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OzoneOzone
The good, the bad, and the uglyThe good, the bad, and the ugly
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Since harmful UV radiation just causes Since harmful UV radiation just causes a sunburn that can be prevented a sunburn that can be prevented through the use of sunscreen lotions through the use of sunscreen lotions and clothing, what is the great concern and clothing, what is the great concern about the ozone hole over Antarctica?about the ozone hole over Antarctica?
Key PointsKey Points The Good: Stratospheric Ozone The Good: Stratospheric Ozone
– Protects cells against Ultra Violet radiationProtects cells against Ultra Violet radiation– Control measures on CFC’s in placeControl measures on CFC’s in place– Antarctic Ozone Hole with us for 50 years Antarctic Ozone Hole with us for 50 years – Risk spring-time losses in NH mid latitudeRisk spring-time losses in NH mid latitude– Do not confuse with global warming!Do not confuse with global warming!
The Bad: Ozone near Earth SurfaceThe Bad: Ozone near Earth Surface The Ugly: Ozone in Upper TroposphereThe Ugly: Ozone in Upper Troposphere
Stratospheric OzoneStratospheric Ozone
From Space ShuttleFrom Space Shuttle
Ozone ChemistryOzone Chemistryschematicschematic
Ozone: OOzone: O33
+ +
sunlight
+ waterchlorinenitrogen
Air: 20% 0Air: 20% 022
Total Ozone Total Ozone above above
Halley Bay,Halley Bay,AntarcticaAntarctica
The Ozone Hole TourThe Ozone Hole Tour
The Antarctic Ozone HoleThe Antarctic Ozone Hole
SH spring (Oct) since SH spring (Oct) since ~ 1980~ 1980
Due to chlorine from Due to chlorine from CFCs +CFCs +meteorologymeteorology
1998 deepest ever1998 deepest ever Montreal protocolMontreal protocol
controlscontrols Troposphere CFCs Troposphere CFCs
beginning to decreasebeginning to decrease
Centre Centre for Atmospheric Science - University of for Atmospheric Science - University of CambridgeCambridge
The 1998 Ozone Hole The 1998 Ozone Hole
Click here for Click here for AnimationAnimation
NH OzoneNH Ozone
Arctic meteorology less extremeArctic meteorology less extreme Pinatubo caused substantial springtime Pinatubo caused substantial springtime
hole including Wisconsin hole including Wisconsin More COMore CO22 increases risk increases risk Montreal protocol working but need to Montreal protocol working but need to
watch for several decadeswatch for several decades
Effects of UV radiationEffects of UV radiation
Human healthHuman health– increased melanoma (skin cancer)increased melanoma (skin cancer)– avoid with clothing, sunscreenavoid with clothing, sunscreen
Plant, plankton ecosystemsPlant, plankton ecosystems– loss of productivity in Antarctic hole loss of productivity in Antarctic hole
recently documentedrecently documented– long term implications still not knownlong term implications still not known
Skin CancerSkin Cancer 700,000 cases / year in U.S.700,000 cases / year in U.S.
– 90% due to UV radiation 90% due to UV radiation – reduce risk with sunscreen and clothingreduce risk with sunscreen and clothing
Melanoma least common but most Melanoma least common but most seriousserious
Curable if early detection and treatmentCurable if early detection and treatment
Basal Cell Squamous Cell Melanoma
http://www.skin-cancer.com/consumer/truth/needknow/needknow.htm
Damage from UV Radiation ?Damage from UV Radiation ?
Antarctic penguinsAntarctic penguins
Key PointsKey Points
The Good: Stratospheric Ozone The Good: Stratospheric Ozone The Bad: Ozone near Earth SurfaceThe Bad: Ozone near Earth Surface
– Oxidizes (burns) plants and lungsOxidizes (burns) plants and lungs– NONOx x and Hydrocarbon emission controls ineffectiveand Hydrocarbon emission controls ineffective– Widespread violations of EPA standards Widespread violations of EPA standards
The Ugly: Ozone in Upper TroposphereThe Ugly: Ozone in Upper Troposphere
Surface OzoneSurface Ozone Effects on UV radiation smallEffects on UV radiation small Toxic from direct contact Toxic from direct contact
– respiratory problemsrespiratory problems
– plants killedplants killed
Sunlight + NOSunlight + NOx x + hydrocarbons -> ozone+ hydrocarbons -> ozone Ozone alerts: urban regions in summer where Ozone alerts: urban regions in summer where
industry + automobiles or trees industry + automobiles or trees In WI, mostly Milwaukee, Kenosha, ... , shared In WI, mostly Milwaukee, Kenosha, ... , shared
with Chicago, Gary, ...with Chicago, Gary, ...
Key PointsKey Points
The Good: Stratospheric Ozone The Good: Stratospheric Ozone
The Bad: Ozone near Earth SurfaceThe Bad: Ozone near Earth Surface
The Ugly: Ozone in Upper TroposphereThe Ugly: Ozone in Upper Troposphere– An increasing greenhouse gasAn increasing greenhouse gas
Ozone as Greenhouse GasOzone as Greenhouse Gas
Increasing with regional industryIncreasing with regional industry Also from agricultural fires Also from agricultural fires
Key PointsKey Points The Good: Stratospheric Ozone The Good: Stratospheric Ozone
– Protects cells against Ultra Violet radiationProtects cells against Ultra Violet radiation– Control measures on CFC’s in placeControl measures on CFC’s in place– Antarctic Ozone Hole with us for 50 years Antarctic Ozone Hole with us for 50 years – Risk spring-time losses in NH mid latitudeRisk spring-time losses in NH mid latitude
The Bad: Ozone near Earth SurfaceThe Bad: Ozone near Earth Surface– Oxidizes (burns) plants and lungsOxidizes (burns) plants and lungs– NONOx x and Hydrocarbon emission controls ineffectiveand Hydrocarbon emission controls ineffective– Widespread violations of EPA standards Widespread violations of EPA standards
The Ugly: Ozone in Upper TroposphereThe Ugly: Ozone in Upper Troposphere– An increasing greenhouse gasAn increasing greenhouse gas
Sources of InformationSources of Information
Horel and Geisler Chapter 9Horel and Geisler Chapter 9 National Oceanic and Atmospheric National Oceanic and Atmospheric
AdministrationAdministration U.S. Forest ServiceU.S. Forest Service ScheringSchering Corporation Corporation Centre Centre
for Atmospheric Science, University of for Atmospheric Science, University of CambridgeCambridge