÓÁºPÐUSCµõ-q-Áz-vÀ ÷\¸-Á-uØS ]Ó¨¦ •ßÝ›ø© A-ÎU-P¨-£-k-Q-Óx. -÷©Ø-£-i¨¦US® ©õ-n-Áº-P-ÐUS CuÚõÀ JxU-Rk QøhU-Q-Óx. £ÒΩØ-Ö® PÀ-¿-›-P-ÎÀ CøÍbº ©Ø-Ö® CÍ®ö£s-P-Ò (CøÍc)Gß.].-]-°À ÷\µ-»õ®. ö£õ-x-ÁõP ÷u]-¯ £õ-x-Põ¨¦, ö£õ-Ö-÷£ØÖö\¯À£kÁx Cuß •U-Q¯ ÷|õU-P[-PÍõ-S®. JÊ[S ©Ø-Ö® JØ-Öø©CƯUPzvß •ÇUP©õS®.
£h® 10.10 Gß.].] ÷Phm-PÒ2012À C¢-v-̄ õ-ÂÀ 610 ©õ-Ám-h[-P-Î-¾ÒÍ 8770 £Ò-Î-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® 5521PÀ-¿-›-P-ÎÀ Gß.].-]. ³Ûm-k-PÒ EÒÍÚ. ö©õz-u® 13,00,000Gß.].-] ÷Phm-PÒ EÒÍÚº.
C¢-v¯ öµm Qµõì PÇ-P® (Indian red Cross)
£h® 11.9
öµm-Q-µõì PÇ-P® C¢-v-̄ õ-ÂÀ 700 ©õ-Ám-h[-P-ÎÀußÝøh¯ QøÍPøÍU öPõsk ö\¯-»õØÔÁ -̧Q-Óx. Si-̄ -µ_ uø»Áº CuÝøh¯ uø»Á-µõPC¸¨-£õº. öµm Qµõì PÇ-Pzvß •U-Q¯ ÷|õU-P®¯õöuÛß ©Ûuõ-¤-©õÚ® ©Ø-Ö® _ -̄÷\øÁ¯õ-S®.©z-v¯ ÷£õ-½ì £øhPÒ : ÷£õ-½ì £øhPÒ©õ-{-»® ©ØÖ® ©z-v¯ Aµ_ AÍ-ÂÀ EÒÍÚ.
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÷£õ-½ì £øh ©õ-{-»zvß Pm-k¨-£õm-i-¼-¸U-S®. ©zv¯ Aµ_ußÚ÷u¯õÚ ÷£õ½ì £øhPøÍ Aø©zxÒÍx.
÷u]-̄ £õ-x-Põ -̈¦U PÇ-P® : ÷u]-̄ £õ-x-Põ -̈¦U PÇ-P® •U-Q-̄ -©õÚÁº-P-ÐUS £õ-x-Põ¦ A-ÎU-Q-Óx. Cx |õm-i÷»÷¯ EÒ-|õmk £õ-x-Põ¨-¦US ©Ø-Ö® wÂ-µ-Áõ-uzø-uU Pm-k -̈£-kz-x-Á-uØ-S Av-P AÊz-uzøuA-ÎU-Q-Óx. öÁi-SskU SÊ CuØS ö£õ-Ö -̈£õÚx.
÷íõ® Põºmì : Cx ÷£õ-½ì £øhUS Eu-Â-¯õP ÷\øÁBØ-Ö-Q-Óx. Cuß ö\¯À-PÒ EÒ-|õmk £õ-x-Põ¨-¤À ÷£õ-½ìUSEu-Â-¯õP ö\¯-»õØ-Ö-Áx ©Ø-Ö® AÁ-\µ {ø»Pξ®, C¯ØøP÷£›-h›ß ÷£õ-x® ußÝøh¯ Bu-µ-Á-Îzx ÷\øÁ¯õØ-Ö-Áx BS®.SÊUPÎÀ P»¢xøµ¯õi Âøh AÎUPÄ®.
1. C¢-v¯ £õ-x-Põ¨-¦¨-£øh°ß •Ê AvPõµ® ¯õ¸US ÁÇ[P¨£mkÒÍx?
2. £õ-x-Põ¨¦ £øh°ß ¤›-Ä-PÒ ¯õøÁ?3. Cµõ-q-Ázvß E¯º Av-Põ-›ø¯ GßÚöÁßÖ AøÇU-Q-Óõº-PÒ?4. Cµõ-q-Ázvß uø»ø©¯-P® G[-SÒÍx?5. P -̈£Ø-£øh°ß E¯º Av-Põ-›ø¯ GßÚöÁßÖ AøÇU-Q-Óõº-PÒ?6. Gß.].-].-°ß •U-Q¯ SÔU-÷PõÒ ¯õx?7. Cµõ-q-Ázvß ªP •U-Q¯ ö\¯À-PÒ ¯õøÁ?8. GÀø-» \õø-»U Aø©¨¤ß ö\¯À-PÒ ¯õøÁ?9. öµm Qµõì PÇ-Pzvß SÔU-÷PõÒ ÁõU-Q-̄ ® ¯õx?
10. £õ-x-Põ¨-¦¨ £øh°À ÷\øÁ¯õØÓ E[-P-ÐUS ¸¨-£-•s-hõ?Põ-µ-nzøuU TÖ-P?
ÂÁõ-vUP :|õ® Hß £õ-x-Põ -̈¦¨ £øh°À ÷\º¢x ÷\øÁ ö\´¯ ÷Ás-k®?ö\¯À-£õ-k-PÒ :
1. E[-PÒ Qµõ-©z-v-¾ÒÍ £øhÃ-µøµ ÷£m-iU Psk £Ò-ÎUSÁµ-÷ÁØ-P-Ä®.
2. £õ-x-Põ¨¦ £øhPÎß ¤›-Ä-PÎß ]ßÚ[-PøÍ ÷\P-›U-P-Ä®.3. A -̧Q-¾ÒÍ £ÒÎ & PÀ-¿-›-P-ÎÀ EÒÍ Gß.].] SÊ-ÄUS ÷£mi
A-ÎU-P-Ä®.E[-P-ÐUS öu›¢-v-̧ U-Pm-k® :Cµõ-q-Áz-vÀ E¯º £øh Av-Põ-›-PÒ : öáÚµÀ, ö»¨höÚßmöáÚµÀ, ÷©áº öáÚµÀ, ¤›-÷P-i-̄ º, PºÚÀ, ö»¨höÚßmPºÚÀ,÷©áº, ÷P¨hß ©ØÖ® ö»¨höÚß, P¨-£Ø-£øh, ©õÚ¨-£øhPξ® u©US›¯ E¯º £øh Av-Põ-›-PÎß ÷µ[-U-SPÒ EÒÍÚ.
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B]-̄ õ J¸ ©õ-Ö-£mh Ps-h®11£õh®
£õh AÔ•-P®E»P Áøµ¨£hzøu¨ £õºUS® ÷£õx §ª°ß {»¨£SvPÍ BÖ
£SvPÍõP¨ ¤›UP¨£mi¸¨£øuU Põn»õ®. § £õPzvß BÖ£SvPÎÀ ªP¨ ö£›¯x Gx GßÖ E[PÍõÀ TÓ •i²©õ?B]-̄ õ Ps-hzvß Ch®, £µ -̈£Í-Ä Aø© -̈¦. •U-Q¯ |v-PÒ ©Ø-Ö®ÂÁ-\õ-̄ ®. um£ öÁ¨£ {ø», uõ-Á-µ[-PÒ •U-Q¯ PÛÁÍ® ©U-Pm-öuõøP ö£¸U-P®, Auß £[-Rk ©Ø-Ö® ö|¸U-P® £Ø-Ô¯ AÔ-•-P®.vÓßPÒ :CÆ-Á-»øPU PØ-Ó¤ß }[-PÒ
1. B]-̄ õ Ps-hzvß Ch®, £µ -̈£ÍÄ, C¯ØøP Aø©¨¦ ©Ø-Ö®]Ó¨ø£¨ £ØÔ AÔ-ú.
2. {» Aø©¨¤ß ¤›-Ä-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® AÁØÔß Cøh÷¯-²ÒÍJØ-Öø©PøÍ AÔ-ú
3. B]-̄ õÂß •U-Q¯ C¯ØøP Aø© -̈¦-Pøͨ £ØÔ ÂÁ-› -̈¥º.4. |v-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® ÂÁ-\õ-¯® Cøh÷¯-²ÒÍ öuõ-hºø£ AÔ¢x
öPõÒ-ú.5. um£ öÁ¨£ {ø» ©Ø-Ö® C¯ØøPz uõ-Á-µ[-PÎß Cøh÷ -̄²ÒÍ
öuõ-hºø£¨ £ØÔ AÔ-ú.6. •U-Q¯ PÛÁͨ £µ¨¦, ©U-Pm öuõøP £µ-ÁÀ ©Ø-Ö® ö|¸U-P®
£ØÔ AÔ-ú.
1. Ch®, £µ -̈£ÍÄ ©Ø-Ö® {»Aø© -̈¦ AÔ-•-P® : E»-Pz-v-¾ÒÍ Psh[-PÎÀ B]-̄ õ ö£›-̄ x. GÚ÷Á,
AuÝøh¯ C¯ØøP Aø©¨-¦-PÒ, um£ öÁ¨£ {ø», uõ -ÁµCÚ[-PÒ, Põ-k-PÒ, ©s •u-¼-̄ -ÁØ-ÔÀ ]Ó¨¦ EÒÍx. CU-Ps-hz-vÀªP E¯-µ -©õÚ ©ø»PÒ, ¥h-§-ª-PÒ, ö\Ȩ-£õÚ £µ¢u {»¨-£-µ¨¦, £õø»ÁÚ[-PÒ, |v Aø©¨¦ ©Ø-Ö® }º-ÃÌa-]-PÒ EÒÍÚ.ö©õÈ, ©u®, ©U-Pm-öuõøP £[-Rk ©Ø-Ö® ©U-Pm-öuõøP ö|¸U-Pzv¾®|õ® ÁøP -̈£õ-k-PøÍU Põ-n-»õ®. GÚ÷Á B]-̄ õøÁ J¸ ""©õ-Ö-£m-hPs-h®'' GßÖ AøÇ -̈£º.
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C¯À£õk : B]-̄ õ Ps-hh® J¸uÛa ]Ú¨¨ªUPU PÚsh® GnÖAnÇUP¨£h Põºn[Ò GßnöÁߣøÓ AQ¯õ ÁøÓ¨£hUøPUöPõsk PÁ¢SøÓ¯õkP
C¸¨¤h®: B]-¯õ Ps-h® 10 & 11' ÁhU-Q-¼-¸¢x 770&41' öußAm-\-÷µøP ©Ø-Ö® 260&04 QÇU-Q-¼-̧ ¢x 1690&40' ÷©ØS wºU-P-÷µøP Áøµ£µ-Â-²ÒÍx. ©÷»-]-¯õÂß öuߣ-S-v-°ß ]Ô-x £õ -Pz -vÀ§©z-v-¯-÷µøP²®, C¢-v-¯õ ©Ø-Ö® A÷µ-¤-¯õÂß |k-÷Á Ph-P-÷µøPP-Ю ö\ÀQßÓÚ.
£µ -̈£-ÍÄ : B]-̄ õÂß ö©õzu £µ -̈£ÍÄ _©õº 44 ªÀ-¼¯ß \xµ Q÷»õ«mhº -PÍõ-S®. Cx E»-Pzvß ÷©Ø-£-µ¨-£Í-ÂÀ 33% Áøµ²ÒÍx.B]-̄ õ •Ê-Á-x® ÁhAøµU-÷PõÍz-vÀ EÒÍ-x.
Áøµ£h® 11.1 E»-PÍ-ÂÀ B]-̄ õÂß Ch®
C¯ØøP Aø© -̈¦ : B]-̄ õ Ps-hzvß ‰ßÖ £U-P[-PÒ, ö£¸[-P-hÀ-PÍõ-¾® J¸ £U-P® {»z-uõ -¾® `Ǩ-£m-kÒÍÚ. ÁhU÷PBºU-iU ö£¸[-P-h-¾®, QÇU-÷P £]-¤U-ö£-¸[-P-h-¾®, öuØ÷PC¢-x-©-Põ-\-•z-v-µ-•® EÒÍÚ. ÷©Ø-QÀ I÷µõ -̈£õ Ps-h® EÒÍx.
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B]-¯õ ©Ø-Ö® I÷µõ¨-£õ Ps-h[-Pøͨ ¤›U-S® ÷Põk£» ÁøÍÄ-PÍõ-»õÚx. Ax ³µÀ ©ø»PÒ, Põì-¤¯ß PhÀ,PPõ-\ì ©ø» ©Ø-Ö® P¸¨¦ Ph¼Þ÷h ö\À-Q-Óx.
Áøµ£h® 11.2 Ch®, £µ -̈£ÍÄ ©Ø-Ö® {»Aø© -̈¦
B]-¯õ ©Ø-Ö® B¨-¤-›U-Põ Ps-h[-PÎß GÀø» ö£õ-x-ÁõP `¯ìPõÀ-Áõ´ ÁÈ-̄ õ-P-Ä®, B]-̄ õ ©Ø-Ö® Bì-v-÷µ-¼-̄ õÂß GÀø»U-÷Põk{³-QÛ ©Ø-Ö® Bì-v-÷µ-¼-̄ õÂÛøh÷¯ ö\À-Q-Ó-x.
2. B]-̄ õÂß {» Aø©¨¦CßÖ B]-¯õ-ÂÀ 48 |õ-k-P-ÐÒÍÚ. AÁØøÓ RÌ-Põ-q® 5 {»Aø©¨-¦-PÍõ-P¨ ¤›U-P-»õ®.
1. QÇUS B]-¯õ : CvÀ ^Úõ, ÁhUS ©Ø-Ö® öußöPõ-›-¯õ, á¨-£õß, íõ[-Põ[, uõ´Áõß ©Ø-Ö® ©[-÷Põ-¼-¯õ |õ-k-PÒ ÷\¸®.Cx ÁhU÷P £µ¢u E¸-]-¯õ, öuØ÷P öuß B]-¯õ ©Ø-×®öußQ-ÇUS B]-̄ õÂß Cøh÷¯ £µ¢-xÒÍx.
2. öußQ-ÇUS B]-¯õ : Cx ©¯õß©õº, »õ-÷Áõì, ¯m-|õ®,uõ´-»õ¢x, P®-÷£õ-i-¯õ, ©÷»-]-¯õ, C¢-÷uõ÷Ú]-¯õ, ][-P¨-§º,
I÷µõ -̈£õ ©ØÖ® B]-̄ õøÁ Cønzx ²÷µæ¯õ Gߣº.
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¨¹ß÷í ©Ø-Ö® ¤¼¨ø£ßì |õ-k-PøÍ EÒÍ-hU-S®. Cx J¸w£-PØ-£® ©Ø-Ö® £» wÄU-Tm-h[-PÎß ¤µ-÷u-\-©õ-S®. G.Põ: _©z-v-µõ, áõ-Áõ, _÷»õ÷Áæ, ÷hõºÛ÷¯õ, £õ-¦-Áõ •u-¼-¯Ú.Cuß ÷©Ø-S -̈£-S-v-°À C¢x ©Põ \•z-v-µ® ©Ø-Ö® QÇU÷P £]¤Uö£¸[-P-hÀ EÒ-Íx.
£h® 11.3 B]¯õÂß {»¨ £Sv£ ¤ŸÄPß
3. öuß B]-¯õ : Cx C¢-v-¯õ, Á[-PõÍ ÷u\®, §hõß, ÷|£õÍ®,£õ-Qì-uõß, C»[øP ©Ø-Ö® ©õÀ-jÆøé EÒÍ-hU-S®.CÁØ-ÔÀ C¢-v-¯õ ªP¨-ö£-›-¯x. öuØ÷P C¢x ©Põ \•z-v-µ-•®xøn ¤›-Ä-PÍõÚ Á[-PõÍ Â›-S-hõ ©Ø-Ö® Aµ-¤U-P-h-¾®`Ì¢-xÒÍÚ. ÁhU÷P C©-¯-©ø»z-öuõ-hº, QÇU÷P ©¯õß©õº©Ø-Ö® ÁhU÷P B -̈PõÛì-uõß EÒÍÚ.
4. öuß ÷©ØS B]-̄ õ :B -̈PõÛì-uõß, £ð÷µß, ø\ -̈µì, Dµõß,DµõU, Cì-÷µÀ, ÷áõº-hõß, SøÁz, ö»£Úß, K©ß, Pz-uº,]›-¯õ, £õ-»ìwÚ®, ö\Ív A÷µ-¤-¯õ, Aµ-¤-¯ Gª-÷µmì, H©ß©Ø-Ö® x¸U-Q¯ |õ-k-PÒ C¨-£-S-vø¯a ÷\¸®. C¢-u¨-£-SvP¸¨-¦U Ph-¼ß öuߣ-S-v-°À EÒÍ-x. Cx ÷©Ø-Sz vø\°Àö©im-h÷µÛ¯ß PhÀ ©Ø-Ö® QÇUS vø\°À,C¢-v-¯õÂÛøh÷¯ £µ¢-xÒÍx. Cx ö£¸®-£õ-¾® £õø»ÁÚ®
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©Ø-Ö® Aøµ¨ £õø»ÁÚ[-PÎÚõÀ `Ǩ-£m-i-¸¢-uõ -¾®,ö£m-÷µõ-¼-¯® ©Ø-Ö® C¯ØøP G›-ö£õ-¸m-PÎÚõÀ ÁÍø©ö£Ø-ÖÒÍ-x.
5. ©z-v¯ B]-¯õ : Cx Põì-¤¯ß \•z-v-µz -v -¼-¸¢x ^ÚõÁøµ°-¾®, Pá-Qì-uõÛ¼-¸¢x Dµõß & B¨-PõÛì-uõßÁøµ°-¾® £µ¢-xÒÍx. C¢-u¨ £S-v°ß •U-Q¯ |õ-k-PÒ,Pá-Qì-uõß, uá-Qì-uõß, hºRÛì-uõß ©Ø-Ö® Eä-÷á-Qì-uõßø\¥-›-̄ õ (E-̧ -]-̄ õ) BS®.
3. C¯ØøP Aø© -̈¦-PÒB]-¯õÂß C¯ØøP Aø©¨-¦-P-ÎÀ E¯-µ-©õÚ ©ø»z-öuõ-hº-PÒ•U-Q-¯-©õÚøÁ. öÁÆ-÷ÁÖ ÁøP¯õÚ ¥h-§-ª-PÒ, Ás-hÀ ©s¤µ-÷u-\[-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® wÄU-Tm-h[-PЮ C[S EÒÍÚ.•U-Q¯ C¯ØøP ¤›-Ä-PÒ : B]-¯õÂß {» Aø©¨¦ ©Ø-Ö®÷©Ø-£-µ¨¦ C¯À-¦-PÎß Ai¨-£øh°À Aøu I¢x C¯ØøP¨¤›-Ä-PÍõ-P¨ ¤›U-P-»õ®. AøÁ
1. öußQ-ÇUS uõÌ-{-»¨-£-Sv2. ©z-v¯ ÷©mk {»[-PÒ3. öuØS ¥h-§ª4. BÖ-PÎß ö£›-̄ ø©uõÚ[-PÒ5. wÄU Tm-h[-PÒ1. Áh-÷©ØS uõÌ-{-» -̈£-Sv : B]-̄ õÂß C¯ØøP¨ £›-Ä-PÒ ÷£›[U
á»-\¢-v-°À C-¸¢x Põì-¤¯ß PhÀ Áøµ°-¾® £µ¢-xÒÍx.©z-v¯ ÷©mk £S-v-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® BºU-iU ö£¸[-P-h-¾US Cøh÷¯Põ-n¨-£-k-Q-Óx. •U-÷Põn Ái-Â-¾ÒÍ C¢-u¨ £µ¢u uõÌ-{-»¨-£-S-vø¯ "ø\¥-›-̄ õ ø©uõÚ®' GßÖ® AøÇ -̈£º. Áh -̈£-S-v-°ÀJ¸ \õ-uõ-µn \›-Ä EÒÍx. C¢u ø©uõÚzvß ÁÈ-̄ õP ]» |v-PÒ£õ -́QßÓÚ. G.Põ: ½Úõ, K¨ ©Ø-Ö® Gßê. CøÁ ÁhU÷P £õ´¢xBºU-iU ö£¸[-P-hø»a AøhQßÓÚ.
2. ©z-v¯ ÷©mk {»[-PÒ : Cx B]-¯õÂß Cµs-hõ® •U-Q¯C¯ØøP¨ ¤›-Áõ-S®. Áh-÷©ØS uõÌ-{-»¨-£-S-v°ß öuߣS-v-°À Aø©¢-xÒÍx. ©z-v¯ B]-¯õ-Â-¾ÒÍ ©ø»z-öuõ-hº-PøÍ÷¯ ©z-v¯ ÷©mk {»¨-£-S-v-PÒ GßÖ AøǨ-£º. CxB]-̄ õ ø©Ú›-¼-̧ ¢x ÷£›[ á»-\¢v Áøµ £µ¢-xÒÍÚ. C[S £»©ø»z-öuõ-hº-PÒ £õ-ªº •ia-]-¼-¸¢x G[-S® £µ-Â-²ÒÍx.QÇ-U÷P C©-̄ -©ø», Sß¾ß, Põ-µõ-÷Põ-µ®, iö¯ßåõß, BÀ-hõ´,
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\¯õß, ¯¨-÷»õÛ, Q[-Põß ©Ø-Ö® ìhõßÁõ´ ©ø»PÒ •U-Q-¯&-©õÚøÁ. ÷©Ø-Sz öuõ-hº-P-ÎÀ C¢-xSè, Qº-uõº,_ ø » © õ ß ,GÀ-£ºU, áõU-÷µõì, ö£õßiß©Ø-Ö® hõ-µì ©ø»PÒ ÷\º¢-xÒÍÚ.•ia-_ ©ø»PÍõÚ C©-̄ -©ø»z-öuõ-hº-PÒ £õ-ªº •ia-_-P-Î-¼&-¸¢x öußQ-ÇUS¨ £Sv Áøµ£µ¢-xÒÍx. AøÁ E»-Q-÷»÷¯ ªP E¯-µ-©õÚ ©ø»PÍõ-S®.C[-SÒÍ ö©Íßm GÁ-öµìm E»-Q& -÷»÷¯ E¯-µ -©õÚ
£h® 11.4 C¯ØøP Aø©¨-¦-PÒ
£h® 11.1 ö©Íßm GÁ-öµìm
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]P-µ-©õ-S®.©ø»z öuõ-hº-PÎÛøh÷¯ £» ¥h-§-ª-P-ÐÒÍÚ. G.Põ: vö£z,©[-÷Põ-¼-̄ õ, Dµõß, AÚöuõ-¼-̄ õ ¥h-§-ª •u-¼-̄ Ú. B]-̄ õ Ps-hzvß £» |v-PÒ CÆÄ -̄µ-©õÚ £S-v-P-ÎÀ E -̧ÁõQßÓÚ.
3. öuØS ¥h-§-ª-PÒ : CøÁ vh-©õÚ ©Ø-Ö® ì£-i-PUPØ-PÍõ-»õÚ £øǯ ¥h-§-ª-PÍõ-S®. AÁØ-ÔÀ ]Ó¢-uøÁA÷µ-¤-¯õ, uU-Põ-n® (C¢-v-¯õ, ³ßÚõß (^Úõ) ©Ø-Ö® åõß(©-̄ õß©õº) ¥h-§-ª.A÷µ-¤-¯ ¥h-§-ª, J¸ Asøh wÄ ©Ø-Ö® Ax J¸ ÁÓsh¤µ-÷u-\-©õ-S®.uU-Põn ¥h-§ª, C¢-v-̄ õÂß Asøh wÂß Av-P-©õÚ £S-v-ø¯`Ì¢-xÒÍ-x. ©z-v¯ C¢-v-¯õÂß ©ø»z-öuõ-hº-PÒ, ÷©ØSPn-Áõ´ ©Ø-Ö® QÇU-SU Pn-Áõ´-PÎß Cøh÷¯ EÒÍx. CxQÇUS vø\°À \›-ÁõP C¸ -̈£-uõÀ £» |v-PÒ C[S £õ´QßÓÚ.^ÚõÂß öuß÷©Ø-S¨ £S-v-°À ²ßÚõß ¥h-§-ª-²ÒÍx. CxAv-P _s-nõ®-¦U-PÀ {øÓ¢u £S-v-¯õ -S®. C¨-£-S-v°ßöuõ-hºa-]÷¯ åõß ¥h-§-ª-̄ õ-S®.
4. ö£¸ |v-PÎß \©-öÁ-Î-PÒ : C¢-x-©-Põ \•z-v-µ® AÀ-»x£]-¤U ö£¸[-P-hø» Aøh²® B]-¯õÂß |v-PÒ £» \©-öÁ-Î-PøÍ EÒÍhUSQßÓÚ. C[S £õ-²® BÖ-PÒ Ás-hÀ ©søna÷\º -̈£-uõÀ, ö\È -̈£õÚ \©-öÁ-Î-PøÍ E -̧ÁõU-SQßÓÚ. C -̈£-i -̈£mh •U-Q¯ \©-öÁ-Î-PÒ ]›-̄ õ ©Ø-Ö® DµõUQß øhU-µì&³ -̈öµ-iì, C¢-v-¯õ&-£õ-Qì-uõÛß, ]¢-x&-P[-Põ \©-öÁÎ, ©¯õß©õ›ßCº-µõ-Áõi, C¢-÷uõ ̂ ÚõÂß «Úõ® ©Ø-Ö® ªPõ[, ̂ ÚõÂß ]¯õ[&-Q-̄ õ[ (¯õ[÷\), ]Q-̄ õ[ ©Ø-Ö® íü-Áõ[ ÷íõ \©-öÁ-Î-PÍõ-S®.C[S ö£¸® Gs-oUøP°À ©U-PÒ ÁõÌQßÓÚº.
5. wÄU-Sm-h® : B]-̄ õ Ps-hzvß öußQ-ÇUS £S-v ©Ø-Ö® £]¤U-Pøµ°À £» wÄ-PÒ EÒÍÚ. AøÁ ÁhU÷P P©-\m-Põ-Â-¼-¸¢xöuØ÷P ¤¼-ø£ßì ©Ø-Ö® ÷£õºÛ-÷¯õ Áøµ, J¸ ©õø»ø¯¨÷£õ» £µ¢-xÒÍÚ. AøÁ I¢x PhÀ-PÎÚõÀ `Ç -̈£m-kÒÍÚ.
G.Põ: K÷Põ-hì-Põ PhÀ, I¨-£õß PhÀ, ©g\Ò PhÀ, QÇUS ^ÚõPhÀ ©Ø-Ö® öuß^Úõ PhÀ.•U-Q-¯-©õÚ wÄU-Tm-h[-PÒ : 1. Q³-øµÀ 2. á¨-£õß 3. »õ[a_4. ¤¼ø£ßì 5. ÷£õºÛ÷¯õ CÁØ-ÔÀ £» G›-©-ø»PÒE -̧Áõ-Q-²ÒÍÚ. ö\È -̈£õÚ ©s BÇ-©õÚ £ÒÍz-uõUS ©Ø-Ö® T®¦ÁiÁ ©ø»P-Ю EÒÍÚ.
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4. •U-Q¯ |v-P-Ю, ÷ÁÍõsø©²®B]-̄ õÂß •U-Q¯ |v-PÒ : B]-̄ õÂß |v-PÒ ©õ-Ö-£m-høÁ. C¢uzwÂß |v Aø©¨¤ß «x C¯ØøP Sn[-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® _Ø-Ô-¾-•ÒÍ }º£SvPÒ uõUPzøu HØ£kzxQßÓÚ. C¢x ©Põ-\ -•z-v-µ®B]-̄ õøÁa `Ì¢-xÒÍx. CU Ps-hz-vÀ £õ-²® £» |v-PÒ C -̈ö£&-̧ [-P-hÀPøÍ AøhQßÓÚ. CÆ-ÁõÖ, ö£¸[-P-hÀ-P-ÐUS |v-PÒ CønÁ-uß Ai¨-£øh°À B]-¯õÂß |v-PøÍ 4 SÊU-PÍõ-P¨¤›U-P-»õ®.
1. C¢-x-©-Põ \•z-v-µzxhß Cøn²® |v-PÒ : CU-S-Ê-ÂØS ÷\¸®|v-PÍõÚ, ]›-¯õ ©Ø-Ö® DµõU |õ -k-PÎß øhU-›ì©Ø-Ö® ³¨-÷µ-iì |v-PÒ, £ºæ¯õ, Põ› £õ-Qì-uõß ©Ø-Ö®C¢-v¯õÂß ]¢x, P[-Põ ©Ø-Ö® ¤µ®-©-¦z-µõ |v-PÒ,C©-¯-©ø»°À ¤Ó¢x öuØ÷P £õ-²® £» |v-PÒ C¨-ö£-¸[-P -hÀ-PøÍa ÷\¸-QßÓÚ. ©¯õß©õ›ß ]m-¯õ[U \õÀÃß©Ø-Ö® Cµõ-Áõi |v-PÒ Á[-PõÍ Â›-S-hõøÁ AøhQßÓÚ.
2. £]-¤U Ph-ø» Aøh²® |v-PÒ : CU-S-Ê-ÂÀ, E -̧]-̄ õÂß A•º,
£h® 11.5 B]¯ |vPÒ Aø©¨¦
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^ÚõÂß íü-Áõ[ ÷íõ ]¯õ[ â¯õ[ (¯õ[÷\) ©Ø-Ö® ]U-Q-̄ õ[|v-PÒ QÇU÷P £õ´¢x •øÓ÷¯ K÷Põ-hì-Põ, ©g\Ò PhÀ ©Ø-Ö® ^Úõ PhÀ-PøÍa ÷\ -̧QßÓÚ. C¢-÷uõ^ÚõÂß «Úõ® ©Ø-Ö®ªPõ[ |v-PÒ öuß^Úõ Phø» AøhQßÓÚ.
3. BºU-iU ö£¸[-P-ø» Aøh²® |v-PÒ : K¨, ö¯ß] ©Ø-Ö® ÃÚõCU-S-ÊÂß •U-Q¯ |v-PÍõ-S®. CøÁ ©z-v¯ E¯-µ¨£S-v-°-¼-¸¢x ¤Ó¢x, ÁhUS ÷|õUQ¨ £õ´¢x BºU-iUPh-ø» AøhQßÓÚ.
4. EÒ-|õmk |v-PÒ : CU-S-ÊÂØS ÷\¸® |v-PÒ EÒ-|õmk PhÀ-PøÍ AøhQßÓÚ. G.Põ: ÷ÁõÀ-Põ ©Ø-Ö® ³µÀ |v Põì-¤¯ßPhø»²®, A•-u-›-¯õ ©Ø-Ö® ]º-u-›-¯õ |v-PÒ BµÀ Phø»²®AøhQßÓÚ.
B]-¯õÂß ÷ÁÍõsø© :B]¯ ©U-PÎß •U-Q-¯z öuõ-ÈÀ ÷ÁÍõsø©¯õ-S®. _©õº |õßQÀ‰ßÖ £[S ©U-PÒ ÷ÁÍõsø©°À Dk-£ -k-Q-ßÓÚº. B]-¯õ -Â-¼-¸¢x HØ-Ö-© -v -¯õ -S® ö£¸®-£-Sv \µU-S-P -ÎÀ ÷ÁÍõsö£õ-¸mPЮ ÷\¸®.
B]-¯õÂß ÂÁ-\õ -¯® ©Ø-Ö® |v Aø©¨-¦-PÎÛøh÷¯ö|¸[-Q¯ öuõ-hº-¦ÒÍx. ø\¥-›-̄ õøÁz uµ, «u-•ÒÍ \©-öÁ-Î-PÎß|vU-PøµPÎß ö£¸® £SvPÎÀ ÂÁ-\õ-̄ ® |øhö£-Ö-QÓx. C[-SÒÍö\È -̈£õÚ ©s ©Ø-Ö® }º-£õ\Ú® CuØ-PõÚ •U-Q¯ Põ-µ-n-©õ-S®.
B]-¯õÂß £» |õ-k-P-ÎÀ, ÷ÁÍõs ö\¯À-P-ÐUS ÂÁ-\õ-°-PÒøP°ÚõÀ ö\´-¯¨-£mh E£-P-µ-n[-PøͲ®, »[-S-PøͲ® £¯ß£-kz-x-Q-Óõº-PÒ. AÁº-PÒ Ahºzv¯õÚ ÂÁ-\õ-̄ ® ö\ -́Q-Óõº-PÒ. }º-£õ\Ú©Ø-Ö® ¦ßö\´ ÷ÁÍõsø©, |k-÷uõmh ÷ÁÍõsø©, P»¨¦÷ÁÍõsø©, Ch-©ØÓ ÷ÁÍõsø© •u-¼-¯øÁ £ÇU-Pz-v-¾ÒÍ÷ÁÍõs •øÓPÍõ-S®. uØ-÷£õx |ÃÚ÷ÁÍõsø© E£-P-µ-n[-PÒ, ÷Áv-̄ À Eµ[-PÒ, Av-P ÂøÍa\À u¸® ÂøuPøͨ£¯ß £-kz-x-uÀ •u-¼-̄ Ú B]-̄ õÂß ]»|õ-k-P-ÎÀ £ÇU-Pz-v-¾ÒÍÚ. B°Ý® £»|õ-k-P -ÎÀ A÷|-P Põ -µ -n[-PÎÚõÀÂøÍa\¼ß AÍÄ SøÓ¢-xÒÍx.Âøͨö£õ-̧ m-PÒ : B]-̄ õ-ÂÀ £» ÂÁ-\õ¯•øÓPÒ Põ-n¨&-£-kQßÓÚ. ö|Ø-£-°-Ö®,÷Põ-xø©²®, •U-Q¯ Âøͨö£õ-¸m-PÍõ-S®. E»-QÀ ÂøͲ® ö©õzu ö|Ø-£-°-›À £h® 11.2 ö|Ø-£-°º
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90% ^Úõ-Â-¾®, C¢-v-¯õ-Â-¾® £°-›-h¨-£-kQßÓÚ. á¨-£õß, Á[-PõÍ÷u\®, uõ -́»õ¢x ©Ø-Ö® öußQ-ÇUS B]-̄ |õ-k-PÒ ö|Ø-£-°º ÂøÍUS®©ØÓ |õ-kPÍõ-S®. ^Úõ, C¢-v-̄ õ, £õ-Qì-uõß ©Ø-Ö® B]-̄ õÂß E -̧]-¯¨ £S-v-PÒ, ÷Põ-xø© £°-º ö\´²® •U-Q¯ |õ-k-PÍõ-S®.
£h® 11.3 ÷u°ø»z ÷uõm-h® £h® 11.4 Põ -̈¤z ÷uõm-h®
E»-Pz-vÀ µ¨-£º ©Ø-Ö® ÷u°-ø» EØ-£z-v-°À B]-¯õ •u-¼-h®ö£Ö-Q-Óx. C¢-÷uõ÷Úæ¯õ, ©÷»-]-̄ õ ©Ø-Ö® uõ -́»õ¢x •U-Q¯ µ -̈£ºEØ-£z-v -¯õͺPÒ BÁº. ^Úõ, C¢-÷uõ÷Úæ¯õ, ©÷»-]-¯õ,C¢-v-¯õ ©Ø-Ö® uõ´-»õ¢x |õ-k-PÒ •U-Q¯ ÷Põ-xø© EØ-£z-v-¯õͺ-PÍõ-Áº.
£¸zv, \nÀ, P¸®¦ B]-¯õ-ÂÀ ÂøͲ® ©ØÓ £°º-PÍõ-S®.^Úõ, C¢-v-̄ õ, £õ-Qì-uõß, hºQ, hºRÛì-uõß ©Ø-Ö® Eä-÷á-Qì-uõß•U-Q-̄ -©õP £¸zv £°-›-k® |õ-k-PÍõ-S®. Á[-PõÍ ÷u\®, ^Úõ ©Ø-Ö®C¢-v-¯õ -ÂÀ \nÀ £°-› -h¨-£ -k-Q -Ó -x. P¸®¦ Av-P -©õPC¢-v-¯õ, C¢-÷uõ÷Úæ¯õ, ¤¼ø£ßì ©Ø-Ö® Á[-PõÍ-÷u-\z-vÀ£°-›-h -̈£-kQßÓÚ. C¢-v-̄ õ E»-Q-÷»÷¯ Av-P-©õP P¸®¦ ÂøÍÂUS®|õ-hõ-S®.
Põ¤, öPõU-÷Põ, ÷PÌÁµS, \õø©, P®¦, C¸Âøu uõÛ¯Gs-ön´ Âz-xU-PÒ, \õ®-£õº ö£õ-̧ m-PÒ •u-¼-̄ -ÁØÔß EØ-£z-v-°À•u-¼-h® ö£Ö-Q-Ó-x.
5. um£ öÁ¨£ {ø»²®, uõ-Á-µ[-P-Юum£ öÁ¨£ {ø» : B]-¯õ ªP¨-ö£-›¯ Ps-h®. Ax öuØS{»-|-kU-÷Põm-i¼-¸¢x x¸-Á¨-£-S-v-PÒ Áøµ°-¾® £µ¢-xÒÍxGߣ-øu |õ® AÔ-÷Áõ®. BøP¯õÀ CU-Ps-hzvß £À-÷ÁÖ£S-v-P-ÎÀ ©õ-Ö-£mh um£ öÁ¨-£-{ø» EÒÍ-x. B]-¯õÂß ]»
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£S-v-P-ÎÀ S-κ Av-P-©õ-P-Ä® (x-¸-Á¨-£-S-v-PÒ) ]» £S-v-P-ÎÀöÁ -̈£® Av-P-©õ-P-Ä® (©z-v¯ ©Ø-Ö® öuß÷©ØS) EÒÍx. Ax-÷£õ»S-κ ©Ø-Ö® ©øÇ Av-P -©õP EÒÍ Ch[-P -Ю C[SPõ-n¨-£-kQßÓÚ. B]-¯õÂß ©õÖ£mh um£ öÁ¨£ {ø»US£» A®-\[-PÒ Põ-µ-n-©õQßÓÚ. G.Põ: £µ¨-£ÍÄ, Am\ ÷µøPPÎߣµ -̈£ÍÄ, C¯ØøP Aø©¨¦, ©õß`ß, PõØÖ •u-¼¯Ú.
Áøµ£-h® 11.6 Á -̧hzvß öÁ¨£ AÍÄ £[-Rk
öÁ¨£ AÍÄ : Cx \õ-uõ-µ-n-©õP K›-hz-v-¼-̧ ¢x ©Ø-öÓõ¸ Chz-vØ-S®, J¸ £ -̧Áz-v-¼-̧ ¢x ©Ø-öÓõ¸ £ -̧Áz-vØ-S® ©õ-Ö-£-k-Q-Óx.áÚÁ› ©õ-uz-vÀ B]-̄ õÂß öußÚõ-k-PøÍÂ-h Áh|õ-k-PÎÀ S-κAv-P-©õP EÒÍx. ø\¥-›-̄ õ-Â-¾ÒÍ ÁºU÷Põ-̄ õßì Av-P-©õÚ S-ꤵ-÷u-\-©õ-S®. áüø» ©õ-uz-vÀ ø\¥-›-̄ õÂß Áh -̈£-S-v-PÒ ©Ø-Ö®©z-v¯ B]-̄ õÂß E¯º¢u ©ø» ©Ø-Ö® ¥h-§ª £S-v-PøÍz uÂ-µB]-̄ õÂß £» £S-v-P-ÎÀ öÁ -̈£® Av-P-©õP EÒÍx. ]» £S-v-P-ÎÀöÁ¨£ AÍÄ 40% ö\Àæ¯ìøé Âh Av-P-©õP EÒÍ-x.
©øÇ°ß £[-Rk : B]-̄ õU-Ps-hz-vÀ öuß÷©ØS ©õß`ß PõØÔÚõÀ
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÷PõøhU-Põ-»z-vÀ Av-P ©øÇ ö£´-Q-Óx. BÚõÀ ©õß`ß PõØÖ©z-v¯ B]-̄ õøÁ ö\ßÓ-øhÁ-vÀø». A -̈£-S-v-°À Á -̧h® •Ê-Á-x®ÁÓm]¯õÚ {ø»ø©÷¯ EÒÍx. ÷©ØS B]¯ |õ-k-PÒ S-κ-Põ-»zvß÷©ØS vø\U-PõØÔÚõ-¾® (JÆ-öÁõ¸ Áo-P®) ©Ø-Ö® ^ÚõÂß QÇU-S -̈£-Sv ©Ø-Ö® ¤¼-ø£ßì, ©÷»]¯õ •u¼¯øÁ _ÇØPõØÖPÎÚõÀ©øÇ ö£Ö-Q-ßÓÚ.
S-κ-Põ -»z-v-¾ÒÍ {ø»ø© : B]-¯õÂß £» £S-v-P -ÎÀ,AU-÷hõ-£-›-¼-̧ ¢x ©õºa Áøµ S-κ-Põ-»® {»-Ä-Q-Ó-x. B]-̄ õÂß ö£¸®-£-Sv ÁhAøµ÷PõÍvÀ EÒÍx. CU-Põ-»z-vÀ ÁhAøµU-÷Põͨ-£-S-v-°À `›-¯Ûß öÁ¨-£U Pvº-PÒ \õ´-ÁõP ÂÊ-QßÓÚ. C¨-£i
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B]-¯õÂß £» £S-v-P-ÎÀ ªPU SøÓ¢u öÁ¨£ AÍ-Ä®, Av-PS-κa-]-̄ õÚ um£ öÁ¨£ {ø»²® EÒÍx.
©z-v¯ B]-¯õ -ÂÀ PõØÖ AÊz-u® Av-P® ©Ø-Ö® C¢x©Põ-\ -•z-v-µzvÀ AÊz-u® SøÓÄ. CuÚõÀ PõØÖ uøµ¨-£-S-v-°-¼-̧ ¢x PhÀ ÷|õUQ Ã_-Q-Óx. AøÁ ÁÓs-h PõØ-Ö-PÒ BS®, GÚ÷Á©øÇ öPõsk Áµõx. S-κ-Põ-»z-vÀ ©øÇ SøÓÄ.
÷PõøhU-Põ-» {ø»ø© : C[S S-κ-Põ-»z-vÀ ©õÓõÚ {ø»ø©ø¯UPõn»õ®. H -̈µ-¼À öuõ-h[Q ö\ -̈h®-£-›À •iQ-Ó-x. Áh AøµU-÷Põͨ£S-v-P-ÎÀ `›-̄ Ûß Pvº-PÒ ÷|µõP ÂÊ-QßÓÚ. BP-÷Á B]-̄ õÂߣ» £S-v-P-ÎÀ öÁ¨£ AÍÄ Av-P-©õ-P-Ä®, ©z-v¯ B]-¯õ-ÂÀAÊz-u® SøÓÁõ-P -Ä® C¸U-Q-Óx. PõØÖ Ph-¼-¼-¸¢x uøµ¨-£-S-vø¯ ÷|õUQ Ã_-Q-Óx. AøÁ HÓU-SøÓ¯ Ps-hzvß GÀ-»õ¨ £S-v-P-Î-ξ® ©øÇ ö£ -́̄ a ö\´QßÓÚ.
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áÚÁ-›-°À ø\¥-›-¯õÂß Áº-÷Põ-¯õßìUQÀ &15oö\ ©Ø-Ö®Kª-̄ õUÛ°À 71oö\ SøÓ¢u AÍÄ öÁ -̈£® £v-Áõ-Q-²ÒÍÚ.
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C¯ØøPz uõ-Á-µ[-PÒ :B]-̄ õÂß C¯ØøPz uõ-Á-µ[-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® um£ öÁ¨£ {ø»P-ÐU-Qøh÷¯JØ-Öø©²ÒÍ-x. {» Aø©¨¦, ©s©Ø-Ö® ©Ûuß {ø»¨£uõ¾® Th uõ-Á-µ[-PÎß ÁøPPÒ ©Ø-Ö®£[-Rmiß «x ÂøÍÄ-PøÍ HØ-£-kz-x-Q-Óx. B]-¯õÂß uõ-ÁµCÚ[-P-ÎÀ ÁøP -̈£õ-k-PÒ EÒÍÚ. AÁØøÓ 7 ÁøPPÍõ-P¨ ¤›U-P-»õ®.
1. x¢-vµ uõ-Áµ ÁøPPÒ : Cz-uõ-Á-µ ÁøP-PÒ BºU-iU PhØ-Pøµ°ß}sh £S-v°ß J¸ ]Ô¯ £õ-Pz-vÀ Põ-n -̈£-kQßÓÚ. Cx ö£¸®-£õ-¾® £ÛU-Pmi-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® £Û¯õÀ `Ç -̈£m-kÒÍx. Bu-»õÀC[S £õ] ©Ø-Ö® PõÍõßPÒ ÁͺQßÓÚ.
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2. F]-°ø» ©µ[-PÎß Põ-k-PÒ (Coniferous) ::::: x¢-v-µ¨ ¤µ-÷u-\z-vÀ£µ-Â-²ÒÍÚ. AøÁ "øhPõ Põ-k-PÒ' GßÖ® AøÇU-P -̈ £-kQßÓÚ.£º, 쨹ì, »õºa ©Ø-Ö® ø£ß ÷£õßÓøÁ C[-SÒÍ •U-Q¯©µ[-P-Íõ-S®. AøÁ ª -̧x-ÁøP ©µ[PÍõS®.
3. ªu um-£-öÁ -̈£-{ø» EÒÍ £S-v°ß ¦À-öÁ-Î-PÒ (ì-öh -̈¥ì) :©z-v¯ B]-¯õ ©Ø-Ö® £õø»ÁÚ¨ £S-v-PÎß GÀø»P-ÎÀPõ-n -̈£-kQßÓÚ. SøÓÁõÚ ©øÇ ö£ÖÁ-uõÀ C[S Smøh¯õÚ¦ØPÒ ÁͺQßÓÚ.
4. £õø»ÁÚz uõ-Á-µ ÁøPPÒ : CøÁ B]-¯õÂß öÁ¨-£-©õÚ£S-v-PÒ ©Ø-Ö® ªu um£ öÁ¨£ {ø»²ÒÍ £õø»ÁÚ[-PÎÀ
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Põ-n¨-£-kQßÓÚ. G.Põ: A÷µ-¤-¯õ, Dµõß, uõº £õø»ÁÚ®•u-¼¯Ú. C[-S •m-¦-uº-PÒ, \¨-£õz-vU-PÒÎ ©Ø-Ö® ¦Ø-PÒÁͺQßÓÚ. J÷¯-êì-PÎß A¸-QÀ ÷£›a-\® ©Ø-Ö® ¦À¼Ú©µ[-PøÍU Põ-n-»õ®.
5. ©õß`ß Põ-k-PÒ : öuØS, öuß÷©ØS ©Ø-Ö® QÇUS B]-¯õ£S-v-P-ÎÀ Põ-n -̈£-kQßÓÚ. C[S AvP öÁ -̈£® ©Ø-Ö® ©øÇö£´-Á-uõÀ Põ-k-PÒ EÒÍÚ. ÷uUS, \õÀ, B»©µ® \¢uÚ®•u-¼¯ £» Á¼ø©¯õÚ ©µ[-PÒ C[S ÁͺQßÓÚ. Cø»²-vºPõ-»z-vÀ AÁØÔß Cø»PÒ Evº¢x ÂkQßÓÚ.
6. {»-|-kU-÷Põm-k¨ £S-v-P-Î-¾ÒÍ Põ-k-PÒ : CøÁ QÇUS Cßjì©Ø-Ö® Av-P-©øÇ ö£´-²® ©õß`ß ¤µ-÷u-\[-P-ÎÀ Av-P-©õ-PU
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Põ-n¨-£-kQßÓÚ. CøÁ £_-ø© {Ó-©õÚ Ahº¢u Põ-k-PÍõ-S®.E¯-µ-©õÚ ©µ[-P-Ю C[S EÒÍÚ. ©íõPÛ, G÷£õÛ, µ¨-£º,¦À¼Ú ©µ[-PÒ, ¥m ÷£õßÓøÁ C[-S ÁÍ-¸® •U-Q¯©µ[-PÍõ-S®.
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6. •U-Q¯ PÛÁÍ[-PÒC¸®-¦z-uõx : Cx C¸®¦ ©Ø-Ö® GL-S u¯õ-›¨-£-uØ-Sz ÷uøÁ¯õÚ
Pa\õ¨ ö£õ-̧ Íõ-S®. B]-̄ õ-ÂÀ C¸®-¦z-uõx HµõÍ-©õ-PU QøhU-Q-Óx.
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Áøµ£-h® 11.9 •U-Q¯ PÛÁÍ[-PÒ
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£µ-Â-²ÒÍÚ. EØ-£z-v-°À ^Úõ •u-¼h® ö£Ö-Q-Óx.
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uØ-÷£õx ø\¥-›-¯õÂß £S-v-P-ÎÀ ö£m-÷µõ-¼-¯® EØ-£zvAv-P-©õP EÒÍx.
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•U-Q-¯-©õÚøÁ.
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7. B]-̄ õÂß ©U-Pm-öuõøP©U-Pm-öuõøP ö£¸U-P® : B]-¯õ Ps-hz-vÀ _©õº 4.2 ¤À-¼¯ß©U-PmöuõøP-²ÒÍx. Cx E»-Pzvß ©U-PmöuõøP-°À 60% BS®.CßÓøÓ¯ ©U-PmöuõøP, Ph¢u ‰ßÖ ¡Ø-Óõs-k-PøÍÂ-h I¢x©h[S Av-P-©õ-Q-²ÒÍx. 1950CÀ B]-¯õÂß ©U-PmöuõøP 1.4¤À-¼¯ß BP ©m-k÷© C¸¢-ux . ©U-PmöuõøP Av-P-©õ-QU öPõs÷hö\ßÓ {ø»ø© ©õÔ C -̈ö£õ-Êx SøÓ¢x Á -̧Q-Óx.
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Áøµ£-h® 11.10 B]-̄ õÂß ©U-Pm-öuõøP
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ö\¯À-£õ-k-PÒ :
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